Tomato is an important economic crop all over the world.Volatile flavors in tomato fruit are key factors influencing consumer liking and commercial quality.However,the regulatory mechanism controlling the volatile fla...Tomato is an important economic crop all over the world.Volatile flavors in tomato fruit are key factors influencing consumer liking and commercial quality.However,the regulatory mechanism controlling the volatile flavors of tomatoes is still not clear.Here,we integrated the metabolome and transcriptome of the volatile flavors in tomato fruit to explore the regulatory mechanism of volatile flavor formation,using wild and cultivated tomatoes with significant differences in flavors.A total of 35 volatile flavor compounds were identified,based on the solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS).The content of the volatiles,affecting fruit flavor,significantly increased in the transition from breaker to red ripe fruit stage.Moreover,the total content of the volatiles in wild tomatoes was much higher than that in the cultivated tomatoes.The content variations of all volatile flavors were clustered into 10 groups by hierarchical cluster and Pearson coefficient correlation(PCC)analysis.The fruit transcriptome was also patterned into 10 groups,with significant variations both from the mature green to breaker fruit stage and from the breaker to red ripe fruit stage.Combining the metabolome and the transcriptome of the same developmental stage of fruits by co-expression analysis,we found that the expression level of 1182 genes was highly correlated with the content of volatile flavor compounds,thereby constructing two regulatory pathways of important volatile flavors.One pathway is tetrahydrothiazolidine N-hydroxylase(SlTNH1)-dependent,which is regulated by two transcription factors(TFs)from the bHLH and AP2/ERF families,controlling the synthesis of 2-isobutylthiazole in amino acid metabolism.The other is lipoxygenase(Sl LOX)-dependent,which is regulated by one TF from the HD-Zip family,controlling the synthesis of hexanal and(Z)-2-heptenal in fatty acid metabolism.Dual-luciferase assay confirmed the binding of b HLH and AP2/ERF to their structural genes.The findings of this study provide new insights into volatile flavor formation in tomato fruit,which can be useful for tomato flavor improvement.展开更多
A steady rise in the overall population is creating an overburden on crops due to their global demand.On the other hand,given the current climate change and population growth,agricultural practices established during ...A steady rise in the overall population is creating an overburden on crops due to their global demand.On the other hand,given the current climate change and population growth,agricultural practices established during the Green Revolution are no longer viable.Consequently,innovative practices are the prerequisite of the time struggle with the rising global food demand.The potential of nanotechnology to reduce the phytotoxic effects of these ecological restrictions has shown significant promise.Nanoparticles(NPs)typically enhance plant resilience to stressors by fortifying the physical barrier,optimizing photosynthesis,stimulating enzymatic activity for defense,elevating the concentration of stress-resistant compounds,and activating the expression of genes associated with defense mechanisms.In this review,we thoroughly cover the uptake and translocations of NPs crops and their potential valuable functions in enhancing plant growth and development at different growth stages.Additionally,we addressed how NPs improve plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.Generally,this review presents a thorough understanding of the significance of NPs in plants and their prospective value for plant antioxidant and crop development.展开更多
Bacterial soft rot(BSR)caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp.brasiliense(Pcb)is a serious bacterial disease which negatively impact yield and quality in cucumber.However,the genetic mechanism of BSR resistance in...Bacterial soft rot(BSR)caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp.brasiliense(Pcb)is a serious bacterial disease which negatively impact yield and quality in cucumber.However,the genetic mechanism of BSR resistance in cucumber has not been reported.Here,we investigated the BSR resistance of 119 cucumber core germplasm worldwide at the seedling stage and identified 26 accessions highly resistant to BSR.A total of 1642740 single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were used to conduct GWAS,and five loci associated with BSR resistance were detected on four chromosomes:gBSR2.1,gBSR2.2,gBSR3.1,gBSR4.1 and gBSR5.1.Based on haplotype analysis,sequence polymorphisms,functional annotation and qRT-PCR analysis,six candidate genes were identified within the five loci.CsaV3_2G014450,CsaV3_2G014490,CsaV3_2G016000,CsaV3_3G000850,CsaV3_4G033150,and CsaV3_5G000390 each had nonsynonymous SNPs,and were significantly up-regulated in the resistant genotypes after inoculation.And CsaV3_5G000390 in the susceptible genotype was significantly up-regulated after inoculation.The identification of these candidate genes lays a foundation for understanding the genetic mechanism of BSR resistance in cucumber.Generally,our study mined genes associated with BSR resistance in cucumber seedlings and will assist the breeding of BSR-resistant cucumber cultivars.展开更多
Polyploidy,or whole-genome duplication,is an important evolutionary process that has shaped the genomes and traits of many plants,including numerous important crops.The Brassica genus,which includes diverse vegetables...Polyploidy,or whole-genome duplication,is an important evolutionary process that has shaped the genomes and traits of many plants,including numerous important crops.The Brassica genus,which includes diverse vegetables and oilseeds,is a key model system for studying how polyploidy affects plant diversification and domestication.This review summarizes the current understanding of how multiple rounds of ancient and more recent polyploidization events laid the foundation for the wide diversity seen in Brassica.We discuss the key outcomes through which polyploidy facilitates the accumulation of genetic variation,including genomic buffering that enables mutation retention.Furthermore,we explore the significant roles of interspecies and interploidy introgression in introducing external genetic novelty.We highlight homoeologous exchange(HE)as a critical mechanism unique to allopolyploids,driving substantial genomic rearrangements including presence-absence variations and gene dosage alterations that directly contribute to significant phenotypic innovation and adaptation in Brassica.Together,these polyploidy-associated processes have led to the extensive range of genomic variations that shaped great morphological diversification in the domestication of Brassica.By integrating insights from genomics,genetics,and evolutionary biology,this review shows how polyploidy has been central to Brassica's success and agricultural value.We also suggest future research areas to better understand polyploid evolution and improve crop breeding.展开更多
Phytophthora capsici Leonian is a destructive pathogen that affects pepper production worldwide.Resistance breeding has been proposed as the most efficient and eco-friendly management strategy for controlling this pat...Phytophthora capsici Leonian is a destructive pathogen that affects pepper production worldwide.Resistance breeding has been proposed as the most efficient and eco-friendly management strategy for controlling this pathogen.This study aimed to characterize the genetic architecture of P.capsici resistance in pepper to support its resistance breeding.In this study,a panel of 220 accessions of Capsicum annuum were evaluated for resistance to P.capsici under controlled conditions.The panel was genotyped via genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),and the resulting 955 772 high-quality variations were used for the population stratification analysis and the identification of chromosome regions associated with resistance against P.capsici.Strong association signals were detected mainly on chromosomes 5(CaRPc5.1) and 10(CaRPc10.1).The associated single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) explained 5.61%-11.71% of the phenotypic variation.The 220 accessions were divided into four genetic clusters,including an ancestral cluster,a transition cluster,and two recently emerged clusters.P.capsici resistance of the four clusters unveiled compromised resistance to P.capsici during modern domestication,which was hypothesized to be a trade-off for desirable horticultural traits.Using bulked segregant analysis(BSA) and whole-genome resequencing(WGR),a major locus in an F_(4:5) population,derived from a cross between the P.capsici-resistant parent A204 and the susceptible parent A198,was mapped to a 1.81 Mb region on chromosome 10,which coincided with the CaRPc10.1 locus.This locus was further fine-mapped into a 32.36 kb region based on two derived F_(5:6) populations consisting of 2 713 individuals.The Capann59Chr10g029350 gene,a likely allelic variation of the Pur4 gene in this interval,was proposed as a strong candidate gene for Phytophthora capsisi resistance.Our results provide molecular perspectives into the P.capsici-resistance mechanism and molecular markers for the improvement of P.capsici resistance in pepper and pave the way for cloning the resistance gene underlying CaRPc10.1.展开更多
Eye depth is an important agronomic trait affecting tubers'appearance,quality,and processing suitability.Hence,cultivating varieties with uniform shapes and shallow eye depth are important goals for potato breedin...Eye depth is an important agronomic trait affecting tubers'appearance,quality,and processing suitability.Hence,cultivating varieties with uniform shapes and shallow eye depth are important goals for potato breeding.In this study,based on the primary mapping of the tuber eyedepth locus using a small primary-segregating population,a large secondary-segregating population with 2100 individuals was used to map the eye-depth locus further.A major quantitative trait locus for eye-depth on chromosome 10 was identified(designated qEyd10.1)using BSAseq and traditional QTL mapping methods.The qEyd10.1 could explain 55.0%of the eye depth phenotypic variation and was further narrowed to a 309.10 kb interval using recombinant analysis.To predict candidate genes,tissue sectioning and RNA-seq of the specific tuber tissues were performed.Genes encoding members of the peroxidase superfamily with likely roles in indole acetic acid regulation were considered the most promising candidates.These results will facilitate marker-assisted selection for the shallow-eye trait in potato breeding and provide a solid basis for eye-depth gene cloning and the analysis of tuber eye-depth regulatory mechanisms.展开更多
Plastics,renowned for their flexibility,stability,and cost-effectiveness,have become indispensable materials in modern life.However,their extensive use has led to a global environmental and health crisis.Especially,pl...Plastics,renowned for their flexibility,stability,and cost-effectiveness,have become indispensable materials in modern life.However,their extensive use has led to a global environmental and health crisis.Especially,plastic products infiltrate agroecosystems through atmospheric deposition,irrigation water,soil contamination,and the degradation of plastic mulch films,posing significant risks to vegetable quality and safety.Traditional disposal methods,such as incineration and landfilling,are energy-intensive and ecologically harmful,necessitating the development and application of innovative technologies for plastic removal.This paper reviews representative advanced(micro)plastic removal technologies,with a particular focus on frameworks-containing photocatalysis as a promising green method for processing(micro)plastics.First,we analyze and compare traditional,then discuss emerging removal technologies.Next,we elaborate on the principles of photocatalytic degradation of plastic products,discuss key influencing factors,and classify various photocatalysts.Additionally,we highlight the limitations of conventional photocatalysts,such as TiO_(2) and ZnO,and emphasize the advantages of frame-work materials(e.g.,MOFs,COFs,ZIFs)in photocatalytic degradation,including their structural tunability and development potential.Finally,based on the current progress and applications of framework photocatalysts,we identify existing limitations and propose future research directions.This review provides a theoretical foundation and innovative technological insights to address the global challenge of plastic pollution.展开更多
Vivipary in plants evolved under long-term adaptation to harsh environments and is an important reproduction pathway.However,the mechanisms driving vegetative vivipary are still unclear.In this study,we investigated t...Vivipary in plants evolved under long-term adaptation to harsh environments and is an important reproduction pathway.However,the mechanisms driving vegetative vivipary are still unclear.In this study,we investigated the anatomy of viviparous inflorescences of Festuca glauca‘Elijah Blue’using stereomicroscopy and paraffin section anatomical observation.We also determined the contents of endogenous hormones in normal and viviparous inflorescences using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.In viviparous inflorescences,typical upper and lower epidermal tissues,spongy tissue,and palisade tissue of leaves appeared in developmental stages 2 and 3(20 and 45 days after emergence),indicating vegetative vivipary,which was consistent with the stereomicroscope results.The contents of auxin,gibberellin,and abscisic acid in viviparous inflorescences increased from stage 1 to stage 4,with the content of abscisic acid showing a particularly large increase.At stage 2,the difference in abscisic acid content between viviparous and normal inflorescences was 95.2410 ng/g fresh weight(FW)(81.49%increase in content).These results indicate that high levels of abscisic acid promote vivipary.There were also significant differences(p<0.05)in zeatin riboside and brassinosteroid between normal and viviparous inflorescences at each developmental stage.Our results lay a foundation for the preliminary exploration of the mechanisms driving vivipary in F.glauca.Further research on the genes and transcription factors involved in vivipary is still needed.展开更多
Amborella trichopoda(Amborellaceae;hereafter simply Amborella)(Fig.1A)is a shrub endemic to New Caledonia in the Southwest Pacific that represents the sole sister species of all other extant angiosperms(Qiu et al.,199...Amborella trichopoda(Amborellaceae;hereafter simply Amborella)(Fig.1A)is a shrub endemic to New Caledonia in the Southwest Pacific that represents the sole sister species of all other extant angiosperms(Qiu et al.,1999;One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative,2019).Due to its unique phylogenetic status,it holds tremendous interest for botanists.The nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of Amborella were first published in 2013,providing valuable resources for studies on genome and gene family evolution,phylogenomics,and flower development,despite the fact that the assembly is heavily fragmented(Amborella Genome Project,2013;Rice et al.,2013).In 2024,a haplotype-resolved Amborella genome assembly was published,showing significant improvement in quality and completeness(Carey et al.,2024).展开更多
In tomato,early fruit development involves rapid cell division and expansion,which are highly dependent on sugar availability(Huang et al.,2025;Yuan et al.,2025).After fruit set,soluble sugars are loaded into pericarp...In tomato,early fruit development involves rapid cell division and expansion,which are highly dependent on sugar availability(Huang et al.,2025;Yuan et al.,2025).After fruit set,soluble sugars are loaded into pericarp cells through the symplasmic(cytosol)or apoplasmic pathway(cell wall and extracellular matrix)(Patrick and Offler,1996).Sucrose,as the major form of carbon translocated to tomato fruit,can be directly unloaded into fruit cells.However,some sucrose can be hydrolyzed by extracellular invertase,producing glucose and fructose for metabolism and biosynthesis in pericarp cells(Ruan,2014).展开更多
In recent years,through financial subsidies,Shouguang City has promoted the application of electrostatic sprayer,dual-purpose fog and mist sprinkler machine,Bacillus cereus,flame disinfection service based on fine rot...In recent years,through financial subsidies,Shouguang City has promoted the application of electrostatic sprayer,dual-purpose fog and mist sprinkler machine,Bacillus cereus,flame disinfection service based on fine rotary tillage and multi-functional plant protection machine and other new green prevention and control products and technologies for the greenhouse vegetable in the city. As a result,the utilization rate of pesticides was increased by more than 5%,and the application rate was reduced by more than 10%.展开更多
Low light stress is one of the main limiting factors which influence the production of sweet pepper under protected cultivation in China. In this experiment, two genotypes of sweet pepper, ShY （low light-tolerant gen...Low light stress is one of the main limiting factors which influence the production of sweet pepper under protected cultivation in China. In this experiment, two genotypes of sweet pepper, ShY （low light-tolerant genotype） and 20078 （low light-sensitive genotype）, were used to study the effects of low light （photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD was 75- 100 umol m-2 s-1, control 450-500 umol m-2 s-1） on photosynthesis during leaf development. The result indicated that under low light chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate （PN）, photosynthetic apparent quantum efficiency （Фi） and carboxylation efficiency （CE） of sweet pepper leaves increased gradually and decreased after reaching the maximum levels. The time to reach the peak values for all the above parameters was delayed, whereas the light compensation point （LCP） decreased gradually along with leaf expansion. The decrease in maximum quantum yield of PS II （Fv/Fm） was not observed at any stages of the leaf development under low light condition, but the actual PS II efficiency under irradiance （ФPS II） was lower accompanied by an increased non-photochemical quenching （NPQ） in young and/or old leaves compared with mature leaves. The antenna thermal dissipation （D） was a main way of heat dissipation when young leaves received excessive light energy, while the decline in photosynthetic function in senescence leaf was mostly owing to the decrease in carbon assimilation capacity, followed by a significantly increased allocation of excessive energy （Ex）. Compared with 20078, ShY could maintain higher PN, ФPS II and lower QA reduction state for a longer time during leaf development. Thus, in ShY photosynthetic efficiency and the activity of electron transport of PS II were not significantly affected due to low light stress.展开更多
Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-t...Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-term Genebank for Vegetables,Beijing,China was analyzed based on 29 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,which were evenly distributed over 12 pepper chromosomes.The pepper accessions were divided into two groups in a genetic structure analysis,and the two groups showed obvious differences in fruit type and geographical distribution.We finally selected 248 accessions capturing 75.6%of the SSR alleles as the core collection for further research.Insights into the genetic structure of pepper provide the basis for population-level gene mining and genetic improvement.展开更多
Gibberellins(GAs)promote flowering in the forcing-cultured tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa),however,the mechanism of regulating flowering is not fully understood.In this study,exogenous GA3 was applied to five-year-ol...Gibberellins(GAs)promote flowering in the forcing-cultured tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa),however,the mechanism of regulating flowering is not fully understood.In this study,exogenous GA3 was applied to five-year-old Luoyang Hong plants to explore responses in terms of endogenous hormones,flowering quality,and the hormone-and flowering-associated gene expression.Exogenous GA3 application significantly promoted flower bud development and new branch growth,as well as improved flowering quality.Exogenous GA3 application also stimulated the synthesis of endogenous GA3 and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)but reduced abscisic acid(ABA)levels.To further elucidate the regulatory mechanism,eight genes for GA biosynthesis and signaling,including PsCPS,PsKS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1b,PsGID1c,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 were cloned for the first time,and sequence analysis was also performed.The results suggested that all the cloned genes have conserved structure as each homologous gene reported in the other species.Phylogenetic trees constructed by the each cloned gene showed that the phylogenetic evolutionary relationship of P.suffruticosa was closely related to Vitis vinifera.The expression patterns of the above genes,and genes for ABA and IAA biosynthetic and signaling,and the flowering time were also investigated.Most of the above genes showed higher expression in the control buds than those in the GA3 treated buds at six developmental stages,whereas the expression levels of PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 were up-regulated by GA3 treatment.The results also showed that the GA-biosynthetic and signaling pathways are conserved in tree peony,and the PsCPS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 genes are necessary for feedback regulation of GAs.Furthermore,hormone changes promoted PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 expression,and repressed PsSVP expression,which contributed to the improvement flowering quality in tree peony of forcing culture.展开更多
Cucumber is one of the most widely consumed vegetables worldwide,and the fruit spine is an important fruit quality trait.Expansins play critical roles in fruit development;however,the regulation of expansins in cucumb...Cucumber is one of the most widely consumed vegetables worldwide,and the fruit spine is an important fruit quality trait.Expansins play critical roles in fruit development;however,the regulation of expansins in cucumber fruit spine development has not been reported.In this study,33 expansin genes were identified in the cucumber genome V3;additionally,expansin genes in Citrullus lanatus,Cucumis melo,Cucurbita maxima,Lagenaria siceraria,and Benincasa hispida were also identified.Phylogenetic analysis of expansin proteins in Cucurbitaceae and Arabidopsis showed that they evolved separately in each plant species.Phylogenetic analysis showed that C.maxima was derived earlier than the other five Cucurbitaceae species.The expression of CsEXPA2,CsEXPA14,and CsEXLA3 varied in cucumber lines with different fruit spine densities.A yeast two-hybrid assay showed that a putative auxin transporter encoded by numerous spine gene(ns)interacts with CsEXLA2,which may be involved in the development of the numerous spines in cucumber.These results provide novel insights into the expansins related to plant development and fruit spine development in cucumber.展开更多
Cucumber powdery mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of cucumber throughout the world. In the present study, inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in three crosses, and linkage of resistance with amplifi...Cucumber powdery mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of cucumber throughout the world. In the present study, inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in three crosses, and linkage of resistance with amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers are studied to formulate efficient strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to powdery mildew. The joint analysis of multiple generations and AFLP technique has been applied in this study. The best model is the one with two major genes, additive, dominant, and epistatic effects, plus polygenes with additive, dominant, and epistatic effects （E-l-0 model）. The heritabilities of the major genes varied from 64.26% to 97.82%, and susceptibility was incompletely dominant for the two major genes in the three crosses studied. The additive effects of the two major genes and the dominant effect of the second major gene were high, and the epistatic effect of the additive-dominant between the two major genes was the highest in cross I . In cross II, the absolute value of the additive effect, dominant effect, and potential ratio of the first major gene were far higher than those of the second major gene, and the epistatic effect of the additive-additive was the highest. The genetic parameters of the two major genes in cross III were similar to those in cross II. Correlation and regression analyses showed that marker E25/M63-103 was linked to a susceptible gene controlling powdery mildew resistance. The marker could account for 19.98% of the phenotypic variation. When the marker was tested on a diverse set of 29 cucumber lines, the correlation between phenotype and genotype was not significant, which suggested cultivar specialty of gene expression or different methods of resistance to powdery mildew. The target DNA fragment was 103 bp in length, and only a small part was found to be homologous to DNA in the other species evaluated, which indicated that it was unique to the cucumber genome.展开更多
Clubroot disease,a major plant root disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae,has become one of the most destructive diseases among cultivated cruciferous vegetables.However,clubroot-resistant Brassica oleracea mater...Clubroot disease,a major plant root disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae,has become one of the most destructive diseases among cultivated cruciferous vegetables.However,clubroot-resistant Brassica oleracea materials are rare.A few clubroot-resistant cabbage varieties are available on the market,but all are Ogura cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS)types.Therefore,in this study,to reutilize the clubroot-resistant Ogura CMS germplasm of cabbage,a new fertility-restored Ogura CMS material,16Q2-11,was used as a bridge to transfer the clubroot resistance(CR)gene from the Ogura CMS cytoplasm to the normal cytoplasm by a two-step method(a fertility restoration and cytoplasm replacement method).In the first cross for fertility restoration of Ogura CMS clubroot-resistant cabbage(FRCRC),16Q2-11 was used as a restorer to cross with Ogura CMS materials containing the CR gene CRb2.Eleven Rfo-positive progenies were generated,of which four contained CRb2:F8-514,F8-620,F8-732 and F8-839.After inoculation with race 4 of P.brassicae,these four CRb2-positive individuals showed resistance.Furthermore,F8-514 and F8-839 were then used as male parents in the second cross of FRCRC to cross with cabbage inbred lines,resulting in the successful introgression of the CRb2 gene into the inbred lines.All offspring produced from this step of cross,which had a normal cytoplasm,showed a high resistance to race 4 of P.brassicae and could be utilized for the breeding of clubrootresistant cabbage varieties in the future.This is the first time that the Ogura CMS restorer has been used to restore the fertility of Ogura CMS clubroot-resistant cabbages,which could improve germplasm diversity in cabbage and provide a reference method for using CMS germplasm in Brassica crops.展开更多
Root-knot nematodes(RKNs)cause severe diseases in peppers annually around the world.In pepper,the Me3 gene provides a heat-stable and broad-spectrum resistance to RKNs.In this study,several simple sequence repeat(SSR)...Root-knot nematodes(RKNs)cause severe diseases in peppers annually around the world.In pepper,the Me3 gene provides a heat-stable and broad-spectrum resistance to RKNs.In this study,several simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers and insertion/deletion(In Del)markers were developed to fine map the Me3 gene.Analysis of 2272 individuals(F2progenies)revealed that Me3 was located in a 45-kb DNA region between markers SSR784 and SSR339,in which there were three candidate genes.Among them,as a novel nucleotide binding site and leucine rich repeat(NBS-LRR)family gene,the DNA sequence of Capana09g000163 of pepper line‘HDA149’was 6348 bp in length,with a 2802-bp open reading frame encoding 933 amino acids,including NB-ARC and LRR domains.Tobacco transient expression assays demonstrated that expression of Capana09g000163 triggered a hypersensitive response(HR)in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Subcellular localization results showed that the Capana09g000163 protein was localized in the cell nucleus.Ectopic expression of Capana09g000163 in Arabidopsis significantly increased resistance against Meloidogyne incognita compared with the wild-type(WT)Arabidopsis.Furthermore,M.incognita was almost unable to develop in transgenic Arabidopsis expressing Capana09g000163.Taken together,we cloned the Me3 gene and verified that it induced resistance against M.incognita with the methods of map-based cloning and transgenic technology,which may be of great significance to pepper breeding for resistance against RKNs.展开更多
GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase （GMPase） catalyses the synthesis of GDP-D-mannose and represents the first committed step in the synthesis of ascorbate. In the present study, the GMPase gene of tomato was introduced...GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase （GMPase） catalyses the synthesis of GDP-D-mannose and represents the first committed step in the synthesis of ascorbate. In the present study, the GMPase gene of tomato was introduced into potato by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Two transgenic lines with higher GMPase expression were selected using qPCR and protein blot analyses. The results showed that the content of L-ascorbic acid （AsA） and the ratio of AsA/ DHA （dehydroascorbate） significantly increased in both leaves and tubers of transgenic potato plants. Both pigment content and photosynthetic rate were much higher in transgenic plants than in wild-type plants. Transgenic plants showed a distinguishable change in phenotype from the wild-type plants. Furthermore, transgenic plants showed delayed senescence.展开更多
Variety identification plays an important role in protecting the intellectual property of varieties,ensuring seed quality,and encouraging breeding innovation.Currently,morphological evaluation in the field,such as dis...Variety identification plays an important role in protecting the intellectual property of varieties,ensuring seed quality,and encouraging breeding innovation.Currently,morphological evaluation in the field,such as distinctness,uniformity,and stability(DUS)testing,and DNA fingerprinting in the laboratory using molecular markers are two dominant methods used for variety identification.Few studies have compared the results of these approaches,and the relationship between the two methods is obscure.In this study,134 dominant cucumber varieties were evaluated using 50 DUS testing traits and genotyped by 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).The 40 SNPs were developed in our previous study and arewell suited for variety identification.In the DUS testing,significant positive or negative correlations among 50 DUS traits were observed,and 20 core traits,including 15 fruit traits,were further selected to increase field inspection efficiency.This suggested that fruit shape plays an important role in variety identification.The ratio of fruit length/diameter was themost important trait,explaining 9.2%of the phenotypic variation.In the DNA fingerprinting test,the 40 SNPs were highly polymorphic and could distinguish all of the 134 cucumber varieties,and 14 core SNPs were selected to improve the identification rate.Interestingly,the population structure analysis of 134 cucumber varieties by phenotypic data in the DUS test was in accordance with the genotypic data from the DNA fingerprinting,indicating that all varieties could be divided into the same four subgroups:European type,North China type,South China type,and hybrids of the North China and South China types.Moreover,linear correlativity of distinguishment for each pair of varieties was observed between the DUS test and the DNA fingerprinting.These results indicated that these two methods have good application in future research,especially for the scaled-up analysis of hundreds of varieties.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32120103010,32002050)Beijing Joint Research Program for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding(Grant No.G20220628003-03)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Tomato is an important economic crop all over the world.Volatile flavors in tomato fruit are key factors influencing consumer liking and commercial quality.However,the regulatory mechanism controlling the volatile flavors of tomatoes is still not clear.Here,we integrated the metabolome and transcriptome of the volatile flavors in tomato fruit to explore the regulatory mechanism of volatile flavor formation,using wild and cultivated tomatoes with significant differences in flavors.A total of 35 volatile flavor compounds were identified,based on the solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS).The content of the volatiles,affecting fruit flavor,significantly increased in the transition from breaker to red ripe fruit stage.Moreover,the total content of the volatiles in wild tomatoes was much higher than that in the cultivated tomatoes.The content variations of all volatile flavors were clustered into 10 groups by hierarchical cluster and Pearson coefficient correlation(PCC)analysis.The fruit transcriptome was also patterned into 10 groups,with significant variations both from the mature green to breaker fruit stage and from the breaker to red ripe fruit stage.Combining the metabolome and the transcriptome of the same developmental stage of fruits by co-expression analysis,we found that the expression level of 1182 genes was highly correlated with the content of volatile flavor compounds,thereby constructing two regulatory pathways of important volatile flavors.One pathway is tetrahydrothiazolidine N-hydroxylase(SlTNH1)-dependent,which is regulated by two transcription factors(TFs)from the bHLH and AP2/ERF families,controlling the synthesis of 2-isobutylthiazole in amino acid metabolism.The other is lipoxygenase(Sl LOX)-dependent,which is regulated by one TF from the HD-Zip family,controlling the synthesis of hexanal and(Z)-2-heptenal in fatty acid metabolism.Dual-luciferase assay confirmed the binding of b HLH and AP2/ERF to their structural genes.The findings of this study provide new insights into volatile flavor formation in tomato fruit,which can be useful for tomato flavor improvement.
基金The authors extend their gratitude to the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR),King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia,for funding the publication of this work(Project number:KFU250560).
文摘A steady rise in the overall population is creating an overburden on crops due to their global demand.On the other hand,given the current climate change and population growth,agricultural practices established during the Green Revolution are no longer viable.Consequently,innovative practices are the prerequisite of the time struggle with the rising global food demand.The potential of nanotechnology to reduce the phytotoxic effects of these ecological restrictions has shown significant promise.Nanoparticles(NPs)typically enhance plant resilience to stressors by fortifying the physical barrier,optimizing photosynthesis,stimulating enzymatic activity for defense,elevating the concentration of stress-resistant compounds,and activating the expression of genes associated with defense mechanisms.In this review,we thoroughly cover the uptake and translocations of NPs crops and their potential valuable functions in enhancing plant growth and development at different growth stages.Additionally,we addressed how NPs improve plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.Generally,this review presents a thorough understanding of the significance of NPs in plants and their prospective value for plant antioxidant and crop development.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFD1200101)the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(Grant No.CARS-23)Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science(Grant No.CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS).
文摘Bacterial soft rot(BSR)caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp.brasiliense(Pcb)is a serious bacterial disease which negatively impact yield and quality in cucumber.However,the genetic mechanism of BSR resistance in cucumber has not been reported.Here,we investigated the BSR resistance of 119 cucumber core germplasm worldwide at the seedling stage and identified 26 accessions highly resistant to BSR.A total of 1642740 single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were used to conduct GWAS,and five loci associated with BSR resistance were detected on four chromosomes:gBSR2.1,gBSR2.2,gBSR3.1,gBSR4.1 and gBSR5.1.Based on haplotype analysis,sequence polymorphisms,functional annotation and qRT-PCR analysis,six candidate genes were identified within the five loci.CsaV3_2G014450,CsaV3_2G014490,CsaV3_2G016000,CsaV3_3G000850,CsaV3_4G033150,and CsaV3_5G000390 each had nonsynonymous SNPs,and were significantly up-regulated in the resistant genotypes after inoculation.And CsaV3_5G000390 in the susceptible genotype was significantly up-regulated after inoculation.The identification of these candidate genes lays a foundation for understanding the genetic mechanism of BSR resistance in cucumber.Generally,our study mined genes associated with BSR resistance in cucumber seedlings and will assist the breeding of BSR-resistant cucumber cultivars.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFF1000104)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP),Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project(Grant No.Z231100003723009)+4 种基金the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Grant No.Y2023PT16)TKI project(Grant No.KV1605-004)support from the China Scholarship Councilthe NPO bursary funding from Wageningen universitythe scholarship from Institute of vegetables and flowers,CAAS.
文摘Polyploidy,or whole-genome duplication,is an important evolutionary process that has shaped the genomes and traits of many plants,including numerous important crops.The Brassica genus,which includes diverse vegetables and oilseeds,is a key model system for studying how polyploidy affects plant diversification and domestication.This review summarizes the current understanding of how multiple rounds of ancient and more recent polyploidization events laid the foundation for the wide diversity seen in Brassica.We discuss the key outcomes through which polyploidy facilitates the accumulation of genetic variation,including genomic buffering that enables mutation retention.Furthermore,we explore the significant roles of interspecies and interploidy introgression in introducing external genetic novelty.We highlight homoeologous exchange(HE)as a critical mechanism unique to allopolyploids,driving substantial genomic rearrangements including presence-absence variations and gene dosage alterations that directly contribute to significant phenotypic innovation and adaptation in Brassica.Together,these polyploidy-associated processes have led to the extensive range of genomic variations that shaped great morphological diversification in the domestication of Brassica.By integrating insights from genomics,genetics,and evolutionary biology,this review shows how polyploidy has been central to Brassica's success and agricultural value.We also suggest future research areas to better understand polyploid evolution and improve crop breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32160712)Science Foundation for Young Scholars of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.20212BAB215029)+4 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province of China(Grant No.20223BBF61003)Academic and Technical Leader Projects of Major Disciplines in Jiangxi Province(Grant No.20225BCJ23010)Project on Fundamental Research and Talent Cultivation at Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.JXSNKYJCRC202341)China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-24-G-08)Jiangxi Province Crop Improved Varieties Joint Project-Excellent germplasm creation of capsicum and breeding of new varieties with high quality and yield
文摘Phytophthora capsici Leonian is a destructive pathogen that affects pepper production worldwide.Resistance breeding has been proposed as the most efficient and eco-friendly management strategy for controlling this pathogen.This study aimed to characterize the genetic architecture of P.capsici resistance in pepper to support its resistance breeding.In this study,a panel of 220 accessions of Capsicum annuum were evaluated for resistance to P.capsici under controlled conditions.The panel was genotyped via genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),and the resulting 955 772 high-quality variations were used for the population stratification analysis and the identification of chromosome regions associated with resistance against P.capsici.Strong association signals were detected mainly on chromosomes 5(CaRPc5.1) and 10(CaRPc10.1).The associated single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) explained 5.61%-11.71% of the phenotypic variation.The 220 accessions were divided into four genetic clusters,including an ancestral cluster,a transition cluster,and two recently emerged clusters.P.capsici resistance of the four clusters unveiled compromised resistance to P.capsici during modern domestication,which was hypothesized to be a trade-off for desirable horticultural traits.Using bulked segregant analysis(BSA) and whole-genome resequencing(WGR),a major locus in an F_(4:5) population,derived from a cross between the P.capsici-resistant parent A204 and the susceptible parent A198,was mapped to a 1.81 Mb region on chromosome 10,which coincided with the CaRPc10.1 locus.This locus was further fine-mapped into a 32.36 kb region based on two derived F_(5:6) populations consisting of 2 713 individuals.The Capann59Chr10g029350 gene,a likely allelic variation of the Pur4 gene in this interval,was proposed as a strong candidate gene for Phytophthora capsisi resistance.Our results provide molecular perspectives into the P.capsici-resistance mechanism and molecular markers for the improvement of P.capsici resistance in pepper and pave the way for cloning the resistance gene underlying CaRPc10.1.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31801421)the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Innovation Project(Grant No.CAAS-ASTIPIVFCAAS).
文摘Eye depth is an important agronomic trait affecting tubers'appearance,quality,and processing suitability.Hence,cultivating varieties with uniform shapes and shallow eye depth are important goals for potato breeding.In this study,based on the primary mapping of the tuber eyedepth locus using a small primary-segregating population,a large secondary-segregating population with 2100 individuals was used to map the eye-depth locus further.A major quantitative trait locus for eye-depth on chromosome 10 was identified(designated qEyd10.1)using BSAseq and traditional QTL mapping methods.The qEyd10.1 could explain 55.0%of the eye depth phenotypic variation and was further narrowed to a 309.10 kb interval using recombinant analysis.To predict candidate genes,tissue sectioning and RNA-seq of the specific tuber tissues were performed.Genes encoding members of the peroxidase superfamily with likely roles in indole acetic acid regulation were considered the most promising candidates.These results will facilitate marker-assisted selection for the shallow-eye trait in potato breeding and provide a solid basis for eye-depth gene cloning and the analysis of tuber eye-depth regulatory mechanisms.
基金supported by Key Laboratory of Vegetables Quality and Safety Control,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,grants from The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP),Development Program of China(2022YFF0606800)the Special Fund for the Industrial System Construction of Modern Agriculture of China(CARS-23-E03)National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali(GYJ2023004).
文摘Plastics,renowned for their flexibility,stability,and cost-effectiveness,have become indispensable materials in modern life.However,their extensive use has led to a global environmental and health crisis.Especially,plastic products infiltrate agroecosystems through atmospheric deposition,irrigation water,soil contamination,and the degradation of plastic mulch films,posing significant risks to vegetable quality and safety.Traditional disposal methods,such as incineration and landfilling,are energy-intensive and ecologically harmful,necessitating the development and application of innovative technologies for plastic removal.This paper reviews representative advanced(micro)plastic removal technologies,with a particular focus on frameworks-containing photocatalysis as a promising green method for processing(micro)plastics.First,we analyze and compare traditional,then discuss emerging removal technologies.Next,we elaborate on the principles of photocatalytic degradation of plastic products,discuss key influencing factors,and classify various photocatalysts.Additionally,we highlight the limitations of conventional photocatalysts,such as TiO_(2) and ZnO,and emphasize the advantages of frame-work materials(e.g.,MOFs,COFs,ZIFs)in photocatalytic degradation,including their structural tunability and development potential.Finally,based on the current progress and applications of framework photocatalysts,we identify existing limitations and propose future research directions.This review provides a theoretical foundation and innovative technological insights to address the global challenge of plastic pollution.
基金supported by funding from the Guizhou Provincial Department of Science and Technology Project(Guizhou Science and Service Enterprises[2022]005)Guizhou Agricultural Science Youth Foundation([2023]35)。
文摘Vivipary in plants evolved under long-term adaptation to harsh environments and is an important reproduction pathway.However,the mechanisms driving vegetative vivipary are still unclear.In this study,we investigated the anatomy of viviparous inflorescences of Festuca glauca‘Elijah Blue’using stereomicroscopy and paraffin section anatomical observation.We also determined the contents of endogenous hormones in normal and viviparous inflorescences using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.In viviparous inflorescences,typical upper and lower epidermal tissues,spongy tissue,and palisade tissue of leaves appeared in developmental stages 2 and 3(20 and 45 days after emergence),indicating vegetative vivipary,which was consistent with the stereomicroscope results.The contents of auxin,gibberellin,and abscisic acid in viviparous inflorescences increased from stage 1 to stage 4,with the content of abscisic acid showing a particularly large increase.At stage 2,the difference in abscisic acid content between viviparous and normal inflorescences was 95.2410 ng/g fresh weight(FW)(81.49%increase in content).These results indicate that high levels of abscisic acid promote vivipary.There were also significant differences(p<0.05)in zeatin riboside and brassinosteroid between normal and viviparous inflorescences at each developmental stage.Our results lay a foundation for the preliminary exploration of the mechanisms driving vivipary in F.glauca.Further research on the genes and transcription factors involved in vivipary is still needed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270217,31970205,31770211)Metasequoia funding of Nanjing Forestry University to YY。
文摘Amborella trichopoda(Amborellaceae;hereafter simply Amborella)(Fig.1A)is a shrub endemic to New Caledonia in the Southwest Pacific that represents the sole sister species of all other extant angiosperms(Qiu et al.,1999;One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative,2019).Due to its unique phylogenetic status,it holds tremendous interest for botanists.The nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of Amborella were first published in 2013,providing valuable resources for studies on genome and gene family evolution,phylogenomics,and flower development,despite the fact that the assembly is heavily fragmented(Amborella Genome Project,2013;Rice et al.,2013).In 2024,a haplotype-resolved Amborella genome assembly was published,showing significant improvement in quality and completeness(Carey et al.,2024).
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32120103010,32341045,and 32272729).
文摘In tomato,early fruit development involves rapid cell division and expansion,which are highly dependent on sugar availability(Huang et al.,2025;Yuan et al.,2025).After fruit set,soluble sugars are loaded into pericarp cells through the symplasmic(cytosol)or apoplasmic pathway(cell wall and extracellular matrix)(Patrick and Offler,1996).Sucrose,as the major form of carbon translocated to tomato fruit,can be directly unloaded into fruit cells.However,some sucrose can be hydrolyzed by extracellular invertase,producing glucose and fructose for metabolism and biosynthesis in pericarp cells(Ruan,2014).
文摘In recent years,through financial subsidies,Shouguang City has promoted the application of electrostatic sprayer,dual-purpose fog and mist sprinkler machine,Bacillus cereus,flame disinfection service based on fine rotary tillage and multi-functional plant protection machine and other new green prevention and control products and technologies for the greenhouse vegetable in the city. As a result,the utilization rate of pesticides was increased by more than 5%,and the application rate was reduced by more than 10%.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program, China (2011BAZ01732-2)the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System in China (CARS-25-A-07)
文摘Low light stress is one of the main limiting factors which influence the production of sweet pepper under protected cultivation in China. In this experiment, two genotypes of sweet pepper, ShY （low light-tolerant genotype） and 20078 （low light-sensitive genotype）, were used to study the effects of low light （photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD was 75- 100 umol m-2 s-1, control 450-500 umol m-2 s-1） on photosynthesis during leaf development. The result indicated that under low light chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate （PN）, photosynthetic apparent quantum efficiency （Фi） and carboxylation efficiency （CE） of sweet pepper leaves increased gradually and decreased after reaching the maximum levels. The time to reach the peak values for all the above parameters was delayed, whereas the light compensation point （LCP） decreased gradually along with leaf expansion. The decrease in maximum quantum yield of PS II （Fv/Fm） was not observed at any stages of the leaf development under low light condition, but the actual PS II efficiency under irradiance （ФPS II） was lower accompanied by an increased non-photochemical quenching （NPQ） in young and/or old leaves compared with mature leaves. The antenna thermal dissipation （D） was a main way of heat dissipation when young leaves received excessive light energy, while the decline in photosynthetic function in senescence leaf was mostly owing to the decrease in carbon assimilation capacity, followed by a significantly increased allocation of excessive energy （Ex）. Compared with 20078, ShY could maintain higher PN, ФPS II and lower QA reduction state for a longer time during leaf development. Thus, in ShY photosynthetic efficiency and the activity of electron transport of PS II were not significantly affected due to low light stress.
基金funded by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100200 and 2016YFD0101700)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-25 and CARS-24-A-01)+1 种基金the Core Research Budget of the Non-profit Governmental Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1610032011011)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIPIVFCAAS)
文摘Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-term Genebank for Vegetables,Beijing,China was analyzed based on 29 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,which were evenly distributed over 12 pepper chromosomes.The pepper accessions were divided into two groups in a genetic structure analysis,and the two groups showed obvious differences in fruit type and geographical distribution.We finally selected 248 accessions capturing 75.6%of the SSR alleles as the core collection for further research.Insights into the genetic structure of pepper provide the basis for population-level gene mining and genetic improvement.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31501800 and 31572156)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund (2015QRNC001)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Cooperation Foundations of Henan Province of China (172106000005)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
文摘Gibberellins(GAs)promote flowering in the forcing-cultured tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa),however,the mechanism of regulating flowering is not fully understood.In this study,exogenous GA3 was applied to five-year-old Luoyang Hong plants to explore responses in terms of endogenous hormones,flowering quality,and the hormone-and flowering-associated gene expression.Exogenous GA3 application significantly promoted flower bud development and new branch growth,as well as improved flowering quality.Exogenous GA3 application also stimulated the synthesis of endogenous GA3 and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)but reduced abscisic acid(ABA)levels.To further elucidate the regulatory mechanism,eight genes for GA biosynthesis and signaling,including PsCPS,PsKS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1b,PsGID1c,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 were cloned for the first time,and sequence analysis was also performed.The results suggested that all the cloned genes have conserved structure as each homologous gene reported in the other species.Phylogenetic trees constructed by the each cloned gene showed that the phylogenetic evolutionary relationship of P.suffruticosa was closely related to Vitis vinifera.The expression patterns of the above genes,and genes for ABA and IAA biosynthetic and signaling,and the flowering time were also investigated.Most of the above genes showed higher expression in the control buds than those in the GA3 treated buds at six developmental stages,whereas the expression levels of PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 were up-regulated by GA3 treatment.The results also showed that the GA-biosynthetic and signaling pathways are conserved in tree peony,and the PsCPS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 genes are necessary for feedback regulation of GAs.Furthermore,hormone changes promoted PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 expression,and repressed PsSVP expression,which contributed to the improvement flowering quality in tree peony of forcing culture.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS-23)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31672172)+1 种基金The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS)the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China。
文摘Cucumber is one of the most widely consumed vegetables worldwide,and the fruit spine is an important fruit quality trait.Expansins play critical roles in fruit development;however,the regulation of expansins in cucumber fruit spine development has not been reported.In this study,33 expansin genes were identified in the cucumber genome V3;additionally,expansin genes in Citrullus lanatus,Cucumis melo,Cucurbita maxima,Lagenaria siceraria,and Benincasa hispida were also identified.Phylogenetic analysis of expansin proteins in Cucurbitaceae and Arabidopsis showed that they evolved separately in each plant species.Phylogenetic analysis showed that C.maxima was derived earlier than the other five Cucurbitaceae species.The expression of CsEXPA2,CsEXPA14,and CsEXLA3 varied in cucumber lines with different fruit spine densities.A yeast two-hybrid assay showed that a putative auxin transporter encoded by numerous spine gene(ns)interacts with CsEXLA2,which may be involved in the development of the numerous spines in cucumber.These results provide novel insights into the expansins related to plant development and fruit spine development in cucumber.
文摘Cucumber powdery mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of cucumber throughout the world. In the present study, inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in three crosses, and linkage of resistance with amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers are studied to formulate efficient strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to powdery mildew. The joint analysis of multiple generations and AFLP technique has been applied in this study. The best model is the one with two major genes, additive, dominant, and epistatic effects, plus polygenes with additive, dominant, and epistatic effects （E-l-0 model）. The heritabilities of the major genes varied from 64.26% to 97.82%, and susceptibility was incompletely dominant for the two major genes in the three crosses studied. The additive effects of the two major genes and the dominant effect of the second major gene were high, and the epistatic effect of the additive-dominant between the two major genes was the highest in cross I . In cross II, the absolute value of the additive effect, dominant effect, and potential ratio of the first major gene were far higher than those of the second major gene, and the epistatic effect of the additive-additive was the highest. The genetic parameters of the two major genes in cross III were similar to those in cross II. Correlation and regression analyses showed that marker E25/M63-103 was linked to a susceptible gene controlling powdery mildew resistance. The marker could account for 19.98% of the phenotypic variation. When the marker was tested on a diverse set of 29 cucumber lines, the correlation between phenotype and genotype was not significant, which suggested cultivar specialty of gene expression or different methods of resistance to powdery mildew. The target DNA fragment was 103 bp in length, and only a small part was found to be homologous to DNA in the other species evaluated, which indicated that it was unique to the cucumber genome.
基金supported by the Major State Research Development Program(2016YFD0101702)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAASASTIP-IVFCAAS)the earmarked fund for the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System,China(nycytx-35-gw01).
文摘Clubroot disease,a major plant root disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae,has become one of the most destructive diseases among cultivated cruciferous vegetables.However,clubroot-resistant Brassica oleracea materials are rare.A few clubroot-resistant cabbage varieties are available on the market,but all are Ogura cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS)types.Therefore,in this study,to reutilize the clubroot-resistant Ogura CMS germplasm of cabbage,a new fertility-restored Ogura CMS material,16Q2-11,was used as a bridge to transfer the clubroot resistance(CR)gene from the Ogura CMS cytoplasm to the normal cytoplasm by a two-step method(a fertility restoration and cytoplasm replacement method).In the first cross for fertility restoration of Ogura CMS clubroot-resistant cabbage(FRCRC),16Q2-11 was used as a restorer to cross with Ogura CMS materials containing the CR gene CRb2.Eleven Rfo-positive progenies were generated,of which four contained CRb2:F8-514,F8-620,F8-732 and F8-839.After inoculation with race 4 of P.brassicae,these four CRb2-positive individuals showed resistance.Furthermore,F8-514 and F8-839 were then used as male parents in the second cross of FRCRC to cross with cabbage inbred lines,resulting in the successful introgression of the CRb2 gene into the inbred lines.All offspring produced from this step of cross,which had a normal cytoplasm,showed a high resistance to race 4 of P.brassicae and could be utilized for the breeding of clubrootresistant cabbage varieties in the future.This is the first time that the Ogura CMS restorer has been used to restore the fertility of Ogura CMS clubroot-resistant cabbages,which could improve germplasm diversity in cabbage and provide a reference method for using CMS germplasm in Brassica crops.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31672010,31871942 and 32172366)Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab(Grant No.B21HJ0214)China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-25)。
文摘Root-knot nematodes(RKNs)cause severe diseases in peppers annually around the world.In pepper,the Me3 gene provides a heat-stable and broad-spectrum resistance to RKNs.In this study,several simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers and insertion/deletion(In Del)markers were developed to fine map the Me3 gene.Analysis of 2272 individuals(F2progenies)revealed that Me3 was located in a 45-kb DNA region between markers SSR784 and SSR339,in which there were three candidate genes.Among them,as a novel nucleotide binding site and leucine rich repeat(NBS-LRR)family gene,the DNA sequence of Capana09g000163 of pepper line‘HDA149’was 6348 bp in length,with a 2802-bp open reading frame encoding 933 amino acids,including NB-ARC and LRR domains.Tobacco transient expression assays demonstrated that expression of Capana09g000163 triggered a hypersensitive response(HR)in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Subcellular localization results showed that the Capana09g000163 protein was localized in the cell nucleus.Ectopic expression of Capana09g000163 in Arabidopsis significantly increased resistance against Meloidogyne incognita compared with the wild-type(WT)Arabidopsis.Furthermore,M.incognita was almost unable to develop in transgenic Arabidopsis expressing Capana09g000163.Taken together,we cloned the Me3 gene and verified that it induced resistance against M.incognita with the methods of map-based cloning and transgenic technology,which may be of great significance to pepper breeding for resistance against RKNs.
基金supported by the National Basic Re-search Program of China (2009CB119000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30771473)funded by Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Ge-netic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture of China
文摘GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase （GMPase） catalyses the synthesis of GDP-D-mannose and represents the first committed step in the synthesis of ascorbate. In the present study, the GMPase gene of tomato was introduced into potato by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Two transgenic lines with higher GMPase expression were selected using qPCR and protein blot analyses. The results showed that the content of L-ascorbic acid （AsA） and the ratio of AsA/ DHA （dehydroascorbate） significantly increased in both leaves and tubers of transgenic potato plants. Both pigment content and photosynthetic rate were much higher in transgenic plants than in wild-type plants. Transgenic plants showed a distinguishable change in phenotype from the wild-type plants. Furthermore, transgenic plants showed delayed senescence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31972432)Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences,China(Grant Nos.QNJJ20190901,KJCX20200113,JKZX202207),Young Top Talents of the National High-level Talents Special Support Program.
文摘Variety identification plays an important role in protecting the intellectual property of varieties,ensuring seed quality,and encouraging breeding innovation.Currently,morphological evaluation in the field,such as distinctness,uniformity,and stability(DUS)testing,and DNA fingerprinting in the laboratory using molecular markers are two dominant methods used for variety identification.Few studies have compared the results of these approaches,and the relationship between the two methods is obscure.In this study,134 dominant cucumber varieties were evaluated using 50 DUS testing traits and genotyped by 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).The 40 SNPs were developed in our previous study and arewell suited for variety identification.In the DUS testing,significant positive or negative correlations among 50 DUS traits were observed,and 20 core traits,including 15 fruit traits,were further selected to increase field inspection efficiency.This suggested that fruit shape plays an important role in variety identification.The ratio of fruit length/diameter was themost important trait,explaining 9.2%of the phenotypic variation.In the DNA fingerprinting test,the 40 SNPs were highly polymorphic and could distinguish all of the 134 cucumber varieties,and 14 core SNPs were selected to improve the identification rate.Interestingly,the population structure analysis of 134 cucumber varieties by phenotypic data in the DUS test was in accordance with the genotypic data from the DNA fingerprinting,indicating that all varieties could be divided into the same four subgroups:European type,North China type,South China type,and hybrids of the North China and South China types.Moreover,linear correlativity of distinguishment for each pair of varieties was observed between the DUS test and the DNA fingerprinting.These results indicated that these two methods have good application in future research,especially for the scaled-up analysis of hundreds of varieties.
