Pine wilt disease(PWD)is a devastating disease affecting the growth of Pinus massoniana,often leading to withering and death.To reveal the changes involved during disease progression,we investigated the mRNA expressio...Pine wilt disease(PWD)is a devastating disease affecting the growth of Pinus massoniana,often leading to withering and death.To reveal the changes involved during disease progression,we investigated the mRNA expression profile of P.massoniana infested by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.The infestation resulted in the downregulation of genes involved in interactions with pathogenic pathways such as disease resistance gene,CC-NBS-LRR resistancelike protein,and the gene encoding a putative nematode resistance protein.Increased infestation pressure(number of nematodes inoculated)caused a continuous decline in the gene expression of stem samples.An infestation of P.massoniana also resulted in a pathway enrichment of genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis,which in turn reduced the levels of total phenols and total flavonoids.A downregulation of auxin responsive family protein was observed in infested samples,which resulted in a suppression of plant growth.Thus,upon B.xylophilus infestation,a downregulation of genes associated with the recognition of pathogens,PWD resistance,and growth regulation was observed in P.massoniana,together with a decrease in the levels of phytoalexinlike secondary substances,all of which resulted in withering and ultimately death of P.massoniana.展开更多
In this study,pot experiments were conducted on the seedlings of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica to study the influence of Trichoderma(Trichoderma harzianum E15)and Ectomycorrhizal fungi(Suillus luteus N94)on the growt...In this study,pot experiments were conducted on the seedlings of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica to study the influence of Trichoderma(Trichoderma harzianum E15)and Ectomycorrhizal fungi(Suillus luteus N94)on the growth of these seedlings.In particular,the effects of these fungi on the fungal community structure in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings were investigated.Inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum E15 and Suillus luteus N94 significantly(P<0.05)promoted the growth of the Pinus sylvestris seedlings.The non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)results indicated a significant difference(P<0.05)between the fungal community structures in the rhizosphere soil of the annual and biennial seedlings.In the rhizosphere soil of annual seedlings,the main fungi were Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Zygomycota.Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Mortierellomycota,and p-unclassified-k-Fungi were the main fungi in the rhizosphere soil of biennial seedlings.The dominant genus in the rhizosphere soil and a key factor promoting the growth of the annual and the biennial seedlings was Trichoderma,Suillus,respectively.Both of them were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of microbial flora in the symbiotic environment.Trichoderma had a significant promoting effect on the conversion of total phosphorus,total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,and the organic matter in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings,while Suillus significantly promoted the conversion of organic matter and total phosphorus.展开更多
The weevil genus Proscleropterus Korotyaev, 2008 （Coleoptera： Curculionidae： Ceutorhynchinae： Scleropterini） has been recorded endemic from China and is comprised of three species, including two new species： P. ...The weevil genus Proscleropterus Korotyaev, 2008 （Coleoptera： Curculionidae： Ceutorhynchinae： Scleropterini） has been recorded endemic from China and is comprised of three species, including two new species： P. shennongjianus Qin ＆ Huang, sp. nov. and P. rudis Colonnelli, Qin ＆ Huang, sp. nov. A key to the three species and illustrations are provided. In addition, Rubus eucalyptus Focke （Rosaceae） is recorded as the host plant ofP. shennongjianus Qin ＆ Huang, sp. nov.展开更多
The genus Phytobius Schoenherr,1833(Ceutorhynchinae:Phytobiini)from China was revised on the basis of morphological observations and barcode identification.The distribution of the type species P.leucogaster(Marsham,18...The genus Phytobius Schoenherr,1833(Ceutorhynchinae:Phytobiini)from China was revised on the basis of morphological observations and barcode identification.The distribution of the type species P.leucogaster(Marsham,1802)in China was confirmed for the first time,based on specimens collected from Beijing and Tianjin.Another species,P.friebi Wagner,1939 was found widely distributed along the east coast of China.The morphologically varied populations from the north(Heilongjiang)and south(Zhejiang)are suggested to be the same species based on the genetic divergence and phylogeny analysis of CO1 sequences.The plant association of the species with Polygonum hydropiper L.(Polygonaceae)was discovered.Habitus photographs,illustrations of important characters,distribution map,and a key to both species are provided.展开更多
This paper summarizes the fuel type systems currently adopted by the fire danger rating systems or fire behavior prediction systems of some countries, such as Canada, the United States, Australia, Greece, and Switzerl...This paper summarizes the fuel type systems currently adopted by the fire danger rating systems or fire behavior prediction systems of some countries, such as Canada, the United States, Australia, Greece, and Switzerland. As an example, the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System organizes fuel types into five major groups, with a total of 16 discrete fuel types recognized. In the United States National Fire Danger Rating System, fuel models are divided into four vegetation groups and twenty fire behavior fuel models. The Promethus System （Greece） divides fuels into 7 types, and Australia has adopted only three distinct fuel types： open grasslands, dry eucalyptus forests, and heath/shrublands. Four approaches to mapping fuels are acceptable： field reconnaissance, direct mapping methods, indirect mapping methods, and gradient modeling. Satellite remote-sensing techniques provide an alternative source of obtaining fuel data quickly, since they provide comprehensive spatial coverage and enough temporal resolution to update fuel maps in a more efficient and timely manner than traditional aerial photography or fieldwork. Satellite sensors can also provide digital information that can be easily tied into other spatial databases using Geographic Information System （GIS） analysis, which can be used as input in fire behavior and growth models. Various fuel-mapping methods from satellite remote sensing are discussed in the paper. According to the analysis of the fuel mapping techniques worldwide, this paper suggests that China should first create appropriate fuel types for its fire agencies before embarking on developing a national fire danger rating system to improve the current data situation for it＇s fire management programs.展开更多
The present studies show that there is a biocommunity including 59 kinds of organisms in and around the focus of angelica pockmarked disease to form a soil food web. These results add new content to the relationship a...The present studies show that there is a biocommunity including 59 kinds of organisms in and around the focus of angelica pockmarked disease to form a soil food web. These results add new content to the relationship among food webmembersr~[1, 2]. The studies prove that 6 species of Fusarium are pathogenes, the wounds caused by underground insects and artificial factors are beneficial to pathogene infection, and invertebrates carrying pathogenes aggravate the disease. According to the tests, a disease control method is proposed and applied to 14, 000 mu in Gansu Province, and economic and social benefits have been obtained. The present studies are part of the state projects on technological development of agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFD0600105)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31870641)+2 种基金the Research Foundation of Education Department of Fujian Province(No.JAT170882)Project of Financial Department of Fujian Province(Nos.K81139238 and K8911010)the Special Fund for Forestry Research in the Public Interest of China(No.201304401)
文摘Pine wilt disease(PWD)is a devastating disease affecting the growth of Pinus massoniana,often leading to withering and death.To reveal the changes involved during disease progression,we investigated the mRNA expression profile of P.massoniana infested by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.The infestation resulted in the downregulation of genes involved in interactions with pathogenic pathways such as disease resistance gene,CC-NBS-LRR resistancelike protein,and the gene encoding a putative nematode resistance protein.Increased infestation pressure(number of nematodes inoculated)caused a continuous decline in the gene expression of stem samples.An infestation of P.massoniana also resulted in a pathway enrichment of genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis,which in turn reduced the levels of total phenols and total flavonoids.A downregulation of auxin responsive family protein was observed in infested samples,which resulted in a suppression of plant growth.Thus,upon B.xylophilus infestation,a downregulation of genes associated with the recognition of pathogens,PWD resistance,and growth regulation was observed in P.massoniana,together with a decrease in the levels of phytoalexinlike secondary substances,all of which resulted in withering and ultimately death of P.massoniana.
文摘In this study,pot experiments were conducted on the seedlings of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica to study the influence of Trichoderma(Trichoderma harzianum E15)and Ectomycorrhizal fungi(Suillus luteus N94)on the growth of these seedlings.In particular,the effects of these fungi on the fungal community structure in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings were investigated.Inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum E15 and Suillus luteus N94 significantly(P<0.05)promoted the growth of the Pinus sylvestris seedlings.The non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)results indicated a significant difference(P<0.05)between the fungal community structures in the rhizosphere soil of the annual and biennial seedlings.In the rhizosphere soil of annual seedlings,the main fungi were Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Zygomycota.Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Mortierellomycota,and p-unclassified-k-Fungi were the main fungi in the rhizosphere soil of biennial seedlings.The dominant genus in the rhizosphere soil and a key factor promoting the growth of the annual and the biennial seedlings was Trichoderma,Suillus,respectively.Both of them were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of microbial flora in the symbiotic environment.Trichoderma had a significant promoting effect on the conversion of total phosphorus,total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,and the organic matter in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings,while Suillus significantly promoted the conversion of organic matter and total phosphorus.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (31472031)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (LY14C040001)
文摘The weevil genus Proscleropterus Korotyaev, 2008 （Coleoptera： Curculionidae： Ceutorhynchinae： Scleropterini） has been recorded endemic from China and is comprised of three species, including two new species： P. shennongjianus Qin ＆ Huang, sp. nov. and P. rudis Colonnelli, Qin ＆ Huang, sp. nov. A key to the three species and illustrations are provided. In addition, Rubus eucalyptus Focke （Rosaceae） is recorded as the host plant ofP. shennongjianus Qin ＆ Huang, sp. nov.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31472031)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LY14C040001)
文摘The genus Phytobius Schoenherr,1833(Ceutorhynchinae:Phytobiini)from China was revised on the basis of morphological observations and barcode identification.The distribution of the type species P.leucogaster(Marsham,1802)in China was confirmed for the first time,based on specimens collected from Beijing and Tianjin.Another species,P.friebi Wagner,1939 was found widely distributed along the east coast of China.The morphologically varied populations from the north(Heilongjiang)and south(Zhejiang)are suggested to be the same species based on the genetic divergence and phylogeny analysis of CO1 sequences.The plant association of the species with Polygonum hydropiper L.(Polygonaceae)was discovered.Habitus photographs,illustrations of important characters,distribution map,and a key to both species are provided.
基金This paper was supported by the Beijing Fund of Nature Science (No. 6042025), China NKBRSF Project (No. 2001CB409600) and Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration
文摘This paper summarizes the fuel type systems currently adopted by the fire danger rating systems or fire behavior prediction systems of some countries, such as Canada, the United States, Australia, Greece, and Switzerland. As an example, the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System organizes fuel types into five major groups, with a total of 16 discrete fuel types recognized. In the United States National Fire Danger Rating System, fuel models are divided into four vegetation groups and twenty fire behavior fuel models. The Promethus System （Greece） divides fuels into 7 types, and Australia has adopted only three distinct fuel types： open grasslands, dry eucalyptus forests, and heath/shrublands. Four approaches to mapping fuels are acceptable： field reconnaissance, direct mapping methods, indirect mapping methods, and gradient modeling. Satellite remote-sensing techniques provide an alternative source of obtaining fuel data quickly, since they provide comprehensive spatial coverage and enough temporal resolution to update fuel maps in a more efficient and timely manner than traditional aerial photography or fieldwork. Satellite sensors can also provide digital information that can be easily tied into other spatial databases using Geographic Information System （GIS） analysis, which can be used as input in fire behavior and growth models. Various fuel-mapping methods from satellite remote sensing are discussed in the paper. According to the analysis of the fuel mapping techniques worldwide, this paper suggests that China should first create appropriate fuel types for its fire agencies before embarking on developing a national fire danger rating system to improve the current data situation for it＇s fire management programs.
文摘The present studies show that there is a biocommunity including 59 kinds of organisms in and around the focus of angelica pockmarked disease to form a soil food web. These results add new content to the relationship among food webmembersr~[1, 2]. The studies prove that 6 species of Fusarium are pathogenes, the wounds caused by underground insects and artificial factors are beneficial to pathogene infection, and invertebrates carrying pathogenes aggravate the disease. According to the tests, a disease control method is proposed and applied to 14, 000 mu in Gansu Province, and economic and social benefits have been obtained. The present studies are part of the state projects on technological development of agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery.
