The metabolite lactate (L-lactate) can be generated and released by diverse brain cells,including neurons,astrocytes,and oligodendrocytes (Kann,2023;Rae et al.,2024).Lactate production usually requires the degradation...The metabolite lactate (L-lactate) can be generated and released by diverse brain cells,including neurons,astrocytes,and oligodendrocytes (Kann,2023;Rae et al.,2024).Lactate production usually requires the degradation of glucose (D-glucose)-and glycogen in astrocytes-to pyruvate by glycolysis and subsequent conversion of pyruvate to lactate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase(Figure 1A;Dienel,2019;Rae et al.,2024).展开更多
Point defect engineering endows catalysts with novel physical and chemical properties,elevating their electrocatalytic efficiency.The introduction of defects emerges as a promising strategy,effectively modifying the e...Point defect engineering endows catalysts with novel physical and chemical properties,elevating their electrocatalytic efficiency.The introduction of defects emerges as a promising strategy,effectively modifying the electronic structure of active sites.This optimization influences the adsorption energy of intermediates,thereby mitigating reaction energy barriers,altering paths,enhancing selectivity,and ultimately improving the catalytic efficiency of electrocatalysts.To elucidate the impact of defects on the electrocatalytic process,we comprehensively outline the roles of various point defects,their synthetic methodologies,and characterization techniques.Importantly,we consolidate insights into the relationship between point defects and catalytic activity for hydrogen/oxygen evolution and CO_(2)/O_(2)/N_(2) reduction reactions by integrating mechanisms from diverse reactions.This underscores the pivotal role of point defects in enhancing catalytic performance.At last,the principal challenges and prospects associated with point defects in current electrocatalysts are proposed,emphasizing their role in advancing the efficiency of electrochemical energy storage and conversion materials.展开更多
This is a writeup of lectures delivered at the Asian Pacific Introductory School on Superstring and Related Topics in Beijing(2006)and an expanded version of these lectures given at the Third Summer School on Strings,...This is a writeup of lectures delivered at the Asian Pacific Introductory School on Superstring and Related Topics in Beijing(2006)and an expanded version of these lectures given at the Third Summer School on Strings,Fields and Holography in Nanjing(2023).It aims to provide both a historical and pedagogical account of developments in finding 1/2 Bogomol?nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield(BPS)extended string solitons during the early stage of the so-called second string revolution,before which these objects were thought to be unrelated to strings.Nonsupersymmetric solutions related to brane/anti brane systems or non-BPS systems are also discussed.展开更多
Noble metal-loaded layered hydroxides exhibit high efficiency in electrocatalyzing water splitting.However,their widespread use as bifunctional electrocatalysts is hindered by low metal loading,inefficient yield,and c...Noble metal-loaded layered hydroxides exhibit high efficiency in electrocatalyzing water splitting.However,their widespread use as bifunctional electrocatalysts is hindered by low metal loading,inefficient yield,and complex synthesis processes.In this work,platinum atoms were anchored onto nickel-iron layered double hydroxide/carbon nanotube(LDH/CNT)hybrid electrocatalysts by using a straightforward milling technique with K_(2)Pt Cl_(6)·6H_(2)O as the Pt source.By adjusting the Pt-to-Fe ratio to 1/2 and 1/10,excellent electrocatalysts—Pt_(1/6)-Ni_(2/3)Fe_(1/3)-LDH/CNT and Pt_(1/30)-Ni_(2/3)Fe_(1/3)-LDH/CNT—were achieved with superior performance in hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER),outperforming the corresponding commercial Pt/C(20 wt%)and Ru O_(2)electrocatalysts.The enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the modification of Pt's electronic structure,which exhibits electron-rich states for HER and electrondeficient states for OER,significantly boosting Pt's electrochemical activity.Furthermore,the simple milling technology for controlling Pt loading offers a promising approach for scaling up the production of electrocatalysts.展开更多
Electrochemical synthesis of value-added chemicals represents a promising approach to address multidisciplinary demands.This technology establishes direct pathways for electricity-to-chemical conversion while signific...Electrochemical synthesis of value-added chemicals represents a promising approach to address multidisciplinary demands.This technology establishes direct pathways for electricity-to-chemical conversion while significantly reducing the carbon footprint of chemical manufacturing.It simultaneously optimizes chemical energy storage and grid management,offering sustainable solutions for renewable energy utilization and overcoming geographical constraints in energy distribution.As a critical nexus between renewable energy and green chemistry,electrochemical synthesis serves dual roles in energy transformation and chemical production,emerging as a vital component in developing carbon-neutral circular economies.Focusing on key small molecules(H_(2)O,CO_(2),N_(2),O_(2)),this comment examines fundamental scientific challenges and practical barriers in electrocatalytic conversion processes,bridging laboratory innovations with industrial-scale implementation.展开更多
In this work,we re-investigate a classical mathematical model of untreated HIV infection suggested by Kirschner and introduce a novel non-standard finite-difference method for its numerical solution.As our first contr...In this work,we re-investigate a classical mathematical model of untreated HIV infection suggested by Kirschner and introduce a novel non-standard finite-difference method for its numerical solution.As our first contribution,we establish non-negativity,boundedness of some solution components,existence globally in time,and uniqueness on a time interval[0,T]for an arbitrary T>0 for the time-continuous problem which extends known results of Kirschner’s model in the literature.As our second analytical result,we establish different equilibrium states and examine their stability properties in the time-continuous setting or discuss some numerical tools to evaluate this question.Our third contribution is the formulation of a non-standard finite-difference method which preserves non-negativity,boundedness of some time-discrete solution components,equilibria,and their stabilities.As our final theoretical result,we prove linear convergence of our non-standard finite-difference-formulation towards the time-continuous solution.Conclusively,we present numerical examples to illustrate our theoretical findings.展开更多
Rare earth metal elements include lanthanide elements as well as scandium and yttrium,totaling seventeen metal elements.Due to the wide application prospects of rare earth metal elements in various fields such as lumi...Rare earth metal elements include lanthanide elements as well as scandium and yttrium,totaling seventeen metal elements.Due to the wide application prospects of rare earth metal elements in various fields such as luminescent materials,magnetic materials,catalytic materials,electronic devices,they have an important strategic position.In the field of electrocatalysis,rare earth metal elements have great potential for development due to their unique 4f electron layer structure,spin orbit coupling,high reactivity,controllable coordination number,and rich optical properties.However,there is currently a lack of systematic reviews on the modification strategies of rare earth metal elements and the latest developments in electrocatalysis.Therefore,in order to stimulate the enthusiasm of researchers,this review focuses on the application progress of rare earth metal element modified metal oxides in multiple fields such as wastewater treatment,hydrogen peroxide synthesis,hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)and machine learning assisted research.In depth analysis of its electrocatalytic mechanism in various application scenarios and key factors affecting electrocatalytic performance.This review is of great significance for further developing high-performance and multifunctional electrocatalysts,and is expected to provide strong support for the development of energy,environment,and chemical industries.展开更多
Wind energy has emerged as a potential replacement for fossil fuel-based energy sources.To harness maximum wind energy,a crucial decision in the development of an efficient wind farm is the optimal layout design.This ...Wind energy has emerged as a potential replacement for fossil fuel-based energy sources.To harness maximum wind energy,a crucial decision in the development of an efficient wind farm is the optimal layout design.This layout defines the specific locations of the turbines within the wind farm.The process of finding the optimal locations of turbines,in the presence of various technical and technological constraints,makes the wind farm layout design problem a complex optimization problem.This problem has traditionally been solved with nature-inspired algorithms with promising results.The performance and convergence of nature-inspired algorithms depend on several parameters,among which the algorithm termination criterion plays a crucial role.Timely convergence is an important aspect of efficient algorithm design because an inefficient algorithm results in wasted computational resources,unwarranted electricity consumption,and hardware stress.This study provides an in-depth analysis of several termination criteria while using the genetic algorithm as a test bench,with its application to the wind farm layout design problem while considering various wind scenarios.The performance of six termination criteria is empirically evaluated with respect to the quality of solutions produced and the execution time involved.Due to the conflicting nature of these two attributes,fuzzy logic-based multi-attribute decision-making is employed in the decision process.Results for the fuzzy decision approach indicate that among the various criteria tested,the criterion Phi achieves an improvement in the range of 2.44%to 32.93%for wind scenario 1.For scenario 2,Best-worst termination criterion performed well compared to the other criteria evaluated,with an improvement in the range of 1.2%to 9.64%.For scenario 3,Hitting bound was the best performer with an improvement of 1.16%to 20.93%.展开更多
Batteries play a crucial role in the storage and application of sustainable energy,yet their inherent safety risks are non-negligible.Traditional monitoring methods often suffer from high costs,time consumption,and li...Batteries play a crucial role in the storage and application of sustainable energy,yet their inherent safety risks are non-negligible.Traditional monitoring methods often suffer from high costs,time consumption,and limited scalability,making it increasingly difficult to meet the evolving demands of modern society.In this context,recent advancements in machine learning technology have emerged as a promising solution for predicting and monitoring battery states,offering innovative approaches to battery management systems(BMS).By transforming raw operational data into actionable insights,machine learning has shifted the paradigm from reactive to predictive battery safety management,significantly enhancing system reliability and risk mitigation capabilities.This review delves into the implementation of machine learning in battery state prediction,including dataset selection,feature extraction,and model training.It also highlights the latest progress of these models in key applications such as state of health(SOH),state of charge(SOC),thermal runaway warning,fault detection,and remaining useful life(RUL).Finally,we critically examined the challenges and opportunities associated with leveraging machine learning to improve battery safety and performance,providing a comprehensive perspective for future research in this rapidly advancing field.展开更多
With the exponential growth of portable electronic devices and wearable technologies,batteries are currently required to deliver not only high energy density and extended cycling performance but also enhanced safety a...With the exponential growth of portable electronic devices and wearable technologies,batteries are currently required to deliver not only high energy density and extended cycling performance but also enhanced safety and exceptional durability.Inspired by the self-repair mechanism observed in natural systems,a self-healing strategy shows great application potential in enabling batteries to resist external physical and chemical damage.In this review,we provide a detailed exploration of the application of self-healing materials in battery components,including electrodes,electrolytes,and encapsulation layers.We also analyze the advantages and limitations of various self-healing mechanisms,highlighting their roles in optimizing battery performance.By presenting a comprehensive synthesis of existing research,the potential pathways for advancing the development of self-healing batteries are identified,as well as the key challenges and opportunities within this field.This review aims to promote the practical integration of self-healing batteries in smart and flexible electronic devices,paving the way for safer,more reliable,and long-lasting energy storage systems.展开更多
Maintaining the integrity and longevity of structures is essential in many industries,such as aerospace,nuclear,and petroleum.To achieve the cost-effectiveness of large-scale systems in petroleum drilling,a strong emp...Maintaining the integrity and longevity of structures is essential in many industries,such as aerospace,nuclear,and petroleum.To achieve the cost-effectiveness of large-scale systems in petroleum drilling,a strong emphasis on structural durability and monitoring is required.This study focuses on the mechanical vibrations that occur in rotary drilling systems,which have a substantial impact on the structural integrity of drilling equipment.The study specifically investigates axial,torsional,and lateral vibrations,which might lead to negative consequences such as bit-bounce,chaotic whirling,and high-frequency stick-slip.These events not only hinder the efficiency of drilling but also lead to exhaustion and harm to the system’s components since they are difficult to be detected and controlled in real time.The study investigates the dynamic interactions of these vibrations,specifically in their high-frequency modes,usingfield data obtained from measurement while drilling.Thefindings have demonstrated the effect of strong coupling between the high-frequency modes of these vibrations on drilling sys-tem performance.The obtained results highlight the importance of considering the interconnected impacts of these vibrations when designing and implementing robust control systems.Therefore,integrating these compo-nents can increase the durability of drill bits and drill strings,as well as improve the ability to monitor and detect damage.Moreover,by exploiting thesefindings,the assessment of structural resilience in rotary drilling systems can be enhanced.Furthermore,the study demonstrates the capacity of structural health monitoring to improve the quality,dependability,and efficiency of rotary drilling systems in the petroleum industry.展开更多
Benefiting from the widespread potential applications in the era of the Internet of Thing and metaverse,triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators(TENG&PENG)have attracted considerably increasing attention.The...Benefiting from the widespread potential applications in the era of the Internet of Thing and metaverse,triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators(TENG&PENG)have attracted considerably increasing attention.Their outstanding characteristics,such as self-powered ability,high output performance,integration compatibility,cost-effectiveness,simple configurations,and versatile operation modes,could effectively expand the lifetime of vastly distributed wearable,implantable,and environmental devices,eventually achieving self-sustainable,maintenance-free,and reliable systems.However,current triboelectric/piezoelectric based active(i.e.self-powered)sensors still encounter serious bottlenecks in continuous monitoring and multimodal applications due to their intrinsic limitations of monomodal kinetic response and discontinuous transient output.This work systematically summarizes and evaluates the recent research endeavors to address the above challenges,with detailed discussions on the challenge origins,designing strategies,device performance,and corresponding diverse applications.Finally,conclusions and outlook regarding the research gap in self-powered continuous multimodal monitoring systems are provided,proposing the necessity of future research development in this field.展开更多
Rare earth luminescent materials have attracted extensive attention in the biomedical field as noncontact temperature monitoring devices with microscopic resolution due to their properties in the visible and near-infr...Rare earth luminescent materials have attracted extensive attention in the biomedical field as noncontact temperature monitoring devices with microscopic resolution due to their properties in the visible and near-infrared regions.At the application level,it is required to have a certain temperature monitoring capability in the near-infrared region II window to enhance the tissue penetration depth.Here,two kinds of YOFs:Er^(3+),Yb^(3+)were prepared by co-precipitation and hydrothermal method,and the luminescence was enhanced by ion doping.An Er^(3+)-based ratiometric nanothermometer of ^(4)F_(9∕2)→4 I_(15∕2)(672nm,upconversion luminescence)to ^(4)I _(13∕2)→^(4) I_(15∕2)(1580nm/1566nm,NIR II downshifting luminescence)were designed with the Stark energy level.When doped with 2%Zn^(2+),the relative temperature sensitivity of YOF prepared by co-precipitation method was improved from 0.30%℃^(-1)(30℃)to 0.59%℃^(-1)(30℃),expanding its use as a temperature monitoring device possibility.The temperature sensitivity of YOF prepared by hydrothermal method was 1.01%℃^(-1)(30℃).Finally,the NIR II luminescence of the prepared nanothermometer was used as a control for temperature monitoring of heating sites in mice.The results showed that it can distinguish heating site from control site and no significant cytotoxicity or damage to the tissues was revealed,indicating its broad prospects in the biomedical field and other temperature monitoring scenarios in the future.展开更多
Electrocatalytic CO_(2)-to-CO conversion is crucial for advancing sustainable processes,and providing essential feedstocks for the chemical industry.Cobalt phthalocyanine(CoPc)is a well-established molecular catalyst ...Electrocatalytic CO_(2)-to-CO conversion is crucial for advancing sustainable processes,and providing essential feedstocks for the chemical industry.Cobalt phthalocyanine(CoPc)is a well-established molecular catalyst for this conversion;however,maintaining high selectivity at industrially relevant current densities remains a significant challenge.Herein,we present a Co–N_(5)local structure anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes through axial nitrogen coordination engineering to CoPc(CoPc/N-CNTs).The catalyst demonstrates near-unity CO selectivity and a high CO turnover frequency,peaking at 19.2 s^(−1)across a wide range of overpotentials.In flow cell tests,CoPc/N-CNTs achieve a CO Faradaic efficiency exceeding 95%at a current density of−800 mA cm^(−2).When integrated into a membrane electrode assembly,it maintained over 90%CO Faradaic efficiency at an industrial-scale current of−5 A for up to 20 h.Mechanistic studies revealed that Co–N_(5)active sites accelerate*COOH formation and inhibit deeper*CO reduction to CH_(3)OH while reducing HER activity by lowering H_(2)O surface coverage.These findings offer a delicate catalyst design that enables the efficient and sustained conversion of CO_(2)to CO.展开更多
This study quantitatively analyzes the effects of cloud seeding on precipitation and seasonal variations over the Boryeong Dam region,which has the lowest dam storage in South Korea,based on a one-year numerical simul...This study quantitatively analyzes the effects of cloud seeding on precipitation and seasonal variations over the Boryeong Dam region,which has the lowest dam storage in South Korea,based on a one-year numerical simulation for2021.The Morrison microphysics scheme in the WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)model was modified to estimate differences in precipitation between simulations with seeding materials(Ag I and Ca Cl2;SEED)and without them(UNSD).The effect of cloud seeding on increasing precipitation or artificial rainfall(AR)between the two simulations was highest in August(average:0.21 mm;31%of the SEED-simulated monthly mean)and lowest in January(average:0.003 mm;30%).This large AR may be attributable to a combination of abundant moisture from the summer monsoon climate and enhanced cloud droplet growth resulting from cloud seeding.In the analysis of seasonal representative cases,cloud seeding demonstrated more pronounced effects in spring and summer,with mean 180-min accumulated AR values of 0.46 and 0.43 mm,respectively,within the study area.In the spring,where an actual flight experiment was conducted,the simulated mean180-min accumulated AR(1.41 mm)in the flight experiment area was close to the observed value(1.61 mm)for the same area.Additionally,cloud seeding promoted the hygroscopic growth of water vapor,thereby reducing the cloud water mixing ratio and increasing the rain water mixing ratio.Seasonal cross-sectional analysis further highlighted the impact of cloud seeding on changes in these two mixing ratios,with the most pronounced effects observed in spring and summer.展开更多
The buckling-guided three-dimensional(3D)assembly method has arisen increasing attention for its advantages in forming complex 3D architectures with a rich diversity of geometric shapes in a broad spectrum of inorgani...The buckling-guided three-dimensional(3D)assembly method has arisen increasing attention for its advantages in forming complex 3D architectures with a rich diversity of geometric shapes in a broad spectrum of inorganic functional materials.Such an assembly method relies on the controlled lateral bucking of a 2D precursor structure integrated with a pre-stretched substrate at selective regions.In the assembly process,the preservation or break-ing of rotational symmetry is crucial for understanding the mechanism of 2D-to-3D geometric transformation.Here,we present a fundamental study on the rotational symmetry of 3D spoke double-ring structures formed through buckling-guided assembly.An energetic method is introduced to analyze the rotational symmetry and to understand the symmetry-breaking mechanism.Such symmetry-breaking phenomenon is validated by experi-ments and finite element analyses(FEA).Phase diagrams of the deformation mode are established to shed light on the influences of various geometric parameters(e.g.,initial rotational symmetry order,radius ratio,and lo-cation of bonding sites).This work offers new insights into the underlying mechanism of 2D-to-3D geometric transformation in ribbon-type structures formed by compressive buckling.展开更多
The construction of rare earth(RE)alloy catalysts offers a route to harness the unique electronic structure of RE.Within the alloy,RE can fine-tune the electronic configuration of the active element,such as rhodium(Rh...The construction of rare earth(RE)alloy catalysts offers a route to harness the unique electronic structure of RE.Within the alloy,RE can fine-tune the electronic configuration of the active element,such as rhodium(Rh),via the ligand effect,optimizing the electrochemical reaction pathway.However,the challenging negative reduction potential of RE has impeded the progress in developing RE alloys,particularly nanoalloy catalysts.In this study,Rh_(3)Sc/C and Rh_(3)Y/C nanoalloys were synthesized using a sodium vapor reduction strategy for application as hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalysts.Elec-trochemical tests reveal that Rh-RE alloy catalysts exhibit significantly improved electrocatalytic activity in 1 mol/L KOH.Notably,Rh_(3)Y/C demonstrates exceptional HER performance,achieving a low over-potential of only 31 mV at 10 mA/cm^(2),surpassing the 50 mV observed for Rh/C.Furthermore,the current density of Rh_(3)Y/C at an 80 mV overpotential is 3.9 times that of Rh/C.This study sheds light on the remarkable catalytic potential of Rh-RE alloys,paving the way for the future expansion of RE nanoalloy systems.展开更多
Understanding the role of cations within the catalysts in the interfacial water behavior at the electrolyte/catalyst interface is of pivotal importance for designing advanced catalysts toward hydrogen evolution reacti...Understanding the role of cations within the catalysts in the interfacial water behavior at the electrolyte/catalyst interface is of pivotal importance for designing advanced catalysts toward hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),which remains obscure and requires deep probing.Herein,we demonstrate the first investigation of interfacial water behavior on the surface of a series of sodium tungsten bronzes(Na_(x)WO_(3),0_(x)WO_(3)/electrolyte interface.Our integrated studies indicate that the Na ions significantly enrich the electronic state of WO_(6)octahedrons in Na_(x)WO_(3),which leads to the regulated electronic and atomic structures,endowing Na_(x)WO_(3)with disordered interfacial water network containing more isolated H_(3)O^(+)and subsequently moderate H^(*)adsorption to speed the Volmer step at the Na_(x)WO_(3)surface,thus boosting the HER.Consequently,the intrinsic HER activities achieved on those Na_(x)WO_(3)are tens of times higher than those on WO_(3).Particularly,it is found that Na concentration x=0.69 endows Na_(x)WO_(3)with the highest intrinsic HER activity,and the resultant Na_(0.69)WO_(3)with a unique porous octahedral structure exhibits a low overpotential of only 64 mV at current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)in acidic electrolyte.This study provides the first insight into the cation-dependent interfacial water behavior induced by the cations within the catalyst and establishes the interfacial water-activity relationship of HER,thus allowing for the design of a more advanced catalyst with efficient interfacial structu res towa rds HER.展开更多
Weeds have a negative impact on agricultural production by competing with cultivated crops for resources and fostering conditions conducive to disease and insect pest dissemination.Hence,optimal weed management is of ...Weeds have a negative impact on agricultural production by competing with cultivated crops for resources and fostering conditions conducive to disease and insect pest dissemination.Hence,optimal weed management is of paramount importance for sustainable agricultural.In this study,the ability of four distinct green manure species to suppress weeds was determined in a field experiment conducted in Chongqing,Southwest China.After cultivating the green manure species,the weed density and diversity were monitored over the following year.The findings highlight a notable trend in the suppressive ability of green manures,with increased suppression observed from November to March,an optimal level observed from March to May,and a gradual decline observed thereafter.Poaceae(Lolium perenne L.)demonstrated the highest efficacy in suppressing weeds.The meta-analysis underscore the exceptional suppressive effects of poaceous green manures on weed as well and prove sustained planting for three or more consecutive years yielded superior weed suppression outcomes.Green manure had the most prominent inhibitory effect on poaceae weeds,followed by Polygonaceae and Caryophyllaceae.The field experiment also investigated the effect of green manures on weed community composition,they increased in the proportion of perennial weeds within these communities.This study offers valuable insights that can guide policymakers,agricultural experts,and farmers in devising effective weed management strategies.By highlighting the potential benefits of green manures and unraveling their nuanced impact,this study contributes to the arsenal of sustainable agricultural practices.展开更多
In recent years,the development of ultrafast transmission electron microscopy(UTEM)has created new opportunities for studying dynamic processes at the nanoscale with unprecedented temporal resolution.~([1–3])The sign...In recent years,the development of ultrafast transmission electron microscopy(UTEM)has created new opportunities for studying dynamic processes at the nanoscale with unprecedented temporal resolution.~([1–3])The significant advances in femtosecond and even attosecond temporal resolution are achieved through the integration of the pump-probe principle with transmission electron microscopy(TEM).展开更多
文摘The metabolite lactate (L-lactate) can be generated and released by diverse brain cells,including neurons,astrocytes,and oligodendrocytes (Kann,2023;Rae et al.,2024).Lactate production usually requires the degradation of glucose (D-glucose)-and glycogen in astrocytes-to pyruvate by glycolysis and subsequent conversion of pyruvate to lactate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase(Figure 1A;Dienel,2019;Rae et al.,2024).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20281)the Special Fund for Young Teachers from Zhengzhou University(JC23557030,JC23257011)+1 种基金the Key Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions of Henan Province(24A530009)the Project of Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory(GJJSGFYQ202336).
文摘Point defect engineering endows catalysts with novel physical and chemical properties,elevating their electrocatalytic efficiency.The introduction of defects emerges as a promising strategy,effectively modifying the electronic structure of active sites.This optimization influences the adsorption energy of intermediates,thereby mitigating reaction energy barriers,altering paths,enhancing selectivity,and ultimately improving the catalytic efficiency of electrocatalysts.To elucidate the impact of defects on the electrocatalytic process,we comprehensively outline the roles of various point defects,their synthetic methodologies,and characterization techniques.Importantly,we consolidate insights into the relationship between point defects and catalytic activity for hydrogen/oxygen evolution and CO_(2)/O_(2)/N_(2) reduction reactions by integrating mechanisms from diverse reactions.This underscores the pivotal role of point defects in enhancing catalytic performance.At last,the principal challenges and prospects associated with point defects in current electrocatalysts are proposed,emphasizing their role in advancing the efficiency of electrochemical energy storage and conversion materials.
基金the support by grants from the NNSF of China with Grant Nos.12275264 and 12247103。
文摘This is a writeup of lectures delivered at the Asian Pacific Introductory School on Superstring and Related Topics in Beijing(2006)and an expanded version of these lectures given at the Third Summer School on Strings,Fields and Holography in Nanjing(2023).It aims to provide both a historical and pedagogical account of developments in finding 1/2 Bogomol?nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield(BPS)extended string solitons during the early stage of the so-called second string revolution,before which these objects were thought to be unrelated to strings.Nonsupersymmetric solutions related to brane/anti brane systems or non-BPS systems are also discussed.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan(242300421230)the Young Teacher Fundamental Research Cultivation Program of Zhengzhou University(JC23557030)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20281 and 22208322)。
文摘Noble metal-loaded layered hydroxides exhibit high efficiency in electrocatalyzing water splitting.However,their widespread use as bifunctional electrocatalysts is hindered by low metal loading,inefficient yield,and complex synthesis processes.In this work,platinum atoms were anchored onto nickel-iron layered double hydroxide/carbon nanotube(LDH/CNT)hybrid electrocatalysts by using a straightforward milling technique with K_(2)Pt Cl_(6)·6H_(2)O as the Pt source.By adjusting the Pt-to-Fe ratio to 1/2 and 1/10,excellent electrocatalysts—Pt_(1/6)-Ni_(2/3)Fe_(1/3)-LDH/CNT and Pt_(1/30)-Ni_(2/3)Fe_(1/3)-LDH/CNT—were achieved with superior performance in hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER),outperforming the corresponding commercial Pt/C(20 wt%)and Ru O_(2)electrocatalysts.The enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the modification of Pt's electronic structure,which exhibits electron-rich states for HER and electrondeficient states for OER,significantly boosting Pt's electrochemical activity.Furthermore,the simple milling technology for controlling Pt loading offers a promising approach for scaling up the production of electrocatalysts.
文摘Electrochemical synthesis of value-added chemicals represents a promising approach to address multidisciplinary demands.This technology establishes direct pathways for electricity-to-chemical conversion while significantly reducing the carbon footprint of chemical manufacturing.It simultaneously optimizes chemical energy storage and grid management,offering sustainable solutions for renewable energy utilization and overcoming geographical constraints in energy distribution.As a critical nexus between renewable energy and green chemistry,electrochemical synthesis serves dual roles in energy transformation and chemical production,emerging as a vital component in developing carbon-neutral circular economies.Focusing on key small molecules(H_(2)O,CO_(2),N_(2),O_(2)),this comment examines fundamental scientific challenges and practical barriers in electrocatalytic conversion processes,bridging laboratory innovations with industrial-scale implementation.
文摘In this work,we re-investigate a classical mathematical model of untreated HIV infection suggested by Kirschner and introduce a novel non-standard finite-difference method for its numerical solution.As our first contribution,we establish non-negativity,boundedness of some solution components,existence globally in time,and uniqueness on a time interval[0,T]for an arbitrary T>0 for the time-continuous problem which extends known results of Kirschner’s model in the literature.As our second analytical result,we establish different equilibrium states and examine their stability properties in the time-continuous setting or discuss some numerical tools to evaluate this question.Our third contribution is the formulation of a non-standard finite-difference method which preserves non-negativity,boundedness of some time-discrete solution components,equilibria,and their stabilities.As our final theoretical result,we prove linear convergence of our non-standard finite-difference-formulation towards the time-continuous solution.Conclusively,we present numerical examples to illustrate our theoretical findings.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3708005)The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Nankai University(No.63241208)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21872102 and 22172080)。
文摘Rare earth metal elements include lanthanide elements as well as scandium and yttrium,totaling seventeen metal elements.Due to the wide application prospects of rare earth metal elements in various fields such as luminescent materials,magnetic materials,catalytic materials,electronic devices,they have an important strategic position.In the field of electrocatalysis,rare earth metal elements have great potential for development due to their unique 4f electron layer structure,spin orbit coupling,high reactivity,controllable coordination number,and rich optical properties.However,there is currently a lack of systematic reviews on the modification strategies of rare earth metal elements and the latest developments in electrocatalysis.Therefore,in order to stimulate the enthusiasm of researchers,this review focuses on the application progress of rare earth metal element modified metal oxides in multiple fields such as wastewater treatment,hydrogen peroxide synthesis,hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)and machine learning assisted research.In depth analysis of its electrocatalytic mechanism in various application scenarios and key factors affecting electrocatalytic performance.This review is of great significance for further developing high-performance and multifunctional electrocatalysts,and is expected to provide strong support for the development of energy,environment,and chemical industries.
基金funded by King Fahd University of Petroleum&Minerals,Saudi Arabia under IRC-SES grant#INRE 2217.
文摘Wind energy has emerged as a potential replacement for fossil fuel-based energy sources.To harness maximum wind energy,a crucial decision in the development of an efficient wind farm is the optimal layout design.This layout defines the specific locations of the turbines within the wind farm.The process of finding the optimal locations of turbines,in the presence of various technical and technological constraints,makes the wind farm layout design problem a complex optimization problem.This problem has traditionally been solved with nature-inspired algorithms with promising results.The performance and convergence of nature-inspired algorithms depend on several parameters,among which the algorithm termination criterion plays a crucial role.Timely convergence is an important aspect of efficient algorithm design because an inefficient algorithm results in wasted computational resources,unwarranted electricity consumption,and hardware stress.This study provides an in-depth analysis of several termination criteria while using the genetic algorithm as a test bench,with its application to the wind farm layout design problem while considering various wind scenarios.The performance of six termination criteria is empirically evaluated with respect to the quality of solutions produced and the execution time involved.Due to the conflicting nature of these two attributes,fuzzy logic-based multi-attribute decision-making is employed in the decision process.Results for the fuzzy decision approach indicate that among the various criteria tested,the criterion Phi achieves an improvement in the range of 2.44%to 32.93%for wind scenario 1.For scenario 2,Best-worst termination criterion performed well compared to the other criteria evaluated,with an improvement in the range of 1.2%to 9.64%.For scenario 3,Hitting bound was the best performer with an improvement of 1.16%to 20.93%.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFF0500600)Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(No.252300421176)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22478361 and No.22108256)Frontier Exploration Projects of Longmen Laboratory(No.LMQYTSKT021)。
文摘Batteries play a crucial role in the storage and application of sustainable energy,yet their inherent safety risks are non-negligible.Traditional monitoring methods often suffer from high costs,time consumption,and limited scalability,making it increasingly difficult to meet the evolving demands of modern society.In this context,recent advancements in machine learning technology have emerged as a promising solution for predicting and monitoring battery states,offering innovative approaches to battery management systems(BMS).By transforming raw operational data into actionable insights,machine learning has shifted the paradigm from reactive to predictive battery safety management,significantly enhancing system reliability and risk mitigation capabilities.This review delves into the implementation of machine learning in battery state prediction,including dataset selection,feature extraction,and model training.It also highlights the latest progress of these models in key applications such as state of health(SOH),state of charge(SOC),thermal runaway warning,fault detection,and remaining useful life(RUL).Finally,we critically examined the challenges and opportunities associated with leveraging machine learning to improve battery safety and performance,providing a comprehensive perspective for future research in this rapidly advancing field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22479130)Natural Science Foundation of Henan(Grant No.252300421170)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M743150).
文摘With the exponential growth of portable electronic devices and wearable technologies,batteries are currently required to deliver not only high energy density and extended cycling performance but also enhanced safety and exceptional durability.Inspired by the self-repair mechanism observed in natural systems,a self-healing strategy shows great application potential in enabling batteries to resist external physical and chemical damage.In this review,we provide a detailed exploration of the application of self-healing materials in battery components,including electrodes,electrolytes,and encapsulation layers.We also analyze the advantages and limitations of various self-healing mechanisms,highlighting their roles in optimizing battery performance.By presenting a comprehensive synthesis of existing research,the potential pathways for advancing the development of self-healing batteries are identified,as well as the key challenges and opportunities within this field.This review aims to promote the practical integration of self-healing batteries in smart and flexible electronic devices,paving the way for safer,more reliable,and long-lasting energy storage systems.
文摘Maintaining the integrity and longevity of structures is essential in many industries,such as aerospace,nuclear,and petroleum.To achieve the cost-effectiveness of large-scale systems in petroleum drilling,a strong emphasis on structural durability and monitoring is required.This study focuses on the mechanical vibrations that occur in rotary drilling systems,which have a substantial impact on the structural integrity of drilling equipment.The study specifically investigates axial,torsional,and lateral vibrations,which might lead to negative consequences such as bit-bounce,chaotic whirling,and high-frequency stick-slip.These events not only hinder the efficiency of drilling but also lead to exhaustion and harm to the system’s components since they are difficult to be detected and controlled in real time.The study investigates the dynamic interactions of these vibrations,specifically in their high-frequency modes,usingfield data obtained from measurement while drilling.Thefindings have demonstrated the effect of strong coupling between the high-frequency modes of these vibrations on drilling sys-tem performance.The obtained results highlight the importance of considering the interconnected impacts of these vibrations when designing and implementing robust control systems.Therefore,integrating these compo-nents can increase the durability of drill bits and drill strings,as well as improve the ability to monitor and detect damage.Moreover,by exploiting thesefindings,the assessment of structural resilience in rotary drilling systems can be enhanced.Furthermore,the study demonstrates the capacity of structural health monitoring to improve the quality,dependability,and efficiency of rotary drilling systems in the petroleum industry.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFB3603403,2021YFB3600502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62075040,62301150)+3 种基金the Southeast University Interdisciplinary Research Program for Young Scholars(2024FGC1007)the Start-up Research Fund of Southeast University(RF1028623164)the Nanjing Science and Technology Innovation Project for Returned Overseas Talent(4206002302)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2242024K40015).
文摘Benefiting from the widespread potential applications in the era of the Internet of Thing and metaverse,triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators(TENG&PENG)have attracted considerably increasing attention.Their outstanding characteristics,such as self-powered ability,high output performance,integration compatibility,cost-effectiveness,simple configurations,and versatile operation modes,could effectively expand the lifetime of vastly distributed wearable,implantable,and environmental devices,eventually achieving self-sustainable,maintenance-free,and reliable systems.However,current triboelectric/piezoelectric based active(i.e.self-powered)sensors still encounter serious bottlenecks in continuous monitoring and multimodal applications due to their intrinsic limitations of monomodal kinetic response and discontinuous transient output.This work systematically summarizes and evaluates the recent research endeavors to address the above challenges,with detailed discussions on the challenge origins,designing strategies,device performance,and corresponding diverse applications.Finally,conclusions and outlook regarding the research gap in self-powered continuous multimodal monitoring systems are provided,proposing the necessity of future research development in this field.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2023-YBSF-479)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 22075249)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Rare earth luminescent materials have attracted extensive attention in the biomedical field as noncontact temperature monitoring devices with microscopic resolution due to their properties in the visible and near-infrared regions.At the application level,it is required to have a certain temperature monitoring capability in the near-infrared region II window to enhance the tissue penetration depth.Here,two kinds of YOFs:Er^(3+),Yb^(3+)were prepared by co-precipitation and hydrothermal method,and the luminescence was enhanced by ion doping.An Er^(3+)-based ratiometric nanothermometer of ^(4)F_(9∕2)→4 I_(15∕2)(672nm,upconversion luminescence)to ^(4)I _(13∕2)→^(4) I_(15∕2)(1580nm/1566nm,NIR II downshifting luminescence)were designed with the Stark energy level.When doped with 2%Zn^(2+),the relative temperature sensitivity of YOF prepared by co-precipitation method was improved from 0.30%℃^(-1)(30℃)to 0.59%℃^(-1)(30℃),expanding its use as a temperature monitoring device possibility.The temperature sensitivity of YOF prepared by hydrothermal method was 1.01%℃^(-1)(30℃).Finally,the NIR II luminescence of the prepared nanothermometer was used as a control for temperature monitoring of heating sites in mice.The results showed that it can distinguish heating site from control site and no significant cytotoxicity or damage to the tissues was revealed,indicating its broad prospects in the biomedical field and other temperature monitoring scenarios in the future.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1505700)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(ZYGX2022J012)+2 种基金the NSFC(52171201,22278067,22322201,22201272)the Central Government Funds of Guiding Local Scientific and Technological Development for Sichuan Province(2024ZYD0152)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2025NSFJQ0017,2024NSFSC1107,2024NSFSC1104,2023NSFSC0094)。
文摘Electrocatalytic CO_(2)-to-CO conversion is crucial for advancing sustainable processes,and providing essential feedstocks for the chemical industry.Cobalt phthalocyanine(CoPc)is a well-established molecular catalyst for this conversion;however,maintaining high selectivity at industrially relevant current densities remains a significant challenge.Herein,we present a Co–N_(5)local structure anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes through axial nitrogen coordination engineering to CoPc(CoPc/N-CNTs).The catalyst demonstrates near-unity CO selectivity and a high CO turnover frequency,peaking at 19.2 s^(−1)across a wide range of overpotentials.In flow cell tests,CoPc/N-CNTs achieve a CO Faradaic efficiency exceeding 95%at a current density of−800 mA cm^(−2).When integrated into a membrane electrode assembly,it maintained over 90%CO Faradaic efficiency at an industrial-scale current of−5 A for up to 20 h.Mechanistic studies revealed that Co–N_(5)active sites accelerate*COOH formation and inhibit deeper*CO reduction to CH_(3)OH while reducing HER activity by lowering H_(2)O surface coverage.These findings offer a delicate catalyst design that enables the efficient and sustained conversion of CO_(2)to CO.
基金funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program“Research on Weather Modification and Cloud Physics”(Grant No.KMA2018-00224)supported by Korea Institute of Marine Science&Technology Promotion(KIMST)funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries,Korea(RS-202502217872)supported by an NRF grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(Grant No.NRF2023R1A2C1002367)。
文摘This study quantitatively analyzes the effects of cloud seeding on precipitation and seasonal variations over the Boryeong Dam region,which has the lowest dam storage in South Korea,based on a one-year numerical simulation for2021.The Morrison microphysics scheme in the WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)model was modified to estimate differences in precipitation between simulations with seeding materials(Ag I and Ca Cl2;SEED)and without them(UNSD).The effect of cloud seeding on increasing precipitation or artificial rainfall(AR)between the two simulations was highest in August(average:0.21 mm;31%of the SEED-simulated monthly mean)and lowest in January(average:0.003 mm;30%).This large AR may be attributable to a combination of abundant moisture from the summer monsoon climate and enhanced cloud droplet growth resulting from cloud seeding.In the analysis of seasonal representative cases,cloud seeding demonstrated more pronounced effects in spring and summer,with mean 180-min accumulated AR values of 0.46 and 0.43 mm,respectively,within the study area.In the spring,where an actual flight experiment was conducted,the simulated mean180-min accumulated AR(1.41 mm)in the flight experiment area was close to the observed value(1.61 mm)for the same area.Additionally,cloud seeding promoted the hygroscopic growth of water vapor,thereby reducing the cloud water mixing ratio and increasing the rain water mixing ratio.Seasonal cross-sectional analysis further highlighted the impact of cloud seeding on changes in these two mixing ratios,with the most pronounced effects observed in spring and summer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12225206,11921002,and 12202233)the New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE,the Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology,a grant from the Institute for Guo Qiang,Tsinghua University(Grant No.2021GQG1009)。
文摘The buckling-guided three-dimensional(3D)assembly method has arisen increasing attention for its advantages in forming complex 3D architectures with a rich diversity of geometric shapes in a broad spectrum of inorganic functional materials.Such an assembly method relies on the controlled lateral bucking of a 2D precursor structure integrated with a pre-stretched substrate at selective regions.In the assembly process,the preservation or break-ing of rotational symmetry is crucial for understanding the mechanism of 2D-to-3D geometric transformation.Here,we present a fundamental study on the rotational symmetry of 3D spoke double-ring structures formed through buckling-guided assembly.An energetic method is introduced to analyze the rotational symmetry and to understand the symmetry-breaking mechanism.Such symmetry-breaking phenomenon is validated by experi-ments and finite element analyses(FEA).Phase diagrams of the deformation mode are established to shed light on the influences of various geometric parameters(e.g.,initial rotational symmetry order,radius ratio,and lo-cation of bonding sites).This work offers new insights into the underlying mechanism of 2D-to-3D geometric transformation in ribbon-type structures formed by compressive buckling.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22371131)the 111 Project from China(B18030)+5 种基金the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Collaborative Innovation Project(19YFSLQY00030)the Outstanding Youth Project of Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(20JCJQJC00130)the Key Project of Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(20JCZDJC00650)the opening fund of Key Laboratory of Rare Earths,Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Functional Research Funds for the Central Universities,Nankai University(63186005)Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications(ZB19500202).
文摘The construction of rare earth(RE)alloy catalysts offers a route to harness the unique electronic structure of RE.Within the alloy,RE can fine-tune the electronic configuration of the active element,such as rhodium(Rh),via the ligand effect,optimizing the electrochemical reaction pathway.However,the challenging negative reduction potential of RE has impeded the progress in developing RE alloys,particularly nanoalloy catalysts.In this study,Rh_(3)Sc/C and Rh_(3)Y/C nanoalloys were synthesized using a sodium vapor reduction strategy for application as hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalysts.Elec-trochemical tests reveal that Rh-RE alloy catalysts exhibit significantly improved electrocatalytic activity in 1 mol/L KOH.Notably,Rh_(3)Y/C demonstrates exceptional HER performance,achieving a low over-potential of only 31 mV at 10 mA/cm^(2),surpassing the 50 mV observed for Rh/C.Furthermore,the current density of Rh_(3)Y/C at an 80 mV overpotential is 3.9 times that of Rh/C.This study sheds light on the remarkable catalytic potential of Rh-RE alloys,paving the way for the future expansion of RE nanoalloy systems.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279069,22179067,22478211 and 22372017)the Major Fundamental Research Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022ZD10)。
文摘Understanding the role of cations within the catalysts in the interfacial water behavior at the electrolyte/catalyst interface is of pivotal importance for designing advanced catalysts toward hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),which remains obscure and requires deep probing.Herein,we demonstrate the first investigation of interfacial water behavior on the surface of a series of sodium tungsten bronzes(Na_(x)WO_(3),0_(x)WO_(3)/electrolyte interface.Our integrated studies indicate that the Na ions significantly enrich the electronic state of WO_(6)octahedrons in Na_(x)WO_(3),which leads to the regulated electronic and atomic structures,endowing Na_(x)WO_(3)with disordered interfacial water network containing more isolated H_(3)O^(+)and subsequently moderate H^(*)adsorption to speed the Volmer step at the Na_(x)WO_(3)surface,thus boosting the HER.Consequently,the intrinsic HER activities achieved on those Na_(x)WO_(3)are tens of times higher than those on WO_(3).Particularly,it is found that Na concentration x=0.69 endows Na_(x)WO_(3)with the highest intrinsic HER activity,and the resultant Na_(0.69)WO_(3)with a unique porous octahedral structure exhibits a low overpotential of only 64 mV at current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)in acidic electrolyte.This study provides the first insight into the cation-dependent interfacial water behavior induced by the cations within the catalyst and establishes the interfacial water-activity relationship of HER,thus allowing for the design of a more advanced catalyst with efficient interfacial structu res towa rds HER.
基金funding from the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-22,Green Manure)the Natural Science Foundation Project from Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau,China(4322300357)the Green Manure Cultivation Technology Project from Chongqing Agricultural Technology Extension Station。
文摘Weeds have a negative impact on agricultural production by competing with cultivated crops for resources and fostering conditions conducive to disease and insect pest dissemination.Hence,optimal weed management is of paramount importance for sustainable agricultural.In this study,the ability of four distinct green manure species to suppress weeds was determined in a field experiment conducted in Chongqing,Southwest China.After cultivating the green manure species,the weed density and diversity were monitored over the following year.The findings highlight a notable trend in the suppressive ability of green manures,with increased suppression observed from November to March,an optimal level observed from March to May,and a gradual decline observed thereafter.Poaceae(Lolium perenne L.)demonstrated the highest efficacy in suppressing weeds.The meta-analysis underscore the exceptional suppressive effects of poaceous green manures on weed as well and prove sustained planting for three or more consecutive years yielded superior weed suppression outcomes.Green manure had the most prominent inhibitory effect on poaceae weeds,followed by Polygonaceae and Caryophyllaceae.The field experiment also investigated the effect of green manures on weed community composition,they increased in the proportion of perennial weeds within these communities.This study offers valuable insights that can guide policymakers,agricultural experts,and farmers in devising effective weed management strategies.By highlighting the potential benefits of green manures and unraveling their nuanced impact,this study contributes to the arsenal of sustainable agricultural practices.
文摘In recent years,the development of ultrafast transmission electron microscopy(UTEM)has created new opportunities for studying dynamic processes at the nanoscale with unprecedented temporal resolution.~([1–3])The significant advances in femtosecond and even attosecond temporal resolution are achieved through the integration of the pump-probe principle with transmission electron microscopy(TEM).
