The nutritional status of an individual can significantly influence its life history traits,including development,growth,reproduction,and survival.In the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot(Acari:Phy...The nutritional status of an individual can significantly influence its life history traits,including development,growth,reproduction,and survival.In the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot(Acari:Phytoseidae),the plasticity of life history traits,such as developmental time and size at maturity,is influenced by the quality and quantity of food.This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary restriction at different life stages(i.e.,juvenile,early adulthood,and later adulthood)on the lifespan and fecundity of P persimilis.We found that reduced dietary intake during early adulthood resulted in a shorter lifespan for both male and female P persimilis.Furthermore,this study demonstrated a sex-specific response to dietary restriction:it extended the lifespan of males but reduced that of females during later adulthood.Diet restriction during the postovipositional period of females showed the most variable life history trait response.Our results showed that the impact of diet restriction at different life stages can have combined influences on the postovipositional duration of P persimilis,where the individuals receiving diet restriction during immature development and early adulthood had a greater reduction in ovipositional duration as those experiencing diet restriction during late adulthood.In addition,we observed a positive correlation between the lifespan and fecundity of females,with higher prey availability increasing both.The insights obtained from our research contribute to a better understanding of the aging process and dietary requirements of P persimilis,which can facilitate the development of more effective biological control strategies using this predator for spider mites in agriculture.展开更多
This review on current biotechnological methods in forestry for in vitro tissue cultures to define the effect of stress conditions on trees,concentrates on somatic embryogenesis.Callus tissue,the key product of somati...This review on current biotechnological methods in forestry for in vitro tissue cultures to define the effect of stress conditions on trees,concentrates on somatic embryogenesis.Callus tissue,the key product of somatic embryogenesis,grows over a tree wound under ex vitro conditions.Callus tissue can be used in research in areas such as pathogenic susceptibility at the embryonic level,effect of heavy metals,influence of low temperatures(cryopreservation),production of secondary metabolites and transformation of plants.Callus of arborescent plants can be induced in vitro by fungal elicitors to produce secondary metabolites for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries and are strongly repellant to herbivores and can thus act to protect forests.Analyses of dual cultures demonstrated that callus tissue exposed to a pathogenic fungus responds by synthesizing low-molecular-mass proteins belonging to an immune protein class.Cryopreservation of embryonic callus tissue also has broad applications,e.g.,for valuable plant genotypes in gene banks.Without strategies to protect forests against stressfactors,forest ecosystems will degrade to the detriment of all life,including humans.In vitro biotechnological research using callus tissue contributes to progress in forestry and the disciplines of ecology,physiology,phytopathology,culture and selection of plants.展开更多
In order to found new carriers of pine wood nematode(PWN),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,beetles were collected from pine wilt disease-affected areas in six provinces in China.A total of 8830 beetles of 29 species was col...In order to found new carriers of pine wood nematode(PWN),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,beetles were collected from pine wilt disease-affected areas in six provinces in China.A total of 8830 beetles of 29 species was collected and examined to determine whether they were PWN carriers.Eight species were identified as carriers.Results included the first worldwide report of Monochamus uigromaculatus,Semanotus siuoauster,and Uraecha angusta being carriers of PWN,and the first report from China of A rhopalus rusticus carrying PWN.Monochamus alternatus was commonly collected in all six provinces and was the dominant species in four inland affected areas and A.rusticus was dominant in two coastal affected areas.The species varied between different neighboring regions in the same province.The distribution of the same species varied considerably over different regions.展开更多
To accelerate the breeding and selection of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. resistance to pine wilt disease, a micropropagation system was established and nematode resistance evaluated in vitro. Cotyledon-hypocotyl...To accelerate the breeding and selection of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. resistance to pine wilt disease, a micropropagation system was established and nematode resistance evaluated in vitro. Cotyledon-hypocotyl explants from 28-day-old seedlings were first cultured on Gresshoff and Doy medium supplemented with 4.0 mg L^(-1) 6-benzyladenine and 0.2 mg L^(-1) a-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA) to stimulate the formation of buds. Induced buds were subsequently subcultured on Gupta and Durzan medium supplemented with 0.1%(w/v)activated charcoal for elongation. Stem sections derived from shoots were used as explants for the further multiplication. Roots were formed from shoots transferred to woody plant medium containing 0.2 mg L^(-1) NAA for4 weeks. The nematode resistance test showed that symptoms in micropropagated shoots after infection with pine wood nematode(PWN) were similar to those in plants infected in the field. The wilting rate varied from 20 to100% among different clones 18 days after inoculation.The most susceptible clone was Clone 6-4 with a 100%wilting rate, while Clone 8-4 showed a relatively high resistance with a 20% wilting rate. The number of nematodes recovered from Clone 8-4 shoots was significantly lower(P = 0.05) than from Clones 5-10 and 16-4. This work contributes to the breeding of PWN resistance in P.densiflora.展开更多
Both fecundities and egg hatchabilities were compared among three populations of Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire adults（Coleoptera： Bothrideridae） fed on three types of artificial diets（Diet of formula 1 compose...Both fecundities and egg hatchabilities were compared among three populations of Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire adults（Coleoptera： Bothrideridae） fed on three types of artificial diets（Diet of formula 1 composed of silkworm pupa powder, dried yeast powder,sucrose, peptone, egg yolk powder and poplar branch powder. Diet of formula 2 composed of silkworm pupa powder, dried yeast powder, sucrose, egg yolk powder,poplar branch powder, cricket powder, benzoic acid and distilled water. Diet of formula 3 composed of pine bark powder and Monochamus alternatus larva powder）. for90 days. The three diets showed no significant difference regarding the average number of eggs deposited by all D. helophoroides females（16622.3–23874.7）; the average number of eggs per female（1278.6–1836.5）; and the average number of eggs per female per day（14.2–20.4）.The number of eggs one cluster contained mainly（82.06–82.66 %） lied in 1–100 eggs, and the average number of eggs per cluster ranged from 61.7 to 63.1. In the first 10-day period, the number of eggs deposited by all females fed on formula 1 was significantly larger than that on formula 3. The eggs deposited in the last four 10-day periods were more than in the former five 10-day periods,on formula 3. There were no significant differences in hatchability of total eggs among the three artificial diets,and the average corrected egg hatchability ranged from82.85 to 84.78 %. No significant differences in the adult mortality and mean weight gain of D. helophoroides were found after feeding on three artificial diets. Our results suggest that D. helophoroides adults were not specialized on the diet, and the diet types might have little effect on fecundity and egg hatchability in D. helophoroides, as long as sufficient nutrition was supplied.展开更多
The relationship between long-term fertilization and cropland network for soil fertility and fertilizers in Loess soil of Shannxi soil fauna was studied at the station＇s experiment research Provincefrom Jul. 2001 to ...The relationship between long-term fertilization and cropland network for soil fertility and fertilizers in Loess soil of Shannxi soil fauna was studied at the station＇s experiment research Provincefrom Jul. 2001 to Oct. 2002. Six types of long-term fertilizer were carried out for this study including non-fertilizer （CK）, abandonment （ABAND）, nitrogenous and phosphors and potassium fertilizers combined （NPK）, straw and NPK （SNPK）, organic material and NPK （MNPK） and 1.5 times MNPK （1.5MNPK）. 72 soil samples were collected and 5 495 species of cropland soil fauna obtained by handsorting and Cobb methods at 4 times, belonging to 6 Phyla, 11 Classes, 22 Orders, 2 Superfamilies, 61 Families and 35 Genera. The result showed that different fertilizer had significantly impacted on the cropland soil fauna （F = 2.24, P〈0.007）. The number of the cropland soil fauna was related to the soil physicochemical properties caused by long-term fertilization. The result by principal component analysis, focusing on the number of 15 key soil fauna species group＇s diversity, evenness of community and the total soil fauna individuals indicated that the effects of SNPK, NPK, MNPK and 1.5MNPK were significantly different from that of the cropland soil fauna, in which, SNPK and NPK had the positive effect on cropland soil fauna, and MNPK and 1.5 MNPK had the negative affect, others could not be explained. By principal component I, the synthetic effect of different fertilization on the total soil fauna individuals and the group was most significant, and the effect was little on evenness and diversity. By value of eigenvectors, the maximum one was 9.6248, and the minimum one was - 1.0904, that means the 6 types of fertilization did not affect evenly the cropland soil fauna.展开更多
A new species,Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang,sp.nov.(Hymenoptera:Bethylidae),is described and illustrated.Its cerambycid host,Monochamus alternatus Hope,a severe wood borer attacking many pine trees(Pinus spp.),is also...A new species,Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang,sp.nov.(Hymenoptera:Bethylidae),is described and illustrated.Its cerambycid host,Monochamus alternatus Hope,a severe wood borer attacking many pine trees(Pinus spp.),is also a vector of pine wood nematode,Bursaphelencus xylophilus,which cause severe damages to pine forests in China.The new species is a gregarious ectoparasitoid of junior larva of M.alternatus.The number of adult wasps reared from a single host larva ranges from 6 to 45.The ratio of female to male is 20:1.The new parasitoid species has a high potential in using as a biocontrol agent for the wood borer.Diagnosis of the new species with comparisons to its related species,S.pupariae Yang&Yao and a key to known species of Sclerodermus from China is provided.展开更多
Chitosan oligosaccharides(COSs)are the main degradation products from chitosan or chitin and have been reported to induce resistance to diseases in herbaceous plants like cucumber and Arabidopsis.Concomitantly,pine wi...Chitosan oligosaccharides(COSs)are the main degradation products from chitosan or chitin and have been reported to induce resistance to diseases in herbaceous plants like cucumber and Arabidopsis.Concomitantly,pine wilt disease(PWD)is a devastating disease of conifer tree species.Here,we hypothesized that COSs induce plant resistance gene(PRG)expression in the woody plant Masson pine,Pinus massoniana.COSs were inoculated into P.massoniana seedlings and the BGISEQ-500 platform was used to generate transcriptomes from COSs-treated P.massoniana and control seedlings.A total of 501 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified by comparing the treatment and control groups.A total of 251(50.1%)DEGs were up-regulated in the treatment relative to the control seedlings and 250(49.9%)were down-regulated.Inoculation of COSs induced the expression of 31 PRGs in P.massoniana seedlings and the relative expression levels of six of the PRGs were verified by RT-qPCR.This is the first study to demonstrate that COS induces the expression of PRGs in a tree species.These results provide important insights into the function of COSs and further the prospects of developing a COS-based immune inducer for controlling PWD.展开更多
Polyethism or division of works among workers of social insects is always a hot issue among entomologists. Honey bees, ants, and wasps are the main target for scientists to study the division of works. Studying polyet...Polyethism or division of works among workers of social insects is always a hot issue among entomologists. Honey bees, ants, and wasps are the main target for scientists to study the division of works. Studying polyethism in termites has been increased recently due to the damages to the forests, buildings, boats and even water preserving monuments. Every year a huge amount of money is spent to control these isopteran social insects in the south east of Asia, the US, Australia and other tropical and subtropical regions. As understanding the polyethism in these social insects can be a hand in controlling them, in this review we have tried to explain different kinds of polyethism and their importance in these social insects.展开更多
Behavioral responses of the Asian larch bark beetle, lps subelongatus Motsch. to three potential aggregation pheromone components, ipsenol （racemic or [-]- enantiomer）, ipsdienol （racemic or [＋]-enantiomer） and 3...Behavioral responses of the Asian larch bark beetle, lps subelongatus Motsch. to three potential aggregation pheromone components, ipsenol （racemic or [-]- enantiomer）, ipsdienol （racemic or [＋]-enantiomer） and 3-methyl-3-buten- l-ol, were tested using partial or full factorial experimental designs in two provinces （Inner Mongolia and Jilin） of northeastern China. Our field bioassays in Inner Mongolia （Larix principis- rupprechtii Mayr. plantation） clearly showed that ipsenol, either racemic or 97%-（-）- enantiomer, was the only compound that significantly attracted both sexes of 1. subelongatus, while all other compounds （singly or in combinations） were unattractive. There were no two- or three-way synergistic interactions. However, in Jilin Province （L. gmelini [Rupr.] Rupr. Plantation）, all the individual compounds tested were inactive, except a very weak activity by 97%-（-）-ipsenol in 2004 when the beetle population was very high. While a combination of ipsenol and ipsdienol （racemates or enantiomerically pure natural enantiomers） showed a significant attraction for both sexes of I. subelongatus, indicat- ing a two-way synergistic interaction between these two major components, addition of 3-methyl-3-buten-l-ol to these active binary blend（s） did not have any effects on trap catches, suggesting that ipsenol and ipsdienol are the synergistic aggregation pheromone components of I. subelongatus in Jilin Province. It seems that 97%-（-）-ipsenol in Inner Mongolia or the binary blend of 97%-（-）-ipsenol and 97%-（＋）-ipsdienol in Jilin Province are superior to their corresponding racemates, which might be due either to weak inhibitory effects of the antipode enantiomers or to reduced release rates of the active natural enan- tiomer（s） in the racemate（s）. Our current bioassay results suggest that there is a strong geographical variation in aggregation pheromone response of L subelongatus in northeastern China. Future research on the pheromone production and response of 1. subelongatus from different regions in Northeast Asia will surely improve our understanding of the dynamic aggregation pheromone system of this economically important forest pest insect.展开更多
In recent years, serious reed fires occurred in Zhalong Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Provincein China. From 19th to 28th of March 2005, 12 fires occurred in Zhalong Nature Reserve, and the firesspread to Qiqihaer Ci...In recent years, serious reed fires occurred in Zhalong Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Provincein China. From 19th to 28th of March 2005, 12 fires occurred in Zhalong Nature Reserve, and the firesspread to Qiqihaer City, Duerberte Mongolian Autonomous County, Lindian County and Daqing City.The burned area was about 18 666 ha. Meteorological factor was the leading factor of its fire environmentin Zhalong Nature Reserve, which came into being for a long time. Long-term drought and shortage of rainmade the reed and meadow withered and yellow and thus greatly reduced the water content of witheredfallen leaves and humus. Much fuel was accumulated and became dry, thus forming the fire environment.Fires in Zhalong Nature Reserve were mainly strong surface fires accompanied by the spread of undergroundfire. It was extremely easy for reed to burn and spread very quickly. Once a fire broke out, it could spreadrapidly to a scene of large fire area, and sometimes it could burn for a long time. Due to lack of correctunderstanding of the wetland fire and inconvenient wetland traffic, it was unable to find and put outwetland fire in time to save life and property early.展开更多
Forest fires occurrence is influenced by many factors, such as inter-annual weather variations and regional fuel distributions. Fires occurrence in different forest region has distinct spatial and temporal characteris...Forest fires occurrence is influenced by many factors, such as inter-annual weather variations and regional fuel distributions. Fires occurrence in different forest region has distinct spatial and temporal characteristics. The paper studied the natural forest fire environment in Northeastern China, as well as forest fires occurrence, burned area and fire seasons in Northeastern Forest Region. The result shows that more than 50% of annual burned area occurred in Northeast China Forest Region. Main fire seasons in the region are spring and autumn. Fires occurrence in spring is larger than that in autumn. There are few fires in summer. The authors' suggestions for fire management department are to emphasize the fuel management, improve the roads conditions, and enhance the fires control ability.展开更多
基金supported in part by New Zealand Government core funding for Crown Research Institutes from the Ministry of Business,Innovation,and Employment's Science and Innovation Group.
文摘The nutritional status of an individual can significantly influence its life history traits,including development,growth,reproduction,and survival.In the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot(Acari:Phytoseidae),the plasticity of life history traits,such as developmental time and size at maturity,is influenced by the quality and quantity of food.This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary restriction at different life stages(i.e.,juvenile,early adulthood,and later adulthood)on the lifespan and fecundity of P persimilis.We found that reduced dietary intake during early adulthood resulted in a shorter lifespan for both male and female P persimilis.Furthermore,this study demonstrated a sex-specific response to dietary restriction:it extended the lifespan of males but reduced that of females during later adulthood.Diet restriction during the postovipositional period of females showed the most variable life history trait response.Our results showed that the impact of diet restriction at different life stages can have combined influences on the postovipositional duration of P persimilis,where the individuals receiving diet restriction during immature development and early adulthood had a greater reduction in ovipositional duration as those experiencing diet restriction during late adulthood.In addition,we observed a positive correlation between the lifespan and fecundity of females,with higher prey availability increasing both.The insights obtained from our research contribute to a better understanding of the aging process and dietary requirements of P persimilis,which can facilitate the development of more effective biological control strategies using this predator for spider mites in agriculture.
基金supported by DS 3414 theme from the Polish Ministry of Education and Science
文摘This review on current biotechnological methods in forestry for in vitro tissue cultures to define the effect of stress conditions on trees,concentrates on somatic embryogenesis.Callus tissue,the key product of somatic embryogenesis,grows over a tree wound under ex vitro conditions.Callus tissue can be used in research in areas such as pathogenic susceptibility at the embryonic level,effect of heavy metals,influence of low temperatures(cryopreservation),production of secondary metabolites and transformation of plants.Callus of arborescent plants can be induced in vitro by fungal elicitors to produce secondary metabolites for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries and are strongly repellant to herbivores and can thus act to protect forests.Analyses of dual cultures demonstrated that callus tissue exposed to a pathogenic fungus responds by synthesizing low-molecular-mass proteins belonging to an immune protein class.Cryopreservation of embryonic callus tissue also has broad applications,e.g.,for valuable plant genotypes in gene banks.Without strategies to protect forests against stressfactors,forest ecosystems will degrade to the detriment of all life,including humans.In vitro biotechnological research using callus tissue contributes to progress in forestry and the disciplines of ecology,physiology,phytopathology,culture and selection of plants.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Number:2017YFD0600104)the Shenyang Science and Technology Planning Project(Grant Number:18-400-3-03)。
文摘In order to found new carriers of pine wood nematode(PWN),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,beetles were collected from pine wilt disease-affected areas in six provinces in China.A total of 8830 beetles of 29 species was collected and examined to determine whether they were PWN carriers.Eight species were identified as carriers.Results included the first worldwide report of Monochamus uigromaculatus,Semanotus siuoauster,and Uraecha angusta being carriers of PWN,and the first report from China of A rhopalus rusticus carrying PWN.Monochamus alternatus was commonly collected in all six provinces and was the dominant species in four inland affected areas and A.rusticus was dominant in two coastal affected areas.The species varied between different neighboring regions in the same province.The distribution of the same species varied considerably over different regions.
基金funded by the Special Research Program for Forestry Sectors Beneficial to Public,State Forestry Administration,China(Grant No.201204501)the Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2014405)+1 种基金the Key University Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province(15KJA220003)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘To accelerate the breeding and selection of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. resistance to pine wilt disease, a micropropagation system was established and nematode resistance evaluated in vitro. Cotyledon-hypocotyl explants from 28-day-old seedlings were first cultured on Gresshoff and Doy medium supplemented with 4.0 mg L^(-1) 6-benzyladenine and 0.2 mg L^(-1) a-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA) to stimulate the formation of buds. Induced buds were subsequently subcultured on Gupta and Durzan medium supplemented with 0.1%(w/v)activated charcoal for elongation. Stem sections derived from shoots were used as explants for the further multiplication. Roots were formed from shoots transferred to woody plant medium containing 0.2 mg L^(-1) NAA for4 weeks. The nematode resistance test showed that symptoms in micropropagated shoots after infection with pine wood nematode(PWN) were similar to those in plants infected in the field. The wilting rate varied from 20 to100% among different clones 18 days after inoculation.The most susceptible clone was Clone 6-4 with a 100%wilting rate, while Clone 8-4 showed a relatively high resistance with a 20% wilting rate. The number of nematodes recovered from Clone 8-4 shoots was significantly lower(P = 0.05) than from Clones 5-10 and 16-4. This work contributes to the breeding of PWN resistance in P.densiflora.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31300547)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(1208085QC72)the Anhui Provincial Science and Technology Program(10010302001)
文摘Both fecundities and egg hatchabilities were compared among three populations of Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire adults（Coleoptera： Bothrideridae） fed on three types of artificial diets（Diet of formula 1 composed of silkworm pupa powder, dried yeast powder,sucrose, peptone, egg yolk powder and poplar branch powder. Diet of formula 2 composed of silkworm pupa powder, dried yeast powder, sucrose, egg yolk powder,poplar branch powder, cricket powder, benzoic acid and distilled water. Diet of formula 3 composed of pine bark powder and Monochamus alternatus larva powder）. for90 days. The three diets showed no significant difference regarding the average number of eggs deposited by all D. helophoroides females（16622.3–23874.7）; the average number of eggs per female（1278.6–1836.5）; and the average number of eggs per female per day（14.2–20.4）.The number of eggs one cluster contained mainly（82.06–82.66 %） lied in 1–100 eggs, and the average number of eggs per cluster ranged from 61.7 to 63.1. In the first 10-day period, the number of eggs deposited by all females fed on formula 1 was significantly larger than that on formula 3. The eggs deposited in the last four 10-day periods were more than in the former five 10-day periods,on formula 3. There were no significant differences in hatchability of total eggs among the three artificial diets,and the average corrected egg hatchability ranged from82.85 to 84.78 %. No significant differences in the adult mortality and mean weight gain of D. helophoroides were found after feeding on three artificial diets. Our results suggest that D. helophoroides adults were not specialized on the diet, and the diet types might have little effect on fecundity and egg hatchability in D. helophoroides, as long as sufficient nutrition was supplied.
文摘The relationship between long-term fertilization and cropland network for soil fertility and fertilizers in Loess soil of Shannxi soil fauna was studied at the station＇s experiment research Provincefrom Jul. 2001 to Oct. 2002. Six types of long-term fertilizer were carried out for this study including non-fertilizer （CK）, abandonment （ABAND）, nitrogenous and phosphors and potassium fertilizers combined （NPK）, straw and NPK （SNPK）, organic material and NPK （MNPK） and 1.5 times MNPK （1.5MNPK）. 72 soil samples were collected and 5 495 species of cropland soil fauna obtained by handsorting and Cobb methods at 4 times, belonging to 6 Phyla, 11 Classes, 22 Orders, 2 Superfamilies, 61 Families and 35 Genera. The result showed that different fertilizer had significantly impacted on the cropland soil fauna （F = 2.24, P〈0.007）. The number of the cropland soil fauna was related to the soil physicochemical properties caused by long-term fertilization. The result by principal component analysis, focusing on the number of 15 key soil fauna species group＇s diversity, evenness of community and the total soil fauna individuals indicated that the effects of SNPK, NPK, MNPK and 1.5MNPK were significantly different from that of the cropland soil fauna, in which, SNPK and NPK had the positive effect on cropland soil fauna, and MNPK and 1.5 MNPK had the negative affect, others could not be explained. By principal component I, the synthetic effect of different fertilization on the total soil fauna individuals and the group was most significant, and the effect was little on evenness and diversity. By value of eigenvectors, the maximum one was 9.6248, and the minimum one was - 1.0904, that means the 6 types of fertilization did not affect evenly the cropland soil fauna.
基金part of the Research Program “The Key Techniques for Control Pine Wood Nematod”“Fundamental Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAFYBB2021ZG001)” for supporting the present studysupported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32370494):Taxonomic study of braconids parasitizing important cerambycids and screening of excellent natural enemies.
文摘A new species,Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang,sp.nov.(Hymenoptera:Bethylidae),is described and illustrated.Its cerambycid host,Monochamus alternatus Hope,a severe wood borer attacking many pine trees(Pinus spp.),is also a vector of pine wood nematode,Bursaphelencus xylophilus,which cause severe damages to pine forests in China.The new species is a gregarious ectoparasitoid of junior larva of M.alternatus.The number of adult wasps reared from a single host larva ranges from 6 to 45.The ratio of female to male is 20:1.The new parasitoid species has a high potential in using as a biocontrol agent for the wood borer.Diagnosis of the new species with comparisons to its related species,S.pupariae Yang&Yao and a key to known species of Sclerodermus from China is provided.
文摘Chitosan oligosaccharides(COSs)are the main degradation products from chitosan or chitin and have been reported to induce resistance to diseases in herbaceous plants like cucumber and Arabidopsis.Concomitantly,pine wilt disease(PWD)is a devastating disease of conifer tree species.Here,we hypothesized that COSs induce plant resistance gene(PRG)expression in the woody plant Masson pine,Pinus massoniana.COSs were inoculated into P.massoniana seedlings and the BGISEQ-500 platform was used to generate transcriptomes from COSs-treated P.massoniana and control seedlings.A total of 501 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified by comparing the treatment and control groups.A total of 251(50.1%)DEGs were up-regulated in the treatment relative to the control seedlings and 250(49.9%)were down-regulated.Inoculation of COSs induced the expression of 31 PRGs in P.massoniana seedlings and the relative expression levels of six of the PRGs were verified by RT-qPCR.This is the first study to demonstrate that COS induces the expression of PRGs in a tree species.These results provide important insights into the function of COSs and further the prospects of developing a COS-based immune inducer for controlling PWD.
文摘Polyethism or division of works among workers of social insects is always a hot issue among entomologists. Honey bees, ants, and wasps are the main target for scientists to study the division of works. Studying polyethism in termites has been increased recently due to the damages to the forests, buildings, boats and even water preserving monuments. Every year a huge amount of money is spent to control these isopteran social insects in the south east of Asia, the US, Australia and other tropical and subtropical regions. As understanding the polyethism in these social insects can be a hand in controlling them, in this review we have tried to explain different kinds of polyethism and their importance in these social insects.
文摘Behavioral responses of the Asian larch bark beetle, lps subelongatus Motsch. to three potential aggregation pheromone components, ipsenol （racemic or [-]- enantiomer）, ipsdienol （racemic or [＋]-enantiomer） and 3-methyl-3-buten- l-ol, were tested using partial or full factorial experimental designs in two provinces （Inner Mongolia and Jilin） of northeastern China. Our field bioassays in Inner Mongolia （Larix principis- rupprechtii Mayr. plantation） clearly showed that ipsenol, either racemic or 97%-（-）- enantiomer, was the only compound that significantly attracted both sexes of 1. subelongatus, while all other compounds （singly or in combinations） were unattractive. There were no two- or three-way synergistic interactions. However, in Jilin Province （L. gmelini [Rupr.] Rupr. Plantation）, all the individual compounds tested were inactive, except a very weak activity by 97%-（-）-ipsenol in 2004 when the beetle population was very high. While a combination of ipsenol and ipsdienol （racemates or enantiomerically pure natural enantiomers） showed a significant attraction for both sexes of I. subelongatus, indicat- ing a two-way synergistic interaction between these two major components, addition of 3-methyl-3-buten-l-ol to these active binary blend（s） did not have any effects on trap catches, suggesting that ipsenol and ipsdienol are the synergistic aggregation pheromone components of I. subelongatus in Jilin Province. It seems that 97%-（-）-ipsenol in Inner Mongolia or the binary blend of 97%-（-）-ipsenol and 97%-（＋）-ipsdienol in Jilin Province are superior to their corresponding racemates, which might be due either to weak inhibitory effects of the antipode enantiomers or to reduced release rates of the active natural enan- tiomer（s） in the racemate（s）. Our current bioassay results suggest that there is a strong geographical variation in aggregation pheromone response of L subelongatus in northeastern China. Future research on the pheromone production and response of 1. subelongatus from different regions in Northeast Asia will surely improve our understanding of the dynamic aggregation pheromone system of this economically important forest pest insect.
基金Supported by the China NKBRSF Project(No.2001CB409600) and Key Technologies R&D Programme(2006-2010)
文摘In recent years, serious reed fires occurred in Zhalong Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Provincein China. From 19th to 28th of March 2005, 12 fires occurred in Zhalong Nature Reserve, and the firesspread to Qiqihaer City, Duerberte Mongolian Autonomous County, Lindian County and Daqing City.The burned area was about 18 666 ha. Meteorological factor was the leading factor of its fire environmentin Zhalong Nature Reserve, which came into being for a long time. Long-term drought and shortage of rainmade the reed and meadow withered and yellow and thus greatly reduced the water content of witheredfallen leaves and humus. Much fuel was accumulated and became dry, thus forming the fire environment.Fires in Zhalong Nature Reserve were mainly strong surface fires accompanied by the spread of undergroundfire. It was extremely easy for reed to burn and spread very quickly. Once a fire broke out, it could spreadrapidly to a scene of large fire area, and sometimes it could burn for a long time. Due to lack of correctunderstanding of the wetland fire and inconvenient wetland traffic, it was unable to find and put outwetland fire in time to save life and property early.
基金the NFB Project (No.2006-84, 2006-70)the National Technology R&D Program (No.2006BAD04B05)
文摘Forest fires occurrence is influenced by many factors, such as inter-annual weather variations and regional fuel distributions. Fires occurrence in different forest region has distinct spatial and temporal characteristics. The paper studied the natural forest fire environment in Northeastern China, as well as forest fires occurrence, burned area and fire seasons in Northeastern Forest Region. The result shows that more than 50% of annual burned area occurred in Northeast China Forest Region. Main fire seasons in the region are spring and autumn. Fires occurrence in spring is larger than that in autumn. There are few fires in summer. The authors' suggestions for fire management department are to emphasize the fuel management, improve the roads conditions, and enhance the fires control ability.
