Purpose-Amidst an increasingly severe cybersecurity landscape,the widespread adoption of Xinchuang endpoints has become a strategic imperative.Governments and enterprises have established terminal localization as a cr...Purpose-Amidst an increasingly severe cybersecurity landscape,the widespread adoption of Xinchuang endpoints has become a strategic imperative.Governments and enterprises have established terminal localization as a critical objective,aiming for comprehensive indigenous replacement through rapid technological iteration.Consequently,Xinchuang systems and Windows platforms are expected to coexist over an extended period.This study seeks to establish an automated verification framework for multi-version operating systems and validate the efficacy of baseline hardening in mitigating security risks.Design/methodology/approach-Based on the Classified Protection 2.0 framework and relevant national standards for endpoint security,this study proposes an endpoint security baseline verification scheme applicable to multiple operating systems.The scheme addresses divergent security policies and implementation methodologies across heterogeneous environments.It automates the inspection of core baselines,including account password complexity,default shared service status and patch installation status.Furthermore,a comprehensive scoring model is established by incorporating differentiated weights for account security,patch management and log auditing,ultimately generating visualized risk reports to facilitate remediation prioritization.Findings-This study reveals that baseline configuration serves as the fundamental prerequisite in endpoint security practices.Through a scalable detection engine and quantitative scoring model,the system can promptly identify and remediate potential risks,thereby reducing the attack surface and mitigating intrusion risks.However,on certain domestic chip architectures,compatibility issues persist in detecting specific configuration items.Further improvement in hardware-software co-adaptation for domestic platforms is required to advance the development of localized security protection systems.Originality/value-Through in-depth research on security baseline configurations across multiple operating systems,this study implements an automated and visualized baseline verification methodology.This approach significantly strengthens the security posture of domestic operating systems and supports the establishment of a more robust,national-level cybersecurity defense framework.展开更多
With the proliferation of the Internet of Things(IoT),various services are emerging with totally different features and requirements,which cannot be supported by the current fifth generation of mobile cellular network...With the proliferation of the Internet of Things(IoT),various services are emerging with totally different features and requirements,which cannot be supported by the current fifth generation of mobile cellular networks(5G).The future sixth generation of mobile cellular networks(6G)is expected to have the capability to support new and unknown services with changing requirements.Hence,in addition to enhancing its capability by 10–100 times compared with 5G,6G should also be intelligent and open to adapt to the ever-changing services in the IoT,which requires a convergence of Communication,Computing and Caching(3C).Based on the analysis of the requirements of new services for 6G,this paper identifies key enabling technologies for an intelligent and open 6G network,all featured with 3C convergence.These technologies cover fundamental and emerging topics,including 3C-based spectrum management,radio channel construction,delay-aware transmission,wireless distributed computing,and network self-evolution.From the detailed analysis of these 3C-based technologies presented in this paper,we can see that although they are promising to enable an intelligent and open 6G,more efforts are needed to realize the expected 6G network.展开更多
With analysis of limitations Trusted Computing Group （TCG） has encountered, we argued that virtual machine monitor （VMM） is the appropriate architecture for implementing TCG specification. Putting together the VMM...With analysis of limitations Trusted Computing Group （TCG） has encountered, we argued that virtual machine monitor （VMM） is the appropriate architecture for implementing TCG specification. Putting together the VMM architecture, TCG hardware and application-oriented ＂thin＂ virtual machine （VM）, Trusted VMM-based security architecture is present in this paper with the character of reduced and distributed trusted computing base （TCB）. It provides isolation and integrity guarantees based on which general security requirements can be satisfied.展开更多
In view of the problems of inconsistent data semantics,inconsistent data formats,and difficult data quality assurance between the railway engineering design phase and the construction and operation phase,as well as th...In view of the problems of inconsistent data semantics,inconsistent data formats,and difficult data quality assurance between the railway engineering design phase and the construction and operation phase,as well as the difficulty in fully realizing the value of design results,this paper proposes a design and implementation scheme for a railway engineering collaborative design platform.The railway engineering collaborative design platform mainly includes functional modules such as metadata management,design collaboration,design delivery management,model component library,model rendering services,and Building Information Modeling(BIM)application services.Based on this,research is conducted on multi-disciplinary parameterized collaborative design technology for railway engineering,infrastructure data management and delivery technology,and design multi-source data fusion and application technology.The railway engineering collaborative design platform is compared with other railway design software to further validate its advantages and advanced features.The platform has been widely applied in multiple railway construction projects,greatly improving the design and project management efficiency.展开更多
1.Introduction The rapid expansion of satellite constellations in recent years has resulted in the generation of massive amounts of data.This surge in data,coupled with diverse application scenarios,underscores the es...1.Introduction The rapid expansion of satellite constellations in recent years has resulted in the generation of massive amounts of data.This surge in data,coupled with diverse application scenarios,underscores the escalating demand for high-performance computing over space.Computing over space entails the deployment of computational resources on platforms such as satellites to process large-scale data under constraints such as high radiation exposure,restricted power consumption,and minimized weight.展开更多
Wireless communication-enabled Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control(CACC)is expected to improve the safety and traffic capacity of vehicle platoons.Existing CACC considers a conventional communication delay with fixed ...Wireless communication-enabled Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control(CACC)is expected to improve the safety and traffic capacity of vehicle platoons.Existing CACC considers a conventional communication delay with fixed Vehicular Communication Network(VCN)topologies.However,when the network is under attack,the communication delay may be much higher,and the stability of the system may not be guaranteed.This paper proposes a novel communication Delay Aware CACC with Dynamic Network Topologies(DADNT).The main idea is that for various communication delays,in order to maximize the traffic capacity while guaranteeing stability and minimizing the following error,the CACC should dynamically adjust the VCN network topology to achieve the minimum inter-vehicle spacing.To this end,a multi-objective optimization problem is formulated,and a 3-step Divide-And-Conquer sub-optimal solution(3DAC)is proposed.Simulation results show that with 3DAC,the proposed DADNT with CACC can reduce the inter-vehicle spacing by 5%,10%,and 14%,respectively,compared with the traditional CACC with fixed one-vehicle,two-vehicle,and three-vehicle look-ahead network topologies,thereby improving the traffic efficiency.展开更多
The emergence of artificial intelligence natural language large models has brought new dawn for the in-depth empowerment of the industry.Research on key technologies and applications of railway natural language large ...The emergence of artificial intelligence natural language large models has brought new dawn for the in-depth empowerment of the industry.Research on key technologies and applications of railway natural language large model is of great significance to promoting and coordinating the development of railway artificial intelligence.This paper puts forward the application scenarios of railway natural language large model according to the application requirements of railway artificial intelligence;designs the overall architecture of the railway natural language large model by relying on the railway artificial intelligence platform,studies the key technologies of the natural language large model,builds a railway industry large model oriented to intelligent question-answering,and verifies the model with actual data;finally,this paper prospects for the development and application of railway natural language large model from the aspects of railway traffic organization,railway operation safety and passenger service.展开更多
The advancement of modern integrated transport systems has made the promotion of passenger intermodal transport an effective strategy for enhancing the quality of transport services.The railway sector is capitalizing ...The advancement of modern integrated transport systems has made the promotion of passenger intermodal transport an effective strategy for enhancing the quality of transport services.The railway sector is capitalizing on its strengths to offer passenger intermodal services centered around rail transport,resulting in the development of an integrated service platform for railway passenger intermodal transport,i.e.R-MaaS.This paper defines R-MaaS,outlines its objectives,and explores its fundamental concepts.A comprehensive architecture and key technologies for the R-MaaS platform are proposed,featuring a“vertical layering+horizontal modularization”design.Detailed designs are provided in areas such as data integration,intermodal order structure,ticketing process,and reconciliation settlement.This architecture facilitates the integration of ticketing services across various industries and systems,enabling users to access unified intermodal ticketing services,and supporting the vision of“one-time ticket purchase,one-time payment,and one-ID card(QR code)pass”.Through practical case studies of R-MaaS engineering applications,this paper analyzes and summarizes the effectiveness of R-MaaS implementation.On this basis,railway sector will play a leading and exemplary role in advancing passenger intermodal transport in China.展开更多
Purpose–With the yearly increase of mileage and passenger volume in China’s high-speed railway,the problems of traditional paper railway tickets have become increasingly prominent,including complexity of business ha...Purpose–With the yearly increase of mileage and passenger volume in China’s high-speed railway,the problems of traditional paper railway tickets have become increasingly prominent,including complexity of business handling process,low efficiency of ticket inspection and high cost of usage and management.This paper aims to make extensive references to successful experiences of electronic ticket applications both domestically and internationally.The research on key technologies and system implementation of railway electronic ticket with Chinese characteristics has been carried out.Design/methodology/approach–Research in key technologies is conducted including synchronization technique in distributed heterogeneous database system,the grid-oriented passenger service record(PSR)data storage model,efficient access to massive PSR data under high concurrency condition,the linkage between face recognition service platforms and various terminals in large scenarios,and two-factor authentication of the e-ticket identification code based on the key and the user identity information.Focusing on the key technologies and architecture the of existing ticketing system,multiple service resources are expanded and developed such as electronic ticket clusters,PSR clusters,face recognition clusters and electronic ticket identification code clusters.Findings–The proportion of paper ticket printed has dropped to 20%,saving more than 2 billion tickets annually since the launch of the application of E-ticketing nationwide.The average time for passengers to pass through the automatic ticket gates has decreased from 3 seconds to 1.3 seconds,significantly improving the efficiency of passenger transport organization.Meanwhile,problems of paper ticket counterfeiting,reselling and loss have been generally eliminated.Originality/value–E-ticketing has laid a technical foundation for the further development of railway passenger transport services in the direction of digitalization and intelligence.展开更多
By relying on the major projects of Beijing-Zhangjiakou HSR,China's railway industry has integrated and applied several digital intelligence technologies to form a complete set of intelligent HSR 1.0 technology,wh...By relying on the major projects of Beijing-Zhangjiakou HSR,China's railway industry has integrated and applied several digital intelligence technologies to form a complete set of intelligent HSR 1.0 technology,which has been popularized and applied to several new lines.With the continuous deepening of intelligent applications in construction,equipment,operation and other fields,there is an increasingly urgent need for integrated sharing and analysis of models and data.The paper analyzes the connotation and key points of model-data integration and puts forward the overall architecture of model-data integration platform composed of model-data convergence tier,model-data storage tier,model-data management tier,model-data calculation tier,model data aggregation tier,etc.Moreover,it looks forward to the prospect of leading key technologies and multiple innovative key technologies such as intelligent engineering survey and generative design,all-discipline intelligent construction,digital twin of railway engineering,CR450 intelligent EMU,new generation of dedicated mobile communication for railway (5G-R), operation safety protection based on multi-source information perception, transmission and fusion analysis, displacement-based full-travel intelligent service (MaaS+), intelligent comprehensive dispatching of regional railway network, wheel-rail integrated intelligent maintenance of EMU, etc. It can provide guidance and reference for digital railway construction and intelligent HSR 2.0 scientific & technological breakthroughs.展开更多
The advent of Grover’s algorithm presents a significant threat to classical block cipher security,spurring research into post-quantum secure cipher design.This study engineers quantum circuit implementations for thre...The advent of Grover’s algorithm presents a significant threat to classical block cipher security,spurring research into post-quantum secure cipher design.This study engineers quantum circuit implementations for three versions of the Ballet family block ciphers.The Ballet‑p/k includes a modular-addition operation uncommon in lightweight block ciphers.Quantum ripple-carry adder is implemented for both“32+32”and“64+64”scale to support this operation.Subsequently,qubits,quantum gates count,and quantum circuit depth of three versions of Ballet algorithm are systematically evaluated under quantum computing model,and key recovery attack circuits are constructed based on Grover’s algorithm against each version.The comprehensive analysis shows:Ballet-128/128 fails to NIST Level 1 security,while when the resource accounting is restricted to the Clifford gates and T gates set for the Ballet-128/256 and Ballet-256/256 quantum circuits,the design attains Level 3.展开更多
Purpose–This paper conducts a joint analysis of monitoring data in the hidden danger areas of railway subgrade deformation using a data-driven method,thereby realizing the systematic risk identification of regional h...Purpose–This paper conducts a joint analysis of monitoring data in the hidden danger areas of railway subgrade deformation using a data-driven method,thereby realizing the systematic risk identification of regional hidden dangers.Design/methodology/approach–The paper proposes a regional systematic risk identification method based on Bayesian and independent component analysis(ICA)theories.Firstly,the Gray Wolf Optimization(GWO)algorithm is used to partition each group of monitoring data in the hidden danger area,so that the data distribution characteristics within each sub-block are similar.Then,a distributed ICA early warning model is constructed to obtain prior knowledge such as control limits and statistics of the area under normal conditions.For the online evaluation process,the input data is partitioned following the above-mentioned procedure and the ICA statistics of each sub-block are calculated.The Bayesian method is applied to fuse online parameters with offline parameters,yielding statistics under a specific confidence interval.These statistics are then compared with the control limits–specifically,checking whether they exceed the pre-set confidence parameters–thus realizing the systematic risk identification of the hidden danger area.Findings–Through simulation experiments,the proposed method can integrate prior knowledge such as control limits and statistics to effectively determine the overall stability status of the area,thereby realizing the systematic risk identification of the hidden danger area.Originality/value–The proposed method leverages Bayesian theory to fuse online process parameters with offline parameters and further compares them with confidence parameters,thereby effectively enhancing the utilization efficiency of monitoring data and the robustness of the analytical model.展开更多
Purpose-The indoor vibration compaction test(IVCT)was a key step in controlling the compaction quality for high-speed railway graded aggregate(HRGA),which currently had a research gap on the assessment indicators and ...Purpose-The indoor vibration compaction test(IVCT)was a key step in controlling the compaction quality for high-speed railway graded aggregate(HRGA),which currently had a research gap on the assessment indicators and compaction parameters.Design/methodology/approach-To address these issues,a novel multi-indicator IVCT method was proposed,including physical indicator dry density(ρd)and mechanical indicators dynamic stiffness(Krb)and bearing capacity coefficient(K20).Then,a series of IVCTs on HRGA under different compaction parameters were conducted with an improved vibration compactor,which could monitor the physical-mechanical indicators in real-time.Finally,the optimal vibration compaction parameters,including the moisture content(ω),the diameter-to-maximum particle size ratio(Rd),the thickness-to-maximum particle size ratio(Rh),the vibration frequency(f),the vibration mass(Mc)and the eccentric distance(re),were determined based on the evolution characteristics for the physical-mechanical indicators during compaction.Findings-All results indicated that theρd gradually increased and then stabilized,and the Krb initially increased and then decreased.Moreover,the inflection time of the Krb was present as the optimal compaction time(Tlp)during compaction.Additionally,optimal compaction was achieved whenωwas the water-holding content after mud pumping,Rd was 3.4,Rh was 3.5,f was the resonance frequency,and the ratio between the excitation force and the Mc was 1.8.Originality/value-The findings of this paper were significant for the quality control of HRGA compaction.展开更多
Accurate evaluation of elec-tron correlations is essential for the reliable quantitative de-scription of electronic struc-tures in strongly correlated sys-tems,including bond-dissociat-ing molecules,polyradicals,large...Accurate evaluation of elec-tron correlations is essential for the reliable quantitative de-scription of electronic struc-tures in strongly correlated sys-tems,including bond-dissociat-ing molecules,polyradicals,large conjugated molecules,and transition metal complex-es.To provide a user-friendly tool for studying such challeng-ing systems,our team developed Kylin 1.0[J.Comput.Chem.44,1316(2023)],an ab initio quantum chemistry program designed for efficient density matrix renormalization group(DMRG)and post-DMRG methods,enabling high-accuracy calculations with large active spaces.We have now further advanced the software with the release of Kylin 1.3,featuring optimized DMRG algorithms and an improved tensor contraction scheme in the diagonaliza-tion step.Benchmark calculations on the Mn_(4)CaO_(5)cluster demonstrate a remarkable speed-up of up to 16 fater than Kylin 1.0.Moreover,a more user-friendly and efficient algorithm[J.Chem.Theory Comput.17,3414(2021)]for sampling configurations from DMRG wavefunc-tion is implemented as well.Additionally,we have also implemented a spin-adapted version of the externally contracted multi-reference configuration interaction(EC-MRCI)method[J.Phys.Chem.A 128,958(2024)],further enhancing the program’s efficiency and accuracy for electron correlation calculations.展开更多
Behavioral scoring based on clinical observations remains the gold standard for screening,diagnosing,and evaluating infantile epileptic spasm syndrome(IESS).The accurate identification of seizures is crucial for clini...Behavioral scoring based on clinical observations remains the gold standard for screening,diagnosing,and evaluating infantile epileptic spasm syndrome(IESS).The accurate identification of seizures is crucial for clinical diagnosis and assessment.In this study,we propose an innovative seizure detection method based on video feature recognition of patient spasms.To capture the temporal characteristics of the spasm behavior presented in the videos effectively,we incorporate asymmetric convolutions and convolution–batch normalization–ReLU(CBR)modules.Specifically within the 3D-ResNet residual blocks,we split the larger convolutional kernels into two asymmetric 3D convolutional kernels.These kernels are connected in series to enhance the ability of the convolutional layers to extract key local features,both horizontally and vertically.In addition,we introduce a 3D convolutional block attention module to enhance the spatial correlations between video frame channels efficiently.To improve the generalization ability,we design a composite loss function that combines cross-entropy loss with triplet loss to balance the classification and similarity requirements.We train and evaluate our method using the PLA IESS-VIDEO dataset,achieving an average seizure recognition accuracy of 90.59%,precision of 90.94%,and recall of 87.64%.To validate its generalization capability further,we conducted external validation using six different patient monitoring videos compared with assessments by six human experts from various medical centers.The final test results demonstrate that our method achieved a recall of 0.6476,surpassing the average level achieved by human experts(0.5595),while attaining a high F1-score of 0.7219.These findings have substantial significance for the long-term assessment of patients with IESS.展开更多
LEO satellite communication systems have the characteristics of high-speed and periodic movement.The handover of user link occurs frequently,which has a serious impact on user terminal application and system capacity....LEO satellite communication systems have the characteristics of high-speed and periodic movement.The handover of user link occurs frequently,which has a serious impact on user terminal application and system capacity.To address this issue,we propose a handover strategy of LEO satellite user terminal based on multi-attribute and multi-point(MAMP)cooperation.Firstly,the satellite-user-time matrix is established by using the satellite constellation coverage and handover model.Then,combined with the visual time and signal quality,the user access matrix and satellite load matrix are extracted to determine the weight equation of the handover strategy with the channel reservation.According to the system modeling simulation,the algorithm improves the handover success rate by 2.5%,the lasted call access success rate by 3.2%,the load balancing degree by 20%,and the robustness by two orders of magnitude.展开更多
To implement five-axis functions in CNC system, based on domestic system Lan Tian series, an improved design method for the system software structure is proposed in this paper. The numerical control kernel of CNC syst...To implement five-axis functions in CNC system, based on domestic system Lan Tian series, an improved design method for the system software structure is proposed in this paper. The numerical control kernel of CNC system is divided into the task layer and the motion layer. A five-axis transformation unit is integrated into the motion layer. After classifying five-axis machines into different types and analyzing their geometry information, the five-axis kinematic library is designed according to the abstract factory pattern. Furthermore, by taking CA spindle- tilting machine as an example, the forward and the inverse kinematic transformations are deduced. Based on the new software architecture and the five-axis kinematic library, algorithms of RTCP （rotation tool center point control） and 3D radius compensation for end-milling are designed and realized. The milling results show that, with five-axis functions based on such software struc- ture, the instructions with respect to the cutter＇s position and orientation can be directly carried out in the CNC system.展开更多
The robustness of cargo ship transportation networks is essential to the stability of the world trade system. The current research mainly focuses on the coarse-grained, holistic cargo ship transportation network while...The robustness of cargo ship transportation networks is essential to the stability of the world trade system. The current research mainly focuses on the coarse-grained, holistic cargo ship transportation network while ignoring the structural diversity of different sub-networks. In this paper, we evaluate the robustness of the global cargo ship transportation network based on the most recent Automatic Identification System（AIS） data available. First, we subdivide three typical cargo ship transportation networks（i.e., oil tanker, container ship and bulk carrier） from the original cargo ship transportation network. Then, we design statistical indices based on complex network theory and employ four attack strategies, including random attack and three intentional attacks（i.e., degree-based attack, betweenness-based attack and flux-based attack） to evaluate the robustness of the three typical cargo ship transportation networks. Finally, we compare the integrity of the remaining ports of the network when a small proportion of ports lose their function. The results show that 1） compared with the holistic cargo ship transportation network, the fine-grain-based cargo ship transportation networks can fully reflect the pattern and process of global cargo transportation; 2） different cargo ship networks behave heterogeneously in terms of their robustness, with the container network being the weakest and the bulk carrier network being the strongest; and 3） small-scale intentional attacks may have significant influence on the integrity of the container network but a minor impact on the bulk carrier and oil tanker transportation networks. These conclusions can help improve the decision support capabilities in maritime transportation planning and emergency response and facilitate the establishment of a more reliable maritime transportation system.Abstract： The robustness of cargo ship transportation networks is essential to the stability of the world trade system. The current research mainly focuses on the coarse-grained, holistic cargo ship transportation network while ignoring the structural diversity of different sub-networks. In this paper, we evaluate the robustness of the global cargo ship transporta- tion network based on the most recent Automatic Identification System （AIS） data available. First, we subdivide three typical cargo ship transportation networks （i.e., oil tanker, container ship and bulk carrier） from the original cargo ship transportation network. Then, we design statistical indices based on complex network theory and employ four attack strategies, in- cluding random attack and three intentional attacks （i.e., degree-based attack, between- ness-based attack and flux-based attack） to evaluate the robustness of the three typical cargo ship transportation networks. Finally, we compare the integrity of the remaining ports of the network when a small proportion of ports lose their function. The results show that 1） com- pared with the holistic cargo ship transportation network, the fine-grain-based cargo ship transportation networks can fully reflect the pattern and process of global cargo transportation 2） different cargo ship networks behave heterogeneously in terms of their robustness, with the container network being the weakest and the bulk carrier network being the strongest; and 3） small-scale intentional attacks may have significant influence on the integrity of the con- tainer network but a minor impact on the bulk carrier and oil tanker transportation networks.These conclusions can help improve the decision support capabilities in maritime transportation planning and emergency response and facilitate the establishment of a more reliable maritime transportation system.展开更多
Interstitial fluid(ISF)flow through vascular adventitia has been discovered recently.However,its kinetic pattern was unclear.We used histological and topographical identification to observe ISF flow along venous vesse...Interstitial fluid(ISF)flow through vascular adventitia has been discovered recently.However,its kinetic pattern was unclear.We used histological and topographical identification to observe ISF flow along venous vessels in rabbits.By magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)in live subjects,the inherent pathways of ISF flow from the ankle dermis through the legs,abdomen,and thorax were enhanced by paramagnetic contrast.By fluorescence stereomicroscopy and layer-by-layer dissection after the rabbits were sacrificed,the perivascular and adventitial connective tissues(PACTs)along the saphenous veins and inferior vena cava were found to be stained by sodium fluorescein from the ankle dermis,which coincided with the findings by MRI.The direction of ISF transport in a venous PACT pathway was the same as that of venous blood flow.By confocal microscopy and histological analysis,the stained PACT pathways were verified to be the fibrous connective tissues,consisting of longitudinally assembled fibers.Real-time observations by fluorescence stereomicroscopy revealed at least two types of spaces for ISF flow:one along adventitial fibers and another one between the vascular adventitia and its covering fascia.Using nanoparticles and surfactants,a PACT pathway was found to be accessible by a nanoparticle of<100 nm and contained two parts:a transport channel and an absorptive part.The calculated velocity of continuous ISF flow along fibers of the PACT pathway was 3.6-15.6 mm/s.These data revealed that a PACT pathway was a"slit-shaped"porous biomaterial,comprising a longitudinal transport channel and an absorptive part for imbibition.The use of surfactants suggested that interfacial tension might play an essential role in layers of continuous ISF flow along vascular vessels.A hypothetical"gel pump"is proposed based on interfacial tension and interactions to regulate ISF flow.These experimental findings may inspire future studies to explore the physiological and pathophysiological functions of vascular ISF or interfacial fluid flow among interstitial connective tissues throughout the body.展开更多
Graph convolutional networks(GCNs)have received significant attention from various research fields due to the excellent performance in learning graph representations.Although GCN performs well compared with other meth...Graph convolutional networks(GCNs)have received significant attention from various research fields due to the excellent performance in learning graph representations.Although GCN performs well compared with other methods,it still faces challenges.Training a GCN model for large-scale graphs in a conventional way requires high computation and storage costs.Therefore,motivated by an urgent need in terms of efficiency and scalability in training GCN,sampling methods have been proposed and achieved a significant effect.In this paper,we categorize sampling methods based on the sampling mechanisms and provide a comprehensive survey of sampling methods for efficient training of GCN.To highlight the characteristics and differences of sampling methods,we present a detailed comparison within each category and further give an overall comparative analysis for the sampling methods in all categories.Finally,we discuss some challenges and future research directions of the sampling methods.展开更多
基金supported by scientific research projects of China Academy of Railway Sciences Co.,Ltd.(grant no.2024YJ117).
文摘Purpose-Amidst an increasingly severe cybersecurity landscape,the widespread adoption of Xinchuang endpoints has become a strategic imperative.Governments and enterprises have established terminal localization as a critical objective,aiming for comprehensive indigenous replacement through rapid technological iteration.Consequently,Xinchuang systems and Windows platforms are expected to coexist over an extended period.This study seeks to establish an automated verification framework for multi-version operating systems and validate the efficacy of baseline hardening in mitigating security risks.Design/methodology/approach-Based on the Classified Protection 2.0 framework and relevant national standards for endpoint security,this study proposes an endpoint security baseline verification scheme applicable to multiple operating systems.The scheme addresses divergent security policies and implementation methodologies across heterogeneous environments.It automates the inspection of core baselines,including account password complexity,default shared service status and patch installation status.Furthermore,a comprehensive scoring model is established by incorporating differentiated weights for account security,patch management and log auditing,ultimately generating visualized risk reports to facilitate remediation prioritization.Findings-This study reveals that baseline configuration serves as the fundamental prerequisite in endpoint security practices.Through a scalable detection engine and quantitative scoring model,the system can promptly identify and remediate potential risks,thereby reducing the attack surface and mitigating intrusion risks.However,on certain domestic chip architectures,compatibility issues persist in detecting specific configuration items.Further improvement in hardware-software co-adaptation for domestic platforms is required to advance the development of localized security protection systems.Originality/value-Through in-depth research on security baseline configurations across multiple operating systems,this study implements an automated and visualized baseline verification methodology.This approach significantly strengthens the security posture of domestic operating systems and supports the establishment of a more robust,national-level cybersecurity defense framework.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Youth Fund of China granted by No.61901452 and Innovative Project of ICT/CAS granted by No.20196110
文摘With the proliferation of the Internet of Things(IoT),various services are emerging with totally different features and requirements,which cannot be supported by the current fifth generation of mobile cellular networks(5G).The future sixth generation of mobile cellular networks(6G)is expected to have the capability to support new and unknown services with changing requirements.Hence,in addition to enhancing its capability by 10–100 times compared with 5G,6G should also be intelligent and open to adapt to the ever-changing services in the IoT,which requires a convergence of Communication,Computing and Caching(3C).Based on the analysis of the requirements of new services for 6G,this paper identifies key enabling technologies for an intelligent and open 6G network,all featured with 3C convergence.These technologies cover fundamental and emerging topics,including 3C-based spectrum management,radio channel construction,delay-aware transmission,wireless distributed computing,and network self-evolution.From the detailed analysis of these 3C-based technologies presented in this paper,we can see that although they are promising to enable an intelligent and open 6G,more efforts are needed to realize the expected 6G network.
基金Supported by the National Program on Key Basic Re-search Project of China (G1999035801)
文摘With analysis of limitations Trusted Computing Group （TCG） has encountered, we argued that virtual machine monitor （VMM） is the appropriate architecture for implementing TCG specification. Putting together the VMM architecture, TCG hardware and application-oriented ＂thin＂ virtual machine （VM）, Trusted VMM-based security architecture is present in this paper with the character of reduced and distributed trusted computing base （TCB）. It provides isolation and integrity guarantees based on which general security requirements can be satisfied.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB2600405).
文摘In view of the problems of inconsistent data semantics,inconsistent data formats,and difficult data quality assurance between the railway engineering design phase and the construction and operation phase,as well as the difficulty in fully realizing the value of design results,this paper proposes a design and implementation scheme for a railway engineering collaborative design platform.The railway engineering collaborative design platform mainly includes functional modules such as metadata management,design collaboration,design delivery management,model component library,model rendering services,and Building Information Modeling(BIM)application services.Based on this,research is conducted on multi-disciplinary parameterized collaborative design technology for railway engineering,infrastructure data management and delivery technology,and design multi-source data fusion and application technology.The railway engineering collaborative design platform is compared with other railway design software to further validate its advantages and advanced features.The platform has been widely applied in multiple railway construction projects,greatly improving the design and project management efficiency.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62025404)in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3902802)+1 种基金in part by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L241013)in part by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA000000).
文摘1.Introduction The rapid expansion of satellite constellations in recent years has resulted in the generation of massive amounts of data.This surge in data,coupled with diverse application scenarios,underscores the escalating demand for high-performance computing over space.Computing over space entails the deployment of computational resources on platforms such as satellites to process large-scale data under constraints such as high radiation exposure,restricted power consumption,and minimized weight.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant U21A20449in part by Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program under Grant BE2021013-2。
文摘Wireless communication-enabled Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control(CACC)is expected to improve the safety and traffic capacity of vehicle platoons.Existing CACC considers a conventional communication delay with fixed Vehicular Communication Network(VCN)topologies.However,when the network is under attack,the communication delay may be much higher,and the stability of the system may not be guaranteed.This paper proposes a novel communication Delay Aware CACC with Dynamic Network Topologies(DADNT).The main idea is that for various communication delays,in order to maximize the traffic capacity while guaranteeing stability and minimizing the following error,the CACC should dynamically adjust the VCN network topology to achieve the minimum inter-vehicle spacing.To this end,a multi-objective optimization problem is formulated,and a 3-step Divide-And-Conquer sub-optimal solution(3DAC)is proposed.Simulation results show that with 3DAC,the proposed DADNT with CACC can reduce the inter-vehicle spacing by 5%,10%,and 14%,respectively,compared with the traditional CACC with fixed one-vehicle,two-vehicle,and three-vehicle look-ahead network topologies,thereby improving the traffic efficiency.
文摘The emergence of artificial intelligence natural language large models has brought new dawn for the in-depth empowerment of the industry.Research on key technologies and applications of railway natural language large model is of great significance to promoting and coordinating the development of railway artificial intelligence.This paper puts forward the application scenarios of railway natural language large model according to the application requirements of railway artificial intelligence;designs the overall architecture of the railway natural language large model by relying on the railway artificial intelligence platform,studies the key technologies of the natural language large model,builds a railway industry large model oriented to intelligent question-answering,and verifies the model with actual data;finally,this paper prospects for the development and application of railway natural language large model from the aspects of railway traffic organization,railway operation safety and passenger service.
文摘The advancement of modern integrated transport systems has made the promotion of passenger intermodal transport an effective strategy for enhancing the quality of transport services.The railway sector is capitalizing on its strengths to offer passenger intermodal services centered around rail transport,resulting in the development of an integrated service platform for railway passenger intermodal transport,i.e.R-MaaS.This paper defines R-MaaS,outlines its objectives,and explores its fundamental concepts.A comprehensive architecture and key technologies for the R-MaaS platform are proposed,featuring a“vertical layering+horizontal modularization”design.Detailed designs are provided in areas such as data integration,intermodal order structure,ticketing process,and reconciliation settlement.This architecture facilitates the integration of ticketing services across various industries and systems,enabling users to access unified intermodal ticketing services,and supporting the vision of“one-time ticket purchase,one-time payment,and one-ID card(QR code)pass”.Through practical case studies of R-MaaS engineering applications,this paper analyzes and summarizes the effectiveness of R-MaaS implementation.On this basis,railway sector will play a leading and exemplary role in advancing passenger intermodal transport in China.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFF0304101).
文摘Purpose–With the yearly increase of mileage and passenger volume in China’s high-speed railway,the problems of traditional paper railway tickets have become increasingly prominent,including complexity of business handling process,low efficiency of ticket inspection and high cost of usage and management.This paper aims to make extensive references to successful experiences of electronic ticket applications both domestically and internationally.The research on key technologies and system implementation of railway electronic ticket with Chinese characteristics has been carried out.Design/methodology/approach–Research in key technologies is conducted including synchronization technique in distributed heterogeneous database system,the grid-oriented passenger service record(PSR)data storage model,efficient access to massive PSR data under high concurrency condition,the linkage between face recognition service platforms and various terminals in large scenarios,and two-factor authentication of the e-ticket identification code based on the key and the user identity information.Focusing on the key technologies and architecture the of existing ticketing system,multiple service resources are expanded and developed such as electronic ticket clusters,PSR clusters,face recognition clusters and electronic ticket identification code clusters.Findings–The proportion of paper ticket printed has dropped to 20%,saving more than 2 billion tickets annually since the launch of the application of E-ticketing nationwide.The average time for passengers to pass through the automatic ticket gates has decreased from 3 seconds to 1.3 seconds,significantly improving the efficiency of passenger transport organization.Meanwhile,problems of paper ticket counterfeiting,reselling and loss have been generally eliminated.Originality/value–E-ticketing has laid a technical foundation for the further development of railway passenger transport services in the direction of digitalization and intelligence.
文摘By relying on the major projects of Beijing-Zhangjiakou HSR,China's railway industry has integrated and applied several digital intelligence technologies to form a complete set of intelligent HSR 1.0 technology,which has been popularized and applied to several new lines.With the continuous deepening of intelligent applications in construction,equipment,operation and other fields,there is an increasingly urgent need for integrated sharing and analysis of models and data.The paper analyzes the connotation and key points of model-data integration and puts forward the overall architecture of model-data integration platform composed of model-data convergence tier,model-data storage tier,model-data management tier,model-data calculation tier,model data aggregation tier,etc.Moreover,it looks forward to the prospect of leading key technologies and multiple innovative key technologies such as intelligent engineering survey and generative design,all-discipline intelligent construction,digital twin of railway engineering,CR450 intelligent EMU,new generation of dedicated mobile communication for railway (5G-R), operation safety protection based on multi-source information perception, transmission and fusion analysis, displacement-based full-travel intelligent service (MaaS+), intelligent comprehensive dispatching of regional railway network, wheel-rail integrated intelligent maintenance of EMU, etc. It can provide guidance and reference for digital railway construction and intelligent HSR 2.0 scientific & technological breakthroughs.
基金State Key Lab of Processors,Institute of Computing Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CLQ202516)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(3282025047,3282024051,3282024009)。
文摘The advent of Grover’s algorithm presents a significant threat to classical block cipher security,spurring research into post-quantum secure cipher design.This study engineers quantum circuit implementations for three versions of the Ballet family block ciphers.The Ballet‑p/k includes a modular-addition operation uncommon in lightweight block ciphers.Quantum ripple-carry adder is implemented for both“32+32”and“64+64”scale to support this operation.Subsequently,qubits,quantum gates count,and quantum circuit depth of three versions of Ballet algorithm are systematically evaluated under quantum computing model,and key recovery attack circuits are constructed based on Grover’s algorithm against each version.The comprehensive analysis shows:Ballet-128/128 fails to NIST Level 1 security,while when the resource accounting is restricted to the Clifford gates and T gates set for the Ballet-128/256 and Ballet-256/256 quantum circuits,the design attains Level 3.
基金supported by Science and Technology Research and Development Program Project of China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd.(award number:K2024X010).
文摘Purpose–This paper conducts a joint analysis of monitoring data in the hidden danger areas of railway subgrade deformation using a data-driven method,thereby realizing the systematic risk identification of regional hidden dangers.Design/methodology/approach–The paper proposes a regional systematic risk identification method based on Bayesian and independent component analysis(ICA)theories.Firstly,the Gray Wolf Optimization(GWO)algorithm is used to partition each group of monitoring data in the hidden danger area,so that the data distribution characteristics within each sub-block are similar.Then,a distributed ICA early warning model is constructed to obtain prior knowledge such as control limits and statistics of the area under normal conditions.For the online evaluation process,the input data is partitioned following the above-mentioned procedure and the ICA statistics of each sub-block are calculated.The Bayesian method is applied to fuse online parameters with offline parameters,yielding statistics under a specific confidence interval.These statistics are then compared with the control limits–specifically,checking whether they exceed the pre-set confidence parameters–thus realizing the systematic risk identification of the hidden danger area.Findings–Through simulation experiments,the proposed method can integrate prior knowledge such as control limits and statistics to effectively determine the overall stability status of the area,thereby realizing the systematic risk identification of the hidden danger area.Originality/value–The proposed method leverages Bayesian theory to fuse online process parameters with offline parameters and further compares them with confidence parameters,thereby effectively enhancing the utilization efficiency of monitoring data and the robustness of the analytical model.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program“Transportation Infrastructure”project(No.2022YFB2603400)the Technology Research and Development Plan Program of China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd.(No.Q2024T001)the National project pre research project of Suzhou City University(No.2023SGY019).
文摘Purpose-The indoor vibration compaction test(IVCT)was a key step in controlling the compaction quality for high-speed railway graded aggregate(HRGA),which currently had a research gap on the assessment indicators and compaction parameters.Design/methodology/approach-To address these issues,a novel multi-indicator IVCT method was proposed,including physical indicator dry density(ρd)and mechanical indicators dynamic stiffness(Krb)and bearing capacity coefficient(K20).Then,a series of IVCTs on HRGA under different compaction parameters were conducted with an improved vibration compactor,which could monitor the physical-mechanical indicators in real-time.Finally,the optimal vibration compaction parameters,including the moisture content(ω),the diameter-to-maximum particle size ratio(Rd),the thickness-to-maximum particle size ratio(Rh),the vibration frequency(f),the vibration mass(Mc)and the eccentric distance(re),were determined based on the evolution characteristics for the physical-mechanical indicators during compaction.Findings-All results indicated that theρd gradually increased and then stabilized,and the Krb initially increased and then decreased.Moreover,the inflection time of the Krb was present as the optimal compaction time(Tlp)during compaction.Additionally,optimal compaction was achieved whenωwas the water-holding content after mud pumping,Rd was 3.4,Rh was 3.5,f was the resonance frequency,and the ratio between the excitation force and the Mc was 1.8.Originality/value-The findings of this paper were significant for the quality control of HRGA compaction.
基金supported by Shandong Provincial Nat-ural Science Foundation(ZR2024ZD30)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22325302 and 22403100).
文摘Accurate evaluation of elec-tron correlations is essential for the reliable quantitative de-scription of electronic struc-tures in strongly correlated sys-tems,including bond-dissociat-ing molecules,polyradicals,large conjugated molecules,and transition metal complex-es.To provide a user-friendly tool for studying such challeng-ing systems,our team developed Kylin 1.0[J.Comput.Chem.44,1316(2023)],an ab initio quantum chemistry program designed for efficient density matrix renormalization group(DMRG)and post-DMRG methods,enabling high-accuracy calculations with large active spaces.We have now further advanced the software with the release of Kylin 1.3,featuring optimized DMRG algorithms and an improved tensor contraction scheme in the diagonaliza-tion step.Benchmark calculations on the Mn_(4)CaO_(5)cluster demonstrate a remarkable speed-up of up to 16 fater than Kylin 1.0.Moreover,a more user-friendly and efficient algorithm[J.Chem.Theory Comput.17,3414(2021)]for sampling configurations from DMRG wavefunc-tion is implemented as well.Additionally,we have also implemented a spin-adapted version of the externally contracted multi-reference configuration interaction(EC-MRCI)method[J.Phys.Chem.A 128,958(2024)],further enhancing the program’s efficiency and accuracy for electron correlation calculations.
基金the National Social Science Foundation of China(No.21BTQ106),the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(No.7222187),and the Key Project of Innovation Cultivation Fund of the Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital(No.qzx-2023-1)。
文摘Behavioral scoring based on clinical observations remains the gold standard for screening,diagnosing,and evaluating infantile epileptic spasm syndrome(IESS).The accurate identification of seizures is crucial for clinical diagnosis and assessment.In this study,we propose an innovative seizure detection method based on video feature recognition of patient spasms.To capture the temporal characteristics of the spasm behavior presented in the videos effectively,we incorporate asymmetric convolutions and convolution–batch normalization–ReLU(CBR)modules.Specifically within the 3D-ResNet residual blocks,we split the larger convolutional kernels into two asymmetric 3D convolutional kernels.These kernels are connected in series to enhance the ability of the convolutional layers to extract key local features,both horizontally and vertically.In addition,we introduce a 3D convolutional block attention module to enhance the spatial correlations between video frame channels efficiently.To improve the generalization ability,we design a composite loss function that combines cross-entropy loss with triplet loss to balance the classification and similarity requirements.We train and evaluate our method using the PLA IESS-VIDEO dataset,achieving an average seizure recognition accuracy of 90.59%,precision of 90.94%,and recall of 87.64%.To validate its generalization capability further,we conducted external validation using six different patient monitoring videos compared with assessments by six human experts from various medical centers.The final test results demonstrate that our method achieved a recall of 0.6476,surpassing the average level achieved by human experts(0.5595),while attaining a high F1-score of 0.7219.These findings have substantial significance for the long-term assessment of patients with IESS.
基金supported by the Innovation Funding of ICT,CAS under Grant(No.E261020)Jiangsu Key Research and Development Program of China(No.BE2021013-2)Zhejiang Key Research and Development Program(No.2021C01040).
文摘LEO satellite communication systems have the characteristics of high-speed and periodic movement.The handover of user link occurs frequently,which has a serious impact on user terminal application and system capacity.To address this issue,we propose a handover strategy of LEO satellite user terminal based on multi-attribute and multi-point(MAMP)cooperation.Firstly,the satellite-user-time matrix is established by using the satellite constellation coverage and handover model.Then,combined with the visual time and signal quality,the user access matrix and satellite load matrix are extracted to determine the weight equation of the handover strategy with the channel reservation.According to the system modeling simulation,the algorithm improves the handover success rate by 2.5%,the lasted call access success rate by 3.2%,the load balancing degree by 20%,and the robustness by two orders of magnitude.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2011CB302400)the Important National Science & Technology Specific Projects (No. 2013ZX04007031).
文摘To implement five-axis functions in CNC system, based on domestic system Lan Tian series, an improved design method for the system software structure is proposed in this paper. The numerical control kernel of CNC system is divided into the task layer and the motion layer. A five-axis transformation unit is integrated into the motion layer. After classifying five-axis machines into different types and analyzing their geometry information, the five-axis kinematic library is designed according to the abstract factory pattern. Furthermore, by taking CA spindle- tilting machine as an example, the forward and the inverse kinematic transformations are deduced. Based on the new software architecture and the five-axis kinematic library, algorithms of RTCP （rotation tool center point control） and 3D radius compensation for end-milling are designed and realized. The milling results show that, with five-axis functions based on such software struc- ture, the instructions with respect to the cutter＇s position and orientation can be directly carried out in the CNC system.
基金Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.ZDRW-ZS-2016-6-3National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41501490
文摘The robustness of cargo ship transportation networks is essential to the stability of the world trade system. The current research mainly focuses on the coarse-grained, holistic cargo ship transportation network while ignoring the structural diversity of different sub-networks. In this paper, we evaluate the robustness of the global cargo ship transportation network based on the most recent Automatic Identification System（AIS） data available. First, we subdivide three typical cargo ship transportation networks（i.e., oil tanker, container ship and bulk carrier） from the original cargo ship transportation network. Then, we design statistical indices based on complex network theory and employ four attack strategies, including random attack and three intentional attacks（i.e., degree-based attack, betweenness-based attack and flux-based attack） to evaluate the robustness of the three typical cargo ship transportation networks. Finally, we compare the integrity of the remaining ports of the network when a small proportion of ports lose their function. The results show that 1） compared with the holistic cargo ship transportation network, the fine-grain-based cargo ship transportation networks can fully reflect the pattern and process of global cargo transportation; 2） different cargo ship networks behave heterogeneously in terms of their robustness, with the container network being the weakest and the bulk carrier network being the strongest; and 3） small-scale intentional attacks may have significant influence on the integrity of the container network but a minor impact on the bulk carrier and oil tanker transportation networks. These conclusions can help improve the decision support capabilities in maritime transportation planning and emergency response and facilitate the establishment of a more reliable maritime transportation system.Abstract： The robustness of cargo ship transportation networks is essential to the stability of the world trade system. The current research mainly focuses on the coarse-grained, holistic cargo ship transportation network while ignoring the structural diversity of different sub-networks. In this paper, we evaluate the robustness of the global cargo ship transporta- tion network based on the most recent Automatic Identification System （AIS） data available. First, we subdivide three typical cargo ship transportation networks （i.e., oil tanker, container ship and bulk carrier） from the original cargo ship transportation network. Then, we design statistical indices based on complex network theory and employ four attack strategies, in- cluding random attack and three intentional attacks （i.e., degree-based attack, between- ness-based attack and flux-based attack） to evaluate the robustness of the three typical cargo ship transportation networks. Finally, we compare the integrity of the remaining ports of the network when a small proportion of ports lose their function. The results show that 1） com- pared with the holistic cargo ship transportation network, the fine-grain-based cargo ship transportation networks can fully reflect the pattern and process of global cargo transportation 2） different cargo ship networks behave heterogeneously in terms of their robustness, with the container network being the weakest and the bulk carrier network being the strongest; and 3） small-scale intentional attacks may have significant influence on the integrity of the con- tainer network but a minor impact on the bulk carrier and oil tanker transportation networks.These conclusions can help improve the decision support capabilities in maritime transportation planning and emergency response and facilitate the establishment of a more reliable maritime transportation system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82050004 and 81141118)the Beijing Hospital Clinical Research 121 Project(No.121-2016002)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2015CB554507)Ms.Siu TUEN,Lucy Chan LAU,Mr.Waichun TIN,and Weiwu HU for their financial support。
文摘Interstitial fluid(ISF)flow through vascular adventitia has been discovered recently.However,its kinetic pattern was unclear.We used histological and topographical identification to observe ISF flow along venous vessels in rabbits.By magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)in live subjects,the inherent pathways of ISF flow from the ankle dermis through the legs,abdomen,and thorax were enhanced by paramagnetic contrast.By fluorescence stereomicroscopy and layer-by-layer dissection after the rabbits were sacrificed,the perivascular and adventitial connective tissues(PACTs)along the saphenous veins and inferior vena cava were found to be stained by sodium fluorescein from the ankle dermis,which coincided with the findings by MRI.The direction of ISF transport in a venous PACT pathway was the same as that of venous blood flow.By confocal microscopy and histological analysis,the stained PACT pathways were verified to be the fibrous connective tissues,consisting of longitudinally assembled fibers.Real-time observations by fluorescence stereomicroscopy revealed at least two types of spaces for ISF flow:one along adventitial fibers and another one between the vascular adventitia and its covering fascia.Using nanoparticles and surfactants,a PACT pathway was found to be accessible by a nanoparticle of<100 nm and contained two parts:a transport channel and an absorptive part.The calculated velocity of continuous ISF flow along fibers of the PACT pathway was 3.6-15.6 mm/s.These data revealed that a PACT pathway was a"slit-shaped"porous biomaterial,comprising a longitudinal transport channel and an absorptive part for imbibition.The use of surfactants suggested that interfacial tension might play an essential role in layers of continuous ISF flow along vascular vessels.A hypothetical"gel pump"is proposed based on interfacial tension and interactions to regulate ISF flow.These experimental findings may inspire future studies to explore the physiological and pathophysiological functions of vascular ISF or interfacial fluid flow among interstitial connective tissues throughout the body.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61732018,61872335,61802367,61876215)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDC05000000)+1 种基金Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence(BAAI),the Open Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing(2019A07)the Open Project of Zhejiang Laboratory,and a grant from the Institute for Guo Qiang,Tsinghua University.Recommended by Associate Editor Long Chen.
文摘Graph convolutional networks(GCNs)have received significant attention from various research fields due to the excellent performance in learning graph representations.Although GCN performs well compared with other methods,it still faces challenges.Training a GCN model for large-scale graphs in a conventional way requires high computation and storage costs.Therefore,motivated by an urgent need in terms of efficiency and scalability in training GCN,sampling methods have been proposed and achieved a significant effect.In this paper,we categorize sampling methods based on the sampling mechanisms and provide a comprehensive survey of sampling methods for efficient training of GCN.To highlight the characteristics and differences of sampling methods,we present a detailed comparison within each category and further give an overall comparative analysis for the sampling methods in all categories.Finally,we discuss some challenges and future research directions of the sampling methods.
