Through interpreting significance of low-carbon landscape, and analyzing common problems in landscape design industry, paths of low-carbon landscape design were explored from the following perspectives: establishing l...Through interpreting significance of low-carbon landscape, and analyzing common problems in landscape design industry, paths of low-carbon landscape design were explored from the following perspectives: establishing low-carbon index system for the landscape construction of eco-city; constructing scientific and reasonable spatial layout; using landscapes to interpret low-carbon concepts; enhancing the carbon sink function of urban green spaces; choosing reasonable landscape materials; reducing landscape maintenance cost. The study aims at applying low-carbon concepts in all design projects to achieve sustainable development of urban landscapes.展开更多
By taking landscape planning and design of Shengquan Educational Practice Base in Feidong County of Hefei City for example, the paper has analyzed its base condition, planning target of the construction of "the t...By taking landscape planning and design of Shengquan Educational Practice Base in Feidong County of Hefei City for example, the paper has analyzed its base condition, planning target of the construction of "the thought tank of Chinese culture", and landscape construction distinguished from modern and traditional agricultural sightseeing park. It has identified its position, and highlighted the combination of education and practice. Then, in the perspective of "one axis, two belts and four areas", its general layout has been illustrated, and the specific practice contents and plant landscape construction in the practice park and activity route have been introduced in detail. It has emphasized its characteristic dominant projects and established its brand, so as to achieve the win-win of education practice significance and economic benefit.展开更多
Greenway construction is an important carrier for the implementation of ecological civilization construction and green lifestyle. It has the function of connecting and driving. Greenway construction can connect urban ...Greenway construction is an important carrier for the implementation of ecological civilization construction and green lifestyle. It has the function of connecting and driving. Greenway construction can connect urban and rural settlements, scenic spots, leisure resorts, industrial parks and other green corridors. In recent years, greenway construction has made great contributions in improving urban and rural ecology, beautifying urban and rural environment, and creating slow-moving new formats. Designers need to create pleasant, ecological and infectious ecological greenway landscape environment from the perspective of urban development and environmental protection.展开更多
As a nature-based health promotion method,forest therapy has attracted widespread attention from both academia and society.This paper overviewed the development history of forest therapy,successful domestic and intern...As a nature-based health promotion method,forest therapy has attracted widespread attention from both academia and society.This paper overviewed the development history of forest therapy,successful domestic and international experiences,as well as existing challenges and potential solutions,aiming to advance the field by exploring the underlying mechanisms and effects of forest therapy and thereby maximize its social value and provide more effective means to promote human health.展开更多
The Goral municipality of Ždiar(a Conservation Reserve of Folk Architecture since 1977)is one of the most attractive areas in Slovakia under the growing influence of the developing tourism.Since 1949 it has been part ...The Goral municipality of Ždiar(a Conservation Reserve of Folk Architecture since 1977)is one of the most attractive areas in Slovakia under the growing influence of the developing tourism.Since 1949 it has been part of the protection zone of the Tatra National Park and since 1993 it has been part of the transition zone of the Tatra Biosphere Reserve.In recent years,tourism has taken a major role in the transition zone of this biosphere reserve.In the presented contribution,we therefore evaluate the impact of developing tourism in the cadastral area of the municipality ofŽdiar between 1950 and 2022.We rely primarily on available statistical data from various sources and on the analysis of the historical and contemporary landscape structure.During this period,almost 50%of the area has changed land cover.The activities that have significantly changed the landscape include afforestation,deforestation,agrointensification,deurbanisation(naturalisation),urbanisation(anthropisation):tourism development and construction of a water reservoir.Tourism has become the main driver of the economy here and opens up opportunities especially for local inhabitants.However,the lack of completed tourism infrastructure is a drawback.We recommend the establishment of the Coordinating Council of the Tatra Biosphere Reserve and permanent employees at the National Park Administration.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the air oxygen content inside and outside a Phyllostachys edulis forest in Qishan Forest Park throughout all four seasons.(1)Regarding the overall annual variation in oxygen con...This study was conducted to investigate the air oxygen content inside and outside a Phyllostachys edulis forest in Qishan Forest Park throughout all four seasons.(1)Regarding the overall annual variation in oxygen content in both environments,comparative analysis of the annual average oxygen concentration showed that the average inside the forest was 22.13%,while the value outside it was 21.39%.The annual average oxygen concentration inside the forest was 3.34%higher than that outside the forest.(2)Regarding the seasonal variation in oxygen content at both sites,the oxygen concentration inside the forest was consistently higher than that outside the forest in all four seasons.The oxygen concentrations inside the forest were 22.1%,21.9%,21.8%,and 21.5%in spring,summer,autumn,and winter,respectively,while outside the forest,they were 22.0%,21.8%,21.7%,and 21.4%for the same seasons,respectively.(3)The diurnal variation trends of oxygen concentration at both sites were similar throughout all four seasons,exhibiting a single-peak and double-trough curve pattern.The peak period occurred at 13:00 in spring,summer,and winter,and at 9:00 in autumn.The trough periods were observed at 7:00 and between 21:00 and 23:00 or at 5:00.展开更多
The possible health risks of heavy metals contamination to local population through food chain were evaluated in Beijing and Tianjin city cluster, China, where have a long history of sewage irrigation. The transfer fa...The possible health risks of heavy metals contamination to local population through food chain were evaluated in Beijing and Tianjin city cluster, China, where have a long history of sewage irrigation. The transfer factors （TF） for heavy metals from soil to vegetables for six elements including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As and Cd were calculated and the pollution load indexes （PLI） were also assessed. Results indicate that only Cd exceeded the maximum acceptable limit in these sites. So far, the heavy metal concentrations in soils and vegetables were all below the permissible limits set by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China and World Health Organization. The transfer factors of six heavy metals showed the trend as Cd 〉 Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 As 〉 Cr, which were dependent on the vegetable species. The estimated dietary intakes of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As and Cd were far below the tolerable limits and the target hazard quotient （THQ） values were less than 1, which suggested that the health risks of heavy metals exposure through consuming vegetables were generally assumed to be safe.展开更多
Moisture regime plays a crucial role in the mineralization of soil organic carbon （SOC）. In this paper, the dynamics of SOC mineralization in typical paddy soils of Changshu, Jiangsu Province, China, was investigate...Moisture regime plays a crucial role in the mineralization of soil organic carbon （SOC）. In this paper, the dynamics of SOC mineralization in typical paddy soils of Changshu, Jiangsu Province, China, was investigated by incubation test in laboratory. The differences in SOC mineralization under aerobic and submerged conditions of paddy soils were also studied. Results showed that the daily mineralization of SOC under different moisture regimes was significantly different in the whole incubation period, at the beginning of the incubation, it decreased quickly under aerobic condition, but increased rapidly under submerged condition, and both remained constant after 10 d of incubation. The differences in SOC mineralization were found to be mainly at the beginning period of the incubation and decreased along with the incubation time. Thus, the difference was not significantly different at the later incubation period. The respiration intensity, daily and cumulative mineralization of SOC under aerobic condition was 2.26-19.11, 0.96-2.41, and 0.96-2.41 times than those .under submerged condition, respectively. Statistic analyses showed that the higher the contents of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, the more significant difference in respiration intensity between aerobic and submerged conditions, but the higher the contents of microbial biomass nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon, the more significant difference in daily mineralization of SOC between the two conditions. The decrease in soil microbial activity under submerged condition was the main reason leading to the decrease in respiration intensity, but the decrease in SOC mineralization was also correlated with the changes in dissolved organic carbon over the whole incubation period.展开更多
Plant secondary metabolites play vital role in plant stress response. In this study we investigated whether root colonization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) infected by Trichoderma harzianum leads to alterations in ...Plant secondary metabolites play vital role in plant stress response. In this study we investigated whether root colonization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) infected by Trichoderma harzianum leads to alterations in the biosynthesis of secondary plant metabolites including phytohormones and osmolyte proline under drought stress. Exposure of tomato to drought caused a drastic decline in plant growth and physiological parameters. Tomato inoculated with T. harzianum showed increased root and shoot growth and chlorophyll pigments as compared to uninoculated controls as well as drought stressed plants. Proline and total soluble protein content was increased in plants inoculated with T. harzianum under both normal as well as drought conditions. An obvious increase in phenol and flavonoid content was observed due to T. haczianum. In addition, T. hat-zianum inoculated plants maintained higher levels of growth regulators indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid, and gibberellic acid under drought stress. Improved secondary metabolites which play an important role in plant stress tolerance by T. hat-zianum may have coordinately worked for bringing the growth regulation by protecting membranes from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhance plant growth through accessing more nutrients by root system.展开更多
Longiflorum and Asiatic lilies of the genus Lilium of the family Liliaceae are two important groups of modem lily cultivars. One of the main trends of lily breeding is to realize introgression between these groups. Wi...Longiflorum and Asiatic lilies of the genus Lilium of the family Liliaceae are two important groups of modem lily cultivars. One of the main trends of lily breeding is to realize introgression between these groups. With cut style pollination and embryo rescue, distant hybrids between the two groups have been obtained. However, the FI hybrids are highly sterile or some of them could produce a small number of 2n gametes, and their BC1 progenies are usually triploids. Dutch lily breeders have selected many cultivars from these BC1 progenies based on their variation. It is presumably suggested that such variation could be caused by intergenomic recombination and abnormal meiosis during gamete formation in F1 hybrids of Longiflorum × Asiatic （LA） hybrids in Lilium. Therefore, the meiotic process of ten F1 LA hybrids was cytologically investigated using genomic in situ hybridization and traditional cytological methods in the present research. The results showed that： at metaphase I, the homoeologous chromosome pairing among different F1 hybrids ranged from 2.0 to 11.4 bivalents formed by homoeologous chromosomes per pollen mother cell （PMC）, and very few multivalents, and even very few bivalents were formed by two chromosomes within one genome rather than homoeologous chromosomes in some PMCs; at anaphase I, all biva- lents were disjoined and most univalents were divided. Both the disjoined bivalents （half-bivalents） and the divided univalents （sister chromatids） moved to the opposite poles, and then formed two groups of chromosomes; because the two resulting half-bivalents retained their axes in the cell undisturbed, many crossover types, including single crossovers, three strand double crossovers, four strand double crossovers, four strand triple crossovers, and four strand multiple crossovers between the non-sister chromatids in the tetrads of bivalents, were clearly inferred by analyzing the breakpoints on the disjoined bivalents. The present investigation not only explained the reason for sterility of the Fl LA hybrids and the variation of their BCx progenies, but also provided a new method to analyze crossover types in other F1 interspecific hybrids as well.展开更多
Rapid urbanization results in the conversion of natural soil to urban soil,and consequently,the storage and density of the soil carbon pools change.Taking Chongqing Municipality of China as a study case,this investiga...Rapid urbanization results in the conversion of natural soil to urban soil,and consequently,the storage and density of the soil carbon pools change.Taking Chongqing Municipality of China as a study case,this investigation attempts to better understand soil carbon pools in hilly cities.First,the vegetated areas in the study area were derived from QuickBird images.Then,topsoil data from 220 soil samples(0-20 cm) in the vegetated areas were collected and their soil organic carbon(SOC) densities were analyzed.Using the Kriging interpolation method,the spatial pattern of SOC was estimated.The results show that the SOC density exhibited high spatial variability in the urban topsoil of Chongqing.First,the SOC density in topsoil decreased according to slope in the order 2°-6° < 25°-90° < 0°-2° < 6°-15° < 15°-25°.Second,the newly developed areas during 2001-2010 had a lower SOC density than the areas built before 1988.Third,urban parks and gardens had a higher SOC density in topsoil,residential green land followed,and scattered street green land ranked last.For hilly cities,the variability of terrain affects the distribution of SOC.The Kriging results indicate that Kriging method combining slope with SOC density produced a high level of accuracy.The Kriging results show that the SOC density to the north of the Jialing River was higher than the south.The vegetated areas were estimated to amount to 73.5 km2 across the study area with an SOC storage of 0.192 Tg and an average density of 2.61 kg/m2.展开更多
This study uses DEM （Digital Elevation Model） data and remote sensing maps of the study area in 1993, 1999, and 2009 to analyze the slope gradient change of land use patterns in Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou provi...This study uses DEM （Digital Elevation Model） data and remote sensing maps of the study area in 1993, 1999, and 2009 to analyze the slope gradient change of land use patterns in Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou province, China. The land use data were classified into five types, forest, farmland, grassland, water and built-up, the slope gradients were divided into four grades. Indices for analyzing land use features were defined by their proportions, transformation matrixes, land use degree and changes The results showed that all land use types can be found at every gradient. Generally, with the slope degree increased, the area of forest being augmented as well, while the area of the other land use types （farmland, grassland and build-up） declined. Moreover, a mass of farmland were shifted from other land use types from o° to 25°, while a quantity of forest were transformed from the other land use types on 〉 25° from 2993 to 2009. In terms of land use degree and changes, the area of farmland and buildup land use types decreased when slope degree increased. Finally, we calculated the five landscape pattern metrics： Patch Density （PD） value, Largest Patch Index （LPI）, Shannon＇s Diversity Index （SHDI）, Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index （AWMSI） and Contagion Index （CONTAG）. The results of metricsanalysis showed that PD values, SHDI values and CONTA values had a similar variation trend, that is, they decreased when slope degree increased. There was no obvious variation trend on LPI value.展开更多
Ecosystem services of urban green spaces play an important role in the sustainable development of the urban ecosystem. How to quantify the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and evaluate their ecological servic...Ecosystem services of urban green spaces play an important role in the sustainable development of the urban ecosystem. How to quantify the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and evaluate their ecological services is a hot topic in related fields. Currently, with the advancement of science and technology, the assessment method has been developed from the traditional ones such as the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers(CTLA) method, afforestation cost method, and carbon tax method to CITYgreen and i-Tree. The latter two models have been widely used in countries of Europe and America, while the use of i-Tree has not been promoted in China. In this paper, i-Tree Eco(UFORE) was selected for research, and its application in the assessment of the ecosystem services of urban green spaces, including energy saving, air quality improvement, interception of rainwater, and aesthetic benefits, were analyzed. This study aims to provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the introduction and localization of i-Tree, as well as its generalization in the assessment of forest ecosystem services domestically.展开更多
This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs)and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range,based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered i...This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs)and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range,based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered in 33 years apart.The first field investigation was performed in 1980 and 1981,and the second in 2013 and 2014.The main goal was to perform a landscape typology in order to assess the susceptibility of landscape complexes to occurrence of anthropogenic and natural destruction processes and to assess the condition and prospects of HTs and their impacts on the adjacent alpine environment.Landscape complexes were characterised by selected abiotic,biotic and technical parameters of HTs and their impact zones.Due to the high variability of these parameters over the length of the HTs,we had to decide on how to map them.This was done using a square grid with 100 m-sized cells.For each cell with HT,the parameters were assigned the typical value within that cell.In total,26.3 km of HT were studied,stretching over 266 grid cells.On comparison of the two data sets,it was seen that,64%(171 grid cells)display a generally positive condition,with 54%(143 grid cells)even exhibiting significant improvement or continuously positive state of their condition.36%(95 grid cells)were in bad condition,including 3%(9 grid cells)whose state had deteriorated,and 2%(6 grid cells)whose state had significantly deteriorated,in the time between the two assessments.展开更多
Picea neoveitchii is an endemic species in China. It had been listed as an endangered species in red data books. It scatters in several locations of south slope of the Qinling Mountain of China. Upon reviewing the rel...Picea neoveitchii is an endemic species in China. It had been listed as an endangered species in red data books. It scatters in several locations of south slope of the Qinling Mountain of China. Upon reviewing the related literature, discussing with leading scholars on gymnosperm, ecology and plant conservation, the field survey was carried out in four locations. There are eleven mature individuals and two seedlings surviving in its natural habitats. With the survey of quadrat method in four locations, related community index were calculated such as relative important value (RIV), species richness, similarity index, diversity index and evenness index etc. The community could be sorted and characterized as three groups based on the community parameters. The analysis of vegetation table elucidates that Picea neoveitchii is a dominant species with low grouping rate in most surveyed sites. The RAPD analysis shows target species has intraspecific genetic variability. The estimation of Shannon’s phenotypic diversity index (Ho) also explains the difference of genetic variations of different locations. Due to the lack of enough knowledge and professional guide of conservation biological perspective, Picea neoveitchii had been clear-cut for timber production. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy declined rapidly from 1950s to 1990s. According to the Conservation Category guideline proposed by the World Conservation Union, the conservation status of Picea neoveitchii was reevaluated as Critically Endangered (CR) B2b C2a D. Upon research in areas of ecology, molecular biology, cluster analysis of environmental parameters, a practical conservation strategy is recommended in this research.展开更多
In order to reveal the influence of different plant configurations on the microbial community structure and diversity in rhizosphere soil of Cotinus coggygria in Fragrant Hills park,the ITS+5.8S rDNA gene and 16S rDNA...In order to reveal the influence of different plant configurations on the microbial community structure and diversity in rhizosphere soil of Cotinus coggygria in Fragrant Hills park,the ITS+5.8S rDNA gene and 16S rDNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing analysis for fungi and bacteria,respectively,were conducted by high throughput sequencing(Illumina MiSeq).The results showed that the fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil samples of C.coggygria in Fragrant Hills park in 2018 was significantly higher than that in 2016,and it was higher in the rhizosphere soil of healthy C.coggygria in Xunlupo than that in diseased ones in 2018.Verticillium dahliae,which is the causal agent of C.coggygria wilt,was detected in five soil samples.In 2018,the bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere soil of diseased C.coggygria in Xunlupo was the lowest,while it was the highest in the rhizosphere soil of healthy C.coggygria under Platycladus orientalis in Langfengting.展开更多
Cadmium(Cd)bioavailability in the rhizosphere makes an important difference in grain Cd accumulation in wheat.Here,pot experiments combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing were conducted to compare the Cd bioavailabilit...Cadmium(Cd)bioavailability in the rhizosphere makes an important difference in grain Cd accumulation in wheat.Here,pot experiments combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing were conducted to compare the Cd bioavailability and bacterial community in the rhizosphere of two wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes,a low-Cd-accumulating genotype in grains(LT)and a high-Cd-accumulating genotype in grains(HT),grown on four different soils with Cd contamination.Results showed that there was non-significant difference in total Cd concentration among four soils.However,except for black soil,DTPA-Cd concentrations in HT rhizospheres were higher than those of LT in fluvisol,paddy soil and purple soil.Results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that soil type(52.7%)was the strongest determinant of root-associated community,while there were still some differences in rhizosphere bacterial community composition between twowheat genotypes.Taxa specifically colonized in HT rhizosphere(Acidobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes,Bacteroidetes and Deltaproteobacteria)could participate inmetal activation,whereas LT rhizosphere was highly enriched by plant growth-promoting taxa.In addition,PICRUSt2 analysis also predicted high relative abundances of imputed functional profiles related to membrane transport and amino acid metabolism in HT rhizosphere.These results revealed that the rhizosphere bacterial community may be an important factor regulating Cd uptake and accumulation in wheat and indicated that the high Cd-accumulating cultivar might improve Cd bioavailability in the rhizosphere by recruiting taxa related to Cd activation,thus promoting Cd uptake and accumulation.展开更多
With the explants of young nodals and leaves of Plumbago auriculata, we studied multiple shoots induction and plant regeneration in the medium with different PGR proportions. The results showed the nodals of Plumbago ...With the explants of young nodals and leaves of Plumbago auriculata, we studied multiple shoots induction and plant regeneration in the medium with different PGR proportions. The results showed the nodals of Plumbago auriculata could be used as the explant to induce multiple shoots. After culturing young nodals for 30 d, optimum single shoot formation was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 0.3 mg/L 6-BA and the induction rate was 70.79%. After being transferred to the medium containing 1.0 mg/L 6-BA, 1.0 mg/L NAA and 0.2 mg/L IAA for 1 - 2 generation, single shoot was induced to form multiple shoots with the multiplication rate was 506.45%. After multiple shoots grew to 3 cm high, the multiple shoots were cut into single shoots and transferred onto half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L NAA and the rooted rate was 94.33%. Finally the intact plants were obtained.展开更多
This article considers disturbances caused by abiotic and biotic factors and human impact in the ecological region extending from subalpine forest to the upper tree limit. Both abiotic and biotic factors may cause rev...This article considers disturbances caused by abiotic and biotic factors and human impact in the ecological region extending from subalpine forest to the upper tree limit. Both abiotic and biotic factors may cause reversible or irreversible disturbances. Disturbances by mass movement and avalanches give the subalpine forest and the treeline ecotone a distinct spatial pattern characterized by forest on safe topography and sites that preclude forest. Removal of the upper subalpine forests by humans has enlarged the snow-catchment area of avalanches and elongated the avalanche pathways. Consequently, avalanche destructive potential has increased. Hazards will probably increase due to climate change. External factors, like cyclonic storms, may cause fundamental disturbances. Fires have played a major role in the removal of high-elevation forests. Forest destruction by fire is often followed by soil erosion. Wild fires are likely to increase as a result of warming climate and would possibly prevent climatically-driven treeline advance. Cyclic or episodic mass outbreaks of defoliating insects and bark beetles, and pathogens also cause severe disturbances. Oversized populations of wild ungulates impede tree regeneration and can cause local soil erosion. Inadequate game management is the primary cause of intolerable ungulate numbers. Due to man-caused habitat fragmentation, the animals’ impact on the remained habitats has increased. Subalpine forest may recover from disturbance or become replaced by a substitute formation (e.g. krummholz). A subsequent absence of natural disturbances may also be considered a disturbance initiating a new development. Both natural and anthropogenic disturbances may counteract positive influences of climatic warming on subalpine forests and treeline. Effective measures to reduce or prevent abiotic and biotic disturbances of high-elevation forest may contribute to greater safety for people living in the endangered areas of the mountain valleys and also improve other ecosystem services of the subalpine forest.展开更多
The wild Cymbidium lowianum, a national-level rare and endangered species of Orchid, is an excellent garden plant with ornamental flowers with striking, deep red lips in a V-shaped formation. The objective of this stu...The wild Cymbidium lowianum, a national-level rare and endangered species of Orchid, is an excellent garden plant with ornamental flowers with striking, deep red lips in a V-shaped formation. The objective of this study was to establish a micropropagation protocol system via immature seeds of wild Cymbidium lowianum, evaluate the Murashige and Skoog (MS), half-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/2 MS) medium, 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), a-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), organic additions activated charcoal (AC) and banana pulp (BP) effects on the different morphogenesis (seed germination, multiple shoot and rooting) in vitro. The optimal combination for the germination of seed was 1.0 mg·L-1 BA with 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA in 1/2 MS, and addition 0.3%AC, which resulted in 95% seed germination in 90 days. The best formulation for multiple shoot was 1/2 MS medium containing 2.5 mg·L-1 BA, 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA and addition 8% BP in which produced 19.8 shoots per protocorm in 60 days. Multiple shoots were cut and rooted in 1/2 MS supplemented with 1.5 mg·L-1 NAA,0.1 mg·L-1 BA and 0.3% AC, roots initiated 20 days after culture, the rooting percentages reached to 100%, in which 4.7 per shoot produced roots in 60 days. The survival rate of plantlet was up to 92% in moss after 30 days. This finding reveals that it is possible to obtain in vitro culture of Cymbidium lowianum using immature seeds in asymbiotic culture.展开更多
基金Supported by Soft Science of Research Program of Tianjin Municipal Construction System (2012–Soft5)
文摘Through interpreting significance of low-carbon landscape, and analyzing common problems in landscape design industry, paths of low-carbon landscape design were explored from the following perspectives: establishing low-carbon index system for the landscape construction of eco-city; constructing scientific and reasonable spatial layout; using landscapes to interpret low-carbon concepts; enhancing the carbon sink function of urban green spaces; choosing reasonable landscape materials; reducing landscape maintenance cost. The study aims at applying low-carbon concepts in all design projects to achieve sustainable development of urban landscapes.
文摘By taking landscape planning and design of Shengquan Educational Practice Base in Feidong County of Hefei City for example, the paper has analyzed its base condition, planning target of the construction of "the thought tank of Chinese culture", and landscape construction distinguished from modern and traditional agricultural sightseeing park. It has identified its position, and highlighted the combination of education and practice. Then, in the perspective of "one axis, two belts and four areas", its general layout has been illustrated, and the specific practice contents and plant landscape construction in the practice park and activity route have been introduced in detail. It has emphasized its characteristic dominant projects and established its brand, so as to achieve the win-win of education practice significance and economic benefit.
文摘Greenway construction is an important carrier for the implementation of ecological civilization construction and green lifestyle. It has the function of connecting and driving. Greenway construction can connect urban and rural settlements, scenic spots, leisure resorts, industrial parks and other green corridors. In recent years, greenway construction has made great contributions in improving urban and rural ecology, beautifying urban and rural environment, and creating slow-moving new formats. Designers need to create pleasant, ecological and infectious ecological greenway landscape environment from the perspective of urban development and environmental protection.
文摘As a nature-based health promotion method,forest therapy has attracted widespread attention from both academia and society.This paper overviewed the development history of forest therapy,successful domestic and international experiences,as well as existing challenges and potential solutions,aiming to advance the field by exploring the underlying mechanisms and effects of forest therapy and thereby maximize its social value and provide more effective means to promote human health.
基金supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education,Science,Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences under grants APVV-20-0108Implementation of Agenda 2030 Through biosphere reserves,VEGA-2/0023/31+1 种基金Analysis and evaluations of the environmental history of selected types of Slovak landscape from the early prehistory to the present and VEGA-1/0504/25Classification of archetypes of the Slovak landscape in the context of socioeconomic changes and current climate developments.
文摘The Goral municipality of Ždiar(a Conservation Reserve of Folk Architecture since 1977)is one of the most attractive areas in Slovakia under the growing influence of the developing tourism.Since 1949 it has been part of the protection zone of the Tatra National Park and since 1993 it has been part of the transition zone of the Tatra Biosphere Reserve.In recent years,tourism has taken a major role in the transition zone of this biosphere reserve.In the presented contribution,we therefore evaluate the impact of developing tourism in the cadastral area of the municipality ofŽdiar between 1950 and 2022.We rely primarily on available statistical data from various sources and on the analysis of the historical and contemporary landscape structure.During this period,almost 50%of the area has changed land cover.The activities that have significantly changed the landscape include afforestation,deforestation,agrointensification,deurbanisation(naturalisation),urbanisation(anthropisation):tourism development and construction of a water reservoir.Tourism has become the main driver of the economy here and opens up opportunities especially for local inhabitants.However,the lack of completed tourism infrastructure is a drawback.We recommend the establishment of the Coordinating Council of the Tatra Biosphere Reserve and permanent employees at the National Park Administration.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project of Beijing Municipal Administration Center of Parks (ZX2019ZX2017).
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the air oxygen content inside and outside a Phyllostachys edulis forest in Qishan Forest Park throughout all four seasons.(1)Regarding the overall annual variation in oxygen content in both environments,comparative analysis of the annual average oxygen concentration showed that the average inside the forest was 22.13%,while the value outside it was 21.39%.The annual average oxygen concentration inside the forest was 3.34%higher than that outside the forest.(2)Regarding the seasonal variation in oxygen content at both sites,the oxygen concentration inside the forest was consistently higher than that outside the forest in all four seasons.The oxygen concentrations inside the forest were 22.1%,21.9%,21.8%,and 21.5%in spring,summer,autumn,and winter,respectively,while outside the forest,they were 22.0%,21.8%,21.7%,and 21.4%for the same seasons,respectively.(3)The diurnal variation trends of oxygen concentration at both sites were similar throughout all four seasons,exhibiting a single-peak and double-trough curve pattern.The peak period occurred at 13:00 in spring,summer,and winter,and at 9:00 in autumn.The trough periods were observed at 7:00 and between 21:00 and 23:00 or at 5:00.
基金supported by the Major Projects of Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No. KZCX2-YW-Q02-05)the Beijing Science and Technology Program (No. D101105046410004)
文摘The possible health risks of heavy metals contamination to local population through food chain were evaluated in Beijing and Tianjin city cluster, China, where have a long history of sewage irrigation. The transfer factors （TF） for heavy metals from soil to vegetables for six elements including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As and Cd were calculated and the pollution load indexes （PLI） were also assessed. Results indicate that only Cd exceeded the maximum acceptable limit in these sites. So far, the heavy metal concentrations in soils and vegetables were all below the permissible limits set by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China and World Health Organization. The transfer factors of six heavy metals showed the trend as Cd 〉 Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 As 〉 Cr, which were dependent on the vegetable species. The estimated dietary intakes of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As and Cd were far below the tolerable limits and the target hazard quotient （THQ） values were less than 1, which suggested that the health risks of heavy metals exposure through consuming vegetables were generally assumed to be safe.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40471066)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China (BK2007266)
文摘Moisture regime plays a crucial role in the mineralization of soil organic carbon （SOC）. In this paper, the dynamics of SOC mineralization in typical paddy soils of Changshu, Jiangsu Province, China, was investigated by incubation test in laboratory. The differences in SOC mineralization under aerobic and submerged conditions of paddy soils were also studied. Results showed that the daily mineralization of SOC under different moisture regimes was significantly different in the whole incubation period, at the beginning of the incubation, it decreased quickly under aerobic condition, but increased rapidly under submerged condition, and both remained constant after 10 d of incubation. The differences in SOC mineralization were found to be mainly at the beginning period of the incubation and decreased along with the incubation time. Thus, the difference was not significantly different at the later incubation period. The respiration intensity, daily and cumulative mineralization of SOC under aerobic condition was 2.26-19.11, 0.96-2.41, and 0.96-2.41 times than those .under submerged condition, respectively. Statistic analyses showed that the higher the contents of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, the more significant difference in respiration intensity between aerobic and submerged conditions, but the higher the contents of microbial biomass nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon, the more significant difference in daily mineralization of SOC between the two conditions. The decrease in soil microbial activity under submerged condition was the main reason leading to the decrease in respiration intensity, but the decrease in SOC mineralization was also correlated with the changes in dissolved organic carbon over the whole incubation period.
基金the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University,Saudi Arabia(RGP-271)
文摘Plant secondary metabolites play vital role in plant stress response. In this study we investigated whether root colonization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) infected by Trichoderma harzianum leads to alterations in the biosynthesis of secondary plant metabolites including phytohormones and osmolyte proline under drought stress. Exposure of tomato to drought caused a drastic decline in plant growth and physiological parameters. Tomato inoculated with T. harzianum showed increased root and shoot growth and chlorophyll pigments as compared to uninoculated controls as well as drought stressed plants. Proline and total soluble protein content was increased in plants inoculated with T. harzianum under both normal as well as drought conditions. An obvious increase in phenol and flavonoid content was observed due to T. haczianum. In addition, T. hat-zianum inoculated plants maintained higher levels of growth regulators indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid, and gibberellic acid under drought stress. Improved secondary metabolites which play an important role in plant stress tolerance by T. hat-zianum may have coordinately worked for bringing the growth regulation by protecting membranes from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhance plant growth through accessing more nutrients by root system.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China（No.30471222）
文摘Longiflorum and Asiatic lilies of the genus Lilium of the family Liliaceae are two important groups of modem lily cultivars. One of the main trends of lily breeding is to realize introgression between these groups. With cut style pollination and embryo rescue, distant hybrids between the two groups have been obtained. However, the FI hybrids are highly sterile or some of them could produce a small number of 2n gametes, and their BC1 progenies are usually triploids. Dutch lily breeders have selected many cultivars from these BC1 progenies based on their variation. It is presumably suggested that such variation could be caused by intergenomic recombination and abnormal meiosis during gamete formation in F1 hybrids of Longiflorum × Asiatic （LA） hybrids in Lilium. Therefore, the meiotic process of ten F1 LA hybrids was cytologically investigated using genomic in situ hybridization and traditional cytological methods in the present research. The results showed that： at metaphase I, the homoeologous chromosome pairing among different F1 hybrids ranged from 2.0 to 11.4 bivalents formed by homoeologous chromosomes per pollen mother cell （PMC）, and very few multivalents, and even very few bivalents were formed by two chromosomes within one genome rather than homoeologous chromosomes in some PMCs; at anaphase I, all biva- lents were disjoined and most univalents were divided. Both the disjoined bivalents （half-bivalents） and the divided univalents （sister chromatids） moved to the opposite poles, and then formed two groups of chromosomes; because the two resulting half-bivalents retained their axes in the cell undisturbed, many crossover types, including single crossovers, three strand double crossovers, four strand double crossovers, four strand triple crossovers, and four strand multiple crossovers between the non-sister chromatids in the tetrads of bivalents, were clearly inferred by analyzing the breakpoints on the disjoined bivalents. The present investigation not only explained the reason for sterility of the Fl LA hybrids and the variation of their BCx progenies, but also provided a new method to analyze crossover types in other F1 interspecific hybrids as well.
基金Under the auspices of the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20090182120024)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41101568)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing Science & Technology Commission (No. cstcjjA00008)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2012XZZX012)
文摘Rapid urbanization results in the conversion of natural soil to urban soil,and consequently,the storage and density of the soil carbon pools change.Taking Chongqing Municipality of China as a study case,this investigation attempts to better understand soil carbon pools in hilly cities.First,the vegetated areas in the study area were derived from QuickBird images.Then,topsoil data from 220 soil samples(0-20 cm) in the vegetated areas were collected and their soil organic carbon(SOC) densities were analyzed.Using the Kriging interpolation method,the spatial pattern of SOC was estimated.The results show that the SOC density exhibited high spatial variability in the urban topsoil of Chongqing.First,the SOC density in topsoil decreased according to slope in the order 2°-6° < 25°-90° < 0°-2° < 6°-15° < 15°-25°.Second,the newly developed areas during 2001-2010 had a lower SOC density than the areas built before 1988.Third,urban parks and gardens had a higher SOC density in topsoil,residential green land followed,and scattered street green land ranked last.For hilly cities,the variability of terrain affects the distribution of SOC.The Kriging results indicate that Kriging method combining slope with SOC density produced a high level of accuracy.The Kriging results show that the SOC density to the north of the Jialing River was higher than the south.The vegetated areas were estimated to amount to 73.5 km2 across the study area with an SOC storage of 0.192 Tg and an average density of 2.61 kg/m2.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31370480)111 Project (B08044)Minzu University of China (MUC98507-08)
文摘This study uses DEM （Digital Elevation Model） data and remote sensing maps of the study area in 1993, 1999, and 2009 to analyze the slope gradient change of land use patterns in Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou province, China. The land use data were classified into five types, forest, farmland, grassland, water and built-up, the slope gradients were divided into four grades. Indices for analyzing land use features were defined by their proportions, transformation matrixes, land use degree and changes The results showed that all land use types can be found at every gradient. Generally, with the slope degree increased, the area of forest being augmented as well, while the area of the other land use types （farmland, grassland and build-up） declined. Moreover, a mass of farmland were shifted from other land use types from o° to 25°, while a quantity of forest were transformed from the other land use types on 〉 25° from 2993 to 2009. In terms of land use degree and changes, the area of farmland and buildup land use types decreased when slope degree increased. Finally, we calculated the five landscape pattern metrics： Patch Density （PD） value, Largest Patch Index （LPI）, Shannon＇s Diversity Index （SHDI）, Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index （AWMSI） and Contagion Index （CONTAG）. The results of metricsanalysis showed that PD values, SHDI values and CONTA values had a similar variation trend, that is, they decreased when slope degree increased. There was no obvious variation trend on LPI value.
基金Sponsored by Science and Technology Project of Beijing Municipal Administration Center of Parks(ZX2017029)Special Fund for Forest Scientific Research in the Public Welfare(201404301)
文摘Ecosystem services of urban green spaces play an important role in the sustainable development of the urban ecosystem. How to quantify the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and evaluate their ecological services is a hot topic in related fields. Currently, with the advancement of science and technology, the assessment method has been developed from the traditional ones such as the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers(CTLA) method, afforestation cost method, and carbon tax method to CITYgreen and i-Tree. The latter two models have been widely used in countries of Europe and America, while the use of i-Tree has not been promoted in China. In this paper, i-Tree Eco(UFORE) was selected for research, and its application in the assessment of the ecosystem services of urban green spaces, including energy saving, air quality improvement, interception of rainwater, and aesthetic benefits, were analyzed. This study aims to provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the introduction and localization of i-Tree, as well as its generalization in the assessment of forest ecosystem services domestically.
基金part of the project Green Infrastructure of Slovakia(Grant No.2/0066/15)from the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences
文摘This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs)and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range,based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered in 33 years apart.The first field investigation was performed in 1980 and 1981,and the second in 2013 and 2014.The main goal was to perform a landscape typology in order to assess the susceptibility of landscape complexes to occurrence of anthropogenic and natural destruction processes and to assess the condition and prospects of HTs and their impacts on the adjacent alpine environment.Landscape complexes were characterised by selected abiotic,biotic and technical parameters of HTs and their impact zones.Due to the high variability of these parameters over the length of the HTs,we had to decide on how to map them.This was done using a square grid with 100 m-sized cells.For each cell with HT,the parameters were assigned the typical value within that cell.In total,26.3 km of HT were studied,stretching over 266 grid cells.On comparison of the two data sets,it was seen that,64%(171 grid cells)display a generally positive condition,with 54%(143 grid cells)even exhibiting significant improvement or continuously positive state of their condition.36%(95 grid cells)were in bad condition,including 3%(9 grid cells)whose state had deteriorated,and 2%(6 grid cells)whose state had significantly deteriorated,in the time between the two assessments.
文摘Picea neoveitchii is an endemic species in China. It had been listed as an endangered species in red data books. It scatters in several locations of south slope of the Qinling Mountain of China. Upon reviewing the related literature, discussing with leading scholars on gymnosperm, ecology and plant conservation, the field survey was carried out in four locations. There are eleven mature individuals and two seedlings surviving in its natural habitats. With the survey of quadrat method in four locations, related community index were calculated such as relative important value (RIV), species richness, similarity index, diversity index and evenness index etc. The community could be sorted and characterized as three groups based on the community parameters. The analysis of vegetation table elucidates that Picea neoveitchii is a dominant species with low grouping rate in most surveyed sites. The RAPD analysis shows target species has intraspecific genetic variability. The estimation of Shannon’s phenotypic diversity index (Ho) also explains the difference of genetic variations of different locations. Due to the lack of enough knowledge and professional guide of conservation biological perspective, Picea neoveitchii had been clear-cut for timber production. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy declined rapidly from 1950s to 1990s. According to the Conservation Category guideline proposed by the World Conservation Union, the conservation status of Picea neoveitchii was reevaluated as Critically Endangered (CR) B2b C2a D. Upon research in areas of ecology, molecular biology, cluster analysis of environmental parameters, a practical conservation strategy is recommended in this research.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project from the Beijing Municipal Administration Center of Parks(ZX2018016).
文摘In order to reveal the influence of different plant configurations on the microbial community structure and diversity in rhizosphere soil of Cotinus coggygria in Fragrant Hills park,the ITS+5.8S rDNA gene and 16S rDNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing analysis for fungi and bacteria,respectively,were conducted by high throughput sequencing(Illumina MiSeq).The results showed that the fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil samples of C.coggygria in Fragrant Hills park in 2018 was significantly higher than that in 2016,and it was higher in the rhizosphere soil of healthy C.coggygria in Xunlupo than that in diseased ones in 2018.Verticillium dahliae,which is the causal agent of C.coggygria wilt,was detected in five soil samples.In 2018,the bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere soil of diseased C.coggygria in Xunlupo was the lowest,while it was the highest in the rhizosphere soil of healthy C.coggygria under Platycladus orientalis in Langfengting.
基金This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41721001-1)the General Programof National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31872956)+1 种基金the Ministry of Ecology and Environmental Protection demonstration project(Nos.WA2020001 and WA202138)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities.
文摘Cadmium(Cd)bioavailability in the rhizosphere makes an important difference in grain Cd accumulation in wheat.Here,pot experiments combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing were conducted to compare the Cd bioavailability and bacterial community in the rhizosphere of two wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes,a low-Cd-accumulating genotype in grains(LT)and a high-Cd-accumulating genotype in grains(HT),grown on four different soils with Cd contamination.Results showed that there was non-significant difference in total Cd concentration among four soils.However,except for black soil,DTPA-Cd concentrations in HT rhizospheres were higher than those of LT in fluvisol,paddy soil and purple soil.Results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that soil type(52.7%)was the strongest determinant of root-associated community,while there were still some differences in rhizosphere bacterial community composition between twowheat genotypes.Taxa specifically colonized in HT rhizosphere(Acidobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes,Bacteroidetes and Deltaproteobacteria)could participate inmetal activation,whereas LT rhizosphere was highly enriched by plant growth-promoting taxa.In addition,PICRUSt2 analysis also predicted high relative abundances of imputed functional profiles related to membrane transport and amino acid metabolism in HT rhizosphere.These results revealed that the rhizosphere bacterial community may be an important factor regulating Cd uptake and accumulation in wheat and indicated that the high Cd-accumulating cultivar might improve Cd bioavailability in the rhizosphere by recruiting taxa related to Cd activation,thus promoting Cd uptake and accumulation.
文摘With the explants of young nodals and leaves of Plumbago auriculata, we studied multiple shoots induction and plant regeneration in the medium with different PGR proportions. The results showed the nodals of Plumbago auriculata could be used as the explant to induce multiple shoots. After culturing young nodals for 30 d, optimum single shoot formation was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 0.3 mg/L 6-BA and the induction rate was 70.79%. After being transferred to the medium containing 1.0 mg/L 6-BA, 1.0 mg/L NAA and 0.2 mg/L IAA for 1 - 2 generation, single shoot was induced to form multiple shoots with the multiplication rate was 506.45%. After multiple shoots grew to 3 cm high, the multiple shoots were cut into single shoots and transferred onto half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L NAA and the rooted rate was 94.33%. Finally the intact plants were obtained.
文摘This article considers disturbances caused by abiotic and biotic factors and human impact in the ecological region extending from subalpine forest to the upper tree limit. Both abiotic and biotic factors may cause reversible or irreversible disturbances. Disturbances by mass movement and avalanches give the subalpine forest and the treeline ecotone a distinct spatial pattern characterized by forest on safe topography and sites that preclude forest. Removal of the upper subalpine forests by humans has enlarged the snow-catchment area of avalanches and elongated the avalanche pathways. Consequently, avalanche destructive potential has increased. Hazards will probably increase due to climate change. External factors, like cyclonic storms, may cause fundamental disturbances. Fires have played a major role in the removal of high-elevation forests. Forest destruction by fire is often followed by soil erosion. Wild fires are likely to increase as a result of warming climate and would possibly prevent climatically-driven treeline advance. Cyclic or episodic mass outbreaks of defoliating insects and bark beetles, and pathogens also cause severe disturbances. Oversized populations of wild ungulates impede tree regeneration and can cause local soil erosion. Inadequate game management is the primary cause of intolerable ungulate numbers. Due to man-caused habitat fragmentation, the animals’ impact on the remained habitats has increased. Subalpine forest may recover from disturbance or become replaced by a substitute formation (e.g. krummholz). A subsequent absence of natural disturbances may also be considered a disturbance initiating a new development. Both natural and anthropogenic disturbances may counteract positive influences of climatic warming on subalpine forests and treeline. Effective measures to reduce or prevent abiotic and biotic disturbances of high-elevation forest may contribute to greater safety for people living in the endangered areas of the mountain valleys and also improve other ecosystem services of the subalpine forest.
文摘The wild Cymbidium lowianum, a national-level rare and endangered species of Orchid, is an excellent garden plant with ornamental flowers with striking, deep red lips in a V-shaped formation. The objective of this study was to establish a micropropagation protocol system via immature seeds of wild Cymbidium lowianum, evaluate the Murashige and Skoog (MS), half-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/2 MS) medium, 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), a-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), organic additions activated charcoal (AC) and banana pulp (BP) effects on the different morphogenesis (seed germination, multiple shoot and rooting) in vitro. The optimal combination for the germination of seed was 1.0 mg·L-1 BA with 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA in 1/2 MS, and addition 0.3%AC, which resulted in 95% seed germination in 90 days. The best formulation for multiple shoot was 1/2 MS medium containing 2.5 mg·L-1 BA, 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA and addition 8% BP in which produced 19.8 shoots per protocorm in 60 days. Multiple shoots were cut and rooted in 1/2 MS supplemented with 1.5 mg·L-1 NAA,0.1 mg·L-1 BA and 0.3% AC, roots initiated 20 days after culture, the rooting percentages reached to 100%, in which 4.7 per shoot produced roots in 60 days. The survival rate of plantlet was up to 92% in moss after 30 days. This finding reveals that it is possible to obtain in vitro culture of Cymbidium lowianum using immature seeds in asymbiotic culture.
