The review of recent theoretical and experimental research on the complex surface chemistry processes that evolve from low-Z materialconditioning on plasma-facing materials under extreme fusion plasma conditions is pr...The review of recent theoretical and experimental research on the complex surface chemistry processes that evolve from low-Z materialconditioning on plasma-facing materials under extreme fusion plasma conditions is presented. A combination of multi-scale computationalphysics and chemistry modeling with real-time diagnosis of the plasma-material interface in tokamak fusion plasma edge is complemented byex-vessel in-situ single-effect experimental facilities to unravel the evolving characteristics of low-Z components under irradiation. Effects of thelithium and boron coatings at carbon surfaces to the retention of deuterium and chemical sputtering of the plasma-facing surfaces are discussedin detail. The critical role of oxygen in the surface chemistry during hydrogen-fuel irradiation is found to drive the kinetics and dynamics ofthese surfaces as they interact with fusion edge plasma that ultimately could have profound effects on fusion plasma confinement behavior.Computational studies also extend in spatio-temporal scales not accessible by empirical means and therefore open the opportunity for a strategicapproach at irradiation surface science studies that combined these powerful computational tools with in-vessel and ex-vessel in-situ diagnostics.展开更多
Background:The public health response to COVID-19 has shifted to reducing deaths and hospitalizations to prevent overwhelming health systems.The amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments in wastewater are known to correlate ...Background:The public health response to COVID-19 has shifted to reducing deaths and hospitalizations to prevent overwhelming health systems.The amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments in wastewater are known to correlate with clinical data including cases and hospital admissions for COVID-19.We developed and tested a predictive model for incident COVID-19 hospital admissions in New York State using wastewater data.Methods:Using county-level COVID-19 hospital admissions and wastewater surveillance covering 13.8 million people across 56 counties,we fit a generalized linear mixed model predicting new hospital admissions from wastewater concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from April 29,2020 to June 30,2022.We included covariates such as COVID-19 vaccine coverage in the county,comorbidities,demographic variables,and holiday gatherings.Findings:Wastewater concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA correlated with new hospital admissions per 100,000 up to ten days prior to admission.Models that included wastewater had higher predictive power than models that included clinical cases only,increasing the accuracy of the model by 15%.Predicted hospital admissions correlated highly with observed admissions(r¼0.77)with an average difference of 0.013 hospitalizations per 100,000(95%CI¼[0.002,0.025])Interpretation:Using wastewater to predict future hospital admissions from COVID-19 is accurate and effective with superior results to using case data alone.The lead time of ten days could alert the public to take precautions and improve resource allocation for seasonal surges.展开更多
基金Research supported by the USDOE OFES grant DESC0013752 through RF of SUNY(PSK)by USDOE BES/FES Grant No.DE-SC0010717(JPA and FB)by the National Council for Science and Technology of Mexico(CONACyT)through the postdoctoral fellowship#267898(FJDG).
文摘The review of recent theoretical and experimental research on the complex surface chemistry processes that evolve from low-Z materialconditioning on plasma-facing materials under extreme fusion plasma conditions is presented. A combination of multi-scale computationalphysics and chemistry modeling with real-time diagnosis of the plasma-material interface in tokamak fusion plasma edge is complemented byex-vessel in-situ single-effect experimental facilities to unravel the evolving characteristics of low-Z components under irradiation. Effects of thelithium and boron coatings at carbon surfaces to the retention of deuterium and chemical sputtering of the plasma-facing surfaces are discussedin detail. The critical role of oxygen in the surface chemistry during hydrogen-fuel irradiation is found to drive the kinetics and dynamics ofthese surfaces as they interact with fusion edge plasma that ultimately could have profound effects on fusion plasma confinement behavior.Computational studies also extend in spatio-temporal scales not accessible by empirical means and therefore open the opportunity for a strategicapproach at irradiation surface science studies that combined these powerful computational tools with in-vessel and ex-vessel in-situ diagnostics.
基金supported by the CDC’s ELC Program,NYS Unique Federal Award Number NU50CK000516 (NYS Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases).
文摘Background:The public health response to COVID-19 has shifted to reducing deaths and hospitalizations to prevent overwhelming health systems.The amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments in wastewater are known to correlate with clinical data including cases and hospital admissions for COVID-19.We developed and tested a predictive model for incident COVID-19 hospital admissions in New York State using wastewater data.Methods:Using county-level COVID-19 hospital admissions and wastewater surveillance covering 13.8 million people across 56 counties,we fit a generalized linear mixed model predicting new hospital admissions from wastewater concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from April 29,2020 to June 30,2022.We included covariates such as COVID-19 vaccine coverage in the county,comorbidities,demographic variables,and holiday gatherings.Findings:Wastewater concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA correlated with new hospital admissions per 100,000 up to ten days prior to admission.Models that included wastewater had higher predictive power than models that included clinical cases only,increasing the accuracy of the model by 15%.Predicted hospital admissions correlated highly with observed admissions(r¼0.77)with an average difference of 0.013 hospitalizations per 100,000(95%CI¼[0.002,0.025])Interpretation:Using wastewater to predict future hospital admissions from COVID-19 is accurate and effective with superior results to using case data alone.The lead time of ten days could alert the public to take precautions and improve resource allocation for seasonal surges.
