Phosphorus(P)poses a global challenge to the environment and human health due to its natural association with heavy metals.Sustainable use of P is crucial to ensure food security for future generations.An analysis of ...Phosphorus(P)poses a global challenge to the environment and human health due to its natural association with heavy metals.Sustainable use of P is crucial to ensure food security for future generations.An analysis of the 150 phosphate fertilizers stored at the Institute for Crop and Soil Science in Germany has been conducted,supplemented by previously published data.The elements Cd,Bi,U,Cr,Zn,Tl,As,B,Sb,Ni,and Se are found in higher concentrations in sedimentary derived phosphates compared to igneous derived phosphates.Mineral fertilizers contain more than ten times the amount of U,Cd,B,and As compared to farmyard manure.Principal component analyses(PCA)indicate that U,Cd,Be,and Cr are primarily present in sedimentary derived phosphates and their concentrations are 2 to 10 times higher than those in igneous derived phosphates.Regarding heavy metal contamination,over 1000 potential combinations were identified;36% of these were significant but weak(>0.1).It is estimated that approximately 707 t of uranium enter farmland annually through the application of mineral phosphate fertilizers in European countries.This contribution addresses environmental issues related to the utilization of rock phosphate as well as alternative production methods for cleaner and safer phosphate fertilizers while presenting a roadmap with measures for mitigation.展开更多
A new laboratory method was proposed to establish an easily performed standard for the determination of mobile soil water close to real conditions during the infiltration and redistribution of water in a soil. It cons...A new laboratory method was proposed to establish an easily performed standard for the determination of mobile soil water close to real conditions during the infiltration and redistribution of water in a soil. It consisted of applying a water volume with a tracer ion on top of an undisturbed ring sample on a pressure plate under a known suction or pressure head. Afterwards, soil water mobility was determined by analyzing the tracer-ion concentration in the soil sample. Soil water mobility showed to be a function of the applied water volume. No relation between soil water mobility and applied pressure head could be established with data from the present cxperiment. A simple one- or two-parameter equation can be fitted to the experimental data to parameterize soil water mobility as a function of applied solute volume. Sandy soils showed higher mobility than loamy＂ soils at low values of applied solute volumes, and both sandy and loamy soils showed an almost complete mobility at high applied solute volumes.展开更多
The prediction of the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur （S^0） is a critical step in sulfur （S） fertilizer strategy to supply plant-available sulfur. An incubation experiment was conducted to determine the rate an...The prediction of the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur （S^0） is a critical step in sulfur （S） fertilizer strategy to supply plant-available sulfur. An incubation experiment was conducted to determine the rate and amount of S^0 oxidation in relation to the contribution of Thiobacillus spp. and aerobic heterotrophic S-oxidizing bacteria. After 84 days, 16.3% and 22.4% of the total S^0 applied to the soil were oxidized at 20 and 30 ℃, respectively. The oxidation of So proved to be a two-step process with a rapid oxidation during the first 28 days and a slow oxidation from then on. The highest oxidation rate of 12.8 μg S cm ^-2 d^-1 was measured during the first two weeks at 30 ℃. At 20 ℃ the highest oxidation rate of 10.2 μg S cm^-2 d^-1 was obtained from two to four weeks after start of the experiment. On an average the soil pH declined by 3.6 and 4.0 units after two weeks of experiment. At the same time the electric conductivity increased nine times. With the oxidation of S^0 the population of Thiobacillus spp. and aerobic heterotrophic S-oxidizing bacteria increased. The corresponding values for Thiobacillus spp. and aerobic heterotrophic S-oxidizing bacteria increased from 2.9 × 10^5 and 1.4 × 10^5 g^-1 soil at the start of the experiment to 4 × 10^8 and 5.6 × 10^8 g^-1 soil 14 days after S^0 application, respectively. No Thiobacillus spp. was present eight weeks after S^0 application. The results suggested that oxidation of residual S^0 completely relied oll aerobic heterotrophic S-oxidizing bacteria.展开更多
Tropaeolum majus L. is widely known as a medicinal plant in human medicine. It belongs to the Tropaeolaceae which contains mustard oil glycosides like cruciferous plants. In the case of T. majus, the intact glucosinol...Tropaeolum majus L. is widely known as a medicinal plant in human medicine. It belongs to the Tropaeolaceae which contains mustard oil glycosides like cruciferous plants. In the case of T. majus, the intact glucosinolate glucotropaeolin showed no biological activity, but their degradation products, the isothiocyanates, did. The substances are thought to be enriched in the urinary bladder and the lungs, the active sites to develop their antimicrobial effectiveness. In animal nutrition these effects are of interest in sow management and piglet rearing. Therefore, the kinetics of benzyl-isothiocyanat (BITC) in plasma and the excretion with pig urine in response to nasturtium supplementation at different dosing regimens and galenic forms were examined. Four different groups with catheterized pigs were studied. The animals received the T. majus in different dosages (2.3, 6.9 and 13.4 mg GTL/kg BW) and different galenic forms (enteric coated tablets, pulverized tablets and powder) admixed to the feed ration as single bolus to the morning feeding. Blood and urine samples were collected within 24 h after nasturtium intake and analyzed for free BITC. The results indicated that the enteric coating was not effective in animal feeding. The concentration of BITC in tablet fed pigs was lower compared to animals fed powder or pulverized tablets. The bio-availability of the tablets was only 45% within 24 h relative to pulverized tablets. Nevertheless, the tablets could have some advantages in terms of the handling, the stability of the active substance and the dosing. Furthermore, it could be shown that all dosages yielded concentrations in urine and plasma, which can be considered to have an antimicrobial effect.展开更多
The Sino-German research collaboration project,"Recycling of organic residues from agricultural and municipal origin in China"(2008–2012),comprising different interdisciplinary research groups,and also Germ...The Sino-German research collaboration project,"Recycling of organic residues from agricultural and municipal origin in China"(2008–2012),comprising different interdisciplinary research groups,and also German small and medium-sized enterprises,aimed at developing integrated strategies and solutions for the recycling of organic residues in China.In an intensive crop-livestock agricultural region in the Shunyi District of Beijing,five typical cropping systems were investigated.The research was conducted in the form of analyses of phosphorus(P)in soil,plants,animal feed,animal products,manures,mineral and organic fertilizers and the derivation of the corresponding nutrient balances and P flows.The mean annual P balance surplus was492 kg·ha–1·yr–1 P for the vegetable production system,significantly higher(P<0.05)than that for orchards(130 kg·ha–1·yr–1 P)and cereal crops(83 kg·ha–1·yr–1 P).Plant-available P(Olsen-P)concentrations of topsoils(0–20 cm)had good correlations with the amounts of P applied(from mineral and organic sources).Compared to results from the Second Chinese National Soil Survey of 1981,mean concentrations of available P in soils of 19 plots investigated in Shunyi District increased 10-fold(from 7.3 to 60 mg·kg–1)from 1981 to 2009.On average,the critical limit for Olsen-P concentrations(>30 mg·kg–1)that can lead to increased risk of P loss was exceeded in all five cropping systems.With feed additives,the"natural background value"(Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils)of copper and zinc in topsoils was exceeded at several sites.Screening for several substances in the veterinary antibiotic classes of sulfonamides,tetracyclines,and fluoroquinolones revealed widespread topsoil contamination.Calculated livestock densities were 10.6 livestock units per ha arable land in 2007.Animal husbandry is increasingly conducted in large operations,making traditional ways of reuse difficult to apply.Comparing three management systems for treatment of organic residues from a pig farm via aerobic(composting)or anaerobic(biogas)treatment in a life cycle assessment,the resulting cropland demand for a sustainable land application of biogas effluent varied between 139 and 288 ha·yr–1,well above the cropland area owned by the farm(10 ha).The mismatch problems in the above context between business-as-usual and improving performance are framed and discussed as(1)the mismatch between centralized animal husbandry and smallholder farming,(2)the mismatch between livestock density and cropland,(3)nutrient(including P)recycling and increasing organic matter content versus energy production,(4)subsidies for compost production and biogas,as well as(5)advances in the regulatory framework in China.展开更多
Legume grains such as field peas and field beans can be produced on a local level,and may be reliable sources of dietary protein and energy apart from common soybean and rapeseed meals.In ruminants,protein,starch,and ...Legume grains such as field peas and field beans can be produced on a local level,and may be reliable sources of dietary protein and energy apart from common soybean and rapeseed meals.In ruminants,protein,starch,and carbohydrates from peas and field beans are fermented in large part before reaching the small intestine.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of ensiling and hydro-thermic treatment(i.e.,toasting at 160℃for 30 min)of grains of peas and field beans on the concentrations of post-ruminal crude protein(PRCP)and rumen-undegraded protein(RUP).Moreover,24-h gas production and methane production were measured.For this,an in vitro batch culture system with ruminal fluid from sheep was used.Rumen-undegraded protein was determined using the Streptomyces griseus protease test.Scanning electron micrographs were used to visualize morphological changes of starch granules and their joint matrices in peas and field beans after ensiling,toasting,or a combination of both.Native pea grains contained crude protein(CP)at 199 g/kg DM,PRCP at 155 g/kg DM at a ruminal passage rate of 0.08/h(Kp8),RUP at 33 g/kg DM at Kp8,and starch at 530 g/kg DM.Native field beans contained CP at 296 g/kg DM,PRCP at 212 g/kg DM at Kp8,RUP at 54 g of/kg DM at Kp8,and starch at 450 g/kg DM.The PRCP did not considerably differ among native and treated peas or field beans.Especially in the peas,RUP at Kp8 increased after ensiling by 10 g/kg DM(i.e.,30%;P<0.05).Toasting increased RUP(Kp8)in ensiled peas by another 28%(P<0.05).Toasting had no effect on PRCP or RUP when the peas or field beans were not ensiled before.Gas and methane production were not affected by any treatment,and scanning electron micrographs did not reveal structural changes on the starches doubtless of any treatment.Protein seemed to be more affected by treatment with ensiled+toasted peas than with ensiled+toasted field beans,but starches and other carbohydrates from both legumes remained unaffected.展开更多
基金funded by the Project of Yunnan Province’s Xingdian Talents Support Program(yfgrc202437)the Project of the International Cooperation Science Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(42361144885).
文摘Phosphorus(P)poses a global challenge to the environment and human health due to its natural association with heavy metals.Sustainable use of P is crucial to ensure food security for future generations.An analysis of the 150 phosphate fertilizers stored at the Institute for Crop and Soil Science in Germany has been conducted,supplemented by previously published data.The elements Cd,Bi,U,Cr,Zn,Tl,As,B,Sb,Ni,and Se are found in higher concentrations in sedimentary derived phosphates compared to igneous derived phosphates.Mineral fertilizers contain more than ten times the amount of U,Cd,B,and As compared to farmyard manure.Principal component analyses(PCA)indicate that U,Cd,Be,and Cr are primarily present in sedimentary derived phosphates and their concentrations are 2 to 10 times higher than those in igneous derived phosphates.Regarding heavy metal contamination,over 1000 potential combinations were identified;36% of these were significant but weak(>0.1).It is estimated that approximately 707 t of uranium enter farmland annually through the application of mineral phosphate fertilizers in European countries.This contribution addresses environmental issues related to the utilization of rock phosphate as well as alternative production methods for cleaner and safer phosphate fertilizers while presenting a roadmap with measures for mitigation.
基金Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPNS), Brazil and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany-Bilateral Cooperation Project 017/04
文摘A new laboratory method was proposed to establish an easily performed standard for the determination of mobile soil water close to real conditions during the infiltration and redistribution of water in a soil. It consisted of applying a water volume with a tracer ion on top of an undisturbed ring sample on a pressure plate under a known suction or pressure head. Afterwards, soil water mobility was determined by analyzing the tracer-ion concentration in the soil sample. Soil water mobility showed to be a function of the applied water volume. No relation between soil water mobility and applied pressure head could be established with data from the present cxperiment. A simple one- or two-parameter equation can be fitted to the experimental data to parameterize soil water mobility as a function of applied solute volume. Sandy soils showed higher mobility than loamy＂ soils at low values of applied solute volumes, and both sandy and loamy soils showed an almost complete mobility at high applied solute volumes.
基金Project supported by the Norwegian Education Loan Fund (Lnekassen) for the Scholarship, Norway (No. 2025120)the Research Council of Norway (No. 969338440MVA)
文摘The prediction of the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur （S^0） is a critical step in sulfur （S） fertilizer strategy to supply plant-available sulfur. An incubation experiment was conducted to determine the rate and amount of S^0 oxidation in relation to the contribution of Thiobacillus spp. and aerobic heterotrophic S-oxidizing bacteria. After 84 days, 16.3% and 22.4% of the total S^0 applied to the soil were oxidized at 20 and 30 ℃, respectively. The oxidation of So proved to be a two-step process with a rapid oxidation during the first 28 days and a slow oxidation from then on. The highest oxidation rate of 12.8 μg S cm ^-2 d^-1 was measured during the first two weeks at 30 ℃. At 20 ℃ the highest oxidation rate of 10.2 μg S cm^-2 d^-1 was obtained from two to four weeks after start of the experiment. On an average the soil pH declined by 3.6 and 4.0 units after two weeks of experiment. At the same time the electric conductivity increased nine times. With the oxidation of S^0 the population of Thiobacillus spp. and aerobic heterotrophic S-oxidizing bacteria increased. The corresponding values for Thiobacillus spp. and aerobic heterotrophic S-oxidizing bacteria increased from 2.9 × 10^5 and 1.4 × 10^5 g^-1 soil at the start of the experiment to 4 × 10^8 and 5.6 × 10^8 g^-1 soil 14 days after S^0 application, respectively. No Thiobacillus spp. was present eight weeks after S^0 application. The results suggested that oxidation of residual S^0 completely relied oll aerobic heterotrophic S-oxidizing bacteria.
基金supported by the Fachagentur fur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe(FNR),Gulzow,Germany
文摘Tropaeolum majus L. is widely known as a medicinal plant in human medicine. It belongs to the Tropaeolaceae which contains mustard oil glycosides like cruciferous plants. In the case of T. majus, the intact glucosinolate glucotropaeolin showed no biological activity, but their degradation products, the isothiocyanates, did. The substances are thought to be enriched in the urinary bladder and the lungs, the active sites to develop their antimicrobial effectiveness. In animal nutrition these effects are of interest in sow management and piglet rearing. Therefore, the kinetics of benzyl-isothiocyanat (BITC) in plasma and the excretion with pig urine in response to nasturtium supplementation at different dosing regimens and galenic forms were examined. Four different groups with catheterized pigs were studied. The animals received the T. majus in different dosages (2.3, 6.9 and 13.4 mg GTL/kg BW) and different galenic forms (enteric coated tablets, pulverized tablets and powder) admixed to the feed ration as single bolus to the morning feeding. Blood and urine samples were collected within 24 h after nasturtium intake and analyzed for free BITC. The results indicated that the enteric coating was not effective in animal feeding. The concentration of BITC in tablet fed pigs was lower compared to animals fed powder or pulverized tablets. The bio-availability of the tablets was only 45% within 24 h relative to pulverized tablets. Nevertheless, the tablets could have some advantages in terms of the handling, the stability of the active substance and the dosing. Furthermore, it could be shown that all dosages yielded concentrations in urine and plasma, which can be considered to have an antimicrobial effect.
基金funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) project “Recycling of organic residues from agricultural and municipal origin in China” (0330847A-H)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST) (2009DFA32710)the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)–China Scholarship Council (CSC)
文摘The Sino-German research collaboration project,"Recycling of organic residues from agricultural and municipal origin in China"(2008–2012),comprising different interdisciplinary research groups,and also German small and medium-sized enterprises,aimed at developing integrated strategies and solutions for the recycling of organic residues in China.In an intensive crop-livestock agricultural region in the Shunyi District of Beijing,five typical cropping systems were investigated.The research was conducted in the form of analyses of phosphorus(P)in soil,plants,animal feed,animal products,manures,mineral and organic fertilizers and the derivation of the corresponding nutrient balances and P flows.The mean annual P balance surplus was492 kg·ha–1·yr–1 P for the vegetable production system,significantly higher(P<0.05)than that for orchards(130 kg·ha–1·yr–1 P)and cereal crops(83 kg·ha–1·yr–1 P).Plant-available P(Olsen-P)concentrations of topsoils(0–20 cm)had good correlations with the amounts of P applied(from mineral and organic sources).Compared to results from the Second Chinese National Soil Survey of 1981,mean concentrations of available P in soils of 19 plots investigated in Shunyi District increased 10-fold(from 7.3 to 60 mg·kg–1)from 1981 to 2009.On average,the critical limit for Olsen-P concentrations(>30 mg·kg–1)that can lead to increased risk of P loss was exceeded in all five cropping systems.With feed additives,the"natural background value"(Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils)of copper and zinc in topsoils was exceeded at several sites.Screening for several substances in the veterinary antibiotic classes of sulfonamides,tetracyclines,and fluoroquinolones revealed widespread topsoil contamination.Calculated livestock densities were 10.6 livestock units per ha arable land in 2007.Animal husbandry is increasingly conducted in large operations,making traditional ways of reuse difficult to apply.Comparing three management systems for treatment of organic residues from a pig farm via aerobic(composting)or anaerobic(biogas)treatment in a life cycle assessment,the resulting cropland demand for a sustainable land application of biogas effluent varied between 139 and 288 ha·yr–1,well above the cropland area owned by the farm(10 ha).The mismatch problems in the above context between business-as-usual and improving performance are framed and discussed as(1)the mismatch between centralized animal husbandry and smallholder farming,(2)the mismatch between livestock density and cropland,(3)nutrient(including P)recycling and increasing organic matter content versus energy production,(4)subsidies for compost production and biogas,as well as(5)advances in the regulatory framework in China.
基金supported by funds of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture(BMEL)based on a decision of the parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany via the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food(BLE)under the Federal Programme Protein Crop Strategy(grant no.2815EPS058)
文摘Legume grains such as field peas and field beans can be produced on a local level,and may be reliable sources of dietary protein and energy apart from common soybean and rapeseed meals.In ruminants,protein,starch,and carbohydrates from peas and field beans are fermented in large part before reaching the small intestine.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of ensiling and hydro-thermic treatment(i.e.,toasting at 160℃for 30 min)of grains of peas and field beans on the concentrations of post-ruminal crude protein(PRCP)and rumen-undegraded protein(RUP).Moreover,24-h gas production and methane production were measured.For this,an in vitro batch culture system with ruminal fluid from sheep was used.Rumen-undegraded protein was determined using the Streptomyces griseus protease test.Scanning electron micrographs were used to visualize morphological changes of starch granules and their joint matrices in peas and field beans after ensiling,toasting,or a combination of both.Native pea grains contained crude protein(CP)at 199 g/kg DM,PRCP at 155 g/kg DM at a ruminal passage rate of 0.08/h(Kp8),RUP at 33 g/kg DM at Kp8,and starch at 530 g/kg DM.Native field beans contained CP at 296 g/kg DM,PRCP at 212 g/kg DM at Kp8,RUP at 54 g of/kg DM at Kp8,and starch at 450 g/kg DM.The PRCP did not considerably differ among native and treated peas or field beans.Especially in the peas,RUP at Kp8 increased after ensiling by 10 g/kg DM(i.e.,30%;P<0.05).Toasting increased RUP(Kp8)in ensiled peas by another 28%(P<0.05).Toasting had no effect on PRCP or RUP when the peas or field beans were not ensiled before.Gas and methane production were not affected by any treatment,and scanning electron micrographs did not reveal structural changes on the starches doubtless of any treatment.Protein seemed to be more affected by treatment with ensiled+toasted peas than with ensiled+toasted field beans,but starches and other carbohydrates from both legumes remained unaffected.
