MgH_(2) and TiH_(2) have been extensively studied as potential anode materials due to their high theoretical specific capacities of 2036 and 1024 mAh/g,respectively.However,the large volume changes that these compound...MgH_(2) and TiH_(2) have been extensively studied as potential anode materials due to their high theoretical specific capacities of 2036 and 1024 mAh/g,respectively.However,the large volume changes that these compounds undergo during cycling affects their performance and limits practical applications.The present work demonstrates a novel approach to limiting the volume changes of active materials.This effect is based on mechanical support from an intimate interface generated in situ via the reaction between MgH_(2) and Ti within the electrode prior to lithiation to form Mg and TiH_(2).The resulting Mg can be transformed back to MgH_(2) by reaction with LiH during delithiation.In addition,the TiH_(2) improves the reaction kinetics of MgH_(2) and enhances electrochemical performance.The intimate interface produced in this manner is found to improve the electrochemical properties of a MgH_(2)-Ti-LiH electrode.An exceptional reversible capacity of 800 mAh/g is observed even after 200 cycles with a high current density of 1 mA/cm^(2) and a high proportion of active material(90 wt.%)at an operation temperature of 120℃.This study therefore showcases a new means of improving the performance of electrodes by limiting the volume changes of active materials.展开更多
The generation of a plasma with an ultrahigh energy density of 1.2 GJ/cm^(3)(which corresponds to about 12 Gbar pressure) is investigated by irradiating thin stainless-steel foils with high-contrast femtosecond laser ...The generation of a plasma with an ultrahigh energy density of 1.2 GJ/cm^(3)(which corresponds to about 12 Gbar pressure) is investigated by irradiating thin stainless-steel foils with high-contrast femtosecond laser pulses with relativistic intensities of up to 10^(22) W/cm^(2).The plasma parameters are determined by X-ray spectroscopy.The results show that most of the laser energy is absorbed by the plasma at solid density,indicating that no pre-plasma is generated in the current experimental setup.展开更多
Carbonate electrolytes are one of the most desirable electrolytes for high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)because of their successful implementation in commercial Li-ion batteries.The low-polysulfide-solubility ...Carbonate electrolytes are one of the most desirable electrolytes for high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)because of their successful implementation in commercial Li-ion batteries.The low-polysulfide-solubility feature of some carbonate solvents also makes them very promising for overcoming the shuttle effects of LSBs.However,regular sulfur electrodes experience undesired electrochemical mechanisms in carbonate electrolytes due to side reactions.In this study,we report a catalytic redox mechanism of sulfur in propylene carbonate(PC)electrolyte based on a compari-son study.The catalytic mechanism is characterized by the interactions between polysulfides and dual N/O functional groups on the host carbon,which largely prevents side reactions between polysulfides and the carbonate electrolyte.Such a mechanism coupled with the low-polysulfide-solubility feature leads to stable cycling of LSBs in PC electrolyte.Favorable dual N/O functional groups are identified via a density functional theory study.This work provides an alternative route for enabling LSBs in carbonate electrolytes.展开更多
胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)及其信号调控途径紊乱是很多胰岛素靶器官或组织发生病变并缓慢进展的机制之一。其临床诊断指标是基于空腹血糖和空腹血清胰岛素的"稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗(the homeostatic model of insulin re...胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)及其信号调控途径紊乱是很多胰岛素靶器官或组织发生病变并缓慢进展的机制之一。其临床诊断指标是基于空腹血糖和空腹血清胰岛素的"稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗(the homeostatic model of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)"指数,此外,包括脂联素在内的新兴IR生物标记物也可作为诊断的参考指标;其影响因素有肥胖、慢性微炎症、缺乏运动等;其主要信号调控途径包括胰岛素受体底物1(insulin receptor substrate 1,IRS1)/磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase,PI3K)/丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶(serine-threonine kinase,Akt)通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)通路、Smad3通路等。临床上,可通过促进胰岛素分泌、增强胰岛素信号活性来提高胰岛素敏感性,改善IR。目前,用以治疗IR的胰岛素增敏剂不仅有噻唑烷二酮及其衍生物,还有新近发现的二甲双胍和维生素D。此外,一些单味中药提取物和中药复方,如黄蜀葵花总黄酮、黄连素、黄芪多糖以及黄芪汤等也有改善IR的作用。在慢性肾脏病领域,针对胰岛素靶器官的常见病变——糖尿病早期肾损害,基于足细胞IR信号调控途径的中药干预性研究是今后的重要方向之一。展开更多
Thermal comfort and indoor air quality as well as the energy efficiency have been recognized as essential parts of sustainable building assessment. This work aims to analyze the energy conservation of the heat recover...Thermal comfort and indoor air quality as well as the energy efficiency have been recognized as essential parts of sustainable building assessment. This work aims to analyze the energy conservation of the heat recovery ventilator and to investigate the effect of the air supply arrangement. Three types of mixing ventilation are chosen for the analysis of coupling ANSYS/FLUENT （a computational fluid dynamics （CFD） program） with TRNSYS （a building energy simulation （BES） software）. The adoption of mutual complementary boundary conditions for CFD and BES provides more accurate and complete information of indoor air distribution and thermal performance in buildings. A typical office-space situated in a middle storey is chosen for the analysis. The office-space is equipped with air-conditioners on the ceiling. A heat recovery ventilation system directly supplies flesh air to the office space. Its thermal performance and indoor air distribution predicted by the coupled method are compared under three types of ventilation system. When the supply and return openings for ventilation are arranged on the ceiling, there is no critical difference between the predictions of the coupled method and BES on the energy consumption of HVAC because PID control is adopted for the supply air temperature of the occupied zone. On the other hand, approximately 21% discrepancy for the heat recovery estimation in the maximum between the simulated results of coupled method and BES-only can be obviously found in the floor air supply ventilation case. The discrepancy emphasizes the necessity of coupling CFD with BES when vertical air temperature gradient exists. Our future target is to estimate the optimum design of heat recovery ventilation system to control CO2 concentration by adjusting flow rate of flesh air.展开更多
Concern on alteration of sediment natural flow caused by developments of water resources system, has been addressed in many river basins around the world especially in developing and remote regions where sediment data...Concern on alteration of sediment natural flow caused by developments of water resources system, has been addressed in many river basins around the world especially in developing and remote regions where sediment data are poorly gauged or ungauged. Since suspended sediment load (SSL) is predominant, the objectives of this research are to: 1) simulate monthly average SSL (SSLm) of four catchments using artificial neural network (ANN);2) assess the application of the calibrated ANN (Cal-ANN) models in three ungauged catchment representatives (UCR) before using them to predict SSLm of three actual ungauged catchments (AUC) in the Tonle Sap River Basin;and 3) estimate annual SSL (SSLA) of each AUC for the case of with and without dam-reservoirs. The model performance for total load (SSLT) prediction was also investigated because it is important for dam-reservoir management. For model simulation, ANN yielded very satisfactory results with determination coefficient (R2) ranging from 0.81 to 0.94 in calibration stage and 0.63 to 0.87 in validation stage. The Cal-ANN models also performed well in UCRs with R2 ranging from 0.59 to 0.64. From the result of this study, one can estimate SSLm and SSLT of ungauged catchments with an accuracy of 0.61 in term of R2 and 34.06% in term of absolute percentage bias, respectively. SSLA of the AUCs was found between 159,281 and 723,580 t/year. In combination with Brune’s method, the impact of dam-reservoirs could reduce SSLA between 47% and 68%. This result is key information for sustainable development of such infrastructures.展开更多
Nowadays, trends in wastewater treatment by zero-valent iron（ZVI） were turned to use bimetallic NZVI particles by planting another metal onto the ZVI surface to increase its reactivity. Nano size zero-valent iron/co...Nowadays, trends in wastewater treatment by zero-valent iron（ZVI） were turned to use bimetallic NZVI particles by planting another metal onto the ZVI surface to increase its reactivity. Nano size zero-valent iron/copper（NZVI/Cu0） bimetallic particles were synthesized in order to examine its toxicity effects on the wastewater microbial life, kinetics of phosphorus, ammonia stripping and the reduction of chemical oxygen demand（COD）.Various concentrations of NZVI/Cu0 and operation conditions both aerobic and anaerobic were investigated and compared with pure NZVI experiment. The results showed that addition10 mg/L of NZVI/Cu0 significantly increased the numbers of bacteria colonies under anaerobic condition, conversely it inhibited bacteria activity with the presence of oxygen. Furthermore,the impact of nanoparticles on ammonia stripping and phosphorus removal was also linked to the emitted iron ions electrons. It was found that dosing high concentration of bimetallic NZVI/Cu0 has a negative effect on ammonia stripping regardless of the aeration condition. In comparison to control, dosing only 10 mg/L NZVI/Cu0, the phosphorus removal increased sharply both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, these outcomes were obtained as a result of complete dissolution of bimetallic nanoparticles which formed copper-iron oxides components that are attributed to increasing the phosphorus adsorption rate.展开更多
We present a study concerning Fe-0. 176C-1.31Si-1.58Mn-0.26Al-0.3Cr （wt%） steel subjected to a quenching and partitioning （Q＆P） process. The results of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microsco...We present a study concerning Fe-0. 176C-1.31Si-1.58Mn-0.26Al-0.3Cr （wt%） steel subjected to a quenching and partitioning （Q＆P） process. The results of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tensile tests demon- strate that the microstructures primarily consist of lath martensite, retained austenite, lower bainite （LB）, and a small amount of tempered martensite; moreover, few twin austenite grains were observed. In the microstrucmre, three types of retained austenite with different sizes and morphologies were observed： blocky retained austenite （-300 nm in width）, film-like retained austenite （80-120 nm in width）, and ul- tra-fine film-like retained austenite （30-40 nm in width）. Because of the effect of the retained austenite/martensite/LB triplex microstructure, the specimens prepared using different quenching temperatures exhibit high ultimate tensile strength and yield strength. Furthermore, the strength effect of LB can partially counteract the decreasing strength effect of martensite. The formation of LB substantially reduces the amount of retained austenite. Analyses of the retained austenite and the amount of blocky retained austenite indicated that the carbon content is critical to the total elongation of Q＆P steel.展开更多
BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) in patients with surgically altered anatomy has been a major challenge to gastrointestinal endoscopists with low success rates for reaching the target si...BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) in patients with surgically altered anatomy has been a major challenge to gastrointestinal endoscopists with low success rates for reaching the target site as well as high complication rates. The knowledge of ERCP-related risk factors is important for reducing unexpected complications.AIM To identify ERCP-related risk factors for perforation in patients with surgically altered anatomy.METHODS The medical records of 187 patients with surgically altered anatomy who underwent ERCP at our institution between April 2009 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. An analysis of patient data, including age, sex, type of reconstruction, cause of surgery, aim of ERCP, success rate of reaching target site,success rate of procedure, adverse events, type of scope, time to reach the target site, and duration of procedure, was performed. In patients with Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction, additional potential risk factors were the shape of the inserted scope and whether the anastomosis was antecolic or retrocolic.RESULTS All patients(n = 187) had surgical anatomy, such as Billroth-Ⅰ(n = 22), Billroth-Ⅱ(n = 33), Roux-en-Y(n = 54), Child, or Whipple reconstruction(n = 75). ERCP was performed for biliary drainage in 43 cases(23%), stone removal in 29 cases(16%),and stricture dilation of anastomosis in 59 cases(32%). The scope was unable to reach the target site in 17 cases(9%), and an aimed procedure could not be accomplished in 54 cases(29%). Adverse events were pancreatitis(3%),hyperamylasemia(10%), cholangitis(6%), cholestasis(4%), excessive sedation(1%), perforation(2%), and others(3%). Perforation occurred in three cases, all of which were in patients with Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction; in these patients, further analysis revealed loop-shaped insertion of the scope to be a significant risk for perforation(P = 0.01).CONCLUSION Risk factors for perforation during ERCP in patients with surgically altered anatomy were Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction and looping of the scope during BillrothⅡ procedure.展开更多
We investigated the biodegradation of 2-nitrophenol （2-NP）, 4-nitrophenol （4-NP）, and 2,4-dinitrophenol （2,4-DNP） in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza plants by conducting degradation experiments with thre...We investigated the biodegradation of 2-nitrophenol （2-NP）, 4-nitrophenol （4-NP）, and 2,4-dinitrophenol （2,4-DNP） in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza plants by conducting degradation experiments with three river water samples supplemented with each nitrophenol （NP）. We then isolated NP-degrading bacteria both from the S. polyrrhiza roots and from the river water. In the river water samples, removal of the three NP was accelerated in the presence of S. polyrrhiza plants. The three NPs persisted in an autoclaved solution with sterile plants suggests that NP removal was accelerated largely by bacterial NP biodegradation rather than by adsorption and uptake by the plants. We isolated 8 strains of NP-degrading bacteria： 6 strains from the S. polyrrhiza roots and 2 strains from river water without the plants. The 2-NP- and 2,4-DNP-degrading bacteria were isolated only from the S. polyrrhiza roots. The 4-NP- degrading bacteria different from those isolated from the river water samples were also found on S. polyrrhiza roots. The 2-NP- and 4-NP-degrading strains isolated from the roots utilized the corresponding NP （0.5 mmol/L） as the sole carbon and energy source. The 2,4-DNP-degrading strains isolated from the roots showed substantial 2,4-DNP-degrading activity, but the presence of other carbon and energy sources was required for their growth. The isolated NP-degrading bacteria from the roots must have contributed to the accelerated degradation of the three NPs in the rhizosphere of S. polyrrhiza. Our results suggested that rhizoremediation with S. polyrrhiza may be effective for NP-contaminated surface water.展开更多
A nested circulation model system based on the Princeton ocean model （POM） is set up to simulate the currentmeter data from a bottom-mounted Acoustic Doppler Profiler （ADP） deployed at the 30 m depth in the Lunan...A nested circulation model system based on the Princeton ocean model （POM） is set up to simulate the currentmeter data from a bottom-mounted Acoustic Doppler Profiler （ADP） deployed at the 30 m depth in the Lunan（South Shandong Province, China） Trough south of the Shandong Peninsula in the summer of 2008, and to study the dynamics of the circulation in the southwestern Huanghai Sea （Yellow Sea）. The model has reproduced well the observed subtidal current at the mooring site. The results of the model simulation suggest that the bottom topography has strong steering effects on the regional circulation in summer. The model simulation shows that the Subei （North Jiangsu Province, China）coastal current flows north- ward in summer, in contrast to the southeastward current in the center of the Lunan Trough measured by the moored currentmeter. The analyses of the model results suggest that the southeastward current at the mooring site in the Lunan Trough is forced by the westward wind-driven current along the Lunan coast, which meets the northward Subei coastal current at the head of the Haizhou Bay to flow along an offshore path in the southeastward direction in the Lunan Trough. Analysis suggests that the Subei coastal current, the Lunan coastal current, and the circulation in the Lunan Trough are independent current systems con- trolled by different dynamics. Therefore, the current measurements in the Lunan Trough cannot be used to represent the Subei coastal current in general.展开更多
Separation of organic mixture is an inevitable process in most modern industrial processes. In the quest for a more sustainable and efficient separation, solvent-resistant nanofiltration(SRNF) has emerged as a promisi...Separation of organic mixture is an inevitable process in most modern industrial processes. In the quest for a more sustainable and efficient separation, solvent-resistant nanofiltration(SRNF) has emerged as a promising answer. This is because SRNF is a membrane-based process which offers the key advantages of high efficacy and low energy intensity separation. In particular, polymer-based membranes can offer compelling opportunities for SRNF with unprecedented cost-effectiveness. As a result, intensive research efforts have been devoted into developing novel polymer-based membranes with solvent-resistant capacities as well as exploring potential applications in different types of industries. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the recent progress in the development of the state-of-the-art polymer-based membranes for SRNF in the first section. Emerging nanomaterials for mixed matrix and thin film nanocomposite membranes are also covered in this section. This is followed by a discussion on the current status of membrane engineering and SRNF membrane commercialization. In the third section, we highlight recent efforts in adopting SRNF for relevant industrial applications such as food, bio-refinery, petrochemical, fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries followed by separations of enantiomers in stereochemistry, homogeneous catalysis and ionic liquids. Finally, we offer a perspective and provide deeper insights to help shape future research direction in this very important field of SRNF.展开更多
基金supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI grants (nos. JP21K05243 and JP22H04621grants-in-aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Interface Ionics”)+1 种基金by a JST grant (no. JPMJFS2132,for the establishment of university fellowships toward the creation of science technology innovation)by the Suzuki foundation
文摘MgH_(2) and TiH_(2) have been extensively studied as potential anode materials due to their high theoretical specific capacities of 2036 and 1024 mAh/g,respectively.However,the large volume changes that these compounds undergo during cycling affects their performance and limits practical applications.The present work demonstrates a novel approach to limiting the volume changes of active materials.This effect is based on mechanical support from an intimate interface generated in situ via the reaction between MgH_(2) and Ti within the electrode prior to lithiation to form Mg and TiH_(2).The resulting Mg can be transformed back to MgH_(2) by reaction with LiH during delithiation.In addition,the TiH_(2) improves the reaction kinetics of MgH_(2) and enhances electrochemical performance.The intimate interface produced in this manner is found to improve the electrochemical properties of a MgH_(2)-Ti-LiH electrode.An exceptional reversible capacity of 800 mAh/g is observed even after 200 cycles with a high current density of 1 mA/cm^(2) and a high proportion of active material(90 wt.%)at an operation temperature of 120℃.This study therefore showcases a new means of improving the performance of electrodes by limiting the volume changes of active materials.
基金carried out within the framework of Program 10 “Experimental laboratory astrophysics and geophysics,NCPM.”。
文摘The generation of a plasma with an ultrahigh energy density of 1.2 GJ/cm^(3)(which corresponds to about 12 Gbar pressure) is investigated by irradiating thin stainless-steel foils with high-contrast femtosecond laser pulses with relativistic intensities of up to 10^(22) W/cm^(2).The plasma parameters are determined by X-ray spectroscopy.The results show that most of the laser energy is absorbed by the plasma at solid density,indicating that no pre-plasma is generated in the current experimental setup.
文摘Carbonate electrolytes are one of the most desirable electrolytes for high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)because of their successful implementation in commercial Li-ion batteries.The low-polysulfide-solubility feature of some carbonate solvents also makes them very promising for overcoming the shuttle effects of LSBs.However,regular sulfur electrodes experience undesired electrochemical mechanisms in carbonate electrolytes due to side reactions.In this study,we report a catalytic redox mechanism of sulfur in propylene carbonate(PC)electrolyte based on a compari-son study.The catalytic mechanism is characterized by the interactions between polysulfides and dual N/O functional groups on the host carbon,which largely prevents side reactions between polysulfides and the carbonate electrolyte.Such a mechanism coupled with the low-polysulfide-solubility feature leads to stable cycling of LSBs in PC electrolyte.Favorable dual N/O functional groups are identified via a density functional theory study.This work provides an alternative route for enabling LSBs in carbonate electrolytes.
文摘胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)及其信号调控途径紊乱是很多胰岛素靶器官或组织发生病变并缓慢进展的机制之一。其临床诊断指标是基于空腹血糖和空腹血清胰岛素的"稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗(the homeostatic model of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)"指数,此外,包括脂联素在内的新兴IR生物标记物也可作为诊断的参考指标;其影响因素有肥胖、慢性微炎症、缺乏运动等;其主要信号调控途径包括胰岛素受体底物1(insulin receptor substrate 1,IRS1)/磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase,PI3K)/丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶(serine-threonine kinase,Akt)通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)通路、Smad3通路等。临床上,可通过促进胰岛素分泌、增强胰岛素信号活性来提高胰岛素敏感性,改善IR。目前,用以治疗IR的胰岛素增敏剂不仅有噻唑烷二酮及其衍生物,还有新近发现的二甲双胍和维生素D。此外,一些单味中药提取物和中药复方,如黄蜀葵花总黄酮、黄连素、黄芪多糖以及黄芪汤等也有改善IR的作用。在慢性肾脏病领域,针对胰岛素靶器官的常见病变——糖尿病早期肾损害,基于足细胞IR信号调控途径的中药干预性研究是今后的重要方向之一。
基金Project supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (JSPS KAKENHI for Young Scientists (S), 21676005)
文摘Thermal comfort and indoor air quality as well as the energy efficiency have been recognized as essential parts of sustainable building assessment. This work aims to analyze the energy conservation of the heat recovery ventilator and to investigate the effect of the air supply arrangement. Three types of mixing ventilation are chosen for the analysis of coupling ANSYS/FLUENT （a computational fluid dynamics （CFD） program） with TRNSYS （a building energy simulation （BES） software）. The adoption of mutual complementary boundary conditions for CFD and BES provides more accurate and complete information of indoor air distribution and thermal performance in buildings. A typical office-space situated in a middle storey is chosen for the analysis. The office-space is equipped with air-conditioners on the ceiling. A heat recovery ventilation system directly supplies flesh air to the office space. Its thermal performance and indoor air distribution predicted by the coupled method are compared under three types of ventilation system. When the supply and return openings for ventilation are arranged on the ceiling, there is no critical difference between the predictions of the coupled method and BES on the energy consumption of HVAC because PID control is adopted for the supply air temperature of the occupied zone. On the other hand, approximately 21% discrepancy for the heat recovery estimation in the maximum between the simulated results of coupled method and BES-only can be obviously found in the floor air supply ventilation case. The discrepancy emphasizes the necessity of coupling CFD with BES when vertical air temperature gradient exists. Our future target is to estimate the optimum design of heat recovery ventilation system to control CO2 concentration by adjusting flow rate of flesh air.
文摘Concern on alteration of sediment natural flow caused by developments of water resources system, has been addressed in many river basins around the world especially in developing and remote regions where sediment data are poorly gauged or ungauged. Since suspended sediment load (SSL) is predominant, the objectives of this research are to: 1) simulate monthly average SSL (SSLm) of four catchments using artificial neural network (ANN);2) assess the application of the calibrated ANN (Cal-ANN) models in three ungauged catchment representatives (UCR) before using them to predict SSLm of three actual ungauged catchments (AUC) in the Tonle Sap River Basin;and 3) estimate annual SSL (SSLA) of each AUC for the case of with and without dam-reservoirs. The model performance for total load (SSLT) prediction was also investigated because it is important for dam-reservoir management. For model simulation, ANN yielded very satisfactory results with determination coefficient (R2) ranging from 0.81 to 0.94 in calibration stage and 0.63 to 0.87 in validation stage. The Cal-ANN models also performed well in UCRs with R2 ranging from 0.59 to 0.64. From the result of this study, one can estimate SSLm and SSLT of ungauged catchments with an accuracy of 0.61 in term of R2 and 34.06% in term of absolute percentage bias, respectively. SSLA of the AUCs was found between 159,281 and 723,580 t/year. In combination with Brune’s method, the impact of dam-reservoirs could reduce SSLA between 47% and 68%. This result is key information for sustainable development of such infrastructures.
基金supported by Kyushu University,Japan and the Japanese Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science,and Technology(MEXT)
文摘Nowadays, trends in wastewater treatment by zero-valent iron（ZVI） were turned to use bimetallic NZVI particles by planting another metal onto the ZVI surface to increase its reactivity. Nano size zero-valent iron/copper（NZVI/Cu0） bimetallic particles were synthesized in order to examine its toxicity effects on the wastewater microbial life, kinetics of phosphorus, ammonia stripping and the reduction of chemical oxygen demand（COD）.Various concentrations of NZVI/Cu0 and operation conditions both aerobic and anaerobic were investigated and compared with pure NZVI experiment. The results showed that addition10 mg/L of NZVI/Cu0 significantly increased the numbers of bacteria colonies under anaerobic condition, conversely it inhibited bacteria activity with the presence of oxygen. Furthermore,the impact of nanoparticles on ammonia stripping and phosphorus removal was also linked to the emitted iron ions electrons. It was found that dosing high concentration of bimetallic NZVI/Cu0 has a negative effect on ammonia stripping regardless of the aeration condition. In comparison to control, dosing only 10 mg/L NZVI/Cu0, the phosphorus removal increased sharply both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, these outcomes were obtained as a result of complete dissolution of bimetallic nanoparticles which formed copper-iron oxides components that are attributed to increasing the phosphorus adsorption rate.
基金funded by the China Scholarship Council (No. 201406460053)
文摘We present a study concerning Fe-0. 176C-1.31Si-1.58Mn-0.26Al-0.3Cr （wt%） steel subjected to a quenching and partitioning （Q＆P） process. The results of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tensile tests demon- strate that the microstructures primarily consist of lath martensite, retained austenite, lower bainite （LB）, and a small amount of tempered martensite; moreover, few twin austenite grains were observed. In the microstrucmre, three types of retained austenite with different sizes and morphologies were observed： blocky retained austenite （-300 nm in width）, film-like retained austenite （80-120 nm in width）, and ul- tra-fine film-like retained austenite （30-40 nm in width）. Because of the effect of the retained austenite/martensite/LB triplex microstructure, the specimens prepared using different quenching temperatures exhibit high ultimate tensile strength and yield strength. Furthermore, the strength effect of LB can partially counteract the decreasing strength effect of martensite. The formation of LB substantially reduces the amount of retained austenite. Analyses of the retained austenite and the amount of blocky retained austenite indicated that the carbon content is critical to the total elongation of Q＆P steel.
文摘BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) in patients with surgically altered anatomy has been a major challenge to gastrointestinal endoscopists with low success rates for reaching the target site as well as high complication rates. The knowledge of ERCP-related risk factors is important for reducing unexpected complications.AIM To identify ERCP-related risk factors for perforation in patients with surgically altered anatomy.METHODS The medical records of 187 patients with surgically altered anatomy who underwent ERCP at our institution between April 2009 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. An analysis of patient data, including age, sex, type of reconstruction, cause of surgery, aim of ERCP, success rate of reaching target site,success rate of procedure, adverse events, type of scope, time to reach the target site, and duration of procedure, was performed. In patients with Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction, additional potential risk factors were the shape of the inserted scope and whether the anastomosis was antecolic or retrocolic.RESULTS All patients(n = 187) had surgical anatomy, such as Billroth-Ⅰ(n = 22), Billroth-Ⅱ(n = 33), Roux-en-Y(n = 54), Child, or Whipple reconstruction(n = 75). ERCP was performed for biliary drainage in 43 cases(23%), stone removal in 29 cases(16%),and stricture dilation of anastomosis in 59 cases(32%). The scope was unable to reach the target site in 17 cases(9%), and an aimed procedure could not be accomplished in 54 cases(29%). Adverse events were pancreatitis(3%),hyperamylasemia(10%), cholangitis(6%), cholestasis(4%), excessive sedation(1%), perforation(2%), and others(3%). Perforation occurred in three cases, all of which were in patients with Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction; in these patients, further analysis revealed loop-shaped insertion of the scope to be a significant risk for perforation(P = 0.01).CONCLUSION Risk factors for perforation during ERCP in patients with surgically altered anatomy were Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction and looping of the scope during BillrothⅡ procedure.
基金supported by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Project as the Japan-China Joint Research Program on Science and Technology (S&T) for Environmental Conservation and Construction of a Society with Less Environmental Burden with the research theme of Development of remediation technique for water environmental pollution using microorganisms and aquatic plants with purification ability-enhanced rhizosphere
文摘We investigated the biodegradation of 2-nitrophenol （2-NP）, 4-nitrophenol （4-NP）, and 2,4-dinitrophenol （2,4-DNP） in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza plants by conducting degradation experiments with three river water samples supplemented with each nitrophenol （NP）. We then isolated NP-degrading bacteria both from the S. polyrrhiza roots and from the river water. In the river water samples, removal of the three NP was accelerated in the presence of S. polyrrhiza plants. The three NPs persisted in an autoclaved solution with sterile plants suggests that NP removal was accelerated largely by bacterial NP biodegradation rather than by adsorption and uptake by the plants. We isolated 8 strains of NP-degrading bacteria： 6 strains from the S. polyrrhiza roots and 2 strains from river water without the plants. The 2-NP- and 2,4-DNP-degrading bacteria were isolated only from the S. polyrrhiza roots. The 4-NP- degrading bacteria different from those isolated from the river water samples were also found on S. polyrrhiza roots. The 2-NP- and 4-NP-degrading strains isolated from the roots utilized the corresponding NP （0.5 mmol/L） as the sole carbon and energy source. The 2,4-DNP-degrading strains isolated from the roots showed substantial 2,4-DNP-degrading activity, but the presence of other carbon and energy sources was required for their growth. The isolated NP-degrading bacteria from the roots must have contributed to the accelerated degradation of the three NPs in the rhizosphere of S. polyrrhiza. Our results suggested that rhizoremediation with S. polyrrhiza may be effective for NP-contaminated surface water.
基金The 973 Project of China under contract No.2012CB95600the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 40888001 and 41176019+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No. KZCX2-YW-JS204Qingdao Municipal under contract No.10-3-3-38jh
文摘A nested circulation model system based on the Princeton ocean model （POM） is set up to simulate the currentmeter data from a bottom-mounted Acoustic Doppler Profiler （ADP） deployed at the 30 m depth in the Lunan（South Shandong Province, China） Trough south of the Shandong Peninsula in the summer of 2008, and to study the dynamics of the circulation in the southwestern Huanghai Sea （Yellow Sea）. The model has reproduced well the observed subtidal current at the mooring site. The results of the model simulation suggest that the bottom topography has strong steering effects on the regional circulation in summer. The model simulation shows that the Subei （North Jiangsu Province, China）coastal current flows north- ward in summer, in contrast to the southeastward current in the center of the Lunan Trough measured by the moored currentmeter. The analyses of the model results suggest that the southeastward current at the mooring site in the Lunan Trough is forced by the westward wind-driven current along the Lunan coast, which meets the northward Subei coastal current at the head of the Haizhou Bay to flow along an offshore path in the southeastward direction in the Lunan Trough. Analysis suggests that the Subei coastal current, the Lunan coastal current, and the circulation in the Lunan Trough are independent current systems con- trolled by different dynamics. Therefore, the current measurements in the Lunan Trough cannot be used to represent the Subei coastal current in general.
基金funding support from the Singapore Economic Development Board to Singapore Membrane Technology Center
文摘Separation of organic mixture is an inevitable process in most modern industrial processes. In the quest for a more sustainable and efficient separation, solvent-resistant nanofiltration(SRNF) has emerged as a promising answer. This is because SRNF is a membrane-based process which offers the key advantages of high efficacy and low energy intensity separation. In particular, polymer-based membranes can offer compelling opportunities for SRNF with unprecedented cost-effectiveness. As a result, intensive research efforts have been devoted into developing novel polymer-based membranes with solvent-resistant capacities as well as exploring potential applications in different types of industries. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the recent progress in the development of the state-of-the-art polymer-based membranes for SRNF in the first section. Emerging nanomaterials for mixed matrix and thin film nanocomposite membranes are also covered in this section. This is followed by a discussion on the current status of membrane engineering and SRNF membrane commercialization. In the third section, we highlight recent efforts in adopting SRNF for relevant industrial applications such as food, bio-refinery, petrochemical, fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries followed by separations of enantiomers in stereochemistry, homogeneous catalysis and ionic liquids. Finally, we offer a perspective and provide deeper insights to help shape future research direction in this very important field of SRNF.
