Ephedra comprises approximately 50 species, which are roughly equally distributed between the Old and New World deserts, but not in the intervening regions （amphitropical range）. Great heterogeneity in the substitut...Ephedra comprises approximately 50 species, which are roughly equally distributed between the Old and New World deserts, but not in the intervening regions （amphitropical range）. Great heterogeneity in the substitution rates of Gnetales （Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia） has made it difficult to infer the ages of the major divergence events in Ephedra, such as the timing of the Beringian disjunction in the genus and the entry into South America. Here, we use data from as many Gnetales species and genes as available from GenBank and from a recent study to investigate the timing of the major divergence events. Because of the tradeoff between the amount of missing data and taxon/gene sampling, we reduced the initial matrix of 265 accessions and 12 loci to 95 accessions and 10 loci, and further to 42 species （and 7736 aligned nucleotides） to achieve stationary distributions in the Bayesian molecular clock runs. Results from a relaxed clock with an uncorrelated rates model and fossil-based calibration reveal that New World species are monophyletic and diverged from their mostly Asian sister clade some 30 mya, fitting with many other Beringian disjunctions. The split between the single North American and the single South American clade occurred approximately 25 mya, well before the closure of the Panamanian Isthmus. Overall, the biogeographic history of Ephedra appears dominated by long-distance dispersal, but finer-scale studies are needed to test this hypothesis.展开更多
Plant regrowth capacity and soil protection were investigated using three flooding-tolerant Yangtze River riverside species （Arundinella anomala, Hemartria compressa and Cynodon dactylon）. The root and leaf surface ...Plant regrowth capacity and soil protection were investigated using three flooding-tolerant Yangtze River riverside species （Arundinella anomala, Hemartria compressa and Cynodon dactylon）. The root and leaf surface growth, the plant regrowth capacity and the mitigation of soil runoff were analyzed using potted plants that were covered with 5, 10 and 18 cm new sediments, respectively. A. anomala reacted most slowly to the recovery from new sediments, while H. compressa had the highest recovery rates. The latter could produce 24 times the initial root length and 41 times its original leaf surface during the growth period of 12 weeks. C. dactyion showed no significant change in growth in relation to the rising sediment thickness, which means that even 18 cm of new sediments were tolerated by C. dactylon. Erosion tests showed that all three plant species can reduce the soil runoff by more than 63%. Compared to other species, A. anomala was less capable of stabilizing new sediments. The soil protecting abilities of H. compressa decreased after more than 10 cm of new sediments. C. dactyion showed the best soil retention compared to the other species examined, since it could reduce the soil runoff up to 87%. Consequently, C. dactylon was found to be significantly better for soil-protection plant species than A. anomala and H. compressa given the conditions at the Three Gorges Reservoir.展开更多
Weedy plants affect the biodiversity and ecosystem function as well as the crop and fodder plant production. However, adequate management requires detailed knowledge of the taxonomic identity of these plants. Here, we...Weedy plants affect the biodiversity and ecosystem function as well as the crop and fodder plant production. However, adequate management requires detailed knowledge of the taxonomic identity of these plants. Here, we focused on a hemiparasitic Pedicularis species（Orobanchaceae）, which occurs at high densities and results in significant biomass reductions in forage grasses in Bayanbulak Grassland of Xinjiang. The identity of this target species is not clear, with conflicting reports in publications and in herbarium collections. Hence, clear and management-relevant information on demography and reproductive ecology is difficult to be obtained from the literature. Therefore, we analyzed field and archival materials collected from Xinjiang in order to clarify the identity and distribution of the target species. Morphological analyses suggested that the populations at Bayanbulak Grassland should be Pedicularis kansuensis Maxim. rather than P. verticillata L. which has been accepted in the available literature. Phylogenetic analysis with a combination of three barcodes（mat K, rbc L and trn H-psb A） uniting a clade of P. kansuensis and individuals from Bayanbulak Grassland populations with 100% bootstrap support, confirmed the target species to be P. kansuensis. Anatomical investigations and field observations showed that the target species is an annual or biennial herb, which also fits with the life cycle as P. kansuensis. Based on archive material and field observations, we verified that the distribution of P. kansuensis is mainly concentrated in the Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang.展开更多
The distribution of many plant species has been shaped by climate changes,and their current phenotypic and genetic variability refect microclimatically suitable habitats.This study relates contemporary climate to vari...The distribution of many plant species has been shaped by climate changes,and their current phenotypic and genetic variability refect microclimatically suitable habitats.This study relates contemporary climate to variability patterns of phenotypic traits and molecular markers in the Argentinean distribution of Anadenanthera colubrina var.cebil,as well as to identify the most relevant phenotypic trait or molecular marker associated with those patterns.Individuals from four populations in both biogeographic provinces,Paranaense and Yungas,were investigated.Multivariate analyses and multiple linear regressions were carried out to determine relationships among phenotypic traits and nuclear microsatellites,respectively,to climatic variables,and to identify the phenotypic traits as well as nuclear microsatellite loci most sensitive to climate.Two and three clusters of individuals were detected based on genetic and phenotypic data,respectively.Only clusters based on genetic data refected the biogeographic origin of individuals.Reproductive traits were the most relevant indicators of climatic effects.One microsatellite locus Ac41.1 appeared to be non-neutral presenting a strong correlation with climate variable temperature seasonality.Our findings show complex patterns of genetic and phenotypic variability in the Argentinean distribution of A.colubrina var.cebil related to the present or contemporary climate,and provides an example for an integrative approach to better understand climate impact on contemporary genetic and phenotypic variability in light of global climate change.展开更多
Based on our previous molecular phylogenetic analyses,four new genera are described,namely Baorangia,Lanmaoa,Parvixerocomus,and Rugiboletus,and one known genus,Neoboletus,is re-delimitated.Four new species and nine ne...Based on our previous molecular phylogenetic analyses,four new genera are described,namely Baorangia,Lanmaoa,Parvixerocomus,and Rugiboletus,and one known genus,Neoboletus,is re-delimitated.Four new species and nine new combinations are proposed.Morphological characters of each genus and related eleven species are described and illustrated.Most of species in the genera described from southwestern China are wild edible mushrooms and can be found in free markets.展开更多
Aims and Methods The relationship between genetic diversity and species diversity and the underlying mechanisms are of both fundamental and applied interest.We used amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP)and vege...Aims and Methods The relationship between genetic diversity and species diversity and the underlying mechanisms are of both fundamental and applied interest.We used amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP)and vegetation records to investigate the association between genetic diversity of Plantago lanceolata and plant species diversity using 15 grassland communities in central Germany.We used correlation and partial correlation analyses to examine whether relationships between genetic and species diversity were direct or mediated by environmental differences between habitats.Important Findings Both within-and between-population genetic diversity of P.lanceolata were significantly positively correlated with plant species diversity within and between sites.Simple and partial correlations revealed that the positive correlations indirectly resulted from the effects of abiotic habitat characteristics on plant species diversity and,via abundance,on genetic diversity of P.lanceolata.Thus,they did not reflect a direct causal relationship between plant species diversity and genetic diversity of P.lanceolata,as would have been expected based on the hypothesis of a positive relationship between plant species diversity and niche diversity.展开更多
The phylogeny of Phylloporus(Boletaceae)has not been well studied,and the taxonomic relationships of this genus have varied considerably among authors.The following study presents phylogenetic relationships of Phyllop...The phylogeny of Phylloporus(Boletaceae)has not been well studied,and the taxonomic relationships of this genus have varied considerably among authors.The following study presents phylogenetic relationships of Phylloporus based on two nuclear ribosomal DNA regions,ITS and LSU.The ITS dataset includes 39 collections and the LSU dataset contains 50 collections of Phylloporus.A combined analysis of both genes did not resolve the deeper nodes in the phylogeny,but the results suggest that Phylloporus is monophyletic and a sister group of the Xerocomus subtomentosus group.The lamellate hymenophore configuration is a synapomorphy that distinguishes Phylloporus from the other genera in the family.The placement of a lamellate genus within Boletaceae suggests that hymenophore evolution is not well understood in the family.This is the first phylogeny of Phylloporus and includes 20 species from different geographic regions.Six taxa of Phylloporus from the Old World are here presented.Phylloporus cyanescens is a new combination for an Australasian taxon formerly named as a variety of P.bellus(Massee)Corner.Phylloporus pumilus is described from Indonesia,and 4 species are described from Thailand:P.castanopsidis,P.dimorphus,P.infuscatus,and P.rubiginosus.展开更多
A fossil oak species,Quercus tenuipilosa Q.Hu et Z.K.Zhou,is reported from the upper Pliocene Ciying Formation in Kunming,Yunnan Province,southwestern China.The establishment of this species is based on detailed morph...A fossil oak species,Quercus tenuipilosa Q.Hu et Z.K.Zhou,is reported from the upper Pliocene Ciying Formation in Kunming,Yunnan Province,southwestern China.The establishment of this species is based on detailed morphologic and cuticular investigations.The fossil leaves are elliptic,with serrate margins on the apical half.The primary venation is pinnate,and the major secondary venation is craspedodromous.The tertiary veins are opposite or alternate-opposite percurrent with two branches.The stomata are anomocytic,occurring only on the abaxial epidermis.The trichome bases are unicellular or multicellular.The new fossil species shows the closest affinity with theextant Q.delavayi and the late Miocene Q.praedelavayi Y.W.Xing et Z.K.Zhou from the Xiaolongtan Formation of the Yunnan Province.All three species share similar leaf morphology,but differ with respect to trichome base and stomatal densities.Q.tenuipilosa.Q.praedelavayi,and Q.delavayi can be considered to constitute the Q.delavayi complex.Since the late Miocene,a gradual reduction in trichome base density has occurred in this complex.This trend is the opposite of that of precipitation,indicating that increased trichome density is not an adaptation to dry environments.The stomatal density(SD)of the Q.delavayi complex was the highest during the late Miocene,declined in the late Pliocene,and then increased during the present epoch.These values show an inverse relationship with atmospheric CO_2 concentrations,suggesting that the SD of the Q.delavayi complex may be a useful proxy for reconstruction of paleo-CO_2 concentrations.展开更多
The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota.The present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera t...The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota.The present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document.An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided,which includes 1928 currently used genera names,with 1263 synonyms,which are distributed in 241 families,68 orders,18 classes and four subphyla.We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification,number of accepted species,type species,life mode,habitat,distribution,and sequence information.Furthermore,three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU,SSU,5.8s,rpb1,rpb2,and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina,Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted,respectively.Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders,168 families and 605 genera.Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406-430 Mya,classes are 211-383 Mya,and orders are 99-323 Mya,which are largely consistent with previous studies.In this study,all phylogenetically supported families were dated,with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27-178 Mya,Pucciniomycotina from 85-222 Mya,and Ustilaginomycotina from 79-177 Mya.Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system,and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.展开更多
基金supported,in part,by the National Science Foundation (USA)-Emerging Frontiers,Assembling the Tree of Life,Collaborative Research:Gymnosperms on the Tree of Life:Resolving the Phylogeny of Seed Plants (Grant No. EF-0629657 to SMI-B)supported by the Swedish Research Council (grants to CR)
文摘Ephedra comprises approximately 50 species, which are roughly equally distributed between the Old and New World deserts, but not in the intervening regions （amphitropical range）. Great heterogeneity in the substitution rates of Gnetales （Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia） has made it difficult to infer the ages of the major divergence events in Ephedra, such as the timing of the Beringian disjunction in the genus and the entry into South America. Here, we use data from as many Gnetales species and genes as available from GenBank and from a recent study to investigate the timing of the major divergence events. Because of the tradeoff between the amount of missing data and taxon/gene sampling, we reduced the initial matrix of 265 accessions and 12 loci to 95 accessions and 10 loci, and further to 42 species （and 7736 aligned nucleotides） to achieve stationary distributions in the Bayesian molecular clock runs. Results from a relaxed clock with an uncorrelated rates model and fossil-based calibration reveal that New World species are monophyletic and diverged from their mostly Asian sister clade some 30 mya, fitting with many other Beringian disjunctions. The split between the single North American and the single South American clade occurred approximately 25 mya, well before the closure of the Panamanian Isthmus. Overall, the biogeographic history of Ephedra appears dominated by long-distance dispersal, but finer-scale studies are needed to test this hypothesis.
基金supported by the DAAD Scholarship (No. 6-24M)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30770406)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universities of China (No. NCET-06-0773)
文摘Plant regrowth capacity and soil protection were investigated using three flooding-tolerant Yangtze River riverside species （Arundinella anomala, Hemartria compressa and Cynodon dactylon）. The root and leaf surface growth, the plant regrowth capacity and the mitigation of soil runoff were analyzed using potted plants that were covered with 5, 10 and 18 cm new sediments, respectively. A. anomala reacted most slowly to the recovery from new sediments, while H. compressa had the highest recovery rates. The latter could produce 24 times the initial root length and 41 times its original leaf surface during the growth period of 12 weeks. C. dactyion showed no significant change in growth in relation to the rising sediment thickness, which means that even 18 cm of new sediments were tolerated by C. dactylon. Erosion tests showed that all three plant species can reduce the soil runoff by more than 63%. Compared to other species, A. anomala was less capable of stabilizing new sediments. The soil protecting abilities of H. compressa decreased after more than 10 cm of new sediments. C. dactyion showed the best soil retention compared to the other species examined, since it could reduce the soil runoff up to 87%. Consequently, C. dactylon was found to be significantly better for soil-protection plant species than A. anomala and H. compressa given the conditions at the Three Gorges Reservoir.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1303201, 31370512, 31400440)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chines Academy of Sciences+2 种基金the Stiftung zur F?rderung der Pflanzenkenntnis (Basel/CH Foundation for the Promotion of Plant Knowledge)the US National Science Foundation (DEB-1119098)
文摘Weedy plants affect the biodiversity and ecosystem function as well as the crop and fodder plant production. However, adequate management requires detailed knowledge of the taxonomic identity of these plants. Here, we focused on a hemiparasitic Pedicularis species（Orobanchaceae）, which occurs at high densities and results in significant biomass reductions in forage grasses in Bayanbulak Grassland of Xinjiang. The identity of this target species is not clear, with conflicting reports in publications and in herbarium collections. Hence, clear and management-relevant information on demography and reproductive ecology is difficult to be obtained from the literature. Therefore, we analyzed field and archival materials collected from Xinjiang in order to clarify the identity and distribution of the target species. Morphological analyses suggested that the populations at Bayanbulak Grassland should be Pedicularis kansuensis Maxim. rather than P. verticillata L. which has been accepted in the available literature. Phylogenetic analysis with a combination of three barcodes（mat K, rbc L and trn H-psb A） uniting a clade of P. kansuensis and individuals from Bayanbulak Grassland populations with 100% bootstrap support, confirmed the target species to be P. kansuensis. Anatomical investigations and field observations showed that the target species is an annual or biennial herb, which also fits with the life cycle as P. kansuensis. Based on archive material and field observations, we verified that the distribution of P. kansuensis is mainly concentrated in the Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang.
基金supported financially by the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica(AGENCIA)undergrant PICT 2011 N°1795 to M.V.García。
文摘The distribution of many plant species has been shaped by climate changes,and their current phenotypic and genetic variability refect microclimatically suitable habitats.This study relates contemporary climate to variability patterns of phenotypic traits and molecular markers in the Argentinean distribution of Anadenanthera colubrina var.cebil,as well as to identify the most relevant phenotypic trait or molecular marker associated with those patterns.Individuals from four populations in both biogeographic provinces,Paranaense and Yungas,were investigated.Multivariate analyses and multiple linear regressions were carried out to determine relationships among phenotypic traits and nuclear microsatellites,respectively,to climatic variables,and to identify the phenotypic traits as well as nuclear microsatellite loci most sensitive to climate.Two and three clusters of individuals were detected based on genetic and phenotypic data,respectively.Only clusters based on genetic data refected the biogeographic origin of individuals.Reproductive traits were the most relevant indicators of climatic effects.One microsatellite locus Ac41.1 appeared to be non-neutral presenting a strong correlation with climate variable temperature seasonality.Our findings show complex patterns of genetic and phenotypic variability in the Argentinean distribution of A.colubrina var.cebil related to the present or contemporary climate,and provides an example for an integrative approach to better understand climate impact on contemporary genetic and phenotypic variability in light of global climate change.
基金supported by the Funds for International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31210103919)the Fundamental Research Programof theMinistry of Science and Technology,China(2013FY110400)+1 种基金the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams.RE Halling thanks the National Science Foundation(USA)for funding under grants DEB-9972018,DEB-0414665 and DEB-1020421the National Geographic Society Committee for Research and Exploration in grants 7341-02 and 8457-08.
文摘Based on our previous molecular phylogenetic analyses,four new genera are described,namely Baorangia,Lanmaoa,Parvixerocomus,and Rugiboletus,and one known genus,Neoboletus,is re-delimitated.Four new species and nine new combinations are proposed.Morphological characters of each genus and related eleven species are described and illustrated.Most of species in the genera described from southwestern China are wild edible mushrooms and can be found in free markets.
基金German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(01LC0013).
文摘Aims and Methods The relationship between genetic diversity and species diversity and the underlying mechanisms are of both fundamental and applied interest.We used amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP)and vegetation records to investigate the association between genetic diversity of Plantago lanceolata and plant species diversity using 15 grassland communities in central Germany.We used correlation and partial correlation analyses to examine whether relationships between genetic and species diversity were direct or mediated by environmental differences between habitats.Important Findings Both within-and between-population genetic diversity of P.lanceolata were significantly positively correlated with plant species diversity within and between sites.Simple and partial correlations revealed that the positive correlations indirectly resulted from the effects of abiotic habitat characteristics on plant species diversity and,via abundance,on genetic diversity of P.lanceolata.Thus,they did not reflect a direct causal relationship between plant species diversity and genetic diversity of P.lanceolata,as would have been expected based on the hypothesis of a positive relationship between plant species diversity and niche diversity.
基金The first author thanks Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES,Brasil)for the financial support during her PhDThe authors are grateful to the National Science Foundation for partial support from grants BSR-8600424,DEB-9300798,DEB-9972018,and DEB-0414665 awarded to Roy Halling,as well as DEB-0444531 awarded to Manfred Binder and David Hibbett.Thanks to the Mushroom Research Centre in Chiang Mai(Thailand)and Dennis Desjardin(San Francisco State University)for a fieldwork opportunity.
文摘The phylogeny of Phylloporus(Boletaceae)has not been well studied,and the taxonomic relationships of this genus have varied considerably among authors.The following study presents phylogenetic relationships of Phylloporus based on two nuclear ribosomal DNA regions,ITS and LSU.The ITS dataset includes 39 collections and the LSU dataset contains 50 collections of Phylloporus.A combined analysis of both genes did not resolve the deeper nodes in the phylogeny,but the results suggest that Phylloporus is monophyletic and a sister group of the Xerocomus subtomentosus group.The lamellate hymenophore configuration is a synapomorphy that distinguishes Phylloporus from the other genera in the family.The placement of a lamellate genus within Boletaceae suggests that hymenophore evolution is not well understood in the family.This is the first phylogeny of Phylloporus and includes 20 species from different geographic regions.Six taxa of Phylloporus from the Old World are here presented.Phylloporus cyanescens is a new combination for an Australasian taxon formerly named as a variety of P.bellus(Massee)Corner.Phylloporus pumilus is described from Indonesia,and 4 species are described from Thailand:P.castanopsidis,P.dimorphus,P.infuscatus,and P.rubiginosus.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB821901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41030212)to Zhekun Zhou
文摘A fossil oak species,Quercus tenuipilosa Q.Hu et Z.K.Zhou,is reported from the upper Pliocene Ciying Formation in Kunming,Yunnan Province,southwestern China.The establishment of this species is based on detailed morphologic and cuticular investigations.The fossil leaves are elliptic,with serrate margins on the apical half.The primary venation is pinnate,and the major secondary venation is craspedodromous.The tertiary veins are opposite or alternate-opposite percurrent with two branches.The stomata are anomocytic,occurring only on the abaxial epidermis.The trichome bases are unicellular or multicellular.The new fossil species shows the closest affinity with theextant Q.delavayi and the late Miocene Q.praedelavayi Y.W.Xing et Z.K.Zhou from the Xiaolongtan Formation of the Yunnan Province.All three species share similar leaf morphology,but differ with respect to trichome base and stomatal densities.Q.tenuipilosa.Q.praedelavayi,and Q.delavayi can be considered to constitute the Q.delavayi complex.Since the late Miocene,a gradual reduction in trichome base density has occurred in this complex.This trend is the opposite of that of precipitation,indicating that increased trichome density is not an adaptation to dry environments.The stomatal density(SD)of the Q.delavayi complex was the highest during the late Miocene,declined in the late Pliocene,and then increased during the present epoch.These values show an inverse relationship with atmospheric CO_2 concentrations,suggesting that the SD of the Q.delavayi complex may be a useful proxy for reconstruction of paleo-CO_2 concentrations.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(Project No.2018YFD0400200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project IDs:31470152,31360014 and 31970010)+20 种基金Beijing Innovative Consortium of Agriculture Research System(Project ID:BAIC05-2019)the Thailand Research funds for grant RDG6130001 entitled"Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion"Thailand Science Research and Innovation fund for the grant DBG6280009 entitled Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and surrounding areasCroatian Science Foundation for support under the project For FungiDNA(IP-2018-01-1736)the support provided by the Moravian Museum by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic as part of its long-term conceptual development programme for research institutions[Grant Number DKRVO,Ref.MK000094862]National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270072)the Special Funds for the Young Scholars of Taxonomy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZSBR-001)National Key Basic Research Special Foundation of China(2013FY110400)support from the Department of Science&Technology(DST),New Delhi,Indiain the form of a DST-Inspire Faculty Fellowship(DST/INSPIRE/04/2018/001906,dated 24 July,2018)State task of the V.L.Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences(AAAA-A19-119080990059-1 and RFBR,project 19-04-00024)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30770013,31500013)the National Project on Scientific Ground work for Basic Science of the Ministry of Science and Technology(Nos.2012FY1116002014FY210400)the Coordenacao de Aperfeic¸oamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior(CAPES-Brazil)for the PhD scholarshipsCNPq for providing‘Produtividade em Pesquisa’(Proc.307922/2014-6 and Proc.307947/2017-3)grantCONACYT(Project 252934)COFAAIPN(Project SIP-20195222)the financial support provided for his researchesthe Coordenacao de Aperfeic¸oamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior(CAPES-Brazil)for the PhD scholarshipsthe following sources of funding for his All-Taxa Biodiversity Inventory work at the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area(Massachusetts,USA):National Park Service,Boston Harbor Now and New England Botanical Club(2017 Les Mehrhoff Botanical Research Award)the support from the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology Grant No.1012196004partly supported by the ELTE Institutional Excellence Program(1783-3/2018/FEKUTSRAT)of the Hungarian Ministry of Human Capacities.
文摘The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota.The present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document.An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided,which includes 1928 currently used genera names,with 1263 synonyms,which are distributed in 241 families,68 orders,18 classes and four subphyla.We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification,number of accepted species,type species,life mode,habitat,distribution,and sequence information.Furthermore,three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU,SSU,5.8s,rpb1,rpb2,and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina,Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted,respectively.Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders,168 families and 605 genera.Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406-430 Mya,classes are 211-383 Mya,and orders are 99-323 Mya,which are largely consistent with previous studies.In this study,all phylogenetically supported families were dated,with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27-178 Mya,Pucciniomycotina from 85-222 Mya,and Ustilaginomycotina from 79-177 Mya.Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system,and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
