Biodiversity is a critical component for sustainable human development.The recently concluded Sixteenth Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity 2024 highlighted the need for whole of society mo...Biodiversity is a critical component for sustainable human development.The recently concluded Sixteenth Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity 2024 highlighted the need for whole of society mobilization to address the global biodiversity crisis by translating international conservation commitments into effective local actions.A study to understand the linkages between ecological conservation measures in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)15 target 15.5,was undertaken,using the content analysis method that reviewed international conventions,national policies,and local government measures and practices.The study revealed that there was a strong link with between Aba’s conservation strategies and SDG 15 particularly target 15.5 in reducing natural habitat degradation,curbing biodiversity loss,and protecting endangered species.The Aba Prefecture has established 25 nature reserves,that are regulated by stringent wetland protection measures,and comprehensive legal frameworks for biodiversity conservation which is in line with SDG 15.The findings further show that that the Aba Prefecture’s efforts in ecosystem conservation,species protection,and sustainable resource utilization can be used to help meet SDG 15 target 15.5.The study also identified steps to help localize SDG aspirations and goals,by strengthening long-term data monitoring and local herder participation.These insights can be used to support other initiatives and measures in other similar biodiversity-rich regions seeking to implement global conservation goals at the local level,particularly in ecologically sensitive mountainous areas.展开更多
As a cultural concept refl ecting the relationship between humans and forests,forest culture plays an active role in sustainable forest management.Forest parks provide a wide range of ecosystem services essential for ...As a cultural concept refl ecting the relationship between humans and forests,forest culture plays an active role in sustainable forest management.Forest parks provide a wide range of ecosystem services essential for the sustainable development of society,and the relationships between forest culture,green construction and management of forest parks have practical signifi cance.This study aimed to understand the interaction and process of forest culture infl uencing green construction and management in forest parks with the models Knowledge-Attitude-Practice(KAP)and Theory of Planned Behavior(TPB)by proposing a theoretical model.Four hypotheses were tested using data collected from 193 forest park employees in Heilongjiang Province,China.Our results show that forest culture had a signifi cant infl uence on green construction and forest management.In addition,subjective norm and perceived behavioral control directly impacted behavior in green construction and management of the forest park,whereas attitude did not have an impact.Subjective norm had a direct eff ect on attitude.Results between constructs show that forest culture had an indirect eff ect on planning and construction,and on ecological and economic management.Consequently,it supported three of four hypotheses within the proposed model in determining the infl uence of forest culture on green construction and management.展开更多
This paper presents the pattern and changes of fragmented forest in relation with changes of total forest cover in the state of Selangor in three decades. In this study, inventoried forest cover maps of Selangor in 19...This paper presents the pattern and changes of fragmented forest in relation with changes of total forest cover in the state of Selangor in three decades. In this study, inventoried forest cover maps of Selangor in 1971/1972, 1981/1982 and 1991/1992 produced by the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia were digitized to examine the changes in area and number of fragmented forest. Results showed that in 1971/1972, 16 fragmented forests were identified in Selangor. All fragmented forests were identified as dipterocarp forest. A decade later the number of fragmented forests increased by approximately 44% (23). Of the 23 fragmented forests, two were peat swamp forests whereas the remaining were dipterocarp forests. In 1991/1992 the number of fragmented forests (12) was reduced by 47.8%. Two of the fragmented forests were identified as peat swamp forest, seven dipterocarp forest and the other three was mixed of dipterocarp forests and plantation forests. Fragmentation of both dipterocarp and peat swamp forests occurred profoundly during the period between 1971/1972 and 1981/1982, which consequently increased the number of fragmented forests compared with before the period of 1971/1972 where fragmentation happened only at dipterocarp forests. However, many fragmented forests vanished between the 1981/1982 and 1991/1992 periods.展开更多
The effects of composition of bio-jet fuels on freezing point,smoke point,distillation range,and flash point are investigated.Performance tests using petroleum-based jet fuel with different compositions are conducted ...The effects of composition of bio-jet fuels on freezing point,smoke point,distillation range,and flash point are investigated.Performance tests using petroleum-based jet fuel with different compositions are conducted in line with standard test specifications.The results show that alkylbenzenes reduce the freezing point,with the amount of reduction becoming greater with increasing alkylbenzene content.For a 25%content of the C_8 aromatic xylene,the freezing point is in the range from-55.5℃to-60.1℃.The presence of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons leads to an increase in carbon deposition performance,especially when alkyl side chains are present.With cycloalkanes,carbon deposition is reduced,although alkyl side chains weaken this beneficial effect.Isomeric hydrocarbons are beneficial in reducing carbon deposition.The ASTM D7566 specifications for the distillation range are based on the average properties of petroleum-based aviation fuel,and if all the parameters governing the distillation range of an alternative jet fuel are at their lower limits,it is necessary to check whether other performance standards are met.Light components affect the flash point greatly,with 5%of benzene reducing the flash point by 17℃,whereas intermediate components(e.g.,xylene and ethylbenzene)and heavier components have less impact.Although alcohols provide better combustion performance,their content must be strictly limited owing to their effects in reducing the flash point.展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine the source apportionment of dust fall around Lake Chini, Malaysia. Samples were collected monthly between December 2012 and March2013 at seven sampling stations located around La...The aim of this study was to determine the source apportionment of dust fall around Lake Chini, Malaysia. Samples were collected monthly between December 2012 and March2013 at seven sampling stations located around Lake Chini. The samples were filtered to separate the dissolved and undissolved solids. The ionic compositions（NO-3, SO2-4, Cl-and NH＋4） were determined using ion chromatography（IC） while major elements（K, Na, Ca and Mg） and trace metals（Zn, Fe, Al, Ni, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd） were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. The results showed that the average concentration of total solids around Lake Chini was 93.49 ± 16.16 mg/（m2·day）. SO2-4, Na and Zn dominated the dissolved portion of the dust fall. The enrichment factors（EF） revealed that the source of the trace metals and major elements in the rain water was anthropogenic, except for Fe. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis（HACA） classified the seven monitoring stations and 16 variables into five groups and three groups respectively. A coupled receptor model, principal component analysis multiple linear regression（PCA-MLR）, revealed that the sources of dust fall in Lake Chini were dominated by agricultural and biomass burning（42%）,followed by the earth＇s crust（28%）, sea spray（16%） and a mixture of soil dust and vehicle emissions（14%）.展开更多
Take Chinese yew cooperative organization for example,different game structures of forestry cooperation model were analyzed,the elative merit and applicable occasion was discussed combined with empirical investigation...Take Chinese yew cooperative organization for example,different game structures of forestry cooperation model were analyzed,the elative merit and applicable occasion was discussed combined with empirical investigation,and some suggestions were given also.The results showed that depending entirely on normal forest farmers cooperate spontaneously is difficult.Policies should be designed from the perspective of promoted village cadres and influential family salons to cooperation.When market factors become the main obstacle,it is necessary to introduce companies,relax constraints of forest management and build the right market atmosphere.According to unequal status of company and forest farmers,develop the cooperation model of " company + cooperation organization + farmers".In certain circumstances,especially there are several companies vicious competition,the intervention of association can play a coordinating role.展开更多
Ecosystem maps are vital to represent ecological patterns and processes in a region. It enables the use of ecosystem goods and services as a robust unit for a variety of applications, including conservation planning, ...Ecosystem maps are vital to represent ecological patterns and processes in a region. It enables the use of ecosystem goods and services as a robust unit for a variety of applications, including conservation planning, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures, resource management, and the economic estimation of ecosystem benefits. As different elements of eco-geological components, such as the geological, soil, and biotic assemblages organize an ecosystem;here, we developed an ecosystem map of the State of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia, using geology, soil, elevation, and land-use data. Landsat ETM+ images, ASTER Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, and digitized soil and geological data were integrated to develop a map of the types of ecosystem for 2005. We found 19 different natural ecosystems in the studied region that represented approximately 35% of the total land area. Among the natural ecosystems, peat-swamp forest represents highest (at ~10%), while montane ericaceous forest representing the lowest (at ~0.008%) and the hill dipterocarp quartz forest, lowland dipterocarp sandstone forest, upper dipterocarp quartz forest, and mangrove forest are representing approximately 6.4%, 4.6%, 3% and 2.6% of the total land area respectively. These data can be used to prioritize the areas deserving attention due to their value for biodiversity conservation and for the production of goods and supply of ecosystem services. In addition to a variety of ecological and environmental aspects, such an ecosystem map has potential use for the sustainable management of natural resources at the national, regional, continental, and global scales.展开更多
Loss of mangroves and consequent habitat fragmentation is a major concern throughout the world’s tropical countries. Conversion of mangrove habitat due to aquaculture, agriculture, urbanization and industrialization,...Loss of mangroves and consequent habitat fragmentation is a major concern throughout the world’s tropical countries. Conversion of mangrove habitat due to aquaculture, agriculture, urbanization and industrialization, ecotourism, overlapping bureaucracy and conflicting policies is occurring at a striking rate. This paper reviews the trends of mangrove area changes in Bangladesh and compares them with four other countries in tropical regions that have significant mangrove areas. The rate of mangrove loss from the 1980 to 2005 was calculated using the compound interest rate formula for its explicit biological implication. In Bangladesh, the area of mangroves was found to have increased due to its higher accretion rate. In India the rate of mangrove loss had fallen. The rate of mangrove loss in Malaysia in the 1990s （-0.008 ha＆#183;a-1） was higher than the 1980s （-0.004 ha＆#183;a-1）. In Indonesia, the rate decreased, from the 1980s （-0.018 ha＆#183;a-1） to the 1990s （-0.010 ha＆#183;a-1）. Finally in Myanmar the rate of mangrove loss gradually accelerated. Aquaculture was found to be the common cause of mangrove conversion in the regions. Loss of mangroves is now a prominent global issue, associated with the loss of biodiversity, deterioration of habitat integrity, climatic changes, the amount of carbon sequestration, and resulting sea-level rise. Therefore, a systematic evaluation of these environmental impacts is prerequisite to realize sustainable mangrove management.展开更多
So far there is a lack of specialized research on the entire path and the law of the evolution of green economy modes,especially studies on its future trend.Some studies have been done only on its sub-process,in which...So far there is a lack of specialized research on the entire path and the law of the evolution of green economy modes,especially studies on its future trend.Some studies have been done only on its sub-process,in which there are some shortcomings such as overlapping and incomplete classification of economy modes,as well as the lack of mechanism models to describe the modes.This paper attempts to solve those problems.Firstly,various green economy modes are extracted and classified,and then their evolution paths are identified and reviewed,according to sustainable development theory,hypercycle theory,etc.,and to practical investigation.Secondly,theoretical models for each green economy mode and their multilevel dynamic evolution models in a practical field(forestry as an example)are established by the modeling method of system structure.Finally,the evolution law of green economy mode is analyzed systematically by means of the above-mentioned models.According to the research,some conclusions are drawn as follows:First,green economy modes have evolved through three stages as a whole.The first is the start-up stage,in which the mode is the‘from cradle to grave’end-treatment green economy(GE-I).The second is the growth stage,in which the mode is the‘from cradle to cradle’resources-chain closed-loop green economy(GE-Ⅱ).The third is the mature stage,in which the mode will be the‘from breeding to breeding‘three-chain hypercycle economy(GE-Ⅲ).Second,GEⅡhas evolved through a specific process.In depth,the basic framework of GEⅡis based on the circular economy theory;and then it is combined gradually with some other relevant theories and technologies that are cleaner production,low-carbon economy and sharing economy and so on.In breadth,GE-Ⅱis expanded layer by layer from unified enterprise GE-Ⅱto diversified enterprise(or cluster)GE-Ⅱ,and to societal GE-Ⅱ.The operational principle of GE-Ⅱcan be described by 3R theoretical model that includes 3 subsystems of reduction,recycle and reuse(3R),which are connected into an organic whole by resources chain.Third,GE-Ⅲis evolving through a specific process of three-chain(3C)stage by stage expansion,from resources-chain primary hypercycle to eco-chain secondary hypercycle,and to value-chain tertiary hypercycle.The operational principle of GE-Ⅲcan be described by 5R-3C theoretical model that includes 5 subsystems of reduction,recycle,reuse,recultivation and reallocation(5R),which are connected into an environment-economy self organizing system by resources chain,ecochain and value chain.In the system,resources chain is the foundation,eco-chain is the support,and value chain is the impetus.The 3C hypercycle promotes and catalyze each other to realize mutualism between ecosystem and industrial system.Fourth,the related field of GEⅢincludes the principal part of renewable-resource-based industry,and the expanded part of other relevant industries and even the whole society.Now in practice,GE-Ⅲhas initially formed.And in the future,it is the development tendency of green economy toward the establishment of the ecological civilization.展开更多
The changing nature of climatic factors has different impacts on agriculture based areas, periods and crops. Farmers are the most vulnerable group who are affected both directly and indirectly through climatic changes...The changing nature of climatic factors has different impacts on agriculture based areas, periods and crops. Farmers are the most vulnerable group who are affected both directly and indirectly through climatic changes. In the study area in Malaysia, climatic changes have adverse impacts on farmers. Due to climatic change, productivity and profitability of paddy cultivation have declined in the Integrated Agricultural Development Area, North-West Selangor. Farmers perceive that paddy cultivation is no longer profitable due to low productivity as a result of climatic changes. They now prefer full-time to part-time engagement in paddy cultivation. Heavy government subsidy and encouragement are not enough;it requires increase in productivity and profitability of paddy cultivation for making it a viable and sustainable sector. All efforts of mitigation and adaptation must be pursued to counter the adverse impacts of climatic changes and increase the productivity of paddy cultivation in the area. It is observed that there is a high degree of income inequality among the paddy farmers in the study area.展开更多
Dealing with water resources issues requires understanding of the community perception. It is important to create a communicative partnership between community and government towards sustainable water resources manage...Dealing with water resources issues requires understanding of the community perception. It is important to create a communicative partnership between community and government towards sustainable water resources management. Opinion survey is an essential step to gather the point of view from local community. However, it always generates a large and complex dataset that are difficult to be interpreted by decision maker. In order to overcome this difficulty, statistical methods are applied to develop an interpretability model for decision maker. This study demonstrated the application of Descriptive Analysis and Principle Factor Analysis （PFA） to reduce the complexity of opinion survey dataset by revealing underlying information. A total of 106 respondents were interviewed; consisting of 68 male and 38 female respondents respectively. This study first applied descriptive analysis to identify the basic score for each variable, and these variables are soil erosion （68.9%）, degradation of water quality （65.1%）, degradation of freshwater ecosystem （61.0%）, water shortage （50%）, agricultural solid waste problem （46.2%）, water borne diseases （23.6%）, illegal land clearing （21.7%）, legal land clearing （15.1%）, uncontrolled river water abstraction in upstream （54.7%））, poor solid waste management （34.0%）, low awareness of local community （61.3%）, haphazard planning and development （74.5%） and administration mistake （37.0%）. Based on the PFA result, a total of four rotated factors were extracted, representing different aspects of water related issues in Cameron Highlands. Factor 1, 2, 3 and 4 were summarised to four topics namely： （1） water environment degradation caused by illegal solid waste disposal and low awareness of community, （2） agricultural development leading to negative impacts on water resources such as water shortage and ecosystem deterioration, （3） land clearing activity leading to serious land erosion （4） human health problem due to e-coli bacterial pollution and administration mistake on land development in Cameron Highlands.展开更多
The escalating recognition of sustainable agriculture and food systems is a response to the multifaceted challenges of food insecurity,climate change,environmental deterioration and economic pressures.In this review,s...The escalating recognition of sustainable agriculture and food systems is a response to the multifaceted challenges of food insecurity,climate change,environmental deterioration and economic pressures.In this review,sustainable agriculture is characterized as an array of farming practices that effectively address immediate demands,while simultaneously safeguarding the potential of future generations to fulfill their needs.The primary objectives include sustained productivity,pollution reduction,and economic viability and sustainability.Sustainable food systems incorporate dimensions beyond production,including processing,distribution,consumption patterns,and waste management along the entire food supply chain.An abundance of research underscores the manifold benefits offered by sustainable agriculture and food systems to society at large.These advantages include fostering climate resilience,curbing greenhouse gas emissions,enhancing water quality,promoting biodiversity,enriching soil fertility,fortifying rural livelihoods and nurturing community well-being.Nevertheless,the path toward sustainability is strewn with significant challenges.These include substantial costs involved in transitioning,conflicts in policy objectives,and the pervasive influence of traditional methods.Achieving sustainability requires the execution of holistic strategies that traverse various sectors and scales.Accelerating this progress can be facilitated through the adoption of diverse strategies,including agroforestry,agroecology,urban agriculture,farmer knowledge exchange,ecosystem service payments and supply chain shortening.However,the success of these strategies hinges on the provision of appropriate policies and incentives.Further research is vital to ascertain the ideal conditions for implementing specific interventions and to assess the comprehensive expenses and benefits linked to them.This review emphasizes the assertion that widespread adoption of sustainable practices in agriculture and interconnected food systems has positive impacts in terms of community nutrition,conservation of natural resources and long-term economic progress.展开更多
The escalating contamination of water bodies with pharmaceuticals has raised global concerns due to potential health repercussions.This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into the occurrence of pharmaceutic...The escalating contamination of water bodies with pharmaceuticals has raised global concerns due to potential health repercussions.This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Malaysian water bodies.Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines,a scoping review of studies from 2007 to 2024 was conducted using the Scopus,Web of Science and Google Scholar databases.Forty articles were included,reporting on pharmaceutical compounds in various water matrices.Analysis revealed 65 active pharmaceutical compounds spanning major therapeutic classes such as NSAIDs,antidiabetics,antihypertensives,antibacterials and natural and synthetic estrogens.Surface water was the most frequently studied matrix(n=23),followed by sewage treatment plant effluent(n=10),tap water(n=11)and surface sediment(n=7).Geographically,Selangor state accounted for the majority of studies(n=29),with limited research in other states,reflecting a notable gap in national monitoring efforts.One of the main contributors to pharmaceutical occurrence in water bodies is household disposal.Despite the higher concentration of pharmaceutical residues in influent and effluent discharges compared to surface water,it is worth highlighting the removal capacity of wastewater treatment plants and the effectiveness of remediation processes.Despite these findings,research on pharmaceutical residues remains limited,with only seven out of Malaysia's 14 states investigated.This lack of comprehensive data underscores the urgent need for nationwide monitoring programmes and the integration of pharmaceutical pollution within national water quality standards.Given the environmental and public health implications,addressing this emerging pollutant issue necessitates a multifaceted approach to mitigate human exposure,safeguard water quality and ensure the sustainable management of water resources.展开更多
Mountainous basins like the Upper Indus Basin(UIB) of Gilgit Baltistan(GB) are dependent on seasonal snowmelt and glacier melt. Monitoring of the snow-covered area(SCA) is not only vital for the overall hydrology of t...Mountainous basins like the Upper Indus Basin(UIB) of Gilgit Baltistan(GB) are dependent on seasonal snowmelt and glacier melt. Monitoring of the snow-covered area(SCA) is not only vital for the overall hydrology of the Indus basin but also important to the sustainable agriculture and hydropower system. The snow-covered area in the UIB of GB was investigated for changes over the last 18 years using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) snow product. The study area was divided into five elevation zones ranging from 877-8564 meters above sea level(m ASL). In contrast to the global cryosphere related studies, SCA in the UIB is slightly increasing. Elevation based SCA analysis also indicated that SCA is slightly increasing in each elevation zone. However, a significant amount of snow is concentrated in areas above 5000 m ASL. Due to the strong correlation between SCA and precipitation, the precipitation data also follow a similar trend. Analysis of the climatic data suggests a statistically significant increase in total monthly precipitation and relative humidity, a slight decrease in mean monthly temperature and a significant upward tendency in monthly solar irradiance data. All these trends in combination with the increasing trend in global precipitation, winter westerly disturbances and orographic precipitation are the important factors behind the slightly increasing SCA in the study area. Our results though constrained by short observation period mainly contribute to the understanding of advancing snow cover and glaciers in Hindukush Karakoram.展开更多
Objective:To analyze trends of dengue incidences and deaths in Malaysia from 2000 to 2010 as well as the predominant dengue virus serotypes during the last decade.Methods:We used the national data on annual reported c...Objective:To analyze trends of dengue incidences and deaths in Malaysia from 2000 to 2010 as well as the predominant dengue virus serotypes during the last decade.Methods:We used the national data on annual reported cases,deaths,incidence rate,mortality rate,and case fatality rate of dengue fever(DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever(DHF) as well as dengue virus serotypes prevalent in Malaysia during the last decade.Trend/ regression lines were fitted to investigate the trend of dengue incidences and deaths due to the disease for a 11-year period(2000-2010).For the distribution of national incidence rate,mortality rate,and case fatality rate of DF and DHF, descriptive statistics using mean and 95%confidence intervals(C/) for means,and range were applied.Results:The number of dengue cases and number of deaths have increased,on average, by 14%and 8%per year respectively.The average annual incidence rate of DF per 100 000 populations was higher as compared to that of DIIF.Conversely,the yearly mean mortality rate of DHF per 100 000 populations was greater than that of DF.The simultaneous circulation of all four dengue serotypes has been found in Malaysia.But a particular dengue virus serotype predominates for at least two years before it becomes replaced by another serotype.Conclusions: The dengue situation in Malaysia has worsened with an increasing number of reported oases and deaths during the last decade.The increasing trend of dengue highlights the need for a more systematic surveillance and reporting of the disease.展开更多
Malaysia embarks on geoheritage conservation in the late 1970’s with initial listing of important geological sites for conservation.In the late 1980’s the idea of having a more systematic approach was discussed that...Malaysia embarks on geoheritage conservation in the late 1970’s with initial listing of important geological sites for conservation.In the late 1980’s the idea of having a more systematic approach was discussed that leading towards the introduction of a better described geosites.However,very little of these endeavours and efforts came to reality in protecting and conserving geoheritage in the country.The introduction of geopark concept to the country in 2000 has brought positive responses from展开更多
China claims that the Belt and Road Initiative is a cross-regional comprehensive initiative covering the economy,social and environmental pillars.When it was first proposed,it identified five main areas which call for...China claims that the Belt and Road Initiative is a cross-regional comprehensive initiative covering the economy,social and environmental pillars.When it was first proposed,it identified five main areas which call for cooperation priorities,i.e.policy coordination,interconnection of facilities,unimpeded trade,financial integration and people-to-people bond.Scholars globally are focusing on the development of the Belt and Road Initiative as it has gone through several development stages.The Belt and Road Initiative initially focused on economic development,equal dialogue and cultural interchange between the Belt and Road Initiative partners and China,and now it has added the concept of green development.This paper reviews the Belt and Road Initiative documents since 2013 and analyses the changes of environmental policies in the Belt and Road Initiative,aiming to identify the challenges and implications of green development.The outcome of this paper provides insight into how the Belt and Road Initiative can contribute towards sustainable development with its partner countries.展开更多
For the assessment of the impact of future climate change on the hydrologic regime and water resources of Peninsular Malaysia, it is necessary to downscale the climate change simulations of a coarse scale General Circ...For the assessment of the impact of future climate change on the hydrologic regime and water resources of Peninsular Malaysia, it is necessary to downscale the climate change simulations of a coarse scale General Circulation Model to the region of Peninsular Malaysia at fine grid resolution. This paper presents a desktop review of the state of climate change parameters, namely rainfall and river flow over the Peninsular Malaysia for the 2041-2050 projection period. Analysis of the results from the models shows there will be a substantial increase in mean monthly precipitation over the North East Coastal region from historical 259.5 mm to 281.5 mm, from 289.0 mm to 299.0 mm and 221.8 mm to 239.5 mm over Terengganu and Kelantan, respectively. Meanwhile, for river flow projection, it will be an expected increase in interannual and intraseasonal variability with increased hydrologic extremes （higher high flows, and lower low flows） at Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu, and Kedah watersheds in the future.展开更多
Regarding the special potential of ports located on international coastlines such as Makoran Sea (Iran) for goods and human smuggling, national level of coastline security is very important. They can play a significan...Regarding the special potential of ports located on international coastlines such as Makoran Sea (Iran) for goods and human smuggling, national level of coastline security is very important. They can play a significant role in the development of power and security. Based on military reviews and analyses, police location and monitoring field view in the coastlines are strategic issues in modern security development. This research proposes a tool for development of coastal roads and coastal walking routes in the deployment of police. The main focuses are monitoring field view and accessibility to the strategic coastline. GIS tool plays an essential role in producing important security maps. Chabahar Port in Iran, as the most important port of Makoran Sea, has been selected as the study area, regarding its strategic role in the national economy and security. Research method focused on these major axes: successful establishment of police stations in shoreline for increasing monitoring and coastal security and suitable patrol of patrol police car in the coastal roads. This study adopts a scientific approach to the analysis of the present and future development in urban and security planning in coastal towns in the national and regional levels.展开更多
文摘Biodiversity is a critical component for sustainable human development.The recently concluded Sixteenth Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity 2024 highlighted the need for whole of society mobilization to address the global biodiversity crisis by translating international conservation commitments into effective local actions.A study to understand the linkages between ecological conservation measures in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)15 target 15.5,was undertaken,using the content analysis method that reviewed international conventions,national policies,and local government measures and practices.The study revealed that there was a strong link with between Aba’s conservation strategies and SDG 15 particularly target 15.5 in reducing natural habitat degradation,curbing biodiversity loss,and protecting endangered species.The Aba Prefecture has established 25 nature reserves,that are regulated by stringent wetland protection measures,and comprehensive legal frameworks for biodiversity conservation which is in line with SDG 15.The findings further show that that the Aba Prefecture’s efforts in ecosystem conservation,species protection,and sustainable resource utilization can be used to help meet SDG 15 target 15.5.The study also identified steps to help localize SDG aspirations and goals,by strengthening long-term data monitoring and local herder participation.These insights can be used to support other initiatives and measures in other similar biodiversity-rich regions seeking to implement global conservation goals at the local level,particularly in ecologically sensitive mountainous areas.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.71673136).
文摘As a cultural concept refl ecting the relationship between humans and forests,forest culture plays an active role in sustainable forest management.Forest parks provide a wide range of ecosystem services essential for the sustainable development of society,and the relationships between forest culture,green construction and management of forest parks have practical signifi cance.This study aimed to understand the interaction and process of forest culture infl uencing green construction and management in forest parks with the models Knowledge-Attitude-Practice(KAP)and Theory of Planned Behavior(TPB)by proposing a theoretical model.Four hypotheses were tested using data collected from 193 forest park employees in Heilongjiang Province,China.Our results show that forest culture had a signifi cant infl uence on green construction and forest management.In addition,subjective norm and perceived behavioral control directly impacted behavior in green construction and management of the forest park,whereas attitude did not have an impact.Subjective norm had a direct eff ect on attitude.Results between constructs show that forest culture had an indirect eff ect on planning and construction,and on ecological and economic management.Consequently,it supported three of four hypotheses within the proposed model in determining the infl uence of forest culture on green construction and management.
文摘This paper presents the pattern and changes of fragmented forest in relation with changes of total forest cover in the state of Selangor in three decades. In this study, inventoried forest cover maps of Selangor in 1971/1972, 1981/1982 and 1991/1992 produced by the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia were digitized to examine the changes in area and number of fragmented forest. Results showed that in 1971/1972, 16 fragmented forests were identified in Selangor. All fragmented forests were identified as dipterocarp forest. A decade later the number of fragmented forests increased by approximately 44% (23). Of the 23 fragmented forests, two were peat swamp forests whereas the remaining were dipterocarp forests. In 1991/1992 the number of fragmented forests (12) was reduced by 47.8%. Two of the fragmented forests were identified as peat swamp forest, seven dipterocarp forest and the other three was mixed of dipterocarp forests and plantation forests. Fragmentation of both dipterocarp and peat swamp forests occurred profoundly during the period between 1971/1972 and 1981/1982, which consequently increased the number of fragmented forests compared with before the period of 1971/1972 where fragmentation happened only at dipterocarp forests. However, many fragmented forests vanished between the 1981/1982 and 1991/1992 periods.
基金The financial support by the Scientific research project of Tianjin Education Commission (2020KJ022)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Civil Aviation Universion of China,3122023048)。
文摘The effects of composition of bio-jet fuels on freezing point,smoke point,distillation range,and flash point are investigated.Performance tests using petroleum-based jet fuel with different compositions are conducted in line with standard test specifications.The results show that alkylbenzenes reduce the freezing point,with the amount of reduction becoming greater with increasing alkylbenzene content.For a 25%content of the C_8 aromatic xylene,the freezing point is in the range from-55.5℃to-60.1℃.The presence of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons leads to an increase in carbon deposition performance,especially when alkyl side chains are present.With cycloalkanes,carbon deposition is reduced,although alkyl side chains weaken this beneficial effect.Isomeric hydrocarbons are beneficial in reducing carbon deposition.The ASTM D7566 specifications for the distillation range are based on the average properties of petroleum-based aviation fuel,and if all the parameters governing the distillation range of an alternative jet fuel are at their lower limits,it is necessary to check whether other performance standards are met.Light components affect the flash point greatly,with 5%of benzene reducing the flash point by 17℃,whereas intermediate components(e.g.,xylene and ethylbenzene)and heavier components have less impact.Although alcohols provide better combustion performance,their content must be strictly limited owing to their effects in reducing the flash point.
基金the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education for funding via Fundamental Research Grants (UKMTOPDOWN-ST-08-FRGS0003-2010 and FRGS/1/ 2013/SPWN01/UKM/02/)
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the source apportionment of dust fall around Lake Chini, Malaysia. Samples were collected monthly between December 2012 and March2013 at seven sampling stations located around Lake Chini. The samples were filtered to separate the dissolved and undissolved solids. The ionic compositions（NO-3, SO2-4, Cl-and NH＋4） were determined using ion chromatography（IC） while major elements（K, Na, Ca and Mg） and trace metals（Zn, Fe, Al, Ni, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd） were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. The results showed that the average concentration of total solids around Lake Chini was 93.49 ± 16.16 mg/（m2·day）. SO2-4, Na and Zn dominated the dissolved portion of the dust fall. The enrichment factors（EF） revealed that the source of the trace metals and major elements in the rain water was anthropogenic, except for Fe. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis（HACA） classified the seven monitoring stations and 16 variables into five groups and three groups respectively. A coupled receptor model, principal component analysis multiple linear regression（PCA-MLR）, revealed that the sources of dust fall in Lake Chini were dominated by agricultural and biomass burning（42%）,followed by the earth＇s crust（28%）, sea spray（16%） and a mixture of soil dust and vehicle emissions（14%）.
基金Supported by the Youth Program of Humanities of Education Department(12YJCZH273,11YJCZH199)Humanity Planning Program of Education Department(12YJA790003)
文摘Take Chinese yew cooperative organization for example,different game structures of forestry cooperation model were analyzed,the elative merit and applicable occasion was discussed combined with empirical investigation,and some suggestions were given also.The results showed that depending entirely on normal forest farmers cooperate spontaneously is difficult.Policies should be designed from the perspective of promoted village cadres and influential family salons to cooperation.When market factors become the main obstacle,it is necessary to introduce companies,relax constraints of forest management and build the right market atmosphere.According to unequal status of company and forest farmers,develop the cooperation model of " company + cooperation organization + farmers".In certain circumstances,especially there are several companies vicious competition,the intervention of association can play a coordinating role.
文摘Ecosystem maps are vital to represent ecological patterns and processes in a region. It enables the use of ecosystem goods and services as a robust unit for a variety of applications, including conservation planning, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures, resource management, and the economic estimation of ecosystem benefits. As different elements of eco-geological components, such as the geological, soil, and biotic assemblages organize an ecosystem;here, we developed an ecosystem map of the State of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia, using geology, soil, elevation, and land-use data. Landsat ETM+ images, ASTER Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, and digitized soil and geological data were integrated to develop a map of the types of ecosystem for 2005. We found 19 different natural ecosystems in the studied region that represented approximately 35% of the total land area. Among the natural ecosystems, peat-swamp forest represents highest (at ~10%), while montane ericaceous forest representing the lowest (at ~0.008%) and the hill dipterocarp quartz forest, lowland dipterocarp sandstone forest, upper dipterocarp quartz forest, and mangrove forest are representing approximately 6.4%, 4.6%, 3% and 2.6% of the total land area respectively. These data can be used to prioritize the areas deserving attention due to their value for biodiversity conservation and for the production of goods and supply of ecosystem services. In addition to a variety of ecological and environmental aspects, such an ecosystem map has potential use for the sustainable management of natural resources at the national, regional, continental, and global scales.
基金partially funded by the research grant number UKM-GUP-ASPL-08-06-212
文摘Loss of mangroves and consequent habitat fragmentation is a major concern throughout the world’s tropical countries. Conversion of mangrove habitat due to aquaculture, agriculture, urbanization and industrialization, ecotourism, overlapping bureaucracy and conflicting policies is occurring at a striking rate. This paper reviews the trends of mangrove area changes in Bangladesh and compares them with four other countries in tropical regions that have significant mangrove areas. The rate of mangrove loss from the 1980 to 2005 was calculated using the compound interest rate formula for its explicit biological implication. In Bangladesh, the area of mangroves was found to have increased due to its higher accretion rate. In India the rate of mangrove loss had fallen. The rate of mangrove loss in Malaysia in the 1990s （-0.008 ha＆#183;a-1） was higher than the 1980s （-0.004 ha＆#183;a-1）. In Indonesia, the rate decreased, from the 1980s （-0.018 ha＆#183;a-1） to the 1990s （-0.010 ha＆#183;a-1）. Finally in Myanmar the rate of mangrove loss gradually accelerated. Aquaculture was found to be the common cause of mangrove conversion in the regions. Loss of mangroves is now a prominent global issue, associated with the loss of biodiversity, deterioration of habitat integrity, climatic changes, the amount of carbon sequestration, and resulting sea-level rise. Therefore, a systematic evaluation of these environmental impacts is prerequisite to realize sustainable mangrove management.
文摘So far there is a lack of specialized research on the entire path and the law of the evolution of green economy modes,especially studies on its future trend.Some studies have been done only on its sub-process,in which there are some shortcomings such as overlapping and incomplete classification of economy modes,as well as the lack of mechanism models to describe the modes.This paper attempts to solve those problems.Firstly,various green economy modes are extracted and classified,and then their evolution paths are identified and reviewed,according to sustainable development theory,hypercycle theory,etc.,and to practical investigation.Secondly,theoretical models for each green economy mode and their multilevel dynamic evolution models in a practical field(forestry as an example)are established by the modeling method of system structure.Finally,the evolution law of green economy mode is analyzed systematically by means of the above-mentioned models.According to the research,some conclusions are drawn as follows:First,green economy modes have evolved through three stages as a whole.The first is the start-up stage,in which the mode is the‘from cradle to grave’end-treatment green economy(GE-I).The second is the growth stage,in which the mode is the‘from cradle to cradle’resources-chain closed-loop green economy(GE-Ⅱ).The third is the mature stage,in which the mode will be the‘from breeding to breeding‘three-chain hypercycle economy(GE-Ⅲ).Second,GEⅡhas evolved through a specific process.In depth,the basic framework of GEⅡis based on the circular economy theory;and then it is combined gradually with some other relevant theories and technologies that are cleaner production,low-carbon economy and sharing economy and so on.In breadth,GE-Ⅱis expanded layer by layer from unified enterprise GE-Ⅱto diversified enterprise(or cluster)GE-Ⅱ,and to societal GE-Ⅱ.The operational principle of GE-Ⅱcan be described by 3R theoretical model that includes 3 subsystems of reduction,recycle and reuse(3R),which are connected into an organic whole by resources chain.Third,GE-Ⅲis evolving through a specific process of three-chain(3C)stage by stage expansion,from resources-chain primary hypercycle to eco-chain secondary hypercycle,and to value-chain tertiary hypercycle.The operational principle of GE-Ⅲcan be described by 5R-3C theoretical model that includes 5 subsystems of reduction,recycle,reuse,recultivation and reallocation(5R),which are connected into an environment-economy self organizing system by resources chain,ecochain and value chain.In the system,resources chain is the foundation,eco-chain is the support,and value chain is the impetus.The 3C hypercycle promotes and catalyze each other to realize mutualism between ecosystem and industrial system.Fourth,the related field of GEⅢincludes the principal part of renewable-resource-based industry,and the expanded part of other relevant industries and even the whole society.Now in practice,GE-Ⅲhas initially formed.And in the future,it is the development tendency of green economy toward the establishment of the ecological civilization.
文摘The changing nature of climatic factors has different impacts on agriculture based areas, periods and crops. Farmers are the most vulnerable group who are affected both directly and indirectly through climatic changes. In the study area in Malaysia, climatic changes have adverse impacts on farmers. Due to climatic change, productivity and profitability of paddy cultivation have declined in the Integrated Agricultural Development Area, North-West Selangor. Farmers perceive that paddy cultivation is no longer profitable due to low productivity as a result of climatic changes. They now prefer full-time to part-time engagement in paddy cultivation. Heavy government subsidy and encouragement are not enough;it requires increase in productivity and profitability of paddy cultivation for making it a viable and sustainable sector. All efforts of mitigation and adaptation must be pursued to counter the adverse impacts of climatic changes and increase the productivity of paddy cultivation in the area. It is observed that there is a high degree of income inequality among the paddy farmers in the study area.
文摘Dealing with water resources issues requires understanding of the community perception. It is important to create a communicative partnership between community and government towards sustainable water resources management. Opinion survey is an essential step to gather the point of view from local community. However, it always generates a large and complex dataset that are difficult to be interpreted by decision maker. In order to overcome this difficulty, statistical methods are applied to develop an interpretability model for decision maker. This study demonstrated the application of Descriptive Analysis and Principle Factor Analysis （PFA） to reduce the complexity of opinion survey dataset by revealing underlying information. A total of 106 respondents were interviewed; consisting of 68 male and 38 female respondents respectively. This study first applied descriptive analysis to identify the basic score for each variable, and these variables are soil erosion （68.9%）, degradation of water quality （65.1%）, degradation of freshwater ecosystem （61.0%）, water shortage （50%）, agricultural solid waste problem （46.2%）, water borne diseases （23.6%）, illegal land clearing （21.7%）, legal land clearing （15.1%）, uncontrolled river water abstraction in upstream （54.7%））, poor solid waste management （34.0%）, low awareness of local community （61.3%）, haphazard planning and development （74.5%） and administration mistake （37.0%）. Based on the PFA result, a total of four rotated factors were extracted, representing different aspects of water related issues in Cameron Highlands. Factor 1, 2, 3 and 4 were summarised to four topics namely： （1） water environment degradation caused by illegal solid waste disposal and low awareness of community, （2） agricultural development leading to negative impacts on water resources such as water shortage and ecosystem deterioration, （3） land clearing activity leading to serious land erosion （4） human health problem due to e-coli bacterial pollution and administration mistake on land development in Cameron Highlands.
基金supported by the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS/1/2019/WAB01/MSU/02/1)for publication funding provided by the MSU Publication and Conference Grant(MPCG-004-022023-SGS).
文摘The escalating recognition of sustainable agriculture and food systems is a response to the multifaceted challenges of food insecurity,climate change,environmental deterioration and economic pressures.In this review,sustainable agriculture is characterized as an array of farming practices that effectively address immediate demands,while simultaneously safeguarding the potential of future generations to fulfill their needs.The primary objectives include sustained productivity,pollution reduction,and economic viability and sustainability.Sustainable food systems incorporate dimensions beyond production,including processing,distribution,consumption patterns,and waste management along the entire food supply chain.An abundance of research underscores the manifold benefits offered by sustainable agriculture and food systems to society at large.These advantages include fostering climate resilience,curbing greenhouse gas emissions,enhancing water quality,promoting biodiversity,enriching soil fertility,fortifying rural livelihoods and nurturing community well-being.Nevertheless,the path toward sustainability is strewn with significant challenges.These include substantial costs involved in transitioning,conflicts in policy objectives,and the pervasive influence of traditional methods.Achieving sustainability requires the execution of holistic strategies that traverse various sectors and scales.Accelerating this progress can be facilitated through the adoption of diverse strategies,including agroforestry,agroecology,urban agriculture,farmer knowledge exchange,ecosystem service payments and supply chain shortening.However,the success of these strategies hinges on the provision of appropriate policies and incentives.Further research is vital to ascertain the ideal conditions for implementing specific interventions and to assess the comprehensive expenses and benefits linked to them.This review emphasizes the assertion that widespread adoption of sustainable practices in agriculture and interconnected food systems has positive impacts in terms of community nutrition,conservation of natural resources and long-term economic progress.
基金the financial assistance granted by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia under Geran Universiti Penyelidikan(GUP-2022-066).
文摘The escalating contamination of water bodies with pharmaceuticals has raised global concerns due to potential health repercussions.This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Malaysian water bodies.Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines,a scoping review of studies from 2007 to 2024 was conducted using the Scopus,Web of Science and Google Scholar databases.Forty articles were included,reporting on pharmaceutical compounds in various water matrices.Analysis revealed 65 active pharmaceutical compounds spanning major therapeutic classes such as NSAIDs,antidiabetics,antihypertensives,antibacterials and natural and synthetic estrogens.Surface water was the most frequently studied matrix(n=23),followed by sewage treatment plant effluent(n=10),tap water(n=11)and surface sediment(n=7).Geographically,Selangor state accounted for the majority of studies(n=29),with limited research in other states,reflecting a notable gap in national monitoring efforts.One of the main contributors to pharmaceutical occurrence in water bodies is household disposal.Despite the higher concentration of pharmaceutical residues in influent and effluent discharges compared to surface water,it is worth highlighting the removal capacity of wastewater treatment plants and the effectiveness of remediation processes.Despite these findings,research on pharmaceutical residues remains limited,with only seven out of Malaysia's 14 states investigated.This lack of comprehensive data underscores the urgent need for nationwide monitoring programmes and the integration of pharmaceutical pollution within national water quality standards.Given the environmental and public health implications,addressing this emerging pollutant issue necessitates a multifaceted approach to mitigate human exposure,safeguard water quality and ensure the sustainable management of water resources.
基金financial support under the Malaysian International Scholarship MIS scheme
文摘Mountainous basins like the Upper Indus Basin(UIB) of Gilgit Baltistan(GB) are dependent on seasonal snowmelt and glacier melt. Monitoring of the snow-covered area(SCA) is not only vital for the overall hydrology of the Indus basin but also important to the sustainable agriculture and hydropower system. The snow-covered area in the UIB of GB was investigated for changes over the last 18 years using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) snow product. The study area was divided into five elevation zones ranging from 877-8564 meters above sea level(m ASL). In contrast to the global cryosphere related studies, SCA in the UIB is slightly increasing. Elevation based SCA analysis also indicated that SCA is slightly increasing in each elevation zone. However, a significant amount of snow is concentrated in areas above 5000 m ASL. Due to the strong correlation between SCA and precipitation, the precipitation data also follow a similar trend. Analysis of the climatic data suggests a statistically significant increase in total monthly precipitation and relative humidity, a slight decrease in mean monthly temperature and a significant upward tendency in monthly solar irradiance data. All these trends in combination with the increasing trend in global precipitation, winter westerly disturbances and orographic precipitation are the important factors behind the slightly increasing SCA in the study area. Our results though constrained by short observation period mainly contribute to the understanding of advancing snow cover and glaciers in Hindukush Karakoram.
基金funded and supported by the Dana Operasi Universiti Penyelidikan(Ref No.UKM-OUP-PI-25-114/2011)Arus Perdana(Ref.No.UKM-AP-PI -18-2009/3>)Crant Universiti Penynlidikan(Ref.No.UKM-GUP-PI-08-35-083)
文摘Objective:To analyze trends of dengue incidences and deaths in Malaysia from 2000 to 2010 as well as the predominant dengue virus serotypes during the last decade.Methods:We used the national data on annual reported cases,deaths,incidence rate,mortality rate,and case fatality rate of dengue fever(DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever(DHF) as well as dengue virus serotypes prevalent in Malaysia during the last decade.Trend/ regression lines were fitted to investigate the trend of dengue incidences and deaths due to the disease for a 11-year period(2000-2010).For the distribution of national incidence rate,mortality rate,and case fatality rate of DF and DHF, descriptive statistics using mean and 95%confidence intervals(C/) for means,and range were applied.Results:The number of dengue cases and number of deaths have increased,on average, by 14%and 8%per year respectively.The average annual incidence rate of DF per 100 000 populations was higher as compared to that of DIIF.Conversely,the yearly mean mortality rate of DHF per 100 000 populations was greater than that of DF.The simultaneous circulation of all four dengue serotypes has been found in Malaysia.But a particular dengue virus serotype predominates for at least two years before it becomes replaced by another serotype.Conclusions: The dengue situation in Malaysia has worsened with an increasing number of reported oases and deaths during the last decade.The increasing trend of dengue highlights the need for a more systematic surveillance and reporting of the disease.
文摘Malaysia embarks on geoheritage conservation in the late 1970’s with initial listing of important geological sites for conservation.In the late 1980’s the idea of having a more systematic approach was discussed that leading towards the introduction of a better described geosites.However,very little of these endeavours and efforts came to reality in protecting and conserving geoheritage in the country.The introduction of geopark concept to the country in 2000 has brought positive responses from
基金The authors received financial support form Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia through Geran Universiti Penyelidikan(GUP-2022-066).
文摘China claims that the Belt and Road Initiative is a cross-regional comprehensive initiative covering the economy,social and environmental pillars.When it was first proposed,it identified five main areas which call for cooperation priorities,i.e.policy coordination,interconnection of facilities,unimpeded trade,financial integration and people-to-people bond.Scholars globally are focusing on the development of the Belt and Road Initiative as it has gone through several development stages.The Belt and Road Initiative initially focused on economic development,equal dialogue and cultural interchange between the Belt and Road Initiative partners and China,and now it has added the concept of green development.This paper reviews the Belt and Road Initiative documents since 2013 and analyses the changes of environmental policies in the Belt and Road Initiative,aiming to identify the challenges and implications of green development.The outcome of this paper provides insight into how the Belt and Road Initiative can contribute towards sustainable development with its partner countries.
文摘For the assessment of the impact of future climate change on the hydrologic regime and water resources of Peninsular Malaysia, it is necessary to downscale the climate change simulations of a coarse scale General Circulation Model to the region of Peninsular Malaysia at fine grid resolution. This paper presents a desktop review of the state of climate change parameters, namely rainfall and river flow over the Peninsular Malaysia for the 2041-2050 projection period. Analysis of the results from the models shows there will be a substantial increase in mean monthly precipitation over the North East Coastal region from historical 259.5 mm to 281.5 mm, from 289.0 mm to 299.0 mm and 221.8 mm to 239.5 mm over Terengganu and Kelantan, respectively. Meanwhile, for river flow projection, it will be an expected increase in interannual and intraseasonal variability with increased hydrologic extremes （higher high flows, and lower low flows） at Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu, and Kedah watersheds in the future.
文摘Regarding the special potential of ports located on international coastlines such as Makoran Sea (Iran) for goods and human smuggling, national level of coastline security is very important. They can play a significant role in the development of power and security. Based on military reviews and analyses, police location and monitoring field view in the coastlines are strategic issues in modern security development. This research proposes a tool for development of coastal roads and coastal walking routes in the deployment of police. The main focuses are monitoring field view and accessibility to the strategic coastline. GIS tool plays an essential role in producing important security maps. Chabahar Port in Iran, as the most important port of Makoran Sea, has been selected as the study area, regarding its strategic role in the national economy and security. Research method focused on these major axes: successful establishment of police stations in shoreline for increasing monitoring and coastal security and suitable patrol of patrol police car in the coastal roads. This study adopts a scientific approach to the analysis of the present and future development in urban and security planning in coastal towns in the national and regional levels.
