In this paper,we give a review of some most powerful pulsed systems developed at the Institute of High Current Electronics(HCEI),Siberian Branch,Russian Academy of Sciences,and describe latest achievements of the team...In this paper,we give a review of some most powerful pulsed systems developed at the Institute of High Current Electronics(HCEI),Siberian Branch,Russian Academy of Sciences,and describe latest achievements of the teams dealing with these installations.Besides the presented high-power systems,HCEI performs numerous investigations using much less powerful generators.For instance,last year much attention was paying to the research and development of the intense low-energy(<200 kV)high-current electron and ion beam and plasma sources,and their application in the technology[1-3].展开更多
Streamer discharges that do not transition to a spark channel are now being widely investigated.One of these discharges is the apokamp discharge,in which streamers start from a diffuse spark channel having a curved sh...Streamer discharges that do not transition to a spark channel are now being widely investigated.One of these discharges is the apokamp discharge,in which streamers start from a diffuse spark channel having a curved shape at a high repetition rate of voltage pulse.In this work,to estimate the electron concentration in the plasma forming the apokamp a digital holographic laser scanning method is applied for the first time.The method is based on a comparison of the phases of two optical wavefronts,registered at different time instants in the form of digital holograms.The result of the phase comparison between the wavefronts is presented in the form of a numerically calculated map of the phase difference of the reconstructed wavefronts.A gas-discharge plasma is a phase(transparent)object,and the interference fringes are formed as a result of the change in the refractive index introduced by the plasma with respect to the original unperturbed medium.The obtained value of the refractive index allows estimation of the concentration of electrons in the spark channel plasma.It is shown that at as the voltage pulse repetition rate increases from 5 to 50 kHz the concentration of electrons in the plasma forming the apokamp decreases by an estimated four times.展开更多
M50 steel was irradiated by high current pulsed electron beam(HCPEB)with different pulses.The subsequent tempering was carried out between 500 and 625℃.Microstructure evolution was analyzed by scanning electron micro...M50 steel was irradiated by high current pulsed electron beam(HCPEB)with different pulses.The subsequent tempering was carried out between 500 and 625℃.Microstructure evolution was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.It is found that the HCPEB treatment could constrain martainsite transformation in the surface layer of the samples.Tempered behavior of HCPEB remelted layer strongly depends on the proportion of retained austenite.Austenite saturated more carbon and metallic elements depict higher tempering stability.During tempered process,carbides precipitates among the grain and phase boundaries.The decreased solution of the elements promotes the retained austenite into martensite.展开更多
The results of theoretical simulation of runaway electron generation in high-pressure pulsed gas discharge with inhomogeneous electric field are presented.Hydrodynamic and kinetic approaches are used simultaneously to...The results of theoretical simulation of runaway electron generation in high-pressure pulsed gas discharge with inhomogeneous electric field are presented.Hydrodynamic and kinetic approaches are used simultaneously to describe the dynamics of different components of low-temperature discharge plasma.Breakdown of coaxial diode occurs in the form of a dense plasma region expanding from the cathode.On this background there is a formation of runaway electrons that are initiated by the ensemble of plasma electrons generated in the place locally enhanced electric field in front of dense plasma.It is shown that the power spectrum of fast electrons in the discharge contains electron group with the so-called“anomalous”energy.展开更多
Ti–Al surface alloy was fabricated using a cyclic pulsed liquid-phase mixing of predeposited 100 nm Al film with a-Ti substrate by low-energy high-current electron beam. Electron probe micro-analysis（EPMA）,grazing ...Ti–Al surface alloy was fabricated using a cyclic pulsed liquid-phase mixing of predeposited 100 nm Al film with a-Ti substrate by low-energy high-current electron beam. Electron probe micro-analysis（EPMA）,grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis（GIXRD）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, and nanoindentation were used to investigate the characterization of Ti–Al surface alloy. The experimental results show that the thickness of alloy layer is ＊3 lm, and the content of Al in the ＊1 lm thickness surface layer is ＊60 at%. The tetragonal TiAl and TiAl2intermetallics were synthesized at the top surface, which have nanocrystalline structure.The main phase formed in the ＊2.5 lm thick surface is TiAl, and there are few TiAl2and Ti3Al phase for the alloy.Dislocation is enhanced in the alloyed layer. The nanohardness of Ti–Al surface alloy increased significantly compared with a-Ti substrate due to the nanostructure and enhanced dislocation. Since the e-beam remelted repeatedly, the Ti–Al surface alloy mixed sufficiently with Ti substrate. Moreover, there is no obvious boundary between the alloyed layer and substrate.展开更多
The development of a nanosecond discharge in a pin-to-pin gap filled with air at atmospheric pressure has been studied with high temporal and spatial resolutions from a breakdown start to the spark decay.Positive and ...The development of a nanosecond discharge in a pin-to-pin gap filled with air at atmospheric pressure has been studied with high temporal and spatial resolutions from a breakdown start to the spark decay.Positive and negative nanosecond voltage pulses with an amplitude of tens of kilovolts were applied.Time-resolved images of the discharge development were taken with a fourchannel Intensified Charge Coupled Device(ICCD)camera.The minimum delay between the camera channels could be as short as≈0.1 ns.This made it possible to study the gap breakdown process with subnanosecond resolution.It was observed that a wide-diameter streamer develops from the high-voltage pointed electrode.The ionization processes near the grounded pin electrode started when the streamer crossed half of the gap.After bridging the gap by the streamer,a diffuse discharge was formed.The development of spark leaders from bright spots on the surface of the pointed electrodes was observed at the next stage.It was found that the rate of development of the spark leader is an order of magnitude lower than that of the wide-diameter streamer.Long thin luminous tracks were observed against the background of a discharge plasma glow.It has been established that the tracks are adjacent to brightly glowing spots on the electrodes and are associated with the flight of small particles.展开更多
Investigations are directed to the development of high-power sources ofUWB （ultrawideband） radiation based on excitation of anterma arrays with bipolar voltage pulses. In the previously designed high-power UWB sourc...Investigations are directed to the development of high-power sources ofUWB （ultrawideband） radiation based on excitation of anterma arrays with bipolar voltage pulses. In the previously designed high-power UWB sources only one bipolar pulse former and different feeder systems for pulse distribution through the array elements were used. By means of this approach, a number of UWB sources were created with the bipolar voltage pulse length ranging from 0.2 to 2 ns and effective potential of radiation ranging from 0.4 to 3 MV. The approach has got a restriction related to the electrical breakdown in a bipolar voltage pulse former. A new approach to the creation of high-power UWB sources based on a multicharmel bipolar pulse former is suggested： the number of bipolar pulse formers is equal to the number of antennas in the array. The main problem in realization of this approach is a stable operation of bipolar pulse formers in order to ensure a coherent summation of radiated pulses in the far-field zone. The result of this work is the instability of-150 ps at the pulse length of 3 ns obtained in a one-channel bipolar pulse former indicating that the suggested approach is realizable.展开更多
This paper presents a three-dimensional particle-in-cell （PIC） simulation of a Ka-band relativistic Cherenkov source with a slow wave structure （SWS） consisting of metal photonic band gap （PBG） structures. In th...This paper presents a three-dimensional particle-in-cell （PIC） simulation of a Ka-band relativistic Cherenkov source with a slow wave structure （SWS） consisting of metal photonic band gap （PBG） structures. In the simulation, a perfect match layer boundary is employed to absorb passing band modes supported by the PBG lattice with an artificial metal boundary. The simulated axial field distributions in the cross section and surface of the SWS demonstrate that the device operates in the vicinity of the π point of a TM01-1ike mode. The Fourier transformation spectra of the axial fields as functions of time and space show that only a single frequency appears at 36.27 GHz, which is in good agreement with that of the intersection of the dispersion curve with the slow space charge wave generated on the beam. The simulation results demonstrate that the SWS has good mode selectivity.展开更多
An extended interaction oscillator （EIO） generating 120 GHz wave in sub-terahertz waves is studied by using the three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation software CST and PIC codes. A rectangular reentrant couple...An extended interaction oscillator （EIO） generating 120 GHz wave in sub-terahertz waves is studied by using the three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation software CST and PIC codes. A rectangular reentrant coupled-cavity is proposed as the slow-wave structure of EIO. By CST, the circuit parameters including frequency-phase dispersion, interaction impedance and characteristic impedance are simulated and calculated. The operation mode of EIO is chosen very close to the point where βL = 2π with corresponding frequency 120 GHz, the beam voltage 12 kV and the dimensions of the cavity with the period 0.5mm, the height 3mm and the width 1.4mm. Simulation results of beam-wave interaction by PIC show that the exciting frequency is 120.85 GHz and output peak power 465 W with 12-period coupled-cavity with the perveance 0.17 μP. Simulation results indicate that the EIO has very wide range of the operation voltage.展开更多
Ti–Cu–N films were deposited on 316 L stainless steel substrates by magnetic field-enhanced arc ion plating.The effect of substrate pulse bias duty cycle on the chemical composition,microstructure,surface morphology...Ti–Cu–N films were deposited on 316 L stainless steel substrates by magnetic field-enhanced arc ion plating.The effect of substrate pulse bias duty cycle on the chemical composition,microstructure,surface morphology,mechanical and tribological properties of the films was systemically investigated.The results showed that,with increasing the duty cycle,Cu content decreases from 3.3 to 0.58 at.%.XRD results showed that only Ti N phase is observed for all the deposited films and the preferred orientation transformed from Ti N（200） to Ti N（111） plane with the increase in duty cycle.The surface roughness and deposition rate showed monotonous decrease with increasing the duty cycle.The residual stress and hardness firstly increase and then decrease afterwards with the increase in duty cycle,while the variation of critical load shows reverse trend.Except for the film with duty cycle of 10%,others perform the better wear resistance.展开更多
Pulsed discharges can generate high power densities and high equivalent electric fields in plasma to emit X-rays,which is closely related to discharge mechanism.In this paper,discharge characteristics and X-ray emissi...Pulsed discharges can generate high power densities and high equivalent electric fields in plasma to emit X-rays,which is closely related to discharge mechanism.In this paper,discharge characteristics and X-ray emission of typical nanosecond-pulse discharges(corona,diffuse,spark or arc)are reviewed.Especially,the diffuse discharges are observed at pulse repetition frequencies up to 1 kHz.Factors influencing the discharge characteristics and X-ray emission are analyzed,such as the gap spacing,parameters of the applied pulse(amplitude,pulse repetition frequency),anode and cathode materials,and curvature radius of cathode.It is concluded that the maximum X-ray intensity is obtained in a diffuse discharge,and the X-ray intensity is affected by the pulse repetition frequency,applied voltage,anode material,and curvature radius of cathode.For example,X-ray intensity increases with the pulse repetition frequency and the atomic numbers of the anode material,but it decrease with the increase of curvature radius.It is also shown that the cathode material has no obvious influence on the X-ray intensity.展开更多
A pulse generator with a voltage rise time of～1.5 ns and voltage amplitude variable from 30 kV to 200 kV was designed for generating runaway electron beams in atmospheric pressure air with different interelectrode ga...A pulse generator with a voltage rise time of～1.5 ns and voltage amplitude variable from 30 kV to 200 kV was designed for generating runaway electron beams in atmospheric pressure air with different interelectrode gaps.The influence of the voltage amplitude and gap length on the generation was studied.In the gas diode geometry under study,the gap voltage at which the generation of a runaway electron beam begins was determined.Decreasing the voltage pulse amplitude does not increase the beam current pulse width measured with a time resolution of～0.1 ns.It is shown that the escape of beam electrons to the downstream of the foil is sync in time with the voltage drop across the gap,and that the delay of beam current generation increases gradually from 1.1 ns to 2.6 ns as the voltage pulse amplitude across the gap decreases from～100 kV to 40 kV.展开更多
This paper considers the frequency-quadrupling three-cavity gyroklystrons with successive frequency-doubling in each cavity.The cavities of 225 GHz frequency-quadrupling gyroklystron are designed with the scattering m...This paper considers the frequency-quadrupling three-cavity gyroklystrons with successive frequency-doubling in each cavity.The cavities of 225 GHz frequency-quadrupling gyroklystron are designed with the scattering matrices method and the possible operating mode are discussed.With the point-gap theory,the starting currents of the possible operating modes and the potential parasitic modes in the output cavity are calculated. The optimal operating mode is proposed under consideration of the mode competition and the power capacity of the cavity.展开更多
This paper studies dispersion characteristics of the transverse magnetic （TM） mode for two-dimensional unmagnetized dielectric plasma photonic crystal by a modified plane wave method. First, the cutoff behaviour is ...This paper studies dispersion characteristics of the transverse magnetic （TM） mode for two-dimensional unmagnetized dielectric plasma photonic crystal by a modified plane wave method. First, the cutoff behaviour is made clear by using the Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory, and the influences of dielectric filling factor and dielectric constant on effective plasma frequency are analysed. Moreover, the occurence of large gaps in dielectric plasma photonic crystal is demonstrated by comparing the skin depth with the lattice constant, and the influence of plasma frequency on the first three gaps is also studied. Finally, by using the particle-in-cell simulation method, a transmission curve in the Г - X direction is obtained in dielectric plasma photonic crystal, which is in accordance with the dispersion curves calculated by the modified plane wave method, and the large gap between the transmission points of 27 GHz and 47 GHz is explained by comparing the electric field patterns in particle-in-cell simulation.展开更多
Supershort avalanche electron beam(SAEB)plays an important role in nanosecond-pulse discharges.This paper aims at reviewing ex-periments results on characteritics of SAEB and its spectra in different gases in nanoseco...Supershort avalanche electron beam(SAEB)plays an important role in nanosecond-pulse discharges.This paper aims at reviewing ex-periments results on characteritics of SAEB and its spectra in different gases in nanosecond-pulse discharges.All the joint experiments were carried in the Institute of High Current Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.In these experiments,the generation of a SAEB in SF 6 in an inhomogeneous electric field was studied on three generators with pulse rise times of 0.3,0.5 and~2 ns.Firstly,the comparison of SAEB parameters in SF 6 with those obtained in other gases(air,nitrogen,argon,and krypton)is introduced.Secondly,the SAEB spectra in SF 6 and air at pressures of 10 kPa(75 torr),and 0.1 MPa(750 torr)are reviewed and discussed.Finally,1.5-D theoretical simulation of the supershort pulse of the fast electron beam in a coaxial diode filled with SF 6 at atmospheric pressure is described.The simulation was carried out in the framework of hybrid model for discharge and runaway electron kinetics.The above research progress can provide better understanding of the investigation into the mechanism of nanosecond-pulse discharges.展开更多
The effect of air pressure(12.5,25,50,and 100 kPa)on the gen eration of runaway electron beams in a non-uniform electric field when applying voltage pulses(~35 kV)with a rise time of?200 ns has been studied.The result...The effect of air pressure(12.5,25,50,and 100 kPa)on the gen eration of runaway electron beams in a non-uniform electric field when applying voltage pulses(~35 kV)with a rise time of?200 ns has been studied.The results show that the discharge has various stages:streamer,diffuse,and spark.Initially,a wide streamer develops in the gap and a diffuse discharge is formed.A spark is formed u 100 ns after the breakdown.The current pulse of a supershort avalanche electron beam(SAEB)was measured with a collector at various pressures of air.Experiments show that there are two modes of generation of run away electrons.At an air pressure of 25-100 kPa,a single SAEB current pulse with a full width at half-maximum(FWHM)of 120-140 ps is observed.At the air pressure of 12.5 kPa,two current pulses of the electron beam are observed.FWHM of the first and second current pulses are ul40ps and u300 ps,respectively.The current pulse amplitude of the second electron beam is higher than that of the first one,but the electron energy is less.展开更多
The higher harmonics of the free electron laser(FEL)with a two-wavenumber plane wiggler magnetic field,which may induce a lot of higher harmonics,are investigated.Using a two-wavenumber wiggler comprised of two separa...The higher harmonics of the free electron laser(FEL)with a two-wavenumber plane wiggler magnetic field,which may induce a lot of higher harmonics,are investigated.Using a two-wavenumber wiggler comprised of two separate periodicities,k_(ω)and k_(ω)+Δk,numerical simulations show that the higher harmonic may be amplified and the first harmonic may be suppressed in this kind of FEL with an optimized parameterΔk.The coupling coefficient and gain coefficient in low-gain regime of the harmonic are also obtained.展开更多
In this paper,subnanosecond-pulse and one-nanosecond-pulse generators are used to study the breakdowns in highly overvolted gaps in atmospheric pressure air.With different cathodes,we measured the applied voltage and ...In this paper,subnanosecond-pulse and one-nanosecond-pulse generators are used to study the breakdowns in highly overvolted gaps in atmospheric pressure air.With different cathodes,we measured the applied voltage and discharge current to investigate the dynamic characteristics in the subnanosecond breakdown during the generation of a supershort avalanche electron beam.Especially,characteristics of dynamic displacement current are presented in the current paper,which is detected between the ionization wave front and a plane anode.It is shown that during a subnanosecond voltage rise time,the amplitude of the dynamic displacement current can be higher than 4 kA.It is demonstrated that the breakdown in the air gap is assisted by ionization processes between the ionization wave front and a plane anode.展开更多
This paper reports that Zn0.97Mn0.03O thin films have been prepared by radio-frequency sputtering technology followed by rapid thermal processing in nitrogen and oxygen ambient respectively. Magnetic property investig...This paper reports that Zn0.97Mn0.03O thin films have been prepared by radio-frequency sputtering technology followed by rapid thermal processing in nitrogen and oxygen ambient respectively. Magnetic property investigation indicates that the films are ferromagnetic and that the Curie temperature （Tc） is over room temperature. It is observed that the saturation magnetization of the films increases after annealing in nitrogen ambience but decreases after annealing in oxygen. Room temperature photoluminescence spectra indicate that the amount of defects in the films differs after annealing in the different ambiences. This suggests that the ferromagnetism in Zn0.97Mn0.03O films is strongly related to the defects in the films.展开更多
基金supported in part by Russian Foundation for Basic Research(project No.15-08-01324).
文摘In this paper,we give a review of some most powerful pulsed systems developed at the Institute of High Current Electronics(HCEI),Siberian Branch,Russian Academy of Sciences,and describe latest achievements of the teams dealing with these installations.Besides the presented high-power systems,HCEI performs numerous investigations using much less powerful generators.For instance,last year much attention was paying to the research and development of the intense low-energy(<200 kV)high-current electron and ion beam and plasma sources,and their application in the technology[1-3].
基金performed in accordance with the support of the Russian Science Foundation(RSF)(No.23-79-00023)。
文摘Streamer discharges that do not transition to a spark channel are now being widely investigated.One of these discharges is the apokamp discharge,in which streamers start from a diffuse spark channel having a curved shape at a high repetition rate of voltage pulse.In this work,to estimate the electron concentration in the plasma forming the apokamp a digital holographic laser scanning method is applied for the first time.The method is based on a comparison of the phases of two optical wavefronts,registered at different time instants in the form of digital holograms.The result of the phase comparison between the wavefronts is presented in the form of a numerically calculated map of the phase difference of the reconstructed wavefronts.A gas-discharge plasma is a phase(transparent)object,and the interference fringes are formed as a result of the change in the refractive index introduced by the plasma with respect to the original unperturbed medium.The obtained value of the refractive index allows estimation of the concentration of electrons in the spark channel plasma.It is shown that at as the voltage pulse repetition rate increases from 5 to 50 kHz the concentration of electrons in the plasma forming the apokamp decreases by an estimated four times.
基金National Basic Research Program of China(2007CB607602)NSFC(50875058)+1 种基金Heilongjiang excellent young scientists found(JC200901)the Program of Excellent Teams of Harbin Institute of Technology
文摘M50 steel was irradiated by high current pulsed electron beam(HCPEB)with different pulses.The subsequent tempering was carried out between 500 and 625℃.Microstructure evolution was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.It is found that the HCPEB treatment could constrain martainsite transformation in the surface layer of the samples.Tempered behavior of HCPEB remelted layer strongly depends on the proportion of retained austenite.Austenite saturated more carbon and metallic elements depict higher tempering stability.During tempered process,carbides precipitates among the grain and phase boundaries.The decreased solution of the elements promotes the retained austenite into martensite.
基金This work is supported by Russian Fund of Basic Research(projects 15-08-03983 and 15-58-53031).
文摘The results of theoretical simulation of runaway electron generation in high-pressure pulsed gas discharge with inhomogeneous electric field are presented.Hydrodynamic and kinetic approaches are used simultaneously to describe the dynamics of different components of low-temperature discharge plasma.Breakdown of coaxial diode occurs in the form of a dense plasma region expanding from the cathode.On this background there is a formation of runaway electrons that are initiated by the ensemble of plasma electrons generated in the place locally enhanced electric field in front of dense plasma.It is shown that the power spectrum of fast electrons in the discharge contains electron group with the so-called“anomalous”energy.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (No. 11011120081)Large Scientific Facilities of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 11079012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10875021)
文摘Ti–Al surface alloy was fabricated using a cyclic pulsed liquid-phase mixing of predeposited 100 nm Al film with a-Ti substrate by low-energy high-current electron beam. Electron probe micro-analysis（EPMA）,grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis（GIXRD）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, and nanoindentation were used to investigate the characterization of Ti–Al surface alloy. The experimental results show that the thickness of alloy layer is ＊3 lm, and the content of Al in the ＊1 lm thickness surface layer is ＊60 at%. The tetragonal TiAl and TiAl2intermetallics were synthesized at the top surface, which have nanocrystalline structure.The main phase formed in the ＊2.5 lm thick surface is TiAl, and there are few TiAl2and Ti3Al phase for the alloy.Dislocation is enhanced in the alloyed layer. The nanohardness of Ti–Al surface alloy increased significantly compared with a-Ti substrate due to the nanostructure and enhanced dislocation. Since the e-beam remelted repeatedly, the Ti–Al surface alloy mixed sufficiently with Ti substrate. Moreover, there is no obvious boundary between the alloyed layer and substrate.
基金performed within the framework of the State assignment of the IHCE SB RAS,project No.FWRM-2021-0014.
文摘The development of a nanosecond discharge in a pin-to-pin gap filled with air at atmospheric pressure has been studied with high temporal and spatial resolutions from a breakdown start to the spark decay.Positive and negative nanosecond voltage pulses with an amplitude of tens of kilovolts were applied.Time-resolved images of the discharge development were taken with a fourchannel Intensified Charge Coupled Device(ICCD)camera.The minimum delay between the camera channels could be as short as≈0.1 ns.This made it possible to study the gap breakdown process with subnanosecond resolution.It was observed that a wide-diameter streamer develops from the high-voltage pointed electrode.The ionization processes near the grounded pin electrode started when the streamer crossed half of the gap.After bridging the gap by the streamer,a diffuse discharge was formed.The development of spark leaders from bright spots on the surface of the pointed electrodes was observed at the next stage.It was found that the rate of development of the spark leader is an order of magnitude lower than that of the wide-diameter streamer.Long thin luminous tracks were observed against the background of a discharge plasma glow.It has been established that the tracks are adjacent to brightly glowing spots on the electrodes and are associated with the flight of small particles.
文摘Investigations are directed to the development of high-power sources ofUWB （ultrawideband） radiation based on excitation of anterma arrays with bipolar voltage pulses. In the previously designed high-power UWB sources only one bipolar pulse former and different feeder systems for pulse distribution through the array elements were used. By means of this approach, a number of UWB sources were created with the bipolar voltage pulse length ranging from 0.2 to 2 ns and effective potential of radiation ranging from 0.4 to 3 MV. The approach has got a restriction related to the electrical breakdown in a bipolar voltage pulse former. A new approach to the creation of high-power UWB sources based on a multicharmel bipolar pulse former is suggested： the number of bipolar pulse formers is equal to the number of antennas in the array. The main problem in realization of this approach is a stable operation of bipolar pulse formers in order to ensure a coherent summation of radiated pulses in the far-field zone. The result of this work is the instability of-150 ps at the pulse length of 3 ns obtained in a one-channel bipolar pulse former indicating that the suggested approach is realizable.
基金Project supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (Grant No 2007CB31040)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 60571020)
文摘This paper presents a three-dimensional particle-in-cell （PIC） simulation of a Ka-band relativistic Cherenkov source with a slow wave structure （SWS） consisting of metal photonic band gap （PBG） structures. In the simulation, a perfect match layer boundary is employed to absorb passing band modes supported by the PBG lattice with an artificial metal boundary. The simulated axial field distributions in the cross section and surface of the SWS demonstrate that the device operates in the vicinity of the π point of a TM01-1ike mode. The Fourier transformation spectra of the axial fields as functions of time and space show that only a single frequency appears at 36.27 GHz, which is in good agreement with that of the intersection of the dispersion curve with the slow space charge wave generated on the beam. The simulation results demonstrate that the SWS has good mode selectivity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10676110)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No 2007CB310401)
文摘An extended interaction oscillator （EIO） generating 120 GHz wave in sub-terahertz waves is studied by using the three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation software CST and PIC codes. A rectangular reentrant coupled-cavity is proposed as the slow-wave structure of EIO. By CST, the circuit parameters including frequency-phase dispersion, interaction impedance and characteristic impedance are simulated and calculated. The operation mode of EIO is chosen very close to the point where βL = 2π with corresponding frequency 120 GHz, the beam voltage 12 kV and the dimensions of the cavity with the period 0.5mm, the height 3mm and the width 1.4mm. Simulation results of beam-wave interaction by PIC show that the exciting frequency is 120.85 GHz and output peak power 465 W with 12-period coupled-cavity with the perveance 0.17 μP. Simulation results indicate that the EIO has very wide range of the operation voltage.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51401128)Shenzhen Science and Technology Project(No.JCYJ20140508155916426)
文摘Ti–Cu–N films were deposited on 316 L stainless steel substrates by magnetic field-enhanced arc ion plating.The effect of substrate pulse bias duty cycle on the chemical composition,microstructure,surface morphology,mechanical and tribological properties of the films was systemically investigated.The results showed that,with increasing the duty cycle,Cu content decreases from 3.3 to 0.58 at.%.XRD results showed that only Ti N phase is observed for all the deposited films and the preferred orientation transformed from Ti N（200） to Ti N（111） plane with the increase in duty cycle.The surface roughness and deposition rate showed monotonous decrease with increasing the duty cycle.The residual stress and hardness firstly increase and then decrease afterwards with the increase in duty cycle,while the variation of critical load shows reverse trend.Except for the film with duty cycle of 10%,others perform the better wear resistance.
基金Project supported by National NatumA Science Foundation of China（51207154, 51222701, 51211120183）, National Basic Research Program of China（973 Program） （2011 CB209402）, Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment in Xi＇an Jiaotong University（EIPE12204）, Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Professorship for Senior Intemational Scientists（2012T1G0021）, Russian Foundation for Basic Research（#12-08-91150-FqbEH_a）.
文摘Pulsed discharges can generate high power densities and high equivalent electric fields in plasma to emit X-rays,which is closely related to discharge mechanism.In this paper,discharge characteristics and X-ray emission of typical nanosecond-pulse discharges(corona,diffuse,spark or arc)are reviewed.Especially,the diffuse discharges are observed at pulse repetition frequencies up to 1 kHz.Factors influencing the discharge characteristics and X-ray emission are analyzed,such as the gap spacing,parameters of the applied pulse(amplitude,pulse repetition frequency),anode and cathode materials,and curvature radius of cathode.It is concluded that the maximum X-ray intensity is obtained in a diffuse discharge,and the X-ray intensity is affected by the pulse repetition frequency,applied voltage,anode material,and curvature radius of cathode.For example,X-ray intensity increases with the pulse repetition frequency and the atomic numbers of the anode material,but it decrease with the increase of curvature radius.It is also shown that the cathode material has no obvious influence on the X-ray intensity.
基金Project supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research （12-08-91150-GFEN_a）, National Natural Science Foundation of China （51222701, 51207154, 51211120183）, National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program） （20llCB209402）, Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment in Xi＇an Jiaotong University （EIPEI2204）, Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists （2012TtG0021）.
文摘A pulse generator with a voltage rise time of～1.5 ns and voltage amplitude variable from 30 kV to 200 kV was designed for generating runaway electron beams in atmospheric pressure air with different interelectrode gaps.The influence of the voltage amplitude and gap length on the generation was studied.In the gas diode geometry under study,the gap voltage at which the generation of a runaway electron beam begins was determined.Decreasing the voltage pulse amplitude does not increase the beam current pulse width measured with a time resolution of～0.1 ns.It is shown that the escape of beam electrons to the downstream of the foil is sync in time with the voltage drop across the gap,and that the delay of beam current generation increases gradually from 1.1 ns to 2.6 ns as the voltage pulse amplitude across the gap decreases from～100 kV to 40 kV.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10676110)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No 2007BC310401)
文摘This paper considers the frequency-quadrupling three-cavity gyroklystrons with successive frequency-doubling in each cavity.The cavities of 225 GHz frequency-quadrupling gyroklystron are designed with the scattering matrices method and the possible operating mode are discussed.With the point-gap theory,the starting currents of the possible operating modes and the potential parasitic modes in the output cavity are calculated. The optimal operating mode is proposed under consideration of the mode competition and the power capacity of the cavity.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60571020 and 10975031)
文摘This paper studies dispersion characteristics of the transverse magnetic （TM） mode for two-dimensional unmagnetized dielectric plasma photonic crystal by a modified plane wave method. First, the cutoff behaviour is made clear by using the Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory, and the influences of dielectric filling factor and dielectric constant on effective plasma frequency are analysed. Moreover, the occurence of large gaps in dielectric plasma photonic crystal is demonstrated by comparing the skin depth with the lattice constant, and the influence of plasma frequency on the first three gaps is also studied. Finally, by using the particle-in-cell simulation method, a transmission curve in the Г - X direction is obtained in dielectric plasma photonic crystal, which is in accordance with the dispersion curves calculated by the modified plane wave method, and the large gap between the transmission points of 27 GHz and 47 GHz is explained by comparing the electric field patterns in particle-in-cell simulation.
基金The work on the experimental setup#1 and#2 was sup-ported by grants RFBR#15-58-53031_ГФЕН_аThe work on the experimental setup#3 was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Contract#51511130040.
文摘Supershort avalanche electron beam(SAEB)plays an important role in nanosecond-pulse discharges.This paper aims at reviewing ex-periments results on characteritics of SAEB and its spectra in different gases in nanosecond-pulse discharges.All the joint experiments were carried in the Institute of High Current Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.In these experiments,the generation of a SAEB in SF 6 in an inhomogeneous electric field was studied on three generators with pulse rise times of 0.3,0.5 and~2 ns.Firstly,the comparison of SAEB parameters in SF 6 with those obtained in other gases(air,nitrogen,argon,and krypton)is introduced.Secondly,the SAEB spectra in SF 6 and air at pressures of 10 kPa(75 torr),and 0.1 MPa(750 torr)are reviewed and discussed.Finally,1.5-D theoretical simulation of the supershort pulse of the fast electron beam in a coaxial diode filled with SF 6 at atmospheric pressure is described.The simulation was carried out in the framework of hybrid model for discharge and runaway electron kinetics.The above research progress can provide better understanding of the investigation into the mechanism of nanosecond-pulse discharges.
文摘The effect of air pressure(12.5,25,50,and 100 kPa)on the gen eration of runaway electron beams in a non-uniform electric field when applying voltage pulses(~35 kV)with a rise time of?200 ns has been studied.The results show that the discharge has various stages:streamer,diffuse,and spark.Initially,a wide streamer develops in the gap and a diffuse discharge is formed.A spark is formed u 100 ns after the breakdown.The current pulse of a supershort avalanche electron beam(SAEB)was measured with a collector at various pressures of air.Experiments show that there are two modes of generation of run away electrons.At an air pressure of 25-100 kPa,a single SAEB current pulse with a full width at half-maximum(FWHM)of 120-140 ps is observed.At the air pressure of 12.5 kPa,two current pulses of the electron beam are observed.FWHM of the first and second current pulses are ul40ps and u300 ps,respectively.The current pulse amplitude of the second electron beam is higher than that of the first one,but the electron energy is less.
文摘The higher harmonics of the free electron laser(FEL)with a two-wavenumber plane wiggler magnetic field,which may induce a lot of higher harmonics,are investigated.Using a two-wavenumber wiggler comprised of two separate periodicities,k_(ω)and k_(ω)+Δk,numerical simulations show that the higher harmonic may be amplified and the first harmonic may be suppressed in this kind of FEL with an optimized parameterΔk.The coupling coefficient and gain coefficient in low-gain regime of the harmonic are also obtained.
基金Project supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research （12-08-91150-FOEH_a and 12-08-00105-a）, National Natural Science Foundation of China （51222701, 51207154, 51211120183）, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists （2012T1G0021）.
文摘In this paper,subnanosecond-pulse and one-nanosecond-pulse generators are used to study the breakdowns in highly overvolted gaps in atmospheric pressure air.With different cathodes,we measured the applied voltage and discharge current to investigate the dynamic characteristics in the subnanosecond breakdown during the generation of a supershort avalanche electron beam.Especially,characteristics of dynamic displacement current are presented in the current paper,which is detected between the ionization wave front and a plane anode.It is shown that during a subnanosecond voltage rise time,the amplitude of the dynamic displacement current can be higher than 4 kA.It is demonstrated that the breakdown in the air gap is assisted by ionization processes between the ionization wave front and a plane anode.
基金supported by the National Key Program for Fundamental Research Development Plan of China (973 Project)
文摘This paper reports that Zn0.97Mn0.03O thin films have been prepared by radio-frequency sputtering technology followed by rapid thermal processing in nitrogen and oxygen ambient respectively. Magnetic property investigation indicates that the films are ferromagnetic and that the Curie temperature （Tc） is over room temperature. It is observed that the saturation magnetization of the films increases after annealing in nitrogen ambience but decreases after annealing in oxygen. Room temperature photoluminescence spectra indicate that the amount of defects in the films differs after annealing in the different ambiences. This suggests that the ferromagnetism in Zn0.97Mn0.03O films is strongly related to the defects in the films.
