The development of renewable energy power generation for carbon neutrality and energy transition has been increasing worldwide,leading to an increasing demand for high-power conversion.Compared with traditional interl...The development of renewable energy power generation for carbon neutrality and energy transition has been increasing worldwide,leading to an increasing demand for high-power conversion.Compared with traditional interleaved paralleling,the integrated paralleling of three-level inverters can further reduce the output harmonics.Moreover,a well-designed switching sequence ensures that the average circulating current is zero,which provides a superior and feasible solution to satisfy the demands of high-power operations.However,a large instantaneous loop current exists between shunt converters,which leads to disadvantages such as higher switching device stress and loss.In this study,by utilizing the state-distribution redundancy provided by the integrated modulation process,a new design for switch-ing sequences is suggested for the integrated modulation of shunt three-level converters.This design aims to reduce the circulating current while better preserving the same output current harmonics than traditional parallel methods.The proposal includes an in-depth analysis and explanation of the implementation process.Finally,the proposed method is validated through simulations and prototype experi-ments.The results indicate that compared with traditional methods,the adoption of the improved switching sequence presented in this study leads to an average reduction of 3.2%in the total harmonic distortion of the inverter’s output and an average decrease of 32%in the amplitude of the circulating current.Both the output harmonics and circulating currents are significantly suppressed across various modulation indices.展开更多
Tetracyclines (TCs) are the second most commonly used antibiotics worldwide, utilized in medical treatments and animal husbandry. Although effective against various infectious diseases, TC residues persist in the envi...Tetracyclines (TCs) are the second most commonly used antibiotics worldwide, utilized in medical treatments and animal husbandry. Although effective against various infectious diseases, TC residues persist in the environment and contribute to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, posing significant risks to human health. This study employed the heterogeneous Fenton process to degrade TC using soybean residue-derived magnetic biochar (Fe-SoyB) as the catalyst. The Fe-SoyB sample was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) techniques. The effects of key parameters, including pH, H2O2 concentration, catalyst dosage, and initial TC concentration, on TC degradation were investigated. The results indicated that the TC removal efficiency decreased with increasing initial TC concentration, while it was improved with higher H2O2 concentrations and greater catalyst dosages. The optimal conditions for the Fenton-like process were determined: a pH of 3, a H2O2 concentration of 245 mmol/L, an initial TC concentration of 800 mg/L, and a catalyst dosage of 0.75 g/L, achieving a removal efficiency of 90.0% after 150 min. Additionally, the TC removal efficiency of the Fe-SoyB system varied significantly across different water matrices, with 87.1% for deionized water, 78.5% for tap water, and 72.5% for river water. The catalyst demonstrated notable stability, maintaining a TC removal efficiency of 79.7% after three cycles of use. Overall, Fe-SoyB shows promise as a cost-effective catalyst for the elimination of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions.展开更多
Rip currents are a significant threat to swimmers worldwide,responsible for numerous drowning incidents each year.In Vietnam,Bai Dai Beach in Cam Ranh Bay,Khanh Hoa Province,has experienced an increase in drowning eve...Rip currents are a significant threat to swimmers worldwide,responsible for numerous drowning incidents each year.In Vietnam,Bai Dai Beach in Cam Ranh Bay,Khanh Hoa Province,has experienced an increase in drowning events due to rip currents in recent years.To address this issue,a comprehensive study was conducted based on developing a depth-averaged 2D hydrodynamic model to simulate rip currents in the Bai Dai-Cam Ranh coast.The HYDIST-2D numerical model was applied to simulate the rip current evolution in space and time for the study area.The results showed that the HYDIST-2D numerical model can accurately predict the location,magnitude,and microstructure of rip currents,including rip current speed,width,and length.The simulation results revealed that the rip current speed is greater during the low tide phase,with an average speed of 0.5 m s^(-1),while during high tide,the rip current speed is lower,around 0.1–0.8 m s^(-1).The width and length of the rip current also vary with the tide phase,with a wider and longer rip current observed during the low tide phase.The results also showed that the rip current speed and microstructure are influenced by the wave features,tide current,and bathymetry of the study area.The present study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of rip currents in the Bai Dai-Cam Ranh coast.The findings can be used to support the management of bathing activities and provide early warnings for potential risks associated with rip currents.展开更多
Mutagenesis is an important technique for microbial mutation breeding.As the source of mutations,DNA damage extent is a key indicator for the effectiveness of mutagenesis.Therefore,a rapid and easy DNA damage quantifi...Mutagenesis is an important technique for microbial mutation breeding.As the source of mutations,DNA damage extent is a key indicator for the effectiveness of mutagenesis.Therefore,a rapid and easy DNA damage quantification method is required for the comparison of mutagenesis effects and development of mutagenesis tools.Here,we used the umu-microplate test system to quantitatively compare the DNA damage strength caused by atmospheric and room-temperature plasma(ARTP)and other traditional mutagenesis methods including:ultraviolet radiation(UV),diethyl sulfate(DES)and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4-NQO).The test strain of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 was used to monitor the time-course profile of b-galactosidase activity induced by DNA damage caused by different mutagenesis methods using a microplate reader.The umu-microplate test results showed that ARTP caused higher extent of DNA damage than UV and chemical mutagens,which agrees well with the result obtained by SOS-FACS-based quantification method as reported previously.This umu-microplate test is accessible for broad researchers who are lack of the expensive FACS instruments and allows the quick quantitative evaluation of DNA damage among living cells for different mutagenesis methods in the study of the microbial mutation breeding.展开更多
Cold atmospheric plasmas(CAPs)have shown great applicability in agriculture.Many kinds of CAP sources have been studied in agricultural applications to promote plant growth and cure plant diseases.We briefly review th...Cold atmospheric plasmas(CAPs)have shown great applicability in agriculture.Many kinds of CAP sources have been studied in agricultural applications to promote plant growth and cure plant diseases.We briefly review the state-of-the-art stimulating effects of atmospheric-pressure dielectricbarrier-discharge(AP-DBD)plasmas,after the direct or indirect treatment of plants for growth promotion and disease control.We then discuss the special demands on the characteristics of the CAP sources for their applications in plant mutation breeding.An atmospheric and room temperature plasma(ARTP)jet generator with a large plasma irradiation area,a high enough concentration of chemically reactive species and a low gas temperature is designed for direct plant mutagenesis.Experimental measurements of the electrical,thermal and optical features of the ARTP generator are conducted.Then,an ARTP-P(ARTP for plant mutagenesis)mutation breeding machine is developed,and a typical case of plant mutation breeding by the ARTP-P mutation machine is presented using Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.seeds.Physical and agricultural experiments show that the newly-developed ARTP-P mutation breeding machine with a large irradiation area can generate uniform CAP jets with high concentrations of chemically reactive species and mild gas temperatures,and have signiflcant mutagenesis effects on the Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.seeds.The ARTP-P mutation breeding machine may provide a platform for systematic studies on mutation mechanisms and results for various plant seeds under different operating conditions in future research.展开更多
In order to improve the performance of the shaking table,a vibration-enhanced shaking table which exploited broadband resonance was constructed.The broadband resonance was realized by an adjustable stiffness mechanism...In order to improve the performance of the shaking table,a vibration-enhanced shaking table which exploited broadband resonance was constructed.The broadband resonance was realized by an adjustable stiffness mechanism which exploited gas compressibility.Different from the traditional device,a gas filled cylinder(GFC)was mounted between the shake table and the exciter,and a pressure regulator was designed to regulate the gas pressure of the GFC.The natural frequency of the designed shaking table can be adjusted based on the compressibility of gas during the test.The principle of stiffness adjustment was theoretically analyzed and a series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of regulating the natural frequency.The experimental results indicate that the amplitude can be twice amplified and the natural frequency can be regulated between 2 0 Hz and 6 0 Hz.展开更多
In this work, we prepared three simple arylamine-based hole transporting materials from commercially available starting materials. The effect of extending z-conjugation length or increasing the number of side groups c...In this work, we prepared three simple arylamine-based hole transporting materials from commercially available starting materials. The effect of extending z-conjugation length or increasing the number of side groups compared with reference compound on the photophysical, electrochemical, hole mobility properties and performance in perovskite solar cells were further studied. It is noted that these two kinds of molecular modifications can significantly lower the HOMO level and improve the hole mobility, thus improving the hole injection from valence band of perovskite. On the other hand, the compound with more side groups showed higher hole injection efficiency due to lower HOMO level and higher hole mo- bility compared with the compound with extending π-conjugation length. The perovskite solar cells with the modified molecules as hole transporting materials showed a higher efficiency of 15.40% and 16.95%, respectively, which is better than that of the reference compound （13.18%）. Moreover, the compound with increasing number of side groups based devices showed comparable photovoltaic performance with that of conventional spiro-OMeTAD （16.87%）.展开更多
A novel process monitoring method based on convolutional neural network(CNN)is proposed and applied to detect faults in industrial process.By utilizing the CNN algorithm,cross-correlation and autocorrelation among var...A novel process monitoring method based on convolutional neural network(CNN)is proposed and applied to detect faults in industrial process.By utilizing the CNN algorithm,cross-correlation and autocorrelation among variables are captured to establish a prediction model for each process variable to approximate the first-principle of physical/chemical relationships among different variables under normal operating conditions.When the process is operated under pre-set operating conditions,prediction residuals can be assumed as noise if a proper model is employed.Once process faults occur,the residuals will increase due to the changes of correlation among variables.A principal component analysis(PCA)model based on the residuals is established to realize process monitoring.By monitoring the changes in main feature of prediction residuals,the faults can be promptly detected.Case studies on a numerical nonlinear example and data from two industrial processes are presented to validate the performance of process monitoring based on CNN.展开更多
There have been many studies on life cycle assessment in sewage treatment,but there are scarce few studies on the treatment of industrial wastewater in combination with advanced oxidation technology,especially in cata...There have been many studies on life cycle assessment in sewage treatment,but there are scarce few studies on the treatment of industrial wastewater in combination with advanced oxidation technology,especially in catalytic wet air oxidation(CWAO).There are no cases of using actual industrialized data onto life cycle assessment.This paper uses Simapro 9.0 software to establish a life cycle assessment model for the treatment of high-concentration organic wastewater by CWAO,and comprehensively explains the impact on the environment from three aspects:the construction phase,the operation phase and the demolition phase.In addition,sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis were performed.The results showed that the key factors affecting the environment were marine ecotoxicity,mineral resource consumption and global warming,the operation stage had the greatest impact on the environment,which was related to high power consumption during operation and emissions from the treatment process.Sensitivity analysis showed that electricity consumption has the greatest impact on abiotic depletion and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity,and it also proved that global warming is mainly caused by pollutant emissions during operation phase.Monte Carlo simulations found slightly higher uncertainty for abiotic depletion and toxicity-related impact categories.展开更多
Coal fly ash is considered an industrial by-product derived from coal combustion in thermal power plant. It is one of the most complex anthropogenic materials. Its improper disposal has become an environmental concern...Coal fly ash is considered an industrial by-product derived from coal combustion in thermal power plant. It is one of the most complex anthropogenic materials. Its improper disposal has become an environmental concern and resulted in a waste of recoverable resources. The aim of this paper is to study the physico-chemical characteristics of binders based on coal fly ash and lime in order to develop an eco-cement. The various characterization tests carried out are X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, compressive strengths, thermophysical properties and setting time. X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction were used to determine the chemical composition and phases of fly ash, lime and binders. This allowed us to see that the chemical composition of fly ash is similar to that of cement. Compressive strengths of mortars containing 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of fly ash have shown that fly ash has a long-term positive effect which might be related to a pozzolanic activity. The L<sub>3</sub> binder consisting of 60% of coal fly ash and 40% lime has a higher compressive strength than the others. The binder setting start time is greater than that of cement but shorter than that of lime. The study of the thermophysical properties of the L<sub>3</sub> binder shows that it has a higher thermal resistance than cement mortar. Moreover, it heats up less quickly because of its low effusivity compared to that of the latter. This analysis highlighted the principal characteristics that must be taken into account to use coal fly correctly in lime-based materials.展开更多
For a one-dimensional barrier of arbitrary shape,an expression of the dwell time of tunneling particles has been obtained by subdividing it into infinitesimal rectangular barrier elements and then summing the dwell ti...For a one-dimensional barrier of arbitrary shape,an expression of the dwell time of tunneling particles has been obtained by subdividing it into infinitesimal rectangular barrier elements and then summing the dwell times spent by particles inside the barrier elements,and the dwell times in a parabolic potential barrier were calculated.The results show that the dwell times are almost independent of the barrier width as it is greater than a characteristic width Wc.This can be ascribed that in the width range beyond Wc,the tunneling probabilities through the barrier elements are very small,thus the times taken to tunnel through them make little contribution to the summation of the dwell times in all the barrier elements.展开更多
This paper presents a novel physical interpretation of the state of matter of the quark-gluon as the most fundamental building blocks in nature. Such a model is derived based on the assumption that dark matter and dar...This paper presents a novel physical interpretation of the state of matter of the quark-gluon as the most fundamental building blocks in nature. Such a model is derived based on the assumption that dark matter and dark energy behave as a perfect ideal fluid at extremely high temperature. By the virtue of Boltzmann constant of the ideal gas law and NASA’s Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (CMB) which estimate that the space has an average temperature close to 2.7251 Kelvin, then the equivalent mass-energy of the fundamental particle of the dark matter/dark energy is determined. Moreover, assuming a uniform space dark energy/dark matter density, then the critical temperature at which the dark matter has a unity entity per volume is identified as 64 × 1012 K. The calculated critical temperature of the quark-gluon plasma is found to be proportional to the temperature generated by colliding heavy ions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Moreover, the individual critical temperatures of the quark-gluon plasma matter at which the elements of the Periodic Table are generated are explicitly determined. The generation temperature trend of the elements of the Periodic Table groups and Periods is then demonstrated. Accordingly, the phase diagram of the quark-gluon state matter is proposed. Finally, a new model of quark-gluon power generation plant is proposed and aims to serve humanity with new energy sources in the new millennium.展开更多
Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites(LHPs) have attracted great interest owing to their outstanding optoelectronic properties.Typically,the underlying electronic structure would determinate the physical properti...Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites(LHPs) have attracted great interest owing to their outstanding optoelectronic properties.Typically,the underlying electronic structure would determinate the physical properties of materials.But as for now,limited studies have been done to reveal the underlying electronic structure of this material system,comparing to the huge amount of investigations on the material synthesis.The effective mass of the valance band is one of the most important physical parameters which plays a dominant role in charge transport and photovoltaic phenomena.In pristine CsPbBr_(3),the Fr?hlich polarons associated with the Pb–Br stretching modes are proposed to be responsible for the effective mass renormalization.In this regard,it would be very interesting to explore the electronic structure in doped LHPs.Here,we report high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy(ARPES) studies on both pristine and Cl-doped CsPbBr_(3).The experimental band dispersions are extracted from ARPES spectra along both ■ and ■ high symmetry directions.DFT calculations are performed and directly compared with the ARPES data.Our results have revealed the band structure of Cl-doped CsPbBr_(3) for the first time,which have also unveiled the effective mass renormalization in the Cl-doped CsPbBr_(3) compound.Doping dependent measurements indicate that the chlorine doping could moderately tune the renormalization strength.These results will help understand the physical properties of LHPs as a function of doping.展开更多
The disposal of waste has become an environmental issue due to the limited available landfilling space. This paper aims to compare the characteristics of hydrated lime with fine sewage sludge ash (FSSA) and coal fly a...The disposal of waste has become an environmental issue due to the limited available landfilling space. This paper aims to compare the characteristics of hydrated lime with fine sewage sludge ash (FSSA) and coal fly ash (CFA). Multiple techniques, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), compressive strengths, thermophysical properties, and setting time were used to assess the physicochemical characteristics of the lime-based materials. X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction were used to determine the chemical composition and phases of ashes, lime and binders. The results showed that the chemical composition of ashes is similar to that of cement. Besides glass, the main minerals identified in CFA and FSSA are quartz (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and anhydrite (CaSO<sub>4</sub>). Moreover, calcium aluminium oxide (Ca<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>) was detected for CFA and phosphorus calcium silicate (Ca<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) for FSSA and minor phases were detected for both. FTIR measurements were carried out to characterize the inorganics components of different samples. Compressive strengths of mortars with different formulations have shown that both have a long-term positive effect which might be related to a pozzolanic activity. For the CFA the L<sub>3</sub> binder consisting of 60% of coal fly ash and 40% lime has a higher compressive strength than the others while for the FSSA the L<sub>4</sub> binder consisting of 80% fine ash and 20% lime has a higher compressive strength than the others. Both binders setting start times are greater than that of cement but shorter than that of lime. The study of the thermophysical properties of binders shows that they have a higher thermal resistance than cement mortar. Moreover, binders heat up less quickly because of their low effusivity compared to cement. Lime-based materials system could be a promising option to both relieve the waste disposal pressure and provide a potential sustainable construction material.展开更多
The most crucial requirement in radiation therapy treatment planning is a fast and accurate treatment planning system that minimizes damage to healthy tissues surrounding cancer cells. The use of Monte Carlo toolkits ...The most crucial requirement in radiation therapy treatment planning is a fast and accurate treatment planning system that minimizes damage to healthy tissues surrounding cancer cells. The use of Monte Carlo toolkits has become indispensable for research aimed at precisely determining the dose in radiotherapy. Among the numerous algorithms developed in recent years, the GAMOS code, which utilizes the Geant4 toolkit for Monte Carlo simula-tions, incorporates various electromagnetic physics models and multiple scattering models for simulating particle interactions with matter. This makes it a valuable tool for dose calculations in medical applications and throughout the patient’s volume. The aim of this present work aims to vali-date the GAMOS code for the simulation of a 6 MV photon-beam output from the Elekta Synergy Agility linear accelerator. The simulation involves mod-eling the major components of the accelerator head and the interactions of the radiation beam with a homogeneous water phantom and particle information was collected following the modeling of the phase space. This space was po-sitioned under the X and Y jaws, utilizing three electromagnetic physics mod-els of the GAMOS code: Standard, Penelope, and Low-Energy, along with three multiple scattering models: Goudsmit-Saunderson, Urban, and Wentzel-VI. The obtained phase space file was used as a particle source to simulate dose distributions (depth-dose and dose profile) for field sizes of 5 × 5 cm<sup>2</sup> and 10 × 10 cm<sup>2</sup> at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm in a water phantom, with a source-surface distance (SSD) of 90 cm from the target. We compared the three electromagnetic physics models and the three multiple scattering mod-els of the GAMOS code to experimental results. Validation of our results was performed using the gamma index, with an acceptability criterion of 3% for the dose difference (DD) and 3 mm for the distance-to-agreement (DTA). We achieved agreements of 94% and 96%, respectively, between simulation and experimentation for the three electromagnetic physics models and three mul-tiple scattering models, for field sizes of 5 × 5 cm<sup>2</sup> and 10 × 10 cm<sup>2</sup> for depth-dose curves. For dose profile curves, a good agreement of 100% was found between simulation and experimentation for the three electromagnetic physics models, as well as for the three multiple scattering models for a field size of 5 × 5 cm<sup>2</sup> at 10 cm and 20 cm depths. For a field size of 10 × 10 cm<sup>2</sup>, the Penelope model dominated with 98% for 10 cm, along with the three multiple scattering models. The Penelope model and the Standard model, along with the three multiple scattering models, dominated with 100% for 20 cm. Our study, which compared these different GAMOS code models, can be crucial for enhancing the accuracy and quality of radiotherapy, contributing to more effective patient treatment. Our research compares various electro-magnetic physics models and multiple scattering models with experimental measurements, enabling us to choose the models that produce the most reli-able results, thereby directly impacting the quality of simulations. This en-hances confidence in using these models for treatment planning. Our re-search consistently contributes to the progress of Monte Carlo simulation techniques in radiation therapy, enriching the scientific literature.展开更多
Addressing climate change and facilitating the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources(RESs)have driven the development of hydrogen-coupled integrated energy systems(HIES),which enhance energy sustainabili...Addressing climate change and facilitating the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources(RESs)have driven the development of hydrogen-coupled integrated energy systems(HIES),which enhance energy sustainability through coordinated electricity,thermal,natural gas,and hydrogen utilization.This study proposes a two-stage distributionally robust optimization(DRO)-based scheduling method to improve the economic efficiency and reduce carbon emissions of HIES.The framework incorporates a ladder-type carbon trading mechanism to regulate emissions and implements a demand response(DR)program to adjustflexible multi-energy loads,thereby prioritizing RES consumption.Uncertainties from RES generation and load demand are addressed through an ambiguity set,enabling robust decision-making.The column-and-constraint generation(C&CG)algorithm efficiently solves the two-stage DRO model.Case studies demonstrate that the proposed method reduces operational costs by 3.56%,increases photovoltaic consumption rates by 5.44%,and significantly lowers carbon emissions compared to conventional approaches.Furthermore,the DRO framework achieves a superior balance between conservativeness and robustness over conventional stochastic and robust optimization methods,highlighting its potential to advance cost-effective,low-carbon energy systems while ensuring grid stability under uncertainty.展开更多
Background: In recent years, Burkina Faso has faced increasing insecurity and terrorist attacks. The police, gendarmerie, and justice services are very often in demand to carry out criminal investigations, which are s...Background: In recent years, Burkina Faso has faced increasing insecurity and terrorist attacks. The police, gendarmerie, and justice services are very often in demand to carry out criminal investigations, which are slowed down or incomplete due to the absence of DNA analysis on biological samples from crime scenes and on apprehended suspects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of DNA analysis to the resolution of criminal cases in Burkina Faso. Methodology: This study was carried out from June 2019 to July 2020. Three (03) crimes were investigated, and DNA analysis was performed on biological samples from the crime scene, suspects, and victims using the AmpFlSTR® identifiler® Direct kit on the ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer. Results: In the explosion case, the alleles found in the victim were the same as those identified in the blood trace from the crime scene. In the armed robbery case, there was a perfect match between the DNA profile of the blood trail and that of suspect 2 for all 15 STRs analyzed. In the murder case, the DNA profile of the murdered man’s son and the DNA profile of the biological trace were identical. Conclusion: The DNA analyses carried out in criminal cases have identified the perpetrators of the crimes. Their guilt or innocence will be confirmed by the investigators during the interrogations and hearings.展开更多
A new benzothiadiazole-based D-A-D hole transport material(DTBT)has been designed and synthesized with a more planar structure by introducing of thiophene bridges.The results indicate a lower band gap and quite higher...A new benzothiadiazole-based D-A-D hole transport material(DTBT)has been designed and synthesized with a more planar structure by introducing of thiophene bridges.The results indicate a lower band gap and quite higher hole mobility for the DTBT.Furthermore,the enhancement in molecular planarity with simple thiophene unit increases the hole mobility of DTBT(8.77×10^-4cm^2 V^-1s^-1)by about 40%.And when DTBT is used as hole transport material in perovskite solar cells,the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding dopant-free devices is also significantly improved compared with that of the conventional BT model molecule without thiophene.In terms of device stability,DTBT-based devices show a favorable long-term stability,which keep 83%initial efficiency after 15 days.Therefore,the introducing of thiophene bridges in D-A-D typed HTMs can improve the molecular planarity effectively,thereby increasing the hole mobility and improving device performance.展开更多
The anti-polar solvent technique is an effec- tive way to improve the film quality in a perovskite solar cell. In this work, we reveal the reason why chloroben- zene （CBZ） plays an important role in controlling the ...The anti-polar solvent technique is an effec- tive way to improve the film quality in a perovskite solar cell. In this work, we reveal the reason why chloroben- zene （CBZ） plays an important role in controlling the crystallization process. By investigating the formation of intermediate phases in the precursor solution, we observed that the CH3NH3I （MAI）-PbI2-dimethylformamide （DMF） or MAI-PbI2-dimethylsulphoxide （DMSO） adducts have not yet formed until washed with non-polar solvent. The accelerated formation of intermediate phase yields high crystalline perovskite layers. Rapid solvent evaporation and retarded perovskite crystallization in one-step method are efficient to obtain high-quality perovskite films. Conse- quently, MAI-PbI2-DMSO intermediate shows neat rod-like structure with high crystallinity, which eventually transforms extremely dense and uniform perovskite films.展开更多
Proper braking force distribution strategies can improve both stability and economy performance of hybrid electric vehicles,which is prominently proved by many studies.To achieve better dynamic stable performance and ...Proper braking force distribution strategies can improve both stability and economy performance of hybrid electric vehicles,which is prominently proved by many studies.To achieve better dynamic stable performance and higher energy recovery efficiency,an effective braking control strategy for hybrid electric buses(HEB)based on vehicle mass and road slope estimation is proposed in this paper.Firstly,the road slope and the vehicle mass are estimated by a hybrid algorithm of extended Kalman filter(EKF)and recursive least square(RLS).Secondly,the total braking torque of HEB is calculated by the sliding mode controller(SMC),which uses the information of brake intensity,whole vehicle mass,and road slope.Finally,comprehensively considering driver’s braking intention and regulations of the Economic Commission for Europe(ECE),the optimal proportional relationship between regenerative braking and pneumatic braking is obtained.Furthermore,related simulations and experiments are carried out on the hardware-in-the-loop test bench.Results show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the braking performance and increase the recovered energy through precise control of the braking torque.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51977046)Wuxi University Research Start-up Fund for Introduced Talent(2022r021).
文摘The development of renewable energy power generation for carbon neutrality and energy transition has been increasing worldwide,leading to an increasing demand for high-power conversion.Compared with traditional interleaved paralleling,the integrated paralleling of three-level inverters can further reduce the output harmonics.Moreover,a well-designed switching sequence ensures that the average circulating current is zero,which provides a superior and feasible solution to satisfy the demands of high-power operations.However,a large instantaneous loop current exists between shunt converters,which leads to disadvantages such as higher switching device stress and loss.In this study,by utilizing the state-distribution redundancy provided by the integrated modulation process,a new design for switch-ing sequences is suggested for the integrated modulation of shunt three-level converters.This design aims to reduce the circulating current while better preserving the same output current harmonics than traditional parallel methods.The proposal includes an in-depth analysis and explanation of the implementation process.Finally,the proposed method is validated through simulations and prototype experi-ments.The results indicate that compared with traditional methods,the adoption of the improved switching sequence presented in this study leads to an average reduction of 3.2%in the total harmonic distortion of the inverter’s output and an average decrease of 32%in the amplitude of the circulating current.Both the output harmonics and circulating currents are significantly suppressed across various modulation indices.
文摘Tetracyclines (TCs) are the second most commonly used antibiotics worldwide, utilized in medical treatments and animal husbandry. Although effective against various infectious diseases, TC residues persist in the environment and contribute to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, posing significant risks to human health. This study employed the heterogeneous Fenton process to degrade TC using soybean residue-derived magnetic biochar (Fe-SoyB) as the catalyst. The Fe-SoyB sample was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) techniques. The effects of key parameters, including pH, H2O2 concentration, catalyst dosage, and initial TC concentration, on TC degradation were investigated. The results indicated that the TC removal efficiency decreased with increasing initial TC concentration, while it was improved with higher H2O2 concentrations and greater catalyst dosages. The optimal conditions for the Fenton-like process were determined: a pH of 3, a H2O2 concentration of 245 mmol/L, an initial TC concentration of 800 mg/L, and a catalyst dosage of 0.75 g/L, achieving a removal efficiency of 90.0% after 150 min. Additionally, the TC removal efficiency of the Fe-SoyB system varied significantly across different water matrices, with 87.1% for deionized water, 78.5% for tap water, and 72.5% for river water. The catalyst demonstrated notable stability, maintaining a TC removal efficiency of 79.7% after three cycles of use. Overall, Fe-SoyB shows promise as a cost-effective catalyst for the elimination of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions.
文摘Rip currents are a significant threat to swimmers worldwide,responsible for numerous drowning incidents each year.In Vietnam,Bai Dai Beach in Cam Ranh Bay,Khanh Hoa Province,has experienced an increase in drowning events due to rip currents in recent years.To address this issue,a comprehensive study was conducted based on developing a depth-averaged 2D hydrodynamic model to simulate rip currents in the Bai Dai-Cam Ranh coast.The HYDIST-2D numerical model was applied to simulate the rip current evolution in space and time for the study area.The results showed that the HYDIST-2D numerical model can accurately predict the location,magnitude,and microstructure of rip currents,including rip current speed,width,and length.The simulation results revealed that the rip current speed is greater during the low tide phase,with an average speed of 0.5 m s^(-1),while during high tide,the rip current speed is lower,around 0.1–0.8 m s^(-1).The width and length of the rip current also vary with the tide phase,with a wider and longer rip current observed during the low tide phase.The results also showed that the rip current speed and microstructure are influenced by the wave features,tide current,and bathymetry of the study area.The present study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of rip currents in the Bai Dai-Cam Ranh coast.The findings can be used to support the management of bathing activities and provide early warnings for potential risks associated with rip currents.
基金National Key Research and Development Project of China(2016YFD0102106)National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(21627812).
文摘Mutagenesis is an important technique for microbial mutation breeding.As the source of mutations,DNA damage extent is a key indicator for the effectiveness of mutagenesis.Therefore,a rapid and easy DNA damage quantification method is required for the comparison of mutagenesis effects and development of mutagenesis tools.Here,we used the umu-microplate test system to quantitatively compare the DNA damage strength caused by atmospheric and room-temperature plasma(ARTP)and other traditional mutagenesis methods including:ultraviolet radiation(UV),diethyl sulfate(DES)and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4-NQO).The test strain of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 was used to monitor the time-course profile of b-galactosidase activity induced by DNA damage caused by different mutagenesis methods using a microplate reader.The umu-microplate test results showed that ARTP caused higher extent of DNA damage than UV and chemical mutagens,which agrees well with the result obtained by SOS-FACS-based quantification method as reported previously.This umu-microplate test is accessible for broad researchers who are lack of the expensive FACS instruments and allows the quick quantitative evaluation of DNA damage among living cells for different mutagenesis methods in the study of the microbial mutation breeding.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFD0102106)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11475103,21627812)。
文摘Cold atmospheric plasmas(CAPs)have shown great applicability in agriculture.Many kinds of CAP sources have been studied in agricultural applications to promote plant growth and cure plant diseases.We briefly review the state-of-the-art stimulating effects of atmospheric-pressure dielectricbarrier-discharge(AP-DBD)plasmas,after the direct or indirect treatment of plants for growth promotion and disease control.We then discuss the special demands on the characteristics of the CAP sources for their applications in plant mutation breeding.An atmospheric and room temperature plasma(ARTP)jet generator with a large plasma irradiation area,a high enough concentration of chemically reactive species and a low gas temperature is designed for direct plant mutagenesis.Experimental measurements of the electrical,thermal and optical features of the ARTP generator are conducted.Then,an ARTP-P(ARTP for plant mutagenesis)mutation breeding machine is developed,and a typical case of plant mutation breeding by the ARTP-P mutation machine is presented using Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.seeds.Physical and agricultural experiments show that the newly-developed ARTP-P mutation breeding machine with a large irradiation area can generate uniform CAP jets with high concentrations of chemically reactive species and mild gas temperatures,and have signiflcant mutagenesis effects on the Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.seeds.The ARTP-P mutation breeding machine may provide a platform for systematic studies on mutation mechanisms and results for various plant seeds under different operating conditions in future research.
文摘In order to improve the performance of the shaking table,a vibration-enhanced shaking table which exploited broadband resonance was constructed.The broadband resonance was realized by an adjustable stiffness mechanism which exploited gas compressibility.Different from the traditional device,a gas filled cylinder(GFC)was mounted between the shake table and the exciter,and a pressure regulator was designed to regulate the gas pressure of the GFC.The natural frequency of the designed shaking table can be adjusted based on the compressibility of gas during the test.The principle of stiffness adjustment was theoretically analyzed and a series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of regulating the natural frequency.The experimental results indicate that the amplitude can be twice amplified and the natural frequency can be regulated between 2 0 Hz and 6 0 Hz.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2015CB932200)the CAS-Iranian Vice Presidency for Science and Technology Joint Research Project (No. 116134KYSB20160130)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (No. 1508085SMF224)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51474201)the External Cooperation Program of BIC, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. GJHZ1607)
文摘In this work, we prepared three simple arylamine-based hole transporting materials from commercially available starting materials. The effect of extending z-conjugation length or increasing the number of side groups compared with reference compound on the photophysical, electrochemical, hole mobility properties and performance in perovskite solar cells were further studied. It is noted that these two kinds of molecular modifications can significantly lower the HOMO level and improve the hole mobility, thus improving the hole injection from valence band of perovskite. On the other hand, the compound with more side groups showed higher hole injection efficiency due to lower HOMO level and higher hole mo- bility compared with the compound with extending π-conjugation length. The perovskite solar cells with the modified molecules as hole transporting materials showed a higher efficiency of 15.40% and 16.95%, respectively, which is better than that of the reference compound （13.18%）. Moreover, the compound with increasing number of side groups based devices showed comparable photovoltaic performance with that of conventional spiro-OMeTAD （16.87%）.
文摘A novel process monitoring method based on convolutional neural network(CNN)is proposed and applied to detect faults in industrial process.By utilizing the CNN algorithm,cross-correlation and autocorrelation among variables are captured to establish a prediction model for each process variable to approximate the first-principle of physical/chemical relationships among different variables under normal operating conditions.When the process is operated under pre-set operating conditions,prediction residuals can be assumed as noise if a proper model is employed.Once process faults occur,the residuals will increase due to the changes of correlation among variables.A principal component analysis(PCA)model based on the residuals is established to realize process monitoring.By monitoring the changes in main feature of prediction residuals,the faults can be promptly detected.Case studies on a numerical nonlinear example and data from two industrial processes are presented to validate the performance of process monitoring based on CNN.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52100072,52100213)the Fundamental Research FundsfortheCentralUniversities(JZ2021HGTA0159,JZ2021HGQA0212)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA21021101)the Scientific Research Common Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education(KM202010017006)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(8214056)。
文摘There have been many studies on life cycle assessment in sewage treatment,but there are scarce few studies on the treatment of industrial wastewater in combination with advanced oxidation technology,especially in catalytic wet air oxidation(CWAO).There are no cases of using actual industrialized data onto life cycle assessment.This paper uses Simapro 9.0 software to establish a life cycle assessment model for the treatment of high-concentration organic wastewater by CWAO,and comprehensively explains the impact on the environment from three aspects:the construction phase,the operation phase and the demolition phase.In addition,sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis were performed.The results showed that the key factors affecting the environment were marine ecotoxicity,mineral resource consumption and global warming,the operation stage had the greatest impact on the environment,which was related to high power consumption during operation and emissions from the treatment process.Sensitivity analysis showed that electricity consumption has the greatest impact on abiotic depletion and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity,and it also proved that global warming is mainly caused by pollutant emissions during operation phase.Monte Carlo simulations found slightly higher uncertainty for abiotic depletion and toxicity-related impact categories.
文摘Coal fly ash is considered an industrial by-product derived from coal combustion in thermal power plant. It is one of the most complex anthropogenic materials. Its improper disposal has become an environmental concern and resulted in a waste of recoverable resources. The aim of this paper is to study the physico-chemical characteristics of binders based on coal fly ash and lime in order to develop an eco-cement. The various characterization tests carried out are X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, compressive strengths, thermophysical properties and setting time. X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction were used to determine the chemical composition and phases of fly ash, lime and binders. This allowed us to see that the chemical composition of fly ash is similar to that of cement. Compressive strengths of mortars containing 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of fly ash have shown that fly ash has a long-term positive effect which might be related to a pozzolanic activity. The L<sub>3</sub> binder consisting of 60% of coal fly ash and 40% lime has a higher compressive strength than the others. The binder setting start time is greater than that of cement but shorter than that of lime. The study of the thermophysical properties of the L<sub>3</sub> binder shows that it has a higher thermal resistance than cement mortar. Moreover, it heats up less quickly because of its low effusivity compared to that of the latter. This analysis highlighted the principal characteristics that must be taken into account to use coal fly correctly in lime-based materials.
基金Supported by Shenzhen Scince-Technology Programs。
文摘For a one-dimensional barrier of arbitrary shape,an expression of the dwell time of tunneling particles has been obtained by subdividing it into infinitesimal rectangular barrier elements and then summing the dwell times spent by particles inside the barrier elements,and the dwell times in a parabolic potential barrier were calculated.The results show that the dwell times are almost independent of the barrier width as it is greater than a characteristic width Wc.This can be ascribed that in the width range beyond Wc,the tunneling probabilities through the barrier elements are very small,thus the times taken to tunnel through them make little contribution to the summation of the dwell times in all the barrier elements.
文摘This paper presents a novel physical interpretation of the state of matter of the quark-gluon as the most fundamental building blocks in nature. Such a model is derived based on the assumption that dark matter and dark energy behave as a perfect ideal fluid at extremely high temperature. By the virtue of Boltzmann constant of the ideal gas law and NASA’s Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (CMB) which estimate that the space has an average temperature close to 2.7251 Kelvin, then the equivalent mass-energy of the fundamental particle of the dark matter/dark energy is determined. Moreover, assuming a uniform space dark energy/dark matter density, then the critical temperature at which the dark matter has a unity entity per volume is identified as 64 × 1012 K. The calculated critical temperature of the quark-gluon plasma is found to be proportional to the temperature generated by colliding heavy ions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Moreover, the individual critical temperatures of the quark-gluon plasma matter at which the elements of the Periodic Table are generated are explicitly determined. The generation temperature trend of the elements of the Periodic Table groups and Periods is then demonstrated. Accordingly, the phase diagram of the quark-gluon state matter is proposed. Finally, a new model of quark-gluon power generation plant is proposed and aims to serve humanity with new energy sources in the new millennium.
基金Project supported by the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.123GJHZ2022035MI)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.WK3510000015 and WK3510000012)。
文摘Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites(LHPs) have attracted great interest owing to their outstanding optoelectronic properties.Typically,the underlying electronic structure would determinate the physical properties of materials.But as for now,limited studies have been done to reveal the underlying electronic structure of this material system,comparing to the huge amount of investigations on the material synthesis.The effective mass of the valance band is one of the most important physical parameters which plays a dominant role in charge transport and photovoltaic phenomena.In pristine CsPbBr_(3),the Fr?hlich polarons associated with the Pb–Br stretching modes are proposed to be responsible for the effective mass renormalization.In this regard,it would be very interesting to explore the electronic structure in doped LHPs.Here,we report high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy(ARPES) studies on both pristine and Cl-doped CsPbBr_(3).The experimental band dispersions are extracted from ARPES spectra along both ■ and ■ high symmetry directions.DFT calculations are performed and directly compared with the ARPES data.Our results have revealed the band structure of Cl-doped CsPbBr_(3) for the first time,which have also unveiled the effective mass renormalization in the Cl-doped CsPbBr_(3) compound.Doping dependent measurements indicate that the chlorine doping could moderately tune the renormalization strength.These results will help understand the physical properties of LHPs as a function of doping.
文摘The disposal of waste has become an environmental issue due to the limited available landfilling space. This paper aims to compare the characteristics of hydrated lime with fine sewage sludge ash (FSSA) and coal fly ash (CFA). Multiple techniques, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), compressive strengths, thermophysical properties, and setting time were used to assess the physicochemical characteristics of the lime-based materials. X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction were used to determine the chemical composition and phases of ashes, lime and binders. The results showed that the chemical composition of ashes is similar to that of cement. Besides glass, the main minerals identified in CFA and FSSA are quartz (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and anhydrite (CaSO<sub>4</sub>). Moreover, calcium aluminium oxide (Ca<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>) was detected for CFA and phosphorus calcium silicate (Ca<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) for FSSA and minor phases were detected for both. FTIR measurements were carried out to characterize the inorganics components of different samples. Compressive strengths of mortars with different formulations have shown that both have a long-term positive effect which might be related to a pozzolanic activity. For the CFA the L<sub>3</sub> binder consisting of 60% of coal fly ash and 40% lime has a higher compressive strength than the others while for the FSSA the L<sub>4</sub> binder consisting of 80% fine ash and 20% lime has a higher compressive strength than the others. Both binders setting start times are greater than that of cement but shorter than that of lime. The study of the thermophysical properties of binders shows that they have a higher thermal resistance than cement mortar. Moreover, binders heat up less quickly because of their low effusivity compared to cement. Lime-based materials system could be a promising option to both relieve the waste disposal pressure and provide a potential sustainable construction material.
文摘The most crucial requirement in radiation therapy treatment planning is a fast and accurate treatment planning system that minimizes damage to healthy tissues surrounding cancer cells. The use of Monte Carlo toolkits has become indispensable for research aimed at precisely determining the dose in radiotherapy. Among the numerous algorithms developed in recent years, the GAMOS code, which utilizes the Geant4 toolkit for Monte Carlo simula-tions, incorporates various electromagnetic physics models and multiple scattering models for simulating particle interactions with matter. This makes it a valuable tool for dose calculations in medical applications and throughout the patient’s volume. The aim of this present work aims to vali-date the GAMOS code for the simulation of a 6 MV photon-beam output from the Elekta Synergy Agility linear accelerator. The simulation involves mod-eling the major components of the accelerator head and the interactions of the radiation beam with a homogeneous water phantom and particle information was collected following the modeling of the phase space. This space was po-sitioned under the X and Y jaws, utilizing three electromagnetic physics mod-els of the GAMOS code: Standard, Penelope, and Low-Energy, along with three multiple scattering models: Goudsmit-Saunderson, Urban, and Wentzel-VI. The obtained phase space file was used as a particle source to simulate dose distributions (depth-dose and dose profile) for field sizes of 5 × 5 cm<sup>2</sup> and 10 × 10 cm<sup>2</sup> at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm in a water phantom, with a source-surface distance (SSD) of 90 cm from the target. We compared the three electromagnetic physics models and the three multiple scattering mod-els of the GAMOS code to experimental results. Validation of our results was performed using the gamma index, with an acceptability criterion of 3% for the dose difference (DD) and 3 mm for the distance-to-agreement (DTA). We achieved agreements of 94% and 96%, respectively, between simulation and experimentation for the three electromagnetic physics models and three mul-tiple scattering models, for field sizes of 5 × 5 cm<sup>2</sup> and 10 × 10 cm<sup>2</sup> for depth-dose curves. For dose profile curves, a good agreement of 100% was found between simulation and experimentation for the three electromagnetic physics models, as well as for the three multiple scattering models for a field size of 5 × 5 cm<sup>2</sup> at 10 cm and 20 cm depths. For a field size of 10 × 10 cm<sup>2</sup>, the Penelope model dominated with 98% for 10 cm, along with the three multiple scattering models. The Penelope model and the Standard model, along with the three multiple scattering models, dominated with 100% for 20 cm. Our study, which compared these different GAMOS code models, can be crucial for enhancing the accuracy and quality of radiotherapy, contributing to more effective patient treatment. Our research compares various electro-magnetic physics models and multiple scattering models with experimental measurements, enabling us to choose the models that produce the most reli-able results, thereby directly impacting the quality of simulations. This en-hances confidence in using these models for treatment planning. Our re-search consistently contributes to the progress of Monte Carlo simulation techniques in radiation therapy, enriching the scientific literature.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFE0115600).
文摘Addressing climate change and facilitating the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources(RESs)have driven the development of hydrogen-coupled integrated energy systems(HIES),which enhance energy sustainability through coordinated electricity,thermal,natural gas,and hydrogen utilization.This study proposes a two-stage distributionally robust optimization(DRO)-based scheduling method to improve the economic efficiency and reduce carbon emissions of HIES.The framework incorporates a ladder-type carbon trading mechanism to regulate emissions and implements a demand response(DR)program to adjustflexible multi-energy loads,thereby prioritizing RES consumption.Uncertainties from RES generation and load demand are addressed through an ambiguity set,enabling robust decision-making.The column-and-constraint generation(C&CG)algorithm efficiently solves the two-stage DRO model.Case studies demonstrate that the proposed method reduces operational costs by 3.56%,increases photovoltaic consumption rates by 5.44%,and significantly lowers carbon emissions compared to conventional approaches.Furthermore,the DRO framework achieves a superior balance between conservativeness and robustness over conventional stochastic and robust optimization methods,highlighting its potential to advance cost-effective,low-carbon energy systems while ensuring grid stability under uncertainty.
文摘Background: In recent years, Burkina Faso has faced increasing insecurity and terrorist attacks. The police, gendarmerie, and justice services are very often in demand to carry out criminal investigations, which are slowed down or incomplete due to the absence of DNA analysis on biological samples from crime scenes and on apprehended suspects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of DNA analysis to the resolution of criminal cases in Burkina Faso. Methodology: This study was carried out from June 2019 to July 2020. Three (03) crimes were investigated, and DNA analysis was performed on biological samples from the crime scene, suspects, and victims using the AmpFlSTR® identifiler® Direct kit on the ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer. Results: In the explosion case, the alleles found in the victim were the same as those identified in the blood trace from the crime scene. In the armed robbery case, there was a perfect match between the DNA profile of the blood trail and that of suspect 2 for all 15 STRs analyzed. In the murder case, the DNA profile of the murdered man’s son and the DNA profile of the biological trace were identical. Conclusion: The DNA analyses carried out in criminal cases have identified the perpetrators of the crimes. Their guilt or innocence will be confirmed by the investigators during the interrogations and hearings.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB1500101)National Basic Research Program of China(No.2015CB932200)CAS-Iranian Vice Presidency for Science and Technology Joint Research Project(No.116134KYSB20160130).
文摘A new benzothiadiazole-based D-A-D hole transport material(DTBT)has been designed and synthesized with a more planar structure by introducing of thiophene bridges.The results indicate a lower band gap and quite higher hole mobility for the DTBT.Furthermore,the enhancement in molecular planarity with simple thiophene unit increases the hole mobility of DTBT(8.77×10^-4cm^2 V^-1s^-1)by about 40%.And when DTBT is used as hole transport material in perovskite solar cells,the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding dopant-free devices is also significantly improved compared with that of the conventional BT model molecule without thiophene.In terms of device stability,DTBT-based devices show a favorable long-term stability,which keep 83%initial efficiency after 15 days.Therefore,the introducing of thiophene bridges in D-A-D typed HTMs can improve the molecular planarity effectively,thereby increasing the hole mobility and improving device performance.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2016YFA0202400 and 2015CB932200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21403247)+2 种基金the External Cooperation Program of BIC, Distinguished Youth Foundation of Anhui Province (1708085J09)Chinese Academy of Sciences (GJHZ1607)STS project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-SW-STS-152)
文摘The anti-polar solvent technique is an effec- tive way to improve the film quality in a perovskite solar cell. In this work, we reveal the reason why chloroben- zene （CBZ） plays an important role in controlling the crystallization process. By investigating the formation of intermediate phases in the precursor solution, we observed that the CH3NH3I （MAI）-PbI2-dimethylformamide （DMF） or MAI-PbI2-dimethylsulphoxide （DMSO） adducts have not yet formed until washed with non-polar solvent. The accelerated formation of intermediate phase yields high crystalline perovskite layers. Rapid solvent evaporation and retarded perovskite crystallization in one-step method are efficient to obtain high-quality perovskite films. Conse- quently, MAI-PbI2-DMSO intermediate shows neat rod-like structure with high crystallinity, which eventually transforms extremely dense and uniform perovskite films.
基金Electric Automobile and Intelligent Connected Automobile Industry Innovation Project of Anhui Province of China(Grant No.JAC2019022505)Key Research and Development Projects in Shandong Province of China(Grant No.2019TSLH701).
文摘Proper braking force distribution strategies can improve both stability and economy performance of hybrid electric vehicles,which is prominently proved by many studies.To achieve better dynamic stable performance and higher energy recovery efficiency,an effective braking control strategy for hybrid electric buses(HEB)based on vehicle mass and road slope estimation is proposed in this paper.Firstly,the road slope and the vehicle mass are estimated by a hybrid algorithm of extended Kalman filter(EKF)and recursive least square(RLS).Secondly,the total braking torque of HEB is calculated by the sliding mode controller(SMC),which uses the information of brake intensity,whole vehicle mass,and road slope.Finally,comprehensively considering driver’s braking intention and regulations of the Economic Commission for Europe(ECE),the optimal proportional relationship between regenerative braking and pneumatic braking is obtained.Furthermore,related simulations and experiments are carried out on the hardware-in-the-loop test bench.Results show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the braking performance and increase the recovered energy through precise control of the braking torque.
