Background:Rice grain morphology—including traits such as awn length,hull color,size,and shape—is of central importance to yield,quality,and domestication,yet comprehensive quantification at scale has remained chall...Background:Rice grain morphology—including traits such as awn length,hull color,size,and shape—is of central importance to yield,quality,and domestication,yet comprehensive quantification at scale has remained challenging.Apromising solution has been provided by the integration of high-throughput imaging with genomic analysis.Methods:A standardized 2D image-processing pipeline was established to extract four categories of traits—awn length,hull color,projected grain area,and shape descriptors via PCA of normalized contours—from high-resolution photographs of 229 Oryza sativa japonica landraces.Genome-wide association analyses were then performed using a mixed linearmodel to control for population structure and kinship.Results:Broad phenotypic diversity was evident in awn length,hull coloration,grain dimensions,and morphological shape,with the first principal component explaining the dominant axis of shape variation.Known awn regulators GAD1/OsRAE2(chr 8;P=4.75×10^(-17))and An-1(chr 4;P=1.91×10^(-6))were identified.The hull color gene Rd(chr 1;P=3.13×10^(-6))was detected.A novel locus on chr 12 at 8.75 Mb with Os12g0257600(P=1.41×10^(-8)),and the known grain size gene FLO2(chr 4;P=8.28×10^(-6))were associated with projected area.Shape PC1 was mapped to GLW7/OsSPL13(chr 7;P=3.86×10^(-10)),NAL2/OsWOX3A(chr 11;P=1.41×10^(-11)),and OsGIF1(chr 11;P=1.27×10^(-8)).Conclusions:This study demonstrates that image-based phenotyping combined with genome-wide association studies(GWAS)can efficiently reveal both established and novel genetic determinants of rice grain morphology.These findings provide actionable targets for marker-assisted selection and genome editing to tailor grain traits in rice breeding programs.展开更多
Chitosan(CTS)was grafted onto the surface of amino‑functionalized silver chloride silicon dioxide(AgCl@SiO_(2)‑NH_(2))cores to obtain AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS hybrid nanoparticles.The as‑obtained AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS nanoparticle...Chitosan(CTS)was grafted onto the surface of amino‑functionalized silver chloride silicon dioxide(AgCl@SiO_(2)‑NH_(2))cores to obtain AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS hybrid nanoparticles.The as‑obtained AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS nanoparticles were chlorinated by NaClO solution to get AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑based chloramine nano‑hybrid materials,denoted as AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl.A transmission electron microscope was used to observe the morphology of the as‑prepared samples AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS and AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl.At the same time,an X‑ray diffractometer and an infrared spectroscope were utilized to characterize their crystal and chemical structures.Besides,ζpotentials were measured to elucidate the surface modification of AgCl nanoparticles by—NH_(2),the antibacterial mechanism of AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl was investigated by scanning electron microscopy,and Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)were used as the to‑be‑tested strains to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of samples AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS and AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl.Findings demonstrate that sample AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS exhibits a chain‑like structure ascribed to the interaction between—NH_(2),and each AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS hybrid nanoparticle contains several AgCl cores.In the meantime,sample AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against E.coli and S.aureus,which is attributed to the synergistic antibacterial effect of Ag^(+)and Cl^(-).Sample AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl with a dosage of 640.00μg·mL^(-1) could completely kill the two kinds of tested bacteria in 12 h of incubation;it retains a high antibacterial efficiency even after 10 cycles of antibacterial tests.展开更多
The arginine-phenylalanine-amide neuropeptide receptor family comprises a subclass within the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily with crucial roles in physiological regulation.These receptors recognize and bind ne...The arginine-phenylalanine-amide neuropeptide receptor family comprises a subclass within the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily with crucial roles in physiological regulation.These receptors recognize and bind neuropeptides with an arginine-phenylalanine-amide motif,thereby participating in a variety of biological processes such as energy metabolism,pain perception,and reproductive functions.In this review,we explore the physiological and pathological processes involving these receptors and delve into the structure-activity relationships of their ligand peptides,clarifying the key structural motifs within these neuropeptides that determine their biological activity,pharmacological potency,and receptor selectivity.Particular emphasis is placed on their roles in modulating nociception,regulating appetite,and maintaining reproductive health.Additionally,we discuss the therapeutic potential of structure-based drug design targeting these receptors based on existing cryo-electron microscopy structures.The available structural insights into ligand-binding pockets and G protein-receptor interaction interfaces provide a clear perspective and valuable complement to ligand optimization.展开更多
Microorganisms constitute an essential component in the indoor environment,which is closely related to hu-man health.However,there is limited evidence regarding the associations between indoor airborne microbiome and ...Microorganisms constitute an essential component in the indoor environment,which is closely related to hu-man health.However,there is limited evidence regarding the associations between indoor airborne microbiome and systemic inflammation,as well as whether this association is modified by indoor particulate matter and the underlying mechanisms.In this prospective repeated-measure study among 66 participants,indoor airborne mi-crobiome was characterized using amplicon sequencing and qPCR.Indoor fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))and inhalable particulate matter(PM10)were measured.Systemic inflammatory biomarkers were assessed,including white blood cell(WBC),neutrophil(NEUT),monocyte,eosinophil counts,and their proportions.Targeted serum amino acid metabolomics were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms.Linear mixed-effect models re-vealed that bacterial and fungal Simpson diversity were significantly associated with decreased WBC and NEUT.For example,for each interquartile range increase in the bacterial Simpson diversity,WBC and NEUT changed by-4.53%(95%CI:-8.25%,-0.66%)and-5.95%(95%CI:-11.3%,-0.27%),respectively.Notably,increased inflammatory risks of airborne microbial exposure were observed when indoor PM_(2.5) and PM10 levels were below the WHO air quality guidelines.Mediation analyses indicated that dopamine metabolism partially mediated the anti-inflammatory effects of fungal diversity exposure.Overall,our study indicated protection from a diverse indoor microbial environment on cardiovascular health and proposed an underlying mechanism through amino acid metabolism.Additionally,health risks associated with microbial exposure deserve more attention in con-texts of low indoor particulate matter pollution.Further research is necessary to fully disentangle the complex relationships between indoor microbiome,air pollutants,and human health.展开更多
Carbon Capture,Utilization,and Storage(CCUS)technology has gained widespread attention in recent years as a critical strategy to combat global climate change,particularly in achieving carbon neutrality goals.The Guang...Carbon Capture,Utilization,and Storage(CCUS)technology has gained widespread attention in recent years as a critical strategy to combat global climate change,particularly in achieving carbon neutrality goals.The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GBA),as one of China's most economically active regions,serves as a key engine for economic growth while also facing considerable carbon emission challenges.This study analyzes the industrial emission volume and geographical distribution of key emitting enterprises in the GBA,summarizes their technological processes and main carbonemitting equipment,and provides scientific support for precise mitigation policies and low-carbon development.Based on data from 176 key emitting enterprises,the study reveals that Guangzhou and Dongguan host the largest number of such enterprises.Carbon emissions are primarily concentrated in the power sector,dominated by coal-and gas-fired power units,characterized by significant spatial dispersion and uneven distribution.Beyond the power sector,the paper industry has a high number of enterprises but lower emissions.Key facilities such as boilers,cogeneration systems,and production lines are predominantly located near tributaries rivers in Dongguan and Jiangmen.The building materials sector,primarily cement production,ranks as the second-largest emitter,with hightemperature kilns and grinding equipment,particularly rotary kilns and glass furnaces,as the main sources.The petrochemical and chemical sectors have fewer enterprises and lower emissions in the GBA,mainly located in suburban industrial clusters.Carbon emissions in the GBA exhibit distinct industry concentration and geographical distribution disparities.This study provides crucial data and theoretical insights for the development of targeted emission reduction strategies,optimization of source-sink matching,and the advancement of CCUS technologies in the region,particularly from the GBA to the northern South China Sea.展开更多
Accurate and early evaluation of dental physiological characteristics is essential for effective disease detection and management.Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography(PS-OCT)is a noninvasive high-resolu...Accurate and early evaluation of dental physiological characteristics is essential for effective disease detection and management.Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography(PS-OCT)is a noninvasive high-resolution imaging technique that can obtain tooth structure and physiological features through intensity,retardation and degree of polarization uniformity(DOPU)images.In this study,we use the information provided by the PS-OCT system,especially the retardation information,to assess the physiological characteristics of teeth.In addition,we introduce a novel parameter—the rate of change of the retardation value(R)—to evaluate the magnitude of birefringence of enamel,which serves as an indicator of enamel health and mineralization.The results demonstrate that PS-OCT not only provides structural detail comparable to microcomputed tomography(microCT),but also yields additional physiological characteristics insights through polarization-based contrast.These findings highlight the strong potential of PS-OCT for early diagnosis,functional evaluation and personalized monitoring in dental care.展开更多
We develop an ultrafast Yb-fiber laser system based on eight-channel coherent beam combining utilizing commercially available rod-type Yb-fibers.To ensure good combining efficiency and long-term operation of the syste...We develop an ultrafast Yb-fiber laser system based on eight-channel coherent beam combining utilizing commercially available rod-type Yb-fibers.To ensure good combining efficiency and long-term operation of the system at the attosecond laser facility under construction,we fully stabilize the phase,group-delay,and beam-pointing of the eight fiber channels.Especially,we propose a novel multi-step hill climbing method to control both group-delay and beam-pointing.At a repetition rate of 1 MHz,this laser system delivers 270-fs pulses with 1.18-k W average power(1.18-m J pulse energy).The average-power instability of the laser system running for 12 hours is 0.32%.展开更多
We search for the stochastic gravitational-wave background(SGWB) predicted by pre-Big-Bang(PBB) cosmology using data from the first three observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. PBB cosmology proposes an a...We search for the stochastic gravitational-wave background(SGWB) predicted by pre-Big-Bang(PBB) cosmology using data from the first three observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. PBB cosmology proposes an alternative to cosmic inflation where the Universe evolves from a weak-coupling, low-curvature state to the hot Big Bang through a high-curvature bounce phase, predicting a distinctive SGWB spectrum. We perform a Bayesian analysis of the cross-correlation data to constrain the model parameters characterizing the PBB spectrum. We find no evidence for a PBB-induced SGWB, with a Bayes factor of 0.03 between the PBB and noise-only model, strongly favoring the noise-only hypothesis. Our analysis establishes a lower bound β ≳-0.19 at 95% confidence level, which is compatible with the theoretical requirement β ≥ 0 for a smooth bounce transition. While we do not detect a signal,our constraints remain consistent with the basic theoretical framework of PBB cosmology,demonstrating the potential of gravitational-wave observations to test early Universe theories.展开更多
The rapid proliferation of microelectronics,coupled with the advent of the internet ofthings(IoT)era,has created an urgent demand for miniaturized,integrable,and reliable on-chip energystorage systems.All-solid-state ...The rapid proliferation of microelectronics,coupled with the advent of the internet ofthings(IoT)era,has created an urgent demand for miniaturized,integrable,and reliable on-chip energystorage systems.All-solid-state thin-film microbatteries(TFMBs),distinguished by their intrinsicsafety,compact design,and compatibility with microfabrication techniques,have emerged as promisingcandidates to power next-generation IoT devices.Nevertheless,in contrast to the well-establisheddevelopment of conventional lithium-ion batteries,the advancement of TFMBs remains at an earlystage,facing persistent challenges in materials innovation,interface optimization,and scalable manufacturing.This review critically examines the pivotal role of vapor deposition technologies,includingmagnetron sputtering,pulsed laser deposition,thermal/electron-beam evaporation,chemical vapordeposition,and atomic layer deposition,in the fabrication and performance modulation of TFMBs.We systematically summarize recent progress in thin-film electrodes and solid-state electrolytes,withparticular emphasis on how deposition parameters dictate crystallinity,lattice orientation,and ionictransport in functional layers.Furthermore,we highlight strategies for solid-solid interface engineering,three-dimensional structural design,andmultifunctional integration to enhance capacity retention,cycling stability,and interfacial compatibility.Looking ahead,TFMBs are expectedto evolve toward multifunctional platforms,exhibiting mechanical flexibility,optical transparency,and hybrid energy-harvesting compatibility,thereby meeting the heterogeneous energy requirements of future IoT ecosystems.Overall,this review provides a comprehensive perspective onvapor-phase-enabled TFMB technologies,delivering both theoretical insights and technological guidelines for the scalable realization of highperformancemicroscale power sources.展开更多
The rapid advancement of machine learning based tight-binding Hamiltonian(MLTB)methods has opened new avenues for efficient and accurate electronic structure simulations,particularly in large-scale systems and long-ti...The rapid advancement of machine learning based tight-binding Hamiltonian(MLTB)methods has opened new avenues for efficient and accurate electronic structure simulations,particularly in large-scale systems and long-time scenarios.This review begins with a concise overview of traditional tight-binding(TB)models,including both(semi-)empirical and first-principles approaches,establishing the foundation for understanding MLTB developments.We then present a systematic classification of existing MLTB methodologies,grouped into two major categories:direct prediction of TB Hamiltonian elements and inference of empirical parameters.A comparative analysis with other ML-based electronic structure models is also provided,highlighting the advancement of MLTB approaches.Finally,we explore the emerging MLTB application ecosystem,highlighting how the integration of MLTB models with a diverse suite of post-processing tools from linear-scaling solvers to quantum transport frameworks and molecular dynamics interfaces is essential for tackling complex scientific problems across different domains.The continued advancement of this integrated paradigm promises to accelerate materials discovery and open new frontiers in the predictive simulation of complex quantum phenomena.展开更多
China’s lakes are plagued by cadmium(Cd)pollution.Dissolved organic matter(DOM)significantly regulates Cd(II)transport properties at the sediment-water interface.Understanding the effects of different DOM components ...China’s lakes are plagued by cadmium(Cd)pollution.Dissolved organic matter(DOM)significantly regulates Cd(II)transport properties at the sediment-water interface.Understanding the effects of different DOM components on the transportation properties of Cd(II)at the sediment-water interface is essential.In this study,typical DOM from different sources was selected to study Cd(II)mobility at the sediment-water interface.Results showed that terrestrial-derived DOM(fulvic acids,FA)and autochthonous-derived DOM(α-amylase,B1)inhibit Cd(II)sequestration by sediments(42.5%and 5.8%,respectively),while anthropogenic-derived DOM(sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate,SDBS)increased the Cd(II)adsorption capacity by sediments by 2.8%.Fluorescence quenching coupling with parallel factor analysis(EEM-PARAFAC)was used to characterize different DOM components.The results showed that FA contains three kinds of components(C1,C3:protein-like components,C2:humic-like components);SDBS contains two kinds of components(C1,C2:protein-like components);B1 contains three kinds of components(C1,C2:protein-like components,C3:humic-like components).Three complex reaction modelswere used to characterize the ability of Cd(II)complex with DOM,and it was found that the humic-like component could hardly be complex with Cd(II).Accordingly,humic-like components compete for Cd(II)adsorption sites on the sediment surface and inhibit Cd(II)adsorption fromsediments.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)of the sediment surface before and after Cd(II)addition was analyzed and proved the competitive adsorption theory.This study provides a better understanding of the Cd(II)mobilization behavior at the sediment-water interface and indicates that the input of humic-like DOM will increase the bioavailability of Cd.展开更多
This comprehensive review integrates population-based registries,hospital databases and Global Burden of Disease data to describe the evolving leukemia burden in China from 2000 to 2022.The overall incidence has stabi...This comprehensive review integrates population-based registries,hospital databases and Global Burden of Disease data to describe the evolving leukemia burden in China from 2000 to 2022.The overall incidence has stabilized nationally,but the absolute number of cases continues to increase as the population ages.A bimodal age pattern persists,with acute leukemias clustering in young children and older adults,while chronic forms predominate in mid-to-late life,and males are consistently more affected by all subtypes.Rapid expansion of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has resulted in marked survival gains for both acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia,and its seamless integration with molecularly targeted agents,venetoclax-based regimens and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy has transformed acute leukemias into potentially curable diseases for an expanding proportion of patients.In parallel,universal access to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and standardized molecular monitoring have turned chronic myeloid leukemia into a manageable chronic condition,and survival of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is improving as novel Bruton's tyrosine kinase and BCL-2 inhibitors diffuse into clinical practice.Tobacco,obesity,benzene and radon remain the principal modifiable drivers of leukemogenesis.Strengthening data completeness,widening equitable access to precision therapies and controlling these environmental risks are essential to sustaining the observed continuous improvement in leukemia patient survival and ensuring that ever more Chinese patients achieve a cure or durable disease control in the decades ahead.展开更多
Arsenic(As)contamination in paddy soils has posed a prominent threat to rice production in Asia.Recycling of silicon(Si)from Si-rich combusted rice husk(CRH)could serve as a sustainable strategy to mitigate rice As up...Arsenic(As)contamination in paddy soils has posed a prominent threat to rice production in Asia.Recycling of silicon(Si)from Si-rich combusted rice husk(CRH)could serve as a sustainable strategy to mitigate rice As uptake through their shared transport pathway.Root(soil)application of CRH alone,however,was insufficient to decrease inorganic As(iAs)in polished rice below Chinese food standards(0.2 mg kg^(-1)).In this study,an aqueous Si solution derived from CRH was used for synergistic foliar application over the highest Si-demanding stage(reproductive stage)of rice,following root application of Si,to investigate rice As uptake in both pot and field experiments.In the pot experiment,on the basis of root application of CRH,Si supplementation before the reproductive stage of rice led to a 51%decrease in As concentration on root surface along with a prominent reduction of Fe plaque due to enhanced root suberization,relative to single root application of CRH treatment.In parallel,the expression of OsLis6 gene in the root was downregulated by 91%than that with only root application of CRH.These changes decreased As influx into root by 56%and led correspondingly to 41%lower As transfer to the straw,as compared with root application of CRH treatment.In node I,the expression of OsLis6 decreased concurrently by 71%,leading ultimately to 28%lower iAs accumulation in grains than that with root application of CRH alone.In the field experiment,with single foliar Si,the mitigation of grain iAs occurred only at lower soil As level of 40 mg kg^(-1),while promoted iAs unloading into grains was determined under higher soil As level(80 mg kg^(-1))relative to the control without Si application.It was,therefore,concluded that the mitigation of grain iAs accumulation with soil application of CRH can be strengthened critically by synergistic supply of foliar Si,serving as a more reliable pathway to secure rice production in As-contaminated paddy fields.展开更多
Combined pulsed laser(CPL),introduced in 1975 for target damage,integrates different lasers to achieve high peak power and pulse energy.However,despite decades of research,CPL remains unused for long-range target dama...Combined pulsed laser(CPL),introduced in 1975 for target damage,integrates different lasers to achieve high peak power and pulse energy.However,despite decades of research,CPL remains unused for long-range target damage due to the challenge of maintaining high peak power density over long distances.We note that a potential solution lies in leveraging the air filament generated by femtosecond laser,which can transmit peak power densities higher than 1014 W/cm^(2)under the power clamping effect.To address this,a concept of a femtosecond laser induced air filament-CW CPL for surface damage of ceramics was introduced.We found no surface changes in ceramic targets when irradiated with a CW laser alone.By way of contrast,the target can be penetrated in a very short time(20 ms)with the assistance of the femtosecond laser induced air filament.In this context,we employ high-speed shadow imaging,cross-timescale simulation models and macro-microscopic characterization,to elucidate the CPL damage mechanism.The optimal CPL,combining a 1 mJ femtosecond laser and a 500 W CW laser,yields a damage rate of 1.51×10^(7)μm^(3)/J,representing an improvement of approximately 175%compared to single femtosecond laser ablation and around 59%enhancement compared to coating-assisted CW laser ablation.Furthermore,the efficacy of the proposed femtosecond-CW CPL method is demonstrated in causing penetration damage of ceramic/metal composite material or direct damage of sapphire,showcasing its versatility in damaging applications.Consequently,the femtosecond-CW CPL ablation method presented in this paper holds great promise as a new type of damage method for transparent hard and brittle materials.展开更多
Granite residual soil (GRS) is a type of weathering soil that can decompose upon contact with water, potentially causing geological hazards. In this study, cement, an alkaline solution, and glass fiber were used to re...Granite residual soil (GRS) is a type of weathering soil that can decompose upon contact with water, potentially causing geological hazards. In this study, cement, an alkaline solution, and glass fiber were used to reinforce GRS. The effects of cement content and SiO_(2)/Na2O ratio of the alkaline solution on the static and dynamic strengths of GRS were discussed. Microscopically, the reinforcement mechanism and coupling effect were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the addition of 2% cement and an alkaline solution with an SiO_(2)/Na2O ratio of 0.5 led to the densest matrix, lowest porosity, and highest static compressive strength, which was 4994 kPa with a dynamic impact resistance of 75.4 kN after adding glass fiber. The compressive strength and dynamic impact resistance were a result of the coupling effect of cement hydration, a pozzolanic reaction of clay minerals in the GRS, and the alkali activation of clay minerals. Excessive cement addition or an excessively high SiO_(2)/Na2O ratio in the alkaline solution can have negative effects, such as the destruction of C-(A)-S-H gels by the alkaline solution and hindering the production of N-A-S-H gels. This can result in damage to the matrix of reinforced GRS, leading to a decrease in both static and dynamic strengths. This study suggests that further research is required to gain a more precise understanding of the effects of this mixture in terms of reducing our carbon footprint and optimizing its properties. The findings indicate that cement and alkaline solution are appropriate for GRS and that the reinforced GRS can be used for high-strength foundation and embankment construction. The study provides an analysis of strategies for mitigating and managing GRS slope failures, as well as enhancing roadbed performance.展开更多
Fusarium head blight(FHB)is a serious fungal disease that affect small grain cereals,causing significant wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)yield and quality losses globally.Breeding disease-resistant wheat varieties is key t...Fusarium head blight(FHB)is a serious fungal disease that affect small grain cereals,causing significant wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)yield and quality losses globally.Breeding disease-resistant wheat varieties is key to address FHB-related challenges,but its progress is delayed by traditional methods due to the small-scale,laborious and relatively subjective nature of manual assessment.This study presents a new approach that combines ultralow-altitude drone phenotyping with an optimized You Only Look Once(YOLO)model to examine FHB in wheat,enabling us to perform large-scale and automated symptomatic analysis of this disease.We first established an Open FHB(OFHB)training dataset,consisting of 4867 diseased and 106,801 healthy spikes collected from 132 commercial breeding lines during FHB progression.Then,a deep learning model called YOLOv8-WFD was trained for detecting healthy and diseased spikes,followed by an adaptive Excess Green method to identify symptomatic regions and thus FHBrelated traits on spikes.To study resistance levels,we employed an unsupervised SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)method to pinpoint key traits between 10 and 20 d after inoculation(DAIs),resulting in the classification of 423 varieties trialed during the 2023–2024 growing seasons into four resistance levels(i.e.,highly and moderately susceptible,and moderately and highly resistant),which were highly correlated with field specialists’evaluations.Finally,we derived disease developmental curves based on measures of key traits during 10–20 DAI,quantifying varietal disease progression patterns over time.To our knowledge,this work represents a significant advancement in large-scale disease phenotyping and automated analysis of FHB in wheat,providing a valuable toolkit for breeders and plant researchers to assess resistance levels,select disease-resistant varieties,and understand dynamics of the fungal disease.展开更多
Attempts have been made to modulate motor sequence learning(MSL)through repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,targeting different sites within the sensorimotor network.However,the target with the optimum modula...Attempts have been made to modulate motor sequence learning(MSL)through repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,targeting different sites within the sensorimotor network.However,the target with the optimum modulatory effect on neural plasticity associated with MSL remains unclarified.This study was therefore designed to compare the role of the left primary motor cortex and the left supplementary motor area proper(SMAp)in modulating MSL across different complexity levels and for both hands,as well as the associated neuroplasticity by applying intermittent theta burst stimulation together with the electroencephalogram and concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation.Our data demonstrated the role of SMAp stimulation in modulating neural communication to support MSL,which is achieved by facilitating regional activation and orchestrating neural coupling across distributed brain regions,particularly in interhemispheric connections.These findings may have important clinical implications,particularly for motor rehabilitation in populations such as post-stroke patients.展开更多
Adaptive optics(AO)has significantly advanced high-resolution solar observations by mitigating atmospheric turbulence.However,traditional post-focal AO systems suffer from external configurations that introduce excess...Adaptive optics(AO)has significantly advanced high-resolution solar observations by mitigating atmospheric turbulence.However,traditional post-focal AO systems suffer from external configurations that introduce excessive optical surfaces,reduced light throughput,and instrumental polarization.To address these limitations,we propose an embedded solar adaptive optics telescope(ESAOT)that intrinsically incorporates the solar AO(SAO)subsystem within the telescope's optical train,featuring a co-designed correction chain with a single Hartmann-Shack full-wavefront sensor(HS f-WFS)and a deformable secondary mirror(DSM).The HS f-WFS uses temporal-spatial hybrid sampling technique to simultane-ously resolve tip-tilt and high-order aberrations,while the DSM performs real-time compensation through adaptive modal optimization.This unified architecture achieves symmetrical polarization suppression and high system throughput by min-imizing optical surfaces.A 600 mm ESAOT prototype incorporating a 12×12 micro-lens array HS f-WFS and 61-actuator piezoelectric DSM has been developed and successfully conducted on-sky photospheric observations.Validations in-cluding turbulence simulations,optical bench testing,and practical observations at the Lijiang observatory collectively confirm the system's capability to maintain aboutλ/10 wavefront error during active region tracking.This architectural breakthrough of the ESAOT addresses long-standing SAO integration challenges in solar astronomy and provides scala-bility analyses confirming direct applicability to the existing and future large solar observation facilities.展开更多
Silver is an elegant white precious metal,but it is easily oxidized by O3,SO2,and H2S in the air,turning yellow or dark,which affects its decorative effect.The existing silver coating,primarily prepared through the el...Silver is an elegant white precious metal,but it is easily oxidized by O3,SO2,and H2S in the air,turning yellow or dark,which affects its decorative effect.The existing silver coating,primarily prepared through the electroplating process,poses serious environmental pollution problems.It is necessary to seek new,green,and environmentally friendly coating processes while also enhancing the color palette of silver jewelry coatings.Titanium film layers were deposited on Ag925 and Ag999 surfaces using magnetron sputtering coating technology.The effects of sputtering time,substrate surface state,reaction gas type and time,and film thickness on the color of the film layers were studied,and the anti discoloration performance of the obtained film layers under the optimal process was tested.The experimental results show that when the sputtering time varies from 5 to 10 minutes,injecting argon,oxygen,and nitrogen into the coating chamber yields rich colors such as purple with a red tint,blue,yellow green,yellowish purple,and blue purple.The precise control of gas injection time has a significant impact on the color of the film layer.In terms of anti tarnish performance,the film showed good stability in the artificial sweat immersion test.From an environmental perspective,the magnetron sputtering titanium film process has no harmful gas or liquid emissions,which aligns with the sustainable development trend of the jewelry industry and holds great promise for application.This study has improved the visual effect and practical performance of the product,providing important theoretical basis and experimental data support for the application of environmentally friendly silver surface vacuum magnetron sputtering titanium thin film coating technology.展开更多
This study aims to explore the potential of using a blended pulp from Mikania micrantha(M.micrantha)and waste paper for producing composite paper.The effects of the mass ratio of M.micrantha stem to waste paper(MRMW),...This study aims to explore the potential of using a blended pulp from Mikania micrantha(M.micrantha)and waste paper for producing composite paper.The effects of the mass ratio of M.micrantha stem to waste paper(MRMW),the beating time(BT),the water-to-pulp mass ratio(WPMR)and the times of pulp suspension screening(TPSS)on the paper’s basic structural,optical and mechanical properties are investigated.It is found that MRMW primarily affects the grammage(mass per unit area),density,bulkness and whiteness;WPMR mainly affects the thickness and density;TPSS mainly affects the thickness and grammage.When MRMW is 3:7,the composite paper shows higher values for thickness,grammage,density and whiteness;whereas when MRMW is 7:3,these values are lower.Extending BT can increase paper density.The tensile strengths of all prepared samples fall in the range of 1.5 to 4.1 kN/m,indicating their excellent strength properties that meet the demands of many paper applications.The artistic bags and lampshades crafted from this composite paper exhibit a more natural texture compared to conventional packaging paper.This research demonstrates the feasibility of papermaking by using M.micrantha,while showcasing the potential for synergistic integration of waste resources with traditional hand papermaking techniques.展开更多
文摘Background:Rice grain morphology—including traits such as awn length,hull color,size,and shape—is of central importance to yield,quality,and domestication,yet comprehensive quantification at scale has remained challenging.Apromising solution has been provided by the integration of high-throughput imaging with genomic analysis.Methods:A standardized 2D image-processing pipeline was established to extract four categories of traits—awn length,hull color,projected grain area,and shape descriptors via PCA of normalized contours—from high-resolution photographs of 229 Oryza sativa japonica landraces.Genome-wide association analyses were then performed using a mixed linearmodel to control for population structure and kinship.Results:Broad phenotypic diversity was evident in awn length,hull coloration,grain dimensions,and morphological shape,with the first principal component explaining the dominant axis of shape variation.Known awn regulators GAD1/OsRAE2(chr 8;P=4.75×10^(-17))and An-1(chr 4;P=1.91×10^(-6))were identified.The hull color gene Rd(chr 1;P=3.13×10^(-6))was detected.A novel locus on chr 12 at 8.75 Mb with Os12g0257600(P=1.41×10^(-8)),and the known grain size gene FLO2(chr 4;P=8.28×10^(-6))were associated with projected area.Shape PC1 was mapped to GLW7/OsSPL13(chr 7;P=3.86×10^(-10)),NAL2/OsWOX3A(chr 11;P=1.41×10^(-11)),and OsGIF1(chr 11;P=1.27×10^(-8)).Conclusions:This study demonstrates that image-based phenotyping combined with genome-wide association studies(GWAS)can efficiently reveal both established and novel genetic determinants of rice grain morphology.These findings provide actionable targets for marker-assisted selection and genome editing to tailor grain traits in rice breeding programs.
文摘Chitosan(CTS)was grafted onto the surface of amino‑functionalized silver chloride silicon dioxide(AgCl@SiO_(2)‑NH_(2))cores to obtain AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS hybrid nanoparticles.The as‑obtained AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS nanoparticles were chlorinated by NaClO solution to get AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑based chloramine nano‑hybrid materials,denoted as AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl.A transmission electron microscope was used to observe the morphology of the as‑prepared samples AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS and AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl.At the same time,an X‑ray diffractometer and an infrared spectroscope were utilized to characterize their crystal and chemical structures.Besides,ζpotentials were measured to elucidate the surface modification of AgCl nanoparticles by—NH_(2),the antibacterial mechanism of AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl was investigated by scanning electron microscopy,and Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)were used as the to‑be‑tested strains to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of samples AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS and AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl.Findings demonstrate that sample AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS exhibits a chain‑like structure ascribed to the interaction between—NH_(2),and each AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS hybrid nanoparticle contains several AgCl cores.In the meantime,sample AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against E.coli and S.aureus,which is attributed to the synergistic antibacterial effect of Ag^(+)and Cl^(-).Sample AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl with a dosage of 640.00μg·mL^(-1) could completely kill the two kinds of tested bacteria in 12 h of incubation;it retains a high antibacterial efficiency even after 10 cycles of antibacterial tests.
基金supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission,No.JCYJ20220818103009018(to YD).
文摘The arginine-phenylalanine-amide neuropeptide receptor family comprises a subclass within the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily with crucial roles in physiological regulation.These receptors recognize and bind neuropeptides with an arginine-phenylalanine-amide motif,thereby participating in a variety of biological processes such as energy metabolism,pain perception,and reproductive functions.In this review,we explore the physiological and pathological processes involving these receptors and delve into the structure-activity relationships of their ligand peptides,clarifying the key structural motifs within these neuropeptides that determine their biological activity,pharmacological potency,and receptor selectivity.Particular emphasis is placed on their roles in modulating nociception,regulating appetite,and maintaining reproductive health.Additionally,we discuss the therapeutic potential of structure-based drug design targeting these receptors based on existing cryo-electron microscopy structures.The available structural insights into ligand-binding pockets and G protein-receptor interaction interfaces provide a clear perspective and valuable complement to ligand optimization.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3702704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22376005,22076006 and 82073506).
文摘Microorganisms constitute an essential component in the indoor environment,which is closely related to hu-man health.However,there is limited evidence regarding the associations between indoor airborne microbiome and systemic inflammation,as well as whether this association is modified by indoor particulate matter and the underlying mechanisms.In this prospective repeated-measure study among 66 participants,indoor airborne mi-crobiome was characterized using amplicon sequencing and qPCR.Indoor fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))and inhalable particulate matter(PM10)were measured.Systemic inflammatory biomarkers were assessed,including white blood cell(WBC),neutrophil(NEUT),monocyte,eosinophil counts,and their proportions.Targeted serum amino acid metabolomics were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms.Linear mixed-effect models re-vealed that bacterial and fungal Simpson diversity were significantly associated with decreased WBC and NEUT.For example,for each interquartile range increase in the bacterial Simpson diversity,WBC and NEUT changed by-4.53%(95%CI:-8.25%,-0.66%)and-5.95%(95%CI:-11.3%,-0.27%),respectively.Notably,increased inflammatory risks of airborne microbial exposure were observed when indoor PM_(2.5) and PM10 levels were below the WHO air quality guidelines.Mediation analyses indicated that dopamine metabolism partially mediated the anti-inflammatory effects of fungal diversity exposure.Overall,our study indicated protection from a diverse indoor microbial environment on cardiovascular health and proposed an underlying mechanism through amino acid metabolism.Additionally,health risks associated with microbial exposure deserve more attention in con-texts of low indoor particulate matter pollution.Further research is necessary to fully disentangle the complex relationships between indoor microbiome,air pollutants,and human health.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52304098,52106092,42376215,52474105)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20220818095605012,JCYJ20220530113011027)+5 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515110338,2023A1515012316,2023A1515012761,2025A1515010748)Research Team Cultivation Program of Shenzhen University(2023QNT004)Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Hydrates(ZDSYS20200421111201738)the General Research Fund(No.12616222)Early Career Scheme(No.22611624)of Hong Kong Research Grants CouncilMajor Science and Technology Infrastructure Project of Material Genome Big–science Facilities Platform supported by the Municipal Development and Reform Commission of Shenzhen。
文摘Carbon Capture,Utilization,and Storage(CCUS)technology has gained widespread attention in recent years as a critical strategy to combat global climate change,particularly in achieving carbon neutrality goals.The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GBA),as one of China's most economically active regions,serves as a key engine for economic growth while also facing considerable carbon emission challenges.This study analyzes the industrial emission volume and geographical distribution of key emitting enterprises in the GBA,summarizes their technological processes and main carbonemitting equipment,and provides scientific support for precise mitigation policies and low-carbon development.Based on data from 176 key emitting enterprises,the study reveals that Guangzhou and Dongguan host the largest number of such enterprises.Carbon emissions are primarily concentrated in the power sector,dominated by coal-and gas-fired power units,characterized by significant spatial dispersion and uneven distribution.Beyond the power sector,the paper industry has a high number of enterprises but lower emissions.Key facilities such as boilers,cogeneration systems,and production lines are predominantly located near tributaries rivers in Dongguan and Jiangmen.The building materials sector,primarily cement production,ranks as the second-largest emitter,with hightemperature kilns and grinding equipment,particularly rotary kilns and glass furnaces,as the main sources.The petrochemical and chemical sectors have fewer enterprises and lower emissions in the GBA,mainly located in suburban industrial clusters.Carbon emissions in the GBA exhibit distinct industry concentration and geographical distribution disparities.This study provides crucial data and theoretical insights for the development of targeted emission reduction strategies,optimization of source-sink matching,and the advancement of CCUS technologies in the region,particularly from the GBA to the northern South China Sea.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62375144 and 12404345)"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities",Nankai University(No.63241331).
文摘Accurate and early evaluation of dental physiological characteristics is essential for effective disease detection and management.Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography(PS-OCT)is a noninvasive high-resolution imaging technique that can obtain tooth structure and physiological features through intensity,retardation and degree of polarization uniformity(DOPU)images.In this study,we use the information provided by the PS-OCT system,especially the retardation information,to assess the physiological characteristics of teeth.In addition,we introduce a novel parameter—the rate of change of the retardation value(R)—to evaluate the magnitude of birefringence of enamel,which serves as an indicator of enamel health and mineralization.The results demonstrate that PS-OCT not only provides structural detail comparable to microcomputed tomography(microCT),but also yields additional physiological characteristics insights through polarization-based contrast.These findings highlight the strong potential of PS-OCT for early diagnosis,functional evaluation and personalized monitoring in dental care.
基金Project supported by the Key Deployment Special Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.PTYQ2022YZ0001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62175255 and 62227822)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3602602)。
文摘We develop an ultrafast Yb-fiber laser system based on eight-channel coherent beam combining utilizing commercially available rod-type Yb-fibers.To ensure good combining efficiency and long-term operation of the system at the attosecond laser facility under construction,we fully stabilize the phase,group-delay,and beam-pointing of the eight fiber channels.Especially,we propose a novel multi-step hill climbing method to control both group-delay and beam-pointing.At a repetition rate of 1 MHz,this laser system delivers 270-fs pulses with 1.18-k W average power(1.18-m J pulse energy).The average-power instability of the laser system running for 12 hours is 0.32%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.12405055 and No.12347111)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12505054 and 12433001)+5 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M741148)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(Grant No.GZC20240458)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.12405056supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.12405057the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province under Grant No.2025JJ40006the Innovative Research Group of Hunan Province under Grant No.2024JJ1006。
文摘We search for the stochastic gravitational-wave background(SGWB) predicted by pre-Big-Bang(PBB) cosmology using data from the first three observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. PBB cosmology proposes an alternative to cosmic inflation where the Universe evolves from a weak-coupling, low-curvature state to the hot Big Bang through a high-curvature bounce phase, predicting a distinctive SGWB spectrum. We perform a Bayesian analysis of the cross-correlation data to constrain the model parameters characterizing the PBB spectrum. We find no evidence for a PBB-induced SGWB, with a Bayes factor of 0.03 between the PBB and noise-only model, strongly favoring the noise-only hypothesis. Our analysis establishes a lower bound β ≳-0.19 at 95% confidence level, which is compatible with the theoretical requirement β ≥ 0 for a smooth bounce transition. While we do not detect a signal,our constraints remain consistent with the basic theoretical framework of PBB cosmology,demonstrating the potential of gravitational-wave observations to test early Universe theories.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFA1608800)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2024A1515012385, 2024B1515120042)+6 种基金Shenzhen Foundation Research Fund (JCYJ20240813095004006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12426301, 12275119, 52227802)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (KQTD20200820113047086)Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Solid State Batteries (SYSPG20241211173726011)Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices (2019B121205001)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power (2018B030322001)the Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Project of Material Genome Big-science Facilities Platform supported by the Municipal Development and Reform Commission of Shenzhen
文摘The rapid proliferation of microelectronics,coupled with the advent of the internet ofthings(IoT)era,has created an urgent demand for miniaturized,integrable,and reliable on-chip energystorage systems.All-solid-state thin-film microbatteries(TFMBs),distinguished by their intrinsicsafety,compact design,and compatibility with microfabrication techniques,have emerged as promisingcandidates to power next-generation IoT devices.Nevertheless,in contrast to the well-establisheddevelopment of conventional lithium-ion batteries,the advancement of TFMBs remains at an earlystage,facing persistent challenges in materials innovation,interface optimization,and scalable manufacturing.This review critically examines the pivotal role of vapor deposition technologies,includingmagnetron sputtering,pulsed laser deposition,thermal/electron-beam evaporation,chemical vapordeposition,and atomic layer deposition,in the fabrication and performance modulation of TFMBs.We systematically summarize recent progress in thin-film electrodes and solid-state electrolytes,withparticular emphasis on how deposition parameters dictate crystallinity,lattice orientation,and ionictransport in functional layers.Furthermore,we highlight strategies for solid-solid interface engineering,three-dimensional structural design,andmultifunctional integration to enhance capacity retention,cycling stability,and interfacial compatibility.Looking ahead,TFMBs are expectedto evolve toward multifunctional platforms,exhibiting mechanical flexibility,optical transparency,and hybrid energy-harvesting compatibility,thereby meeting the heterogeneous energy requirements of future IoT ecosystems.Overall,this review provides a comprehensive perspective onvapor-phase-enabled TFMB technologies,delivering both theoretical insights and technological guidelines for the scalable realization of highperformancemicroscale power sources.
基金supported by the Advanced Materials-National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2025ZD0618401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12504285)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20250472)NFSG grant from BITS-Pilani,Dubai campus。
文摘The rapid advancement of machine learning based tight-binding Hamiltonian(MLTB)methods has opened new avenues for efficient and accurate electronic structure simulations,particularly in large-scale systems and long-time scenarios.This review begins with a concise overview of traditional tight-binding(TB)models,including both(semi-)empirical and first-principles approaches,establishing the foundation for understanding MLTB developments.We then present a systematic classification of existing MLTB methodologies,grouped into two major categories:direct prediction of TB Hamiltonian elements and inference of empirical parameters.A comparative analysis with other ML-based electronic structure models is also provided,highlighting the advancement of MLTB approaches.Finally,we explore the emerging MLTB application ecosystem,highlighting how the integration of MLTB models with a diverse suite of post-processing tools from linear-scaling solvers to quantum transport frameworks and molecular dynamics interfaces is essential for tackling complex scientific problems across different domains.The continued advancement of this integrated paradigm promises to accelerate materials discovery and open new frontiers in the predictive simulation of complex quantum phenomena.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42307524,and 51879103).
文摘China’s lakes are plagued by cadmium(Cd)pollution.Dissolved organic matter(DOM)significantly regulates Cd(II)transport properties at the sediment-water interface.Understanding the effects of different DOM components on the transportation properties of Cd(II)at the sediment-water interface is essential.In this study,typical DOM from different sources was selected to study Cd(II)mobility at the sediment-water interface.Results showed that terrestrial-derived DOM(fulvic acids,FA)and autochthonous-derived DOM(α-amylase,B1)inhibit Cd(II)sequestration by sediments(42.5%and 5.8%,respectively),while anthropogenic-derived DOM(sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate,SDBS)increased the Cd(II)adsorption capacity by sediments by 2.8%.Fluorescence quenching coupling with parallel factor analysis(EEM-PARAFAC)was used to characterize different DOM components.The results showed that FA contains three kinds of components(C1,C3:protein-like components,C2:humic-like components);SDBS contains two kinds of components(C1,C2:protein-like components);B1 contains three kinds of components(C1,C2:protein-like components,C3:humic-like components).Three complex reaction modelswere used to characterize the ability of Cd(II)complex with DOM,and it was found that the humic-like component could hardly be complex with Cd(II).Accordingly,humic-like components compete for Cd(II)adsorption sites on the sediment surface and inhibit Cd(II)adsorption fromsediments.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)of the sediment surface before and after Cd(II)addition was analyzed and proved the competitive adsorption theory.This study provides a better understanding of the Cd(II)mobilization behavior at the sediment-water interface and indicates that the input of humic-like DOM will increase the bioavailability of Cd.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1103300)the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82293630)+3 种基金the Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(No.Z211100002921071)the Peking University Medicine Fund for the World’s Leading Discipline or Discipline Cluster Development(No.71003Y3035)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82570262 and No.82570208)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.L252196)。
文摘This comprehensive review integrates population-based registries,hospital databases and Global Burden of Disease data to describe the evolving leukemia burden in China from 2000 to 2022.The overall incidence has stabilized nationally,but the absolute number of cases continues to increase as the population ages.A bimodal age pattern persists,with acute leukemias clustering in young children and older adults,while chronic forms predominate in mid-to-late life,and males are consistently more affected by all subtypes.Rapid expansion of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has resulted in marked survival gains for both acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia,and its seamless integration with molecularly targeted agents,venetoclax-based regimens and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy has transformed acute leukemias into potentially curable diseases for an expanding proportion of patients.In parallel,universal access to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and standardized molecular monitoring have turned chronic myeloid leukemia into a manageable chronic condition,and survival of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is improving as novel Bruton's tyrosine kinase and BCL-2 inhibitors diffuse into clinical practice.Tobacco,obesity,benzene and radon remain the principal modifiable drivers of leukemogenesis.Strengthening data completeness,widening equitable access to precision therapies and controlling these environmental risks are essential to sustaining the observed continuous improvement in leukemia patient survival and ensuring that ever more Chinese patients achieve a cure or durable disease control in the decades ahead.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42377024)the Aid Program for Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Higher Educational Institutions of Hunan Province,Chinathe Key Project of Developmental Biology and Breeding from Hunan Province of China(No.2022XKQ0207).
文摘Arsenic(As)contamination in paddy soils has posed a prominent threat to rice production in Asia.Recycling of silicon(Si)from Si-rich combusted rice husk(CRH)could serve as a sustainable strategy to mitigate rice As uptake through their shared transport pathway.Root(soil)application of CRH alone,however,was insufficient to decrease inorganic As(iAs)in polished rice below Chinese food standards(0.2 mg kg^(-1)).In this study,an aqueous Si solution derived from CRH was used for synergistic foliar application over the highest Si-demanding stage(reproductive stage)of rice,following root application of Si,to investigate rice As uptake in both pot and field experiments.In the pot experiment,on the basis of root application of CRH,Si supplementation before the reproductive stage of rice led to a 51%decrease in As concentration on root surface along with a prominent reduction of Fe plaque due to enhanced root suberization,relative to single root application of CRH treatment.In parallel,the expression of OsLis6 gene in the root was downregulated by 91%than that with only root application of CRH.These changes decreased As influx into root by 56%and led correspondingly to 41%lower As transfer to the straw,as compared with root application of CRH treatment.In node I,the expression of OsLis6 decreased concurrently by 71%,leading ultimately to 28%lower iAs accumulation in grains than that with root application of CRH alone.In the field experiment,with single foliar Si,the mitigation of grain iAs occurred only at lower soil As level of 40 mg kg^(-1),while promoted iAs unloading into grains was determined under higher soil As level(80 mg kg^(-1))relative to the control without Si application.It was,therefore,concluded that the mitigation of grain iAs accumulation with soil application of CRH can be strengthened critically by synergistic supply of foliar Si,serving as a more reliable pathway to secure rice production in As-contaminated paddy fields.
基金supports from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52105498)The science and technology innovation Program of Hunan Province(Grant No.2021RC3074)+2 种基金Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province(AHL2022KF04)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFB14605500)Changsha Natural Science Foundation(kq2402089).
文摘Combined pulsed laser(CPL),introduced in 1975 for target damage,integrates different lasers to achieve high peak power and pulse energy.However,despite decades of research,CPL remains unused for long-range target damage due to the challenge of maintaining high peak power density over long distances.We note that a potential solution lies in leveraging the air filament generated by femtosecond laser,which can transmit peak power densities higher than 1014 W/cm^(2)under the power clamping effect.To address this,a concept of a femtosecond laser induced air filament-CW CPL for surface damage of ceramics was introduced.We found no surface changes in ceramic targets when irradiated with a CW laser alone.By way of contrast,the target can be penetrated in a very short time(20 ms)with the assistance of the femtosecond laser induced air filament.In this context,we employ high-speed shadow imaging,cross-timescale simulation models and macro-microscopic characterization,to elucidate the CPL damage mechanism.The optimal CPL,combining a 1 mJ femtosecond laser and a 500 W CW laser,yields a damage rate of 1.51×10^(7)μm^(3)/J,representing an improvement of approximately 175%compared to single femtosecond laser ablation and around 59%enhancement compared to coating-assisted CW laser ablation.Furthermore,the efficacy of the proposed femtosecond-CW CPL method is demonstrated in causing penetration damage of ceramic/metal composite material or direct damage of sapphire,showcasing its versatility in damaging applications.Consequently,the femtosecond-CW CPL ablation method presented in this paper holds great promise as a new type of damage method for transparent hard and brittle materials.
基金the support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52278336 and 42302032)Guangdong Basic and Applied Research Foundation(Grant Nos.2023B1515020061).
文摘Granite residual soil (GRS) is a type of weathering soil that can decompose upon contact with water, potentially causing geological hazards. In this study, cement, an alkaline solution, and glass fiber were used to reinforce GRS. The effects of cement content and SiO_(2)/Na2O ratio of the alkaline solution on the static and dynamic strengths of GRS were discussed. Microscopically, the reinforcement mechanism and coupling effect were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the addition of 2% cement and an alkaline solution with an SiO_(2)/Na2O ratio of 0.5 led to the densest matrix, lowest porosity, and highest static compressive strength, which was 4994 kPa with a dynamic impact resistance of 75.4 kN after adding glass fiber. The compressive strength and dynamic impact resistance were a result of the coupling effect of cement hydration, a pozzolanic reaction of clay minerals in the GRS, and the alkali activation of clay minerals. Excessive cement addition or an excessively high SiO_(2)/Na2O ratio in the alkaline solution can have negative effects, such as the destruction of C-(A)-S-H gels by the alkaline solution and hindering the production of N-A-S-H gels. This can result in damage to the matrix of reinforced GRS, leading to a decrease in both static and dynamic strengths. This study suggests that further research is required to gain a more precise understanding of the effects of this mixture in terms of reducing our carbon footprint and optimizing its properties. The findings indicate that cement and alkaline solution are appropriate for GRS and that the reinforced GRS can be used for high-strength foundation and embankment construction. The study provides an analysis of strategies for mitigating and managing GRS slope failures, as well as enhancing roadbed performance.
基金supported by the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD04025 to Xiu’e Wang)the Seed Industry Revitalization Project of Jiangsu Province(JBGS(2021)006 to Xiu’e Wang)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070400 to Ji Zhou)Ji Zhou,Robert Jackson,and Greg Deakin were partially supported by the Allan&Gill Gray Foundation’Sustainable Productivity for Crop Improvement(G118688 to the University of Cambridge and Q-20-0370 to NIAB)Ji Zhou was supported by the United Kingdom Research and Innovation’s(UKRI)Biotechnology and Bio logical Sciences Research Council(BBSRC)AI in Bioscience Grant(BB/Y513969/1 to Ji Zhou)The UK-China research activities were supported by the BBSRC’s International Partnership Grant(BB/Y514081/1 to NIAB)
文摘Fusarium head blight(FHB)is a serious fungal disease that affect small grain cereals,causing significant wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)yield and quality losses globally.Breeding disease-resistant wheat varieties is key to address FHB-related challenges,but its progress is delayed by traditional methods due to the small-scale,laborious and relatively subjective nature of manual assessment.This study presents a new approach that combines ultralow-altitude drone phenotyping with an optimized You Only Look Once(YOLO)model to examine FHB in wheat,enabling us to perform large-scale and automated symptomatic analysis of this disease.We first established an Open FHB(OFHB)training dataset,consisting of 4867 diseased and 106,801 healthy spikes collected from 132 commercial breeding lines during FHB progression.Then,a deep learning model called YOLOv8-WFD was trained for detecting healthy and diseased spikes,followed by an adaptive Excess Green method to identify symptomatic regions and thus FHBrelated traits on spikes.To study resistance levels,we employed an unsupervised SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)method to pinpoint key traits between 10 and 20 d after inoculation(DAIs),resulting in the classification of 423 varieties trialed during the 2023–2024 growing seasons into four resistance levels(i.e.,highly and moderately susceptible,and moderately and highly resistant),which were highly correlated with field specialists’evaluations.Finally,we derived disease developmental curves based on measures of key traits during 10–20 DAI,quantifying varietal disease progression patterns over time.To our knowledge,this work represents a significant advancement in large-scale disease phenotyping and automated analysis of FHB in wheat,providing a valuable toolkit for breeders and plant researchers to assess resistance levels,select disease-resistant varieties,and understand dynamics of the fungal disease.
基金supported by grants from the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LGJ22H180001)Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project(2021KY249)the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC1310000).
文摘Attempts have been made to modulate motor sequence learning(MSL)through repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,targeting different sites within the sensorimotor network.However,the target with the optimum modulatory effect on neural plasticity associated with MSL remains unclarified.This study was therefore designed to compare the role of the left primary motor cortex and the left supplementary motor area proper(SMAp)in modulating MSL across different complexity levels and for both hands,as well as the associated neuroplasticity by applying intermittent theta burst stimulation together with the electroencephalogram and concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation.Our data demonstrated the role of SMAp stimulation in modulating neural communication to support MSL,which is achieved by facilitating regional activation and orchestrating neural coupling across distributed brain regions,particularly in interhemispheric connections.These findings may have important clinical implications,particularly for motor rehabilitation in populations such as post-stroke patients.
基金support from the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grants No.12293031 and No.61905252)the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.12022308)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grants No.2021YFC2202200 and No.2021YFC2202204).
文摘Adaptive optics(AO)has significantly advanced high-resolution solar observations by mitigating atmospheric turbulence.However,traditional post-focal AO systems suffer from external configurations that introduce excessive optical surfaces,reduced light throughput,and instrumental polarization.To address these limitations,we propose an embedded solar adaptive optics telescope(ESAOT)that intrinsically incorporates the solar AO(SAO)subsystem within the telescope's optical train,featuring a co-designed correction chain with a single Hartmann-Shack full-wavefront sensor(HS f-WFS)and a deformable secondary mirror(DSM).The HS f-WFS uses temporal-spatial hybrid sampling technique to simultane-ously resolve tip-tilt and high-order aberrations,while the DSM performs real-time compensation through adaptive modal optimization.This unified architecture achieves symmetrical polarization suppression and high system throughput by min-imizing optical surfaces.A 600 mm ESAOT prototype incorporating a 12×12 micro-lens array HS f-WFS and 61-actuator piezoelectric DSM has been developed and successfully conducted on-sky photospheric observations.Validations in-cluding turbulence simulations,optical bench testing,and practical observations at the Lijiang observatory collectively confirm the system's capability to maintain aboutλ/10 wavefront error during active region tracking.This architectural breakthrough of the ESAOT addresses long-standing SAO integration challenges in solar astronomy and provides scala-bility analyses confirming direct applicability to the existing and future large solar observation facilities.
文摘Silver is an elegant white precious metal,but it is easily oxidized by O3,SO2,and H2S in the air,turning yellow or dark,which affects its decorative effect.The existing silver coating,primarily prepared through the electroplating process,poses serious environmental pollution problems.It is necessary to seek new,green,and environmentally friendly coating processes while also enhancing the color palette of silver jewelry coatings.Titanium film layers were deposited on Ag925 and Ag999 surfaces using magnetron sputtering coating technology.The effects of sputtering time,substrate surface state,reaction gas type and time,and film thickness on the color of the film layers were studied,and the anti discoloration performance of the obtained film layers under the optimal process was tested.The experimental results show that when the sputtering time varies from 5 to 10 minutes,injecting argon,oxygen,and nitrogen into the coating chamber yields rich colors such as purple with a red tint,blue,yellow green,yellowish purple,and blue purple.The precise control of gas injection time has a significant impact on the color of the film layer.In terms of anti tarnish performance,the film showed good stability in the artificial sweat immersion test.From an environmental perspective,the magnetron sputtering titanium film process has no harmful gas or liquid emissions,which aligns with the sustainable development trend of the jewelry industry and holds great promise for application.This study has improved the visual effect and practical performance of the product,providing important theoretical basis and experimental data support for the application of environmentally friendly silver surface vacuum magnetron sputtering titanium thin film coating technology.
文摘This study aims to explore the potential of using a blended pulp from Mikania micrantha(M.micrantha)and waste paper for producing composite paper.The effects of the mass ratio of M.micrantha stem to waste paper(MRMW),the beating time(BT),the water-to-pulp mass ratio(WPMR)and the times of pulp suspension screening(TPSS)on the paper’s basic structural,optical and mechanical properties are investigated.It is found that MRMW primarily affects the grammage(mass per unit area),density,bulkness and whiteness;WPMR mainly affects the thickness and density;TPSS mainly affects the thickness and grammage.When MRMW is 3:7,the composite paper shows higher values for thickness,grammage,density and whiteness;whereas when MRMW is 7:3,these values are lower.Extending BT can increase paper density.The tensile strengths of all prepared samples fall in the range of 1.5 to 4.1 kN/m,indicating their excellent strength properties that meet the demands of many paper applications.The artistic bags and lampshades crafted from this composite paper exhibit a more natural texture compared to conventional packaging paper.This research demonstrates the feasibility of papermaking by using M.micrantha,while showcasing the potential for synergistic integration of waste resources with traditional hand papermaking techniques.
