The development of the phytoplankton community was studied in the Jiaozhou Bay during the spring to neap tide in August2001, through three cruises and a 15 d continuous observation. This investigation indicates that d...The development of the phytoplankton community was studied in the Jiaozhou Bay during the spring to neap tide in August2001, through three cruises and a 15 d continuous observation. This investigation indicates that diatom cell abundance increasedsharply following the end of a spring tide, from 9 cells/cm3 to a peak of 94 cells/cm3. The dominant species composition andabundance show a quick species sequence from spring to neap tide, and the dominant species at the start phase is Skeletomenacostatum, then changes to Chaetoceros curvisetus, finally it changes to Eucampia zodiacus. Silicate concentration increasesduring spring tide, as a result of nutrient replenishment from the watersediment interface, its initial average concentration inneap tide is 1.39 mmol/dm3 and reached the peak average concentration of 8.40 mmol/dm3 in spring tide. But the nitrogenconcentration dropped due to dilution by the low nitrogen seawater from the Huanghai Sea, its initial average concentration inneap tide is 67 mmol/dm3 and decreased to the average concentration of 54 mmol/dm3 in spring tide. The degree of siliconlimitation was decreased and phytoplankton, especially diatoms, responds immediately after nutrient replenishment in thewater column. Skeletonmea costatum, as one of the dominant species in the Jiaozhou Bay, shows a quicker response tonutrient availability than Eucampia zodiacus and Chaetoceros curvisetus. It is proposed that dominant species compositionand water column stability synchronously determine the development of phytoplankton summer blooms in the Jiaozhou bay.展开更多
A new tangential wind profile for simulating strong tropical cyclones is put forward and planted into the NCAR- AFWA tropical cyclone bogussing scheme in MM5. The scheme for the new profile can make full use of the in...A new tangential wind profile for simulating strong tropical cyclones is put forward and planted into the NCAR- AFWA tropical cyclone bogussing scheme in MM5. The scheme for the new profile can make full use of the information from routine typhoon reports, including not only the maximum wind, but also the additional information of the wind speeds of 25.7 and 15.4 ms-1 and their corresponding radii, which are usually provided for strong cyclones. Thus, the new profile can be used to describe the outer structure of cyclones more accurately than by using the earlier scheme of MM5 in which on- ly the maximum wind speed is considered. Numerical experimental forecasts of two strong tropical cyclones are performed to examine the new profile. Results show that by using the new profile the prediction of both cyclones’ intensity can be obvi- ously improved, but the effects on the track prediction of the two cyclones are different. It seems that the new profile might be more suitable for strong cyclones with shifted tracks. However, the conclusion is drawn from only two typhoon cases, so more cases are needed to evaluate the new profile.展开更多
Statistical analysis about ENSO index represented by SSTA in Nino3 with several datasets shows obviously decadal changes in the dominant period and amplitude of ENSO. Correlation analysis about the composite El Nino e...Statistical analysis about ENSO index represented by SSTA in Nino3 with several datasets shows obviously decadal changes in the dominant period and amplitude of ENSO. Correlation analysis about the composite El Nino events before and after 1976 exhibits obviously decadal changes in the propagation and intensity of the oceanic anomaly related to the variation of SSTA in Nino3. In the composite El Nino before 1976, the coherence is relatively weak between the oceanic anomaly in the tropical Pacific and the SSTA in the Nino3 region; the area with significant correlation coefficient is relatively small; the oceanic anomaly related to Nino3 SSTA propagates faster. The above changes correspond well to the decadal changes of ENSO cycles. Some preliminary explanations are given based on the analysis of the decadal changes in the thermocline. The tropical thermocline shoals after 1976 except in the equatorial far East Pacific and the inclination of the tropical thermocline deep west and shallow east patterns weakens. Much of the oceanic anomaly from the relative higher latitude contributes to the slow propagation of the oceanic anomaly in the North Pacific. The air-sea coupling in the tropical Pacific intensifies after 1976 corresponding to decadal change of the ENSO amplitude. Decadal adjustment of the thermocline may have influenced the propagation and intensity of the oceanic anomaly related to the ENSO and intensity of air-sea interaction in the tropical Pacific, and changed the dominant period of ENSO and its amplitude.展开更多
The environmental problems in the Bohai Sea have become more serious in the last decade. High nutrient concentration contributes much to it. A Sino-German cooperation program has been carried out to improve the unders...The environmental problems in the Bohai Sea have become more serious in the last decade. High nutrient concentration contributes much to it. A Sino-German cooperation program has been carried out to improve the understanding of the ecosystem by observations and modelling. A three-dimensional ecosystem model, coupled with a physical transport model, is adopted in this study. The simulation for the year 1982 is validated by the data collected in 1982/1983. The simulated annual mean nutrient concentrations are in good agreement with observations. The nutrient concentrations in the Bohai Sea, which are crucial to the algal growth, are high in winter and low in summer. There are depletion from spring to summer and elevation from autumn to winter for nutrients. The nutrients’ depletion is a response to the consumption of the phytoplankton bloom in spring. Internal recycle and external compensation affect the nutrient cycle. Their contributions to the nutrient budgets are discussed based on the simulated results. Production and respiration are the most important sink and source of nutrients. The process of photosynthesis consumes 152 kilotons-P and 831.1 kilotons-N while respiration releases 94.5 kilotons-P and 516.6 kilotons-N in the same period. The remineralization of the detritus pool is an important source of nutrient regene- ration. It can compensate 23 percent of the nutrient consumed by the production process. The inputs of phosphates and nitrogen from rivers are 0.55 and 52.7 kilotons respectively. The net nutrient budget is -3.05 kilotons-P and 31.6 kilotons-N.展开更多
The carbon cycle of lower trophic level in the Bohai Sea is studied with a three-dimensional biological and physical coupled model. The influences of the processes (including horizontal advection, river nutrient load,...The carbon cycle of lower trophic level in the Bohai Sea is studied with a three-dimensional biological and physical coupled model. The influences of the processes (including horizontal advection, river nutrient load, active transport etc. ) on the phytoplankton biomass and its evolution are estimated. The Bohai Sea is a weak sink of the CO2 in the atmosphere. During the cycle, 13.7% of the gross production of the phytoplankton enter the higher trophic level and 76.8 % of it are consumed by the respiration itself. The nutrient reproduction comes mainly from the internal biogeochemical loop and the rem-ineralization is an important mechanism of the nutrient transfer from organic form to inorganic. Horizontal advection decreases the total biomass and the eutrophication in some sea areas. Change in the nutrient load of a river can only adjust the local system near its estuary. Controlling the input of the nutrient, which limits the alga growth, can be very useful in lessening the phytoplankton biomass.展开更多
In order to forecast storm surge inundation, a two-dimensional model is established. In the model, an alternating computation sequence method is used to solve the governing equations, and the dry and wet method is int...In order to forecast storm surge inundation, a two-dimensional model is established. In the model, an alternating computation sequence method is used to solve the governing equations, and the dry and wet method is introduced to treat the moving boundary. This model is easy to use. It has a friendly input interface and Arcview GIS is used as the output interface. The model is applied to the Shantou area to simulate the storm surge elevations and inundations caused by Typhoons 6903 ane 0104 using the same relevant parameters. The calculated results agree well with the observations.展开更多
A series of test simulations are performed to evaluate the impact of satellite-derived meteorological data on numericaltyphoon track prediction. Geostationary meteorological satellite (GMS5) and NOAAs TIROS operationa...A series of test simulations are performed to evaluate the impact of satellite-derived meteorological data on numericaltyphoon track prediction. Geostationary meteorological satellite (GMS5) and NOAAs TIROS operational verticalsounder (TOVS) observations are used in the experiments. A three-dimensional variational (3DVar) assimilationscheme is developed to assimilate the satellite data directly into the Penn StateNCAR nonhydrostatic meteorologi-cal model (MM5). Three-dimensional objective analysis fields based on the T213 results and conventional observa-tions are employed as the background fields of the initialization. The comparisons of the simulated typhoon tracksare carried out, which correspond respectively to assimilate different kinds of satellite data. It is found that, comparedwith the experiment without satellite data assimilation, the 3D-Var assimilation schemes lead to significant improve-ments on typhoon track prediction. Track errors reduce from approximately 25% at 24 h to approximately 30% at48 h for 3DVar assimilation experiments.展开更多
In this paper, the recent advances in the study of oceanic vortex are outlined. Firstly, the previous studies on oceanic vortex are reviewed. Secondly, some prominent features of oceanic vortex in the Gulf Stream, the...In this paper, the recent advances in the study of oceanic vortex are outlined. Firstly, the previous studies on oceanic vortex are reviewed. Secondly, some prominent features of oceanic vortex in the Gulf Stream, the Kuroshio, the South China Sea and the Japan Sea regions are depicted based upon the observations and numerical modeling results. Gene- rally, the lifetime of these oceanic vortices ranges from several weeks to several months, and their horizontal scales vary from tens of kilometers to hundreds of kilometers. Their vertical scales are on the order of thousands of meters. Finally, some theoretical studies, mainly on the splitting of a cyclonic vortex and the merging of anticyclonic vortices, are introduced.展开更多
The analysis of observed salinity data over 35 years (1961—1996) at four stations around the Bohai Sea, i.e. Huludao, Qinhuangdao, Tanggu and Beihuangcheng, reveals that the salinity of the 4 observation stations has...The analysis of observed salinity data over 35 years (1961—1996) at four stations around the Bohai Sea, i.e. Huludao, Qinhuangdao, Tanggu and Beihuangcheng, reveals that the salinity of the 4 observation stations has increased 1.1, 1.6, 1.9 and 0.4, respectively. The data also show that over the past 35 years, there have been at least 5 large salin-ity variation processes. The salinity data from two cruises of the Bohai Sea in August 1958 and 2000, show that the salin-ity pattern of the Bohai Sea has changed markedly. Low sa-linity in the sea surface layer around the old Yellow River mouth in August 1958 had been replaced by high salinity in August 2000 and the maximum variation of salinity is over 10.0. In addition, the values and distribution of salinity were almost the same from surface to bottom there in August 2000, but there existed significantly different salinity levels be-tween the surface layer and the deep layer in August 1958. When a comparison is made between the salinity levels of the above-mentioned two years, it is found that the salinity in August 2000 is on average 2.0 higher than that of August 1958 in the main part of the Bohai Sea. The change of tem-perature and salinity field in the Bohai Sea leads to the change of the circulation. The numerical simulation shows that in comparison with the circulation structure of the Bohai Sea in August 1958, the circulation in August 2000 changes markedly. The significant changes of circulation appeared in Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and in the middle of the Bohai Sea. The clockwise current loop outside of the Bohai Bay and counterclockwise current loop outside of the Laizhou Bay in August 1958 disappeared in August 2000, and the counterclockwise current loop of the Bohai Bay mi-grated obviously outward. The flow direction in the Laizhou Bay turned 180° around. Corresponding to the variation of the Bohai Sea circulation, the amount of water exchange between the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea has also changed. The water exchange rate through the Bohai Strait decreases, on average, 0.7×104 m3/s in August 2000 in contrast to that of August 1958.展开更多
Based on water samples collected and observations of currents, tidal levels as well as turbidities taken, respectively over a period of 15 and 7 d, in southwestern Jiaozhou Bay on August, 2001, it was found that: ( i ...Based on water samples collected and observations of currents, tidal levels as well as turbidities taken, respectively over a period of 15 and 7 d, in southwestern Jiaozhou Bay on August, 2001, it was found that: ( i ) the average content of non mineral component amounted to 87% of the suspended sediment matter (SPM) in Jiaozhou Bay,much higher than in estuaries and bays where turbidity is high and mineral particulates dominates; (ii) in contrast to high turbid bays, SPM was generally coarser than bed deposits and in upper water column than in lower water column in Jiaozhou Bay; (iii) in fair weathers, suspended sediment concentration (SPC) varied regularly within tidal cycles and neap-spring cycles, but the regularity was deformed in storms; and (iv) SPC was controlled by settling/resuspension near the bed and by advection at the surface at the study site with a depth of 20 m, suggesting weak vertical exchanges. It was concluded that SPM property of a low turbid bay is sensitive to pollution, and that the maintenance of low turbidity in the bay depends on less SPM supply, low waves and currents, and controlling on discharge of particulate pollutants.展开更多
The interdecadal variation of the volume and heat transport of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and its mechanism are preliminarily studied on the basis of the up- dated SODA data. It is found that the interdecadal variat...The interdecadal variation of the volume and heat transport of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and its mechanism are preliminarily studied on the basis of the up- dated SODA data. It is found that the interdecadal variation of ITF’s volume transport is mainly concentrated in upper 714 m and that of ITF’s heat transport is mainly confined to upper 450 m. There is fairly consistent interdecadal variation in the depth-integrated seawater pressure above different depths in the region south of Davao, north of New Guinea and southwest of Australia. The depth-integrated pressure difference between northwest of Australia and south of Java has best correspondence with ITF’s volume transport on interdecadal time scales. The relation between the wind stress on the Pacific and ITF’s volume transport on interde- cadal time scales is studied based on Island Rule. It is shown that both the wind stress along the zonal lines just south of Australia and the Equator act as the dominant contributors to ITF’s volume transport, with the latter dominating the phase of ITF’s interdecadal variation. These results indicate that the atmospheric forcing and oceanic adjustment in the tropical region both contribute significantly to the ITF’s interdecadal variation.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 40036010,40206020 and 40306025.
文摘The development of the phytoplankton community was studied in the Jiaozhou Bay during the spring to neap tide in August2001, through three cruises and a 15 d continuous observation. This investigation indicates that diatom cell abundance increasedsharply following the end of a spring tide, from 9 cells/cm3 to a peak of 94 cells/cm3. The dominant species composition andabundance show a quick species sequence from spring to neap tide, and the dominant species at the start phase is Skeletomenacostatum, then changes to Chaetoceros curvisetus, finally it changes to Eucampia zodiacus. Silicate concentration increasesduring spring tide, as a result of nutrient replenishment from the watersediment interface, its initial average concentration inneap tide is 1.39 mmol/dm3 and reached the peak average concentration of 8.40 mmol/dm3 in spring tide. But the nitrogenconcentration dropped due to dilution by the low nitrogen seawater from the Huanghai Sea, its initial average concentration inneap tide is 67 mmol/dm3 and decreased to the average concentration of 54 mmol/dm3 in spring tide. The degree of siliconlimitation was decreased and phytoplankton, especially diatoms, responds immediately after nutrient replenishment in thewater column. Skeletonmea costatum, as one of the dominant species in the Jiaozhou Bay, shows a quicker response tonutrient availability than Eucampia zodiacus and Chaetoceros curvisetus. It is proposed that dominant species compositionand water column stability synchronously determine the development of phytoplankton summer blooms in the Jiaozhou bay.
文摘A new tangential wind profile for simulating strong tropical cyclones is put forward and planted into the NCAR- AFWA tropical cyclone bogussing scheme in MM5. The scheme for the new profile can make full use of the information from routine typhoon reports, including not only the maximum wind, but also the additional information of the wind speeds of 25.7 and 15.4 ms-1 and their corresponding radii, which are usually provided for strong cyclones. Thus, the new profile can be used to describe the outer structure of cyclones more accurately than by using the earlier scheme of MM5 in which on- ly the maximum wind speed is considered. Numerical experimental forecasts of two strong tropical cyclones are performed to examine the new profile. Results show that by using the new profile the prediction of both cyclones’ intensity can be obvi- ously improved, but the effects on the track prediction of the two cyclones are different. It seems that the new profile might be more suitable for strong cyclones with shifted tracks. However, the conclusion is drawn from only two typhoon cases, so more cases are needed to evaluate the new profile.
文摘Statistical analysis about ENSO index represented by SSTA in Nino3 with several datasets shows obviously decadal changes in the dominant period and amplitude of ENSO. Correlation analysis about the composite El Nino events before and after 1976 exhibits obviously decadal changes in the propagation and intensity of the oceanic anomaly related to the variation of SSTA in Nino3. In the composite El Nino before 1976, the coherence is relatively weak between the oceanic anomaly in the tropical Pacific and the SSTA in the Nino3 region; the area with significant correlation coefficient is relatively small; the oceanic anomaly related to Nino3 SSTA propagates faster. The above changes correspond well to the decadal changes of ENSO cycles. Some preliminary explanations are given based on the analysis of the decadal changes in the thermocline. The tropical thermocline shoals after 1976 except in the equatorial far East Pacific and the inclination of the tropical thermocline deep west and shallow east patterns weakens. Much of the oceanic anomaly from the relative higher latitude contributes to the slow propagation of the oceanic anomaly in the North Pacific. The air-sea coupling in the tropical Pacific intensifies after 1976 corresponding to decadal change of the ENSO amplitude. Decadal adjustment of the thermocline may have influenced the propagation and intensity of the oceanic anomaly related to the ENSO and intensity of air-sea interaction in the tropical Pacific, and changed the dominant period of ENSO and its amplitude.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China with Grant(No.G497901001)the Major State Basic Research Program with Grant(No.G1999043703)
文摘The environmental problems in the Bohai Sea have become more serious in the last decade. High nutrient concentration contributes much to it. A Sino-German cooperation program has been carried out to improve the understanding of the ecosystem by observations and modelling. A three-dimensional ecosystem model, coupled with a physical transport model, is adopted in this study. The simulation for the year 1982 is validated by the data collected in 1982/1983. The simulated annual mean nutrient concentrations are in good agreement with observations. The nutrient concentrations in the Bohai Sea, which are crucial to the algal growth, are high in winter and low in summer. There are depletion from spring to summer and elevation from autumn to winter for nutrients. The nutrients’ depletion is a response to the consumption of the phytoplankton bloom in spring. Internal recycle and external compensation affect the nutrient cycle. Their contributions to the nutrient budgets are discussed based on the simulated results. Production and respiration are the most important sink and source of nutrients. The process of photosynthesis consumes 152 kilotons-P and 831.1 kilotons-N while respiration releases 94.5 kilotons-P and 516.6 kilotons-N in the same period. The remineralization of the detritus pool is an important source of nutrient regene- ration. It can compensate 23 percent of the nutrient consumed by the production process. The inputs of phosphates and nitrogen from rivers are 0.55 and 52.7 kilotons respectively. The net nutrient budget is -3.05 kilotons-P and 31.6 kilotons-N.
文摘The carbon cycle of lower trophic level in the Bohai Sea is studied with a three-dimensional biological and physical coupled model. The influences of the processes (including horizontal advection, river nutrient load, active transport etc. ) on the phytoplankton biomass and its evolution are estimated. The Bohai Sea is a weak sink of the CO2 in the atmosphere. During the cycle, 13.7% of the gross production of the phytoplankton enter the higher trophic level and 76.8 % of it are consumed by the respiration itself. The nutrient reproduction comes mainly from the internal biogeochemical loop and the rem-ineralization is an important mechanism of the nutrient transfer from organic form to inorganic. Horizontal advection decreases the total biomass and the eutrophication in some sea areas. Change in the nutrient load of a river can only adjust the local system near its estuary. Controlling the input of the nutrient, which limits the alga growth, can be very useful in lessening the phytoplankton biomass.
基金supported by the Key Projects of the 10^th Five-Year Plan,Operational Storm Surge Numerical Forecast Model and Hazard Reduction Techniques
文摘In order to forecast storm surge inundation, a two-dimensional model is established. In the model, an alternating computation sequence method is used to solve the governing equations, and the dry and wet method is introduced to treat the moving boundary. This model is easy to use. It has a friendly input interface and Arcview GIS is used as the output interface. The model is applied to the Shantou area to simulate the storm surge elevations and inundations caused by Typhoons 6903 ane 0104 using the same relevant parameters. The calculated results agree well with the observations.
文摘A series of test simulations are performed to evaluate the impact of satellite-derived meteorological data on numericaltyphoon track prediction. Geostationary meteorological satellite (GMS5) and NOAAs TIROS operational verticalsounder (TOVS) observations are used in the experiments. A three-dimensional variational (3DVar) assimilationscheme is developed to assimilate the satellite data directly into the Penn StateNCAR nonhydrostatic meteorologi-cal model (MM5). Three-dimensional objective analysis fields based on the T213 results and conventional observa-tions are employed as the background fields of the initialization. The comparisons of the simulated typhoon tracksare carried out, which correspond respectively to assimilate different kinds of satellite data. It is found that, comparedwith the experiment without satellite data assimilation, the 3D-Var assimilation schemes lead to significant improve-ments on typhoon track prediction. Track errors reduce from approximately 25% at 24 h to approximately 30% at48 h for 3DVar assimilation experiments.
基金partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(project No.49976010 and G1999043807)as well as by the Laboratory for Tropical Marine Environmental Dynamics(LED)of the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
文摘In this paper, the recent advances in the study of oceanic vortex are outlined. Firstly, the previous studies on oceanic vortex are reviewed. Secondly, some prominent features of oceanic vortex in the Gulf Stream, the Kuroshio, the South China Sea and the Japan Sea regions are depicted based upon the observations and numerical modeling results. Gene- rally, the lifetime of these oceanic vortices ranges from several weeks to several months, and their horizontal scales vary from tens of kilometers to hundreds of kilometers. Their vertical scales are on the order of thousands of meters. Finally, some theoretical studies, mainly on the splitting of a cyclonic vortex and the merging of anticyclonic vortices, are introduced.
文摘The analysis of observed salinity data over 35 years (1961—1996) at four stations around the Bohai Sea, i.e. Huludao, Qinhuangdao, Tanggu and Beihuangcheng, reveals that the salinity of the 4 observation stations has increased 1.1, 1.6, 1.9 and 0.4, respectively. The data also show that over the past 35 years, there have been at least 5 large salin-ity variation processes. The salinity data from two cruises of the Bohai Sea in August 1958 and 2000, show that the salin-ity pattern of the Bohai Sea has changed markedly. Low sa-linity in the sea surface layer around the old Yellow River mouth in August 1958 had been replaced by high salinity in August 2000 and the maximum variation of salinity is over 10.0. In addition, the values and distribution of salinity were almost the same from surface to bottom there in August 2000, but there existed significantly different salinity levels be-tween the surface layer and the deep layer in August 1958. When a comparison is made between the salinity levels of the above-mentioned two years, it is found that the salinity in August 2000 is on average 2.0 higher than that of August 1958 in the main part of the Bohai Sea. The change of tem-perature and salinity field in the Bohai Sea leads to the change of the circulation. The numerical simulation shows that in comparison with the circulation structure of the Bohai Sea in August 1958, the circulation in August 2000 changes markedly. The significant changes of circulation appeared in Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and in the middle of the Bohai Sea. The clockwise current loop outside of the Bohai Bay and counterclockwise current loop outside of the Laizhou Bay in August 1958 disappeared in August 2000, and the counterclockwise current loop of the Bohai Bay mi-grated obviously outward. The flow direction in the Laizhou Bay turned 180° around. Corresponding to the variation of the Bohai Sea circulation, the amount of water exchange between the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea has also changed. The water exchange rate through the Bohai Strait decreases, on average, 0.7×104 m3/s in August 2000 in contrast to that of August 1958.
文摘Based on water samples collected and observations of currents, tidal levels as well as turbidities taken, respectively over a period of 15 and 7 d, in southwestern Jiaozhou Bay on August, 2001, it was found that: ( i ) the average content of non mineral component amounted to 87% of the suspended sediment matter (SPM) in Jiaozhou Bay,much higher than in estuaries and bays where turbidity is high and mineral particulates dominates; (ii) in contrast to high turbid bays, SPM was generally coarser than bed deposits and in upper water column than in lower water column in Jiaozhou Bay; (iii) in fair weathers, suspended sediment concentration (SPC) varied regularly within tidal cycles and neap-spring cycles, but the regularity was deformed in storms; and (iv) SPC was controlled by settling/resuspension near the bed and by advection at the surface at the study site with a depth of 20 m, suggesting weak vertical exchanges. It was concluded that SPM property of a low turbid bay is sensitive to pollution, and that the maintenance of low turbidity in the bay depends on less SPM supply, low waves and currents, and controlling on discharge of particulate pollutants.
文摘The interdecadal variation of the volume and heat transport of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and its mechanism are preliminarily studied on the basis of the up- dated SODA data. It is found that the interdecadal variation of ITF’s volume transport is mainly concentrated in upper 714 m and that of ITF’s heat transport is mainly confined to upper 450 m. There is fairly consistent interdecadal variation in the depth-integrated seawater pressure above different depths in the region south of Davao, north of New Guinea and southwest of Australia. The depth-integrated pressure difference between northwest of Australia and south of Java has best correspondence with ITF’s volume transport on interdecadal time scales. The relation between the wind stress on the Pacific and ITF’s volume transport on interde- cadal time scales is studied based on Island Rule. It is shown that both the wind stress along the zonal lines just south of Australia and the Equator act as the dominant contributors to ITF’s volume transport, with the latter dominating the phase of ITF’s interdecadal variation. These results indicate that the atmospheric forcing and oceanic adjustment in the tropical region both contribute significantly to the ITF’s interdecadal variation.
