The purpose of this paper is to study the influencing factors of flexible employment personnel's participation in urban-rural residents'pension insurance.After reading a large number of literature and research...The purpose of this paper is to study the influencing factors of flexible employment personnel's participation in urban-rural residents'pension insurance.After reading a large number of literature and research results on flexible employment personnel and analyzing and interpreting the urban-rural residents'pension insurance policy of Zhuhai,we take the flexible employment personnel of Zhuhai City as the object of the study,combined with questionnaire survey method,and analyze the difficulties of the flexible employment personnel's participation in the insurance by analyzing the collected data,and find out that Zhuhai's flexibly employed people have cognitive bias towards urban and rural residents'pension insurance,the government's business personnel have a vague understanding of the insurance,and some of the flexibly employed people think that the subsidy is low,etc.The government of Zhuhai City has provided the suggestions of expanding the scope of the publicity of the urban and rural residents'pension insurance,increasing publicity efforts,and providing regular training for the counterpart service personnel in order to increase the rate of the flexibly employed people's participation in the insurance,and improve the inherent bad impression of the insurance by the flexibly employed people.personnel's inherent bad impression of insurance,and further improve China's insurance system.展开更多
Against the backdrop of the Healthy China strategy,the insurance behavior of young consumers presents new characteristics such as enhanced autonomy,a shift toward proactive risk management,stronger personalized demand...Against the backdrop of the Healthy China strategy,the insurance behavior of young consumers presents new characteristics such as enhanced autonomy,a shift toward proactive risk management,stronger personalized demands,and higher expectations for online experiences.In response to changes in young consumers'risk awareness and consumption philosophy,this paper analyzes influencing factors from four dimensions:economic income,risk perception,social environment,and internet penetration.It proposes that insurance companies should focus on digital innovation,precise product development,social platform marketing,and popularization of insurance education,to promote the transformation of young people’s insurance demand from passive risk transfer to proactive long-term planning,and to help the insurance industry and young groups achieve win-win development.展开更多
Driven by both market demand and policies,the drone insurance industry is facing new development opportunities.This study focuses on exploring an innovative hybrid data integration method,which uses public datasets of...Driven by both market demand and policies,the drone insurance industry is facing new development opportunities.This study focuses on exploring an innovative hybrid data integration method,which uses public datasets of drones and small manned aircraft for hybrid data integration and severity scaling,and conducts simulation tests to ensure the reproducibility of the method.A two-part hybrid model approach is adopted to separate the frequency model from the severity model,and a hierarchical modeling method is used for each part to deal with the occurrence of extreme losses.Monte Carlo simulation is performed on the fused data to calculate the net premium.Innovatively,a no-claim discount system is introduced,and the impact of operators'behaviors on claim frequency is quantified,with comprehensive consideration given to the inclusion and quantification of risk factors.The application of Tweedie GLM in total loss modeling is constructed and analyzed,and the advantages and disadvantages of different modeling methods are compared,aiming to provide more comprehensive decision-making basis for insurance companies.This report is intended to construct and evaluate a robust actuarial rate-making model for the rapidly developing drone insurance market,and to develop more accurate,fair and market-competitive drone insurance products.展开更多
With China being gradually transformed into an open society where population can flow freely,it deserves more attention that interregional population flow will bring about the interactive growth of insurance.Based on ...With China being gradually transformed into an open society where population can flow freely,it deserves more attention that interregional population flow will bring about the interactive growth of insurance.Based on the traditional insurance growth theory,this paper focuses on the internal mechanism how interregional population flow can affect insurance growth,uses the provincial panel data from 2012 to 2015 to construct a flow spatial weighting matrix based on the interregional population flow scale,and sets up a spatial econometric model for empirical analysis.Results show that,if the population flow increases by 1 percentage point,the region's insurance industry will grow 0.0794 percentage points,and other regions'insurance will grow 0.184 percentage points,making the national insurance industry increase by 0.264 percentage points.,which is to say,the indirect effects of spatial knowledge spillover on insurance growth account for more than two thirds of the overall effects.This conclusion provides the policy enlightenment for promoting the interregional population flow,adjusting the product structure and marketing strategy in time by insurance companies,and promoting the balanced and coordinative development of the insurance industry in China.展开更多
This study investigates the optimal reinsurance for crop insurance in China in an insurer＇s perspective using the data from Inner Mongolia, Jilin, and Liaoning, China. On the basis of the loss ratio distributions mod...This study investigates the optimal reinsurance for crop insurance in China in an insurer＇s perspective using the data from Inner Mongolia, Jilin, and Liaoning, China. On the basis of the loss ratio distributions modeled by An Hua Crop Risk Evaluation System, we use the empirical model developed by Tan and Weng（2014） to study the optimal reinsurance design for crop insurance in China. We find that, when the primary insurer＇s loss function, the principle of the reinsurance premium calculation, and the risk measure are given, the level of risk tolerance of the primary insurer, the safety loading coefficient of the reinsurer, and the constraint on reinsurance premium budget affect the optimal reinsurance design. When a strict constraint on reinsurance premium budget is implemented, which often occurs in reality, the limited stop loss reinsurance is optimal, consistent with the common practice in reality. This study provides suggestions for decision making regarding the crop reinsurance in China. It also provides empirical evidence for the literature on optimal reinsurance from the insurance market of China. This evidence undoubtedly has an important practical significance for the development of China＇s crop insurance.展开更多
It is a long-term strategic task for China to cope with the aging population and declining birthrate. Therefore, our country has begun to gradually establish our long-term care security system, and the pricing problem...It is a long-term strategic task for China to cope with the aging population and declining birthrate. Therefore, our country has begun to gradually establish our long-term care security system, and the pricing problem of long-term care insurance has gradually attracted the attention of academic circles. The pricing model and nursing demand of long-term care insurance have been repeatedly discussed and studied, and many useful conclusions have been formed. However, in terms of rates, the rates of both commercial long-term care insurance and policy products are on the high side. At present, the price of commercial long-term care insurance is high. Although the price of policy-oriented products is low, the level of protection is also low, which cannot provide sufficient protection. This study explores the introduction of capping line into long-term care insurance to reduce the rate level of long-term care insurance. Using the existing state transition matrix, through empirical research, the pricing of long-term care insurance with capping line is made in order to provide suggestions for the development of long-term care insurance.展开更多
Objective Acute aortic dissection （AAD） is a catastrophic event with high early mortality rate, but to date, no data on the incidence of AAD in China's Mainland is available. This study aimed to estimate the inc...Objective Acute aortic dissection （AAD） is a catastrophic event with high early mortality rate, but to date, no data on the incidence of AAD in China's Mainland is available. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of AAD in China and characterize the clinical profile, management and in-hospital outcomes of this vascular event. Methods We used the China Health Insurance Research Data （the CHIRA Data） 2011 which comprises all inpatient hospital records （300,886） during the period of Jan. 1st 2011 to Dec. 31 2011 of 3,335,000 randomly sampled beneficiaries （1,718,500 men and 1,616,500 women） from 25 cities and counties in different economic-geographic regions of China's Mainland. Patients with acute aortic dissection were identified according to International Classification of Disease 10m Revision （ICD-10） of I71.0, The estimated incidence of AAD was calculated using the equation： estimated incidence = 2.0 × （40% × hospital admission rate） ＋ 60% × hospital admission rate. Results The hospital admission rate was 2.0/100,000 （65/3,325,000, 95% CI： 1.2-2.8）. The estimated annual incidence of AAD was 2.8/100,000 （95% CI： 1.9-3.6） and was higher in male than in female （3.7 vs. 1.5, P 〈 0.001）. The mean age was 58.9 ± 13.4 years. During the mean hospital stay of 23 ±6 days, the overall in-hospital mortality was 13.9% （9/65）. Conclusions Our study showed relatively lower but not negligible incidence and in-hospital mortality of AAD in the mainland of China. The mean age of patients with AAD in Chinese was younger than that reported by researches from west countries, while the male to female incidence ratio is similar to those reported by other studies.展开更多
Objective The aim of the study was to analyze hospital costs for cancer inpatients availing different methods of payment and the influencing factors, to provide inputs to improve the medical insurance payment policy. ...Objective The aim of the study was to analyze hospital costs for cancer inpatients availing different methods of payment and the influencing factors, to provide inputs to improve the medical insurance payment policy. Methods We analyzed the information related to length of hospital stay, hospitalization cost, and self-pay cost, collected from one large-scale, Grade A, Class Three hospital in Shenyang, China, during 2004–2013.Results The number of cancer inpatients with different payment types(medical insurance group and non-medical insurance group) presented a rising trend. Further, the ratio of medical insurance inpatients increased rapidly(from 22.2% to 48.7%); however, this group was still a minority. The length of hospital stay became shorter(21 d vs. 17 d; P = 0.000) while the gap got narrower; the hospitalized expense showed an upward trend and the difference was remarkable($24048.6 ± $4376.28 vs. $20544.36 ± $4057.01; P = 0.000). Conclusion Along with normalization of cancer therapy, the influence of payment on treatment has been getting weak, the policy has impact on controlling hospitalization cost, lightening burden of cancer patient, as well as allocating medical resources in a reasonable way, becoming an important defray pattern of hospitalization cost.展开更多
As China vigorously promotes the development of new energy,photovoltaic power curtailment and wind power curtailment have been effectively resolved.At the same time,the yield from new energy power generation is becomi...As China vigorously promotes the development of new energy,photovoltaic power curtailment and wind power curtailment have been effectively resolved.At the same time,the yield from new energy power generation is becoming an important factor that affects the scale of investment in new energy.This paper focuses on the weather risks faced by wind power producers.By studying current research on weather index insurance in China and abroad,the functions and design methods for weather index insurance have been clarified.In addition,the feasibility of wind-power generation index insurance is discussed.The calculation methods for wind power generation index and the weather index insurance pricing methods for wind power enterprises are proposed.A weather index insurance model for wind power generation was established.The rationality and feasibility of the weather index insurance model proposed in this paper were verified using data from an existing power plant.The simulation results show that wind power enterprises can effectively avoid economic losses caused by weather risks through weather index insurance.展开更多
This article seeks to analyze the contradictions and recommendations to China＇s insurance industry in the context of low-growth and low interest market. Under the pressure caused by the contradictions between the sus...This article seeks to analyze the contradictions and recommendations to China＇s insurance industry in the context of low-growth and low interest market. Under the pressure caused by the contradictions between the sustainable growth in the insurance premium income and the low ROI, it is very important to solve these contradictions for maintaining a sustainable and steady growth in insurance industry, at the same time, it is also favorable to play a role as a social stabilizer as well as an economic booster for insurance industry. This paper can be divided into four parts： Part I analyzes the five basic characteristics of Chinese low-growth and low-interest insurance industry; part II elaborates the principal contradictions faced by Chinese low-growth and low-interest insurance industry; part III analyzes the development environment of Chinese insurance industry; part IV proposes the recommendations to solve these contradictions.展开更多
Poverty alleviation of the rural poor is the most arduous task in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China, and agricultural insurance is an important financial tool for this task. Due to diff...Poverty alleviation of the rural poor is the most arduous task in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China, and agricultural insurance is an important financial tool for this task. Due to different capital levels, individual farmer will adopt production technology with different efficiency. In the case of uncertain price of agricultural products, this paper establishes a series of multiple equilibrium models based on agricultural risk and agricultural insurance. Under the catastrophe risk, the probability of falling into the poverty trap is calculated, and the effects of agricultural insurance on poverty alleviation are discussed respectively. It is found that agricultural insurance can effectively reduce the probability of falling into the poverty trap for the farmers whose initial capital is greater than a certain critical value. While the government subsidizes the premium of agricultural insurance by a certain proportion, the effect on poverty alleviation will be further improved.展开更多
This paper used fuzzy math principles, analyzed different aspects of the work of the current rural endowment insurance and formed the indices to assess the work level of the rural endowment insurance. After selecting ...This paper used fuzzy math principles, analyzed different aspects of the work of the current rural endowment insurance and formed the indices to assess the work level of the rural endowment insurance. After selecting the indices of the work level scientificly, constructed the index system to evaluate the work level of the rural endowment insurance and the index system was expressed in the form of math equation. In this way, an objective standard used to evaluate the work level of rural endowment insurance was establised.展开更多
Background: Community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes are increasingly implemented in low-income settings. These schemes limit the coverage they offer both by the types of care considered, and by applying thresh...Background: Community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes are increasingly implemented in low-income settings. These schemes limit the coverage they offer both by the types of care considered, and by applying thresholds and/or caps to costs reimbursed. The consequences of these thresholds and/or caps on insurance coverage have hitherto been usually ignored, for lack of data on the distributions of healthcare costs or understanding of their impact on effective coverage levels. This article describes a theoretical model to obtain the distributions even without data collection in the field, and demonstrates the quantitative impact of thresholds and/or caps on claim reimbursements. Methods: This model applies to applications on healthcare expenditures in low-income settings, following research methods examined in the Western world. We looked at hospitalizations and tests;we compared the simulated distributions to empirical data obtained through 11 household surveys conducted between 2008 and 2010 in rural locations (9 in India and 2 in Nepal). Results: We found that the shape of the distributions was very similar in all locations for both benefits, and could be represented by a model based on a lognormal distribution. The agreement between theoretical and empirical results was satisfactory (mostly within 10% difference). Conclusions: The model makes it possible to simulate the expected performance of the CBHI (represented by the percentage of costs or bills covered). The aim is to match costs with local levels of willingness-to-pay for health insurance. This model makes it possible to determine at the stage of package-design the optimal levels of thresholds and/or caps for each benefit-type included.展开更多
The structures of numerous industries, including the insurance industry, have been altered by the ongoing development of associated technologies. As the insurance industry undergoes this period of technology transform...The structures of numerous industries, including the insurance industry, have been altered by the ongoing development of associated technologies. As the insurance industry undergoes this period of technology transformation, it is important to recognize the key role that big data play in the industry. Most critically, the industry could not function without the utilization of big data, which explains to a large extent why every insurance company maintains its own numeric database. Relatedly, Taiwan＇s Bureau of National Health Insurance recently established the Information Integration Application Service Center, to which qualified companies and institutions can submit applications for permission to analyze the bureau＇s collected disease data according to stipulated regulations. In effect, access to the center＇s data provides insurance companies with a further means of improving their operational effectiveness through the analysis of big data, with targets for potential improvements including the various strategies utilized to react to changes in the environment, such as those involved in marketing, administrative management, and product pricing and services. The foundation of the present study consisted of a literature review and survey, with the key objective being to determine and discuss the effects of big data analysis on the medical insurance industry, including the changes that the utilization of big data results in for the customers of medical insurance companies. With the issues discussed above in mind, the survey was designed to determine whether medical insurance consumers know about and understand the effects of big data. The survey data indicated the following key findings： （1） The two concepts exhibit clear differences in terms of population statistic wxiables; （2） The two concepts exhibit clear differences in terms of insurance purchasing variables; and （3） The two concepts exhibit clear differences in terms of the level of understanding regarding big data.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Inappro...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Inappropriate use of medicines is a global concern with serious con</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sequences related to prescribing, dispensing, and use. WHO estimate</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d that 50% of medicines are not used correctly on their journey from the facility to home. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: To assess medicines use using WHO drug core indicators rega</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rding prescribing, patient, and facilities. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Setting</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Outpatients, Hea</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lth centers in Wadmadani locality (Urban area) in Gezira State, Sudan. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Method</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: A cross-sectional, prospective, analytical study was conducted in 30 health centers and 60 patients from each center were selected using a simple random sampling technique. WHO indicators form was used to collect data containing different variables. T-test at a level of confidence of 95% was used to test differences between indicators. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used for data analysis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The main prescribing indicators were 2.5 ± 0.6 for drugs per encounter, 44.1% ± 14.2%. Generic 54 ± 18.0 antibiotics, 12.0% ± 9.3% injectable, and 95.2% ± 11.5% of drugs were prescribed according to the NHIF-EML. The main patient’s indicators were, 2.9 ± 0.8 minutes for consultation time, 99.5 ± 36.8 seconds for dispensing time, and 72.5% ± 16.0% for medicines actually dispensed, 49.0% ± 18.0% for medicines adequately labeled, and 22.5% ± 7.3% of the patient’s knowledge about the correct dose. The Facility specific indicators were 66.7% for the availability of a copy of EML, while the percentage of key drugs in the stock was 75.3% ± 11.6%. No statistically significant differences were found between direct and indirect facilities except in generic prescribing. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Main Outcome Measure</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> Interventions to improve Generic and antibiotics prescribing indicators. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> The patient-to-physician ratio should be revised to optimize consultation time. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> The availability of key drugs should be improved to make sure effective treatment. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> The pharmacy cadre should be oriented and trained to improve patients’ compliance. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: The study concluded that there was irrational use of medicines when investigated by WHO drug core indicators. So, the study recommended interventions to improve the rationale prescribing, dispensing, and use of medicines.</span></span>展开更多
Introduction: The launch of health insurance in the Republic of the Congo took place against a backdrop of extremely high costs for dialysis, which was not one of the services financed within this framework. The aim o...Introduction: The launch of health insurance in the Republic of the Congo took place against a backdrop of extremely high costs for dialysis, which was not one of the services financed within this framework. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of including dialysis in the health insurance package in Congo. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with an evaluative aim, analyzing the impact of dialysis on the financing capacity of health insurance and health facilities to provide this type of care. Results: The results show that including dialysis in the universal health insurance package will require an additional financial effort of 6.20% of the current total financing capacity of the care basket. Most dialysis sessions are provided by the private health sector (87.5%), whose health facilities are unevenly distributed across the country, and concentrated in the country’s two major cities. This problem is the dual consequence of the very high cost of a dialysis session (average cost 140,234,375 FCFA or 229 US Dollars) and the number of patients under care, which will increase in the absence of effective and ongoing prevention efforts against chronic diseases in general and end-stage renal failure in particular. Conclusion: Dialysis is a high-impact public health intervention. The impact of its inclusion in the universal health insurance care package is difficult to bear financially. For dialysis to be covered by universal health insurance, additional funding and improved technical facilities are needed.展开更多
In this paper, we set up continuous time model with Poisson Process to analyze demand of investment-oriented life insurance. Individual life time is assumed random, and he is received fixed income, investment-oriented...In this paper, we set up continuous time model with Poisson Process to analyze demand of investment-oriented life insurance. Individual life time is assumed random, and he is received fixed income, investment-oriented life insurance is an important financial asset under this model. Dynamic programming is applied to analyze this problem. The optimal explicit solutions are obtained in the case of CRRA utilities, and draw its demand curve with numerical simulation.展开更多
With the fast development of Chinese insurance market and the quickening process of globalization of the world economy,more and more English policies and wordings are coming up and the communication with the internati...With the fast development of Chinese insurance market and the quickening process of globalization of the world economy,more and more English policies and wordings are coming up and the communication with the international insurance companies is much closer.Undoubtedly,to realize the insurance texts accurately and to manage the language features is very important to the insurance industry.Through the analysis of some English insurance policies and wordings,the stylistic characteristics of Insurance English are generalized at lexical and syntactic levels.At lexical level,Insurance English is mainly demonstrated with the following characteristics:the frequent use of archaic words,loan words,official words and technical words.Their characteristics at syntactic level are more complex,which are analyzed in terms of complicated long sentences,conditional adverbial clauses,restrictive attribute clauses,sentences with modal verbs and passive voice.展开更多
With the expansion of agricultural industry operation scale, the development of agricultural insurance is in the ascendant, and at the same time, the industry competition is intensifying, and the problem is increasing...With the expansion of agricultural industry operation scale, the development of agricultural insurance is in the ascendant, and at the same time, the industry competition is intensifying, and the problem is increasingly prominent. Artificial intelligence technology is widely used in all walks of life, and its tentacles extend to agricultural insurance enterprises. As a technical means, the operation and management mode and service level of agricultural insurance companies are being changed. This paper first analyzes the motivation and reasons of artificial intelligence to empower agricultural insurance companies, and then discusses the strategy of artificial intelligence to continuously empower agricultural insurance companies, in order to accumulate experience and promote the development of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers".展开更多
文摘The purpose of this paper is to study the influencing factors of flexible employment personnel's participation in urban-rural residents'pension insurance.After reading a large number of literature and research results on flexible employment personnel and analyzing and interpreting the urban-rural residents'pension insurance policy of Zhuhai,we take the flexible employment personnel of Zhuhai City as the object of the study,combined with questionnaire survey method,and analyze the difficulties of the flexible employment personnel's participation in the insurance by analyzing the collected data,and find out that Zhuhai's flexibly employed people have cognitive bias towards urban and rural residents'pension insurance,the government's business personnel have a vague understanding of the insurance,and some of the flexibly employed people think that the subsidy is low,etc.The government of Zhuhai City has provided the suggestions of expanding the scope of the publicity of the urban and rural residents'pension insurance,increasing publicity efforts,and providing regular training for the counterpart service personnel in order to increase the rate of the flexibly employed people's participation in the insurance,and improve the inherent bad impression of the insurance by the flexibly employed people.personnel's inherent bad impression of insurance,and further improve China's insurance system.
文摘Against the backdrop of the Healthy China strategy,the insurance behavior of young consumers presents new characteristics such as enhanced autonomy,a shift toward proactive risk management,stronger personalized demands,and higher expectations for online experiences.In response to changes in young consumers'risk awareness and consumption philosophy,this paper analyzes influencing factors from four dimensions:economic income,risk perception,social environment,and internet penetration.It proposes that insurance companies should focus on digital innovation,precise product development,social platform marketing,and popularization of insurance education,to promote the transformation of young people’s insurance demand from passive risk transfer to proactive long-term planning,and to help the insurance industry and young groups achieve win-win development.
基金funded by the National College Students'Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.202410456025)supported by the China Center of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Hong Kong Institute of Humanities and Natural Sciences and Technology.
文摘Driven by both market demand and policies,the drone insurance industry is facing new development opportunities.This study focuses on exploring an innovative hybrid data integration method,which uses public datasets of drones and small manned aircraft for hybrid data integration and severity scaling,and conducts simulation tests to ensure the reproducibility of the method.A two-part hybrid model approach is adopted to separate the frequency model from the severity model,and a hierarchical modeling method is used for each part to deal with the occurrence of extreme losses.Monte Carlo simulation is performed on the fused data to calculate the net premium.Innovatively,a no-claim discount system is introduced,and the impact of operators'behaviors on claim frequency is quantified,with comprehensive consideration given to the inclusion and quantification of risk factors.The application of Tweedie GLM in total loss modeling is constructed and analyzed,and the advantages and disadvantages of different modeling methods are compared,aiming to provide more comprehensive decision-making basis for insurance companies.This report is intended to construct and evaluate a robust actuarial rate-making model for the rapidly developing drone insurance market,and to develop more accurate,fair and market-competitive drone insurance products.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China"Research on the transmission mechanism,welfare effect and path optimization of long-term care insurance embedded in the rural medical and health service system(No.:72274107)""Special Funds for Shandong Taishan Scholars Project(No.:tsqn202312226)"+1 种基金"Shandong Province Youth Entrepreneurship Science and Technology Support Plan for Higher Education Institutions(No.2022RW044)"Shandong University of Finance and Economics 2024 Experimental Teaching Reform Research Project(zb202401):"Research on the Construction of Health and Medical Big Data Experimental Teaching Courses","Typical Cases of Embedding Long-term Care Insurance into the Medical and Health Service System to Promote Chinese Modernization","Digital Intelligence Empowerment Cross-integration-Health and Medical Big Data"Course Construction,"Insurance"Smart Course Construction,Research on the Education Model of Modern Financial and Economic Colleges under the"One Construction and Three Chains"Integration Path,"12456"Postgraduate Joint Training Base Quality Improvement System Construction,and the Ministry of Education Degree Center Theme Case"Digital Empowerment of Healthy China Construction:Innovative Practice of Social Security Robots"Interim Results.
文摘With China being gradually transformed into an open society where population can flow freely,it deserves more attention that interregional population flow will bring about the interactive growth of insurance.Based on the traditional insurance growth theory,this paper focuses on the internal mechanism how interregional population flow can affect insurance growth,uses the provincial panel data from 2012 to 2015 to construct a flow spatial weighting matrix based on the interregional population flow scale,and sets up a spatial econometric model for empirical analysis.Results show that,if the population flow increases by 1 percentage point,the region's insurance industry will grow 0.0794 percentage points,and other regions'insurance will grow 0.184 percentage points,making the national insurance industry increase by 0.264 percentage points.,which is to say,the indirect effects of spatial knowledge spillover on insurance growth account for more than two thirds of the overall effects.This conclusion provides the policy enlightenment for promoting the interregional population flow,adjusting the product structure and marketing strategy in time by insurance companies,and promoting the balanced and coordinative development of the insurance industry in China.
基金supports of the "Young Talents Plan" Project from the Beijing Education Committee, Chinathe Youth Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (71102125)the MOE (Ministry of Education, China) Project of the Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities (13JJD790041)
文摘This study investigates the optimal reinsurance for crop insurance in China in an insurer＇s perspective using the data from Inner Mongolia, Jilin, and Liaoning, China. On the basis of the loss ratio distributions modeled by An Hua Crop Risk Evaluation System, we use the empirical model developed by Tan and Weng（2014） to study the optimal reinsurance design for crop insurance in China. We find that, when the primary insurer＇s loss function, the principle of the reinsurance premium calculation, and the risk measure are given, the level of risk tolerance of the primary insurer, the safety loading coefficient of the reinsurer, and the constraint on reinsurance premium budget affect the optimal reinsurance design. When a strict constraint on reinsurance premium budget is implemented, which often occurs in reality, the limited stop loss reinsurance is optimal, consistent with the common practice in reality. This study provides suggestions for decision making regarding the crop reinsurance in China. It also provides empirical evidence for the literature on optimal reinsurance from the insurance market of China. This evidence undoubtedly has an important practical significance for the development of China＇s crop insurance.
文摘It is a long-term strategic task for China to cope with the aging population and declining birthrate. Therefore, our country has begun to gradually establish our long-term care security system, and the pricing problem of long-term care insurance has gradually attracted the attention of academic circles. The pricing model and nursing demand of long-term care insurance have been repeatedly discussed and studied, and many useful conclusions have been formed. However, in terms of rates, the rates of both commercial long-term care insurance and policy products are on the high side. At present, the price of commercial long-term care insurance is high. Although the price of policy-oriented products is low, the level of protection is also low, which cannot provide sufficient protection. This study explores the introduction of capping line into long-term care insurance to reduce the rate level of long-term care insurance. Using the existing state transition matrix, through empirical research, the pricing of long-term care insurance with capping line is made in order to provide suggestions for the development of long-term care insurance.
文摘Objective Acute aortic dissection （AAD） is a catastrophic event with high early mortality rate, but to date, no data on the incidence of AAD in China's Mainland is available. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of AAD in China and characterize the clinical profile, management and in-hospital outcomes of this vascular event. Methods We used the China Health Insurance Research Data （the CHIRA Data） 2011 which comprises all inpatient hospital records （300,886） during the period of Jan. 1st 2011 to Dec. 31 2011 of 3,335,000 randomly sampled beneficiaries （1,718,500 men and 1,616,500 women） from 25 cities and counties in different economic-geographic regions of China's Mainland. Patients with acute aortic dissection were identified according to International Classification of Disease 10m Revision （ICD-10） of I71.0, The estimated incidence of AAD was calculated using the equation： estimated incidence = 2.0 × （40% × hospital admission rate） ＋ 60% × hospital admission rate. Results The hospital admission rate was 2.0/100,000 （65/3,325,000, 95% CI： 1.2-2.8）. The estimated annual incidence of AAD was 2.8/100,000 （95% CI： 1.9-3.6） and was higher in male than in female （3.7 vs. 1.5, P 〈 0.001）. The mean age was 58.9 ± 13.4 years. During the mean hospital stay of 23 ±6 days, the overall in-hospital mortality was 13.9% （9/65）. Conclusions Our study showed relatively lower but not negligible incidence and in-hospital mortality of AAD in the mainland of China. The mean age of patients with AAD in Chinese was younger than that reported by researches from west countries, while the male to female incidence ratio is similar to those reported by other studies.
基金Supported by a grant from the Science and Technology Key Programs of Liaoning Province(No.2013225220)
文摘Objective The aim of the study was to analyze hospital costs for cancer inpatients availing different methods of payment and the influencing factors, to provide inputs to improve the medical insurance payment policy. Methods We analyzed the information related to length of hospital stay, hospitalization cost, and self-pay cost, collected from one large-scale, Grade A, Class Three hospital in Shenyang, China, during 2004–2013.Results The number of cancer inpatients with different payment types(medical insurance group and non-medical insurance group) presented a rising trend. Further, the ratio of medical insurance inpatients increased rapidly(from 22.2% to 48.7%); however, this group was still a minority. The length of hospital stay became shorter(21 d vs. 17 d; P = 0.000) while the gap got narrower; the hospitalized expense showed an upward trend and the difference was remarkable($24048.6 ± $4376.28 vs. $20544.36 ± $4057.01; P = 0.000). Conclusion Along with normalization of cancer therapy, the influence of payment on treatment has been getting weak, the policy has impact on controlling hospitalization cost, lightening burden of cancer patient, as well as allocating medical resources in a reasonable way, becoming an important defray pattern of hospitalization cost.
基金supported by the State Grid Science and Technology Project (Research on Transnational Energy Interaction Simulation and Deduction Technologies of Global Energy Interconnection, JS71-17-004)
文摘As China vigorously promotes the development of new energy,photovoltaic power curtailment and wind power curtailment have been effectively resolved.At the same time,the yield from new energy power generation is becoming an important factor that affects the scale of investment in new energy.This paper focuses on the weather risks faced by wind power producers.By studying current research on weather index insurance in China and abroad,the functions and design methods for weather index insurance have been clarified.In addition,the feasibility of wind-power generation index insurance is discussed.The calculation methods for wind power generation index and the weather index insurance pricing methods for wind power enterprises are proposed.A weather index insurance model for wind power generation was established.The rationality and feasibility of the weather index insurance model proposed in this paper were verified using data from an existing power plant.The simulation results show that wind power enterprises can effectively avoid economic losses caused by weather risks through weather index insurance.
文摘This article seeks to analyze the contradictions and recommendations to China＇s insurance industry in the context of low-growth and low interest market. Under the pressure caused by the contradictions between the sustainable growth in the insurance premium income and the low ROI, it is very important to solve these contradictions for maintaining a sustainable and steady growth in insurance industry, at the same time, it is also favorable to play a role as a social stabilizer as well as an economic booster for insurance industry. This paper can be divided into four parts： Part I analyzes the five basic characteristics of Chinese low-growth and low-interest insurance industry; part II elaborates the principal contradictions faced by Chinese low-growth and low-interest insurance industry; part III analyzes the development environment of Chinese insurance industry; part IV proposes the recommendations to solve these contradictions.
文摘Poverty alleviation of the rural poor is the most arduous task in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China, and agricultural insurance is an important financial tool for this task. Due to different capital levels, individual farmer will adopt production technology with different efficiency. In the case of uncertain price of agricultural products, this paper establishes a series of multiple equilibrium models based on agricultural risk and agricultural insurance. Under the catastrophe risk, the probability of falling into the poverty trap is calculated, and the effects of agricultural insurance on poverty alleviation are discussed respectively. It is found that agricultural insurance can effectively reduce the probability of falling into the poverty trap for the farmers whose initial capital is greater than a certain critical value. While the government subsidizes the premium of agricultural insurance by a certain proportion, the effect on poverty alleviation will be further improved.
文摘This paper used fuzzy math principles, analyzed different aspects of the work of the current rural endowment insurance and formed the indices to assess the work level of the rural endowment insurance. After selecting the indices of the work level scientificly, constructed the index system to evaluate the work level of the rural endowment insurance and the index system was expressed in the form of math equation. In this way, an objective standard used to evaluate the work level of rural endowment insurance was establised.
文摘Background: Community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes are increasingly implemented in low-income settings. These schemes limit the coverage they offer both by the types of care considered, and by applying thresholds and/or caps to costs reimbursed. The consequences of these thresholds and/or caps on insurance coverage have hitherto been usually ignored, for lack of data on the distributions of healthcare costs or understanding of their impact on effective coverage levels. This article describes a theoretical model to obtain the distributions even without data collection in the field, and demonstrates the quantitative impact of thresholds and/or caps on claim reimbursements. Methods: This model applies to applications on healthcare expenditures in low-income settings, following research methods examined in the Western world. We looked at hospitalizations and tests;we compared the simulated distributions to empirical data obtained through 11 household surveys conducted between 2008 and 2010 in rural locations (9 in India and 2 in Nepal). Results: We found that the shape of the distributions was very similar in all locations for both benefits, and could be represented by a model based on a lognormal distribution. The agreement between theoretical and empirical results was satisfactory (mostly within 10% difference). Conclusions: The model makes it possible to simulate the expected performance of the CBHI (represented by the percentage of costs or bills covered). The aim is to match costs with local levels of willingness-to-pay for health insurance. This model makes it possible to determine at the stage of package-design the optimal levels of thresholds and/or caps for each benefit-type included.
文摘The structures of numerous industries, including the insurance industry, have been altered by the ongoing development of associated technologies. As the insurance industry undergoes this period of technology transformation, it is important to recognize the key role that big data play in the industry. Most critically, the industry could not function without the utilization of big data, which explains to a large extent why every insurance company maintains its own numeric database. Relatedly, Taiwan＇s Bureau of National Health Insurance recently established the Information Integration Application Service Center, to which qualified companies and institutions can submit applications for permission to analyze the bureau＇s collected disease data according to stipulated regulations. In effect, access to the center＇s data provides insurance companies with a further means of improving their operational effectiveness through the analysis of big data, with targets for potential improvements including the various strategies utilized to react to changes in the environment, such as those involved in marketing, administrative management, and product pricing and services. The foundation of the present study consisted of a literature review and survey, with the key objective being to determine and discuss the effects of big data analysis on the medical insurance industry, including the changes that the utilization of big data results in for the customers of medical insurance companies. With the issues discussed above in mind, the survey was designed to determine whether medical insurance consumers know about and understand the effects of big data. The survey data indicated the following key findings： （1） The two concepts exhibit clear differences in terms of population statistic wxiables; （2） The two concepts exhibit clear differences in terms of insurance purchasing variables; and （3） The two concepts exhibit clear differences in terms of the level of understanding regarding big data.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Inappropriate use of medicines is a global concern with serious con</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sequences related to prescribing, dispensing, and use. WHO estimate</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d that 50% of medicines are not used correctly on their journey from the facility to home. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: To assess medicines use using WHO drug core indicators rega</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rding prescribing, patient, and facilities. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Setting</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Outpatients, Hea</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lth centers in Wadmadani locality (Urban area) in Gezira State, Sudan. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Method</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: A cross-sectional, prospective, analytical study was conducted in 30 health centers and 60 patients from each center were selected using a simple random sampling technique. WHO indicators form was used to collect data containing different variables. T-test at a level of confidence of 95% was used to test differences between indicators. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used for data analysis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The main prescribing indicators were 2.5 ± 0.6 for drugs per encounter, 44.1% ± 14.2%. Generic 54 ± 18.0 antibiotics, 12.0% ± 9.3% injectable, and 95.2% ± 11.5% of drugs were prescribed according to the NHIF-EML. The main patient’s indicators were, 2.9 ± 0.8 minutes for consultation time, 99.5 ± 36.8 seconds for dispensing time, and 72.5% ± 16.0% for medicines actually dispensed, 49.0% ± 18.0% for medicines adequately labeled, and 22.5% ± 7.3% of the patient’s knowledge about the correct dose. The Facility specific indicators were 66.7% for the availability of a copy of EML, while the percentage of key drugs in the stock was 75.3% ± 11.6%. No statistically significant differences were found between direct and indirect facilities except in generic prescribing. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Main Outcome Measure</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> Interventions to improve Generic and antibiotics prescribing indicators. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> The patient-to-physician ratio should be revised to optimize consultation time. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> The availability of key drugs should be improved to make sure effective treatment. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> The pharmacy cadre should be oriented and trained to improve patients’ compliance. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: The study concluded that there was irrational use of medicines when investigated by WHO drug core indicators. So, the study recommended interventions to improve the rationale prescribing, dispensing, and use of medicines.</span></span>
文摘Introduction: The launch of health insurance in the Republic of the Congo took place against a backdrop of extremely high costs for dialysis, which was not one of the services financed within this framework. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of including dialysis in the health insurance package in Congo. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with an evaluative aim, analyzing the impact of dialysis on the financing capacity of health insurance and health facilities to provide this type of care. Results: The results show that including dialysis in the universal health insurance package will require an additional financial effort of 6.20% of the current total financing capacity of the care basket. Most dialysis sessions are provided by the private health sector (87.5%), whose health facilities are unevenly distributed across the country, and concentrated in the country’s two major cities. This problem is the dual consequence of the very high cost of a dialysis session (average cost 140,234,375 FCFA or 229 US Dollars) and the number of patients under care, which will increase in the absence of effective and ongoing prevention efforts against chronic diseases in general and end-stage renal failure in particular. Conclusion: Dialysis is a high-impact public health intervention. The impact of its inclusion in the universal health insurance care package is difficult to bear financially. For dialysis to be covered by universal health insurance, additional funding and improved technical facilities are needed.
文摘In this paper, we set up continuous time model with Poisson Process to analyze demand of investment-oriented life insurance. Individual life time is assumed random, and he is received fixed income, investment-oriented life insurance is an important financial asset under this model. Dynamic programming is applied to analyze this problem. The optimal explicit solutions are obtained in the case of CRRA utilities, and draw its demand curve with numerical simulation.
文摘With the fast development of Chinese insurance market and the quickening process of globalization of the world economy,more and more English policies and wordings are coming up and the communication with the international insurance companies is much closer.Undoubtedly,to realize the insurance texts accurately and to manage the language features is very important to the insurance industry.Through the analysis of some English insurance policies and wordings,the stylistic characteristics of Insurance English are generalized at lexical and syntactic levels.At lexical level,Insurance English is mainly demonstrated with the following characteristics:the frequent use of archaic words,loan words,official words and technical words.Their characteristics at syntactic level are more complex,which are analyzed in terms of complicated long sentences,conditional adverbial clauses,restrictive attribute clauses,sentences with modal verbs and passive voice.
文摘With the expansion of agricultural industry operation scale, the development of agricultural insurance is in the ascendant, and at the same time, the industry competition is intensifying, and the problem is increasingly prominent. Artificial intelligence technology is widely used in all walks of life, and its tentacles extend to agricultural insurance enterprises. As a technical means, the operation and management mode and service level of agricultural insurance companies are being changed. This paper first analyzes the motivation and reasons of artificial intelligence to empower agricultural insurance companies, and then discusses the strategy of artificial intelligence to continuously empower agricultural insurance companies, in order to accumulate experience and promote the development of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers".
