To generate a neutron beam exhibiting a Maxwellian energy distribution with narrow emission angles for measuring the neutron capture reaction rates of the s-process nuclides,a monoenergetic 3.4 MeV proton beam produce...To generate a neutron beam exhibiting a Maxwellian energy distribution with narrow emission angles for measuring the neutron capture reaction rates of the s-process nuclides,a monoenergetic 3.4 MeV proton beam produced by the tandem-accelerator in the China Institute of Atomic Energy was utilized.The proton beam was first transmitted through a 60.5μm aluminum foil and then impinged on a natural LiF target to produce neutron beam via^(7)Li(p,n)7Be reaction.The quasi-Gaussian energy distribution of protons in the LiF target resulted in neutron energy spectra that agreed with a Maxwellian energy distribution at kT=(22±2)keV,which was achieved by integrating neutrons detected within an emission angle of 65.0°±2.6°using a ^(6)Li glass detector positioned at 65°relative to the proton beam direction.The narrow angular spread of the Maxwelliandistributed neutron beam enables direct measurement of neutron capture cross-sections for most s-process nuclides,overcoming previous experimental limitations associated with broad angular distributions.展开更多
The increasing global adoption of electric vehicles(EVs)has led to a growing demand for a cost-effective and reliable charging infrastructure.This study presents a novel data-driven approach to assessing EV station pe...The increasing global adoption of electric vehicles(EVs)has led to a growing demand for a cost-effective and reliable charging infrastructure.This study presents a novel data-driven approach to assessing EV station performance by analyzing power consumption efficiency,station utilization rates,no-power session occurrences,and CO_(2)reduction metrics.A dataset of 17,500 charging sessions from 305 stations across a regional network was analyzed to identify operational inefficiencies and opportunities for infrastructure optimization.Results indicate a strong correlation between station utilization and energy efficiency,highlighting the importance of strategic station placement.The findings also emphasize the impact of no-power sessions on network inefficiency and the need for real-time station monitoring.CO_(2)reduction analysis demonstrates that optimizing EV charging performance can significantly contribute to sustainability goals.Based on these insights,this study recommends the implementation of predictive maintenance strategies,real-time user notifications,and diversified provider networks to improve station availability and efficiency.The proposed data-driven framework offers actionable solutions for policymakers,charging network operators,and urban planners to enhance EV infrastructure reliability and sustainability.展开更多
The Kibble-Zurek (KZ) effect offers an overarching description of dynamical scaling behavior near a critical point.[1,2] Originally proposed in a classical setup,the KZ effect has been generalized to quantum phase tra...The Kibble-Zurek (KZ) effect offers an overarching description of dynamical scaling behavior near a critical point.[1,2] Originally proposed in a classical setup,the KZ effect has been generalized to quantum phase transitions[3-5] and is actively explored on quantum simulation platforms.[6-9] Exploring how the KZ effect fares across different criticalities has proven to be a rewarding pursuit,significantly enriching our understanding of nonequilibrium quantum dynamics.[3-5,10-23]展开更多
Due to the safety,high energy density,and rapid charging feature,aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have attracted great attention in large-scale energy storage systems.Although excellent electrochemical performances ha...Due to the safety,high energy density,and rapid charging feature,aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have attracted great attention in large-scale energy storage systems.Although excellent electrochemical performances have been achieved,the cycling stabilities of AZIBs are still unsatisfactory,especially at low current densities,because the cathode materials are prone to being dissolved into electrolytes.Here we develop a unique zincophilic and hydrophobic amorphous additive of ZnSnO_(3)(ZSO),which effectively prevents the irreversible dissolution and deamination of NH_(4)V_(4)O_(10)(NVO)cathode.Benefiting from the ingenious design,NVO@ZSO cathode delivers the best cycling stability at a low current density(0.1 A·g^(-1)),with an ultrahigh capacity retention of 98.8% after 300 cycles.Besides,at a high current density of 5 A·g^(-1),the NVO@ZSO cathode still possesses excellent cycling performance,and a reversible capacity of 284.6 mAh·g^(-1)is achieved even after 7000 cycles.The mechanism is clarified with the aid of density function theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.These findings provide a new paradigm for designing stable cathodes by introducing amorphous additive,which should promote further application exploration of AZIBs at low current densities.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bot...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bottleneck,severely affecting device stability and long-term operational performance.Herein,we present a multifunctional strategy by incorporating highly thermally conductive Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) MXene nanosheets into the perovskite layer to simultaneously enhance thermal management and optoelectronic properties.The Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) nanosheets,embedded at perovskite grain boundaries,construct efficient thermal conduction pathways,significantly improving the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the film.This leads to a notable reduction in the device’s steady-state operating temperature from 42.96 to 39.97 under 100 mW cm^(−2) illumination,thereby alleviating heat-induced performance degradation.Beyond thermal regulation,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X),with high conductivity and negatively charged surface terminations,also serves as an effective defect passivation agent,reducing trap-assisted recombination,while simultaneously facilitating charge extraction and transport by optimizing interfacial energy alignment.As a result,the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC achieve a champion PCE of 25.13%and exhibit outstanding thermal stability,retaining 80%of the initial PCE after 500 h of thermal aging at 85 and 30±5%relative humidity.(In contrast,control PSC retain only 58%after 200 h.)Moreover,under continuous maximum power point tracking in N2 atmosphere,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC retained 70%of the initial PCE after 500 h,whereas the control PSC drop sharply to 20%.These findings highlight the synergistic role of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) in thermal management and optoelectronic performance,paving the way for the development of high-efficiency and heat-resistant perovskite photovoltaics.展开更多
Designing materials with both structural load-bearing capacity and broadband electromagnetic(EM)wave absorption properties remains a significant challenge.In this work,SiOC/SiC/SiO_(2)composite with gyroid structures ...Designing materials with both structural load-bearing capacity and broadband electromagnetic(EM)wave absorption properties remains a significant challenge.In this work,SiOC/SiC/SiO_(2)composite with gyroid structures were prepared through digital light processing(DLP)3D printing,polymer-derived ceramics(PDCs),chemical vapor infiltration(CVI),and oxidation technologies.The incorporation of the CVISiC phase effectively increases the dissipation capability,while the synergistic interaction between the gyroid structure and SiO_(2)phase significantly improves impedance matching performance.The SiOC/SiC/SiO_(2)composite achieved a minimum reflection loss(RL min)of-62.2 d B at 4.3 mm,and the effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)covered the X-band,with a thickness range of 4.1 mm-4.65 mm.The CST simulation results explain the broadband and low-frequency absorption characteristics,with an EAB of 8.4 GHz(9.6-18 GHz)and an RL min of-21.5 dB at 5 GHz.The excellent EM wave attenuation performance is associated primarily with polarization loss,conduction loss,the gyroid structure's enhancement of multiple reflections and scattering of EM waves,and the resonance effect between the structural units.The SiOC/SiC/SiO_(2)composite also demonstrated strong mechanical properties,with a maximum compressive failure strength of 31.6 MPa in the height direction.This work opens novel prospects for the development of multifunctional structural wave-absorbing materials suitable for broadband microwave absorption and load-bearing properties.展开更多
Seawater zinc-air batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their high energy density and utilization of seawater electrolytes.However,their efficiency is hindered by the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction...Seawater zinc-air batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their high energy density and utilization of seawater electrolytes.However,their efficiency is hindered by the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and chlorideinduced degradation over conventional catalysts.In this study,we proposed a universal synthetic strategy to construct heteroatom axially coordinated Fe–N_(4) single-atom seawater catalyst materials(Cl–Fe–N_(4) and S–Fe–N_(4)).X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed their five-coordinated square pyramidal structure.Systematic evaluation of catalytic activities revealed that compared with S–Fe–N_(4),Cl–Fe–N_(4) exhibits smaller electrochemical active surface area and specific surface area,yet demonstrates higher limiting current density(5.8 mA cm^(−2)).The assembled zinc-air batteries using Cl–Fe–N_(4) showed superior power density(187.7 mW cm^(−2) at 245.1 mA cm^(−2)),indicating that Cl axial coordination more effectively enhances the intrinsic ORR activity.Moreover,Cl–Fe–N_(4) demonstrates stronger Cl−poisoning resistance in seawater environments.Chronoamperometry tests and zinc-air battery cycling performance evaluations confirmed its enhanced stability.Density functional theory calculations revealed that the introduction of heteroatoms in the axial direction regulates the electron center of Fe single atom,leading to more active reaction intermediates and increased electron density of Fe single sites,thereby enhancing the reduction in adsorbed intermediates and hence the overall ORR catalytic activity.展开更多
An algorithm named InterOpt for optimizing operational parameters is proposed based on interpretable machine learning,and is demonstrated via optimization of shale gas development.InterOpt consists of three parts:a ne...An algorithm named InterOpt for optimizing operational parameters is proposed based on interpretable machine learning,and is demonstrated via optimization of shale gas development.InterOpt consists of three parts:a neural network is used to construct an emulator of the actual drilling and hydraulic fracturing process in the vector space(i.e.,virtual environment);:the Sharpley value method in inter-pretable machine learning is applied to analyzing the impact of geological and operational parameters in each well(i.e.,single well feature impact analysis):and ensemble randomized maximum likelihood(EnRML)is conducted to optimize the operational parameters to comprehensively improve the efficiency of shale gas development and reduce the average cost.In the experiment,InterOpt provides different drilling and fracturing plans for each well according to its specific geological conditions,and finally achieves an average cost reduction of 9.7%for a case study with 104 wells.展开更多
Advanced glycation end products(AGE) are potential harmful substances formed in the advanced Maillard reaction and increasingly investigated in muscle foods. However, the contribution of oxidation to the AGE formation...Advanced glycation end products(AGE) are potential harmful substances formed in the advanced Maillard reaction and increasingly investigated in muscle foods. However, the contribution of oxidation to the AGE formation is controversial. Moreover, reports on glyoxal(GO) induced AGE formation in chicken meat emulsion(CME) are limited. Thus, the effects of GO on emulsifying properties, rheological behavior and AGE formation in CME were investigated. Our findings exhibited that levels of Nε-carboxymethyllysine(CML) and Nε-carboxyethyllysine(CEL) were associated with lipid oxidation but not significantly(P > 0.05). Levels of AGE peaked when GO concentration ranged from 5 mmol/L(CML) to 10 mmol/L(CEL). The droplets’ aggregation associated with the disulfide bond when the concentration of GO was at 0.5–30 mmol/L while non-disulfide bond association occurred at 30–50 mmol/L GO concentration. In conclusion, compared to the effect of oxidation, GO exhibited the main role in the AGE formation of CME. This study will provide theoretical significance for further understanding and controlling the formation of AGE in CME.展开更多
Emerging energy technologies,aimed at addressing the challenges of energy scarcity and environmental pollution,have become a focal point for society.However,these actualities present significant challenges for modern ...Emerging energy technologies,aimed at addressing the challenges of energy scarcity and environmental pollution,have become a focal point for society.However,these actualities present significant challenges for modern energy storage devices.Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)have gained considerable attention due to their high energy density.Nonetheless,their use of liquid electrolytes raises safety concerns,including dendritic growth,electrode corrosion,and electrolyte decomposition.In light of these challenges,solid-state batteries(SSBs)have emerged as a highly promising next-generation energy storage solution by leveraging lithium metal as the anode to achieve improved safety and energy density.Metal organic frameworks(MOFs),characterized by their porous structure,ordered crystal frame,and customizable configuration,have garnered interest as potential materials for enhancing solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)in SSBs.The integration of MOFs into SSEs offers opportunities to enhance the electrochemical performance and optimize the interface between SSEs and electrodes.This is made possible by leveraging the high porosity,functionalized structures,and abundant open metal sites of MOFs.However,the rational design of high-performance MOF-based SSEs for high-energy Li metal SSBs(LMSSBs)remains a significant challenge.In this comprehensive review,we present an overview of recent advancements in MOF-based SSEs for LMSSBs,focusing on strategies for interface optimization and property enhancement.We categorize these SSEs into two main types:MOF-based quasi-solid-state electrolytes and MOF-based all solid-state electrolytes.Within these categories,various subtypes are identified based on the combination mode,additional materials,formation state,preparation method,and interface optimization measures employed.The review also highlights the existing challenges associated with MOF materials in SSBs applications and proposes potential solutions and future development prospects to guide the advancement of MOFs-based SSEs.By providing a comprehensive assessment of the applications of MOFs in LMSSBs,this review aims to offer valuable insights and guidance for the development of MOF-based SSEs,addressing the key issues faced by these materials in SSBs technology.展开更多
Soil pedestals have long been used as qualitative indicators of soil splash erosion.In rangelands,plant-capped pedestals,generally grass tussocks,have also been used to quantitatively estimate soil loss since the firs...Soil pedestals have long been used as qualitative indicators of soil splash erosion.In rangelands,plant-capped pedestals,generally grass tussocks,have also been used to quantitatively estimate soil loss since the first half of the twentieth century.In agricultural lands,forests,and bad-lands,stone-capped pedestals have been used as qualitative and semi-quantitative indicators of active,'extreme'erosion.Little work has been reported on using capstone pedestal data for quantifying soil loss.We postulate that three distinct capstone pedestal types may be present in any given location and that a detailed analysis of a pedestal height histogram may be used to recognize their populations.This analysis can subsequently inform if soil loss can be reliably estimated and if so,which of the existing methods using pedestal height data will provide more accurate results.The three proposed capstone pedestal types are:(1)neo-pedestals formed underneath surface stones exposed by(partial)removal of the soil surface cover;(2)endo-pedestals formed underneath stones that were buried in the soil but have been exposed by erosion;and(3)phoenix-pedestals formed underneath stones from collapsed pedestals.In the pedestal height histogram of any given location,a skew to smaller heights may indicate the existence of endo-and/or phoenix-pedestals,which may be revealed as a bi-(or tri)modal distribution when using a smaller bin size.This concept was applied to a case study where soil loss had been monitored for control plots and mulched plots during a 5-year period following wildfire in a eucalypt plantation.We measured pedestal heights and used methods to quantitatively assess soil loss from soil pedestal data in the available literature.Soil pedestal data at the end of the 5-year period under or overestimated soil loss in the control treatment,with results ranging from 60 to 115%of measured soil loss,depending on the method.It is postulated that phoenix-and endo-pedestals may be a driving factor behind the observed discrepancies.We discuss how future research may provide more insight into dominant processes,and how frequency distributions may be used to select the best methods for estimating soil loss from pedestals.展开更多
Metal oxides with oxygen vacancies have a significant impact on catalytic activity for the transformation of organic pollutants in waste-to-energy(WtE)incineration processes.This study aims to investigate the influenc...Metal oxides with oxygen vacancies have a significant impact on catalytic activity for the transformation of organic pollutants in waste-to-energy(WtE)incineration processes.This study aims to investigate the influence of hematite surface oxygen point defects on the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs)from phenolic compounds based on the first-principles calculations.Two oxygen-deficient conditions were considered:oxygen vacancies at the top surface and on the subsurface.Our simulations indicate that the adsorption strength of phenol on theα-Fe_(2)O_(3)(0001)surface is enhanced by the presence of oxygen vacancies.However,the presence of oxygen vacancies has a negative impact on the dissociation of the phenol molecule,particularly for the surface with a defective point at the top layer.Thermo-kinetic parameters were established over a temperature range of300-1000 K,and lower reaction rate constants were observed for the scission of phenolic O-H bonds over the oxygen-deficient surfaces compared to the pristine surface.The negative effects caused by the oxygen-deficient conditions could be attributed to the local reduction of FeⅢto FeⅡ,which lower the oxidizing ability of surface reaction sites.The findings of this study provide us a promising approach to regulate the formation of EPFRs.展开更多
In view of the high cost caused by the 1:1 lifetime verification test of ion thrusters,the lifetime acceleration test should be considered.This work uses the PIC-MCC(Particle-in-Cell MonteCarlo Collision)method to ana...In view of the high cost caused by the 1:1 lifetime verification test of ion thrusters,the lifetime acceleration test should be considered.This work uses the PIC-MCC(Particle-in-Cell MonteCarlo Collision)method to analyze the five failure factors that lead to the failure of the accelerator grid of a 30 cm diameter ion thruster under the working mode of 5 k W.Meanwhile,the acceleration stress levels corresponding to different failure factors are obtained.The results show that background pressure has the highest stress level on the grid's erosion.The accelerator grid aperture's mass sputtering rate under the rated vacuum degree(1×10^(-4)Pa)of 5 k W work mode is 8.78 times that of the baseline vacuum degree(1×10^(-6)Pa),and the mass sputtering rate under worse vacuum degree(5×10^(-3)Pa)is 5.08 times that of 1×10^(-4)Pa.Under the influence of the other four failure factors,namely,the voltage of the accelerator grid,upstream plasma density,the screen grid voltage and mass utilization efficiency,the mass sputtering rates of the accelerator grid hole are 2.32,2.67,1.98 and 2.51 times those of the accelerator grid hole under baseline condition,respectively.The ion sputtering results of two 30 cm diameter ion thrusters(both installed with new grids assembly)after working for 1000 h show that the mass sputtering rate of the accelerator grid hole under vacuum conditions of 5×10^(-3)Pa is 4.54 times that under the condition of 1×10^(-4)Pa,and the comparison error between simulation results and test results of acceleration stress is about 10%.In the subsequent ion thruster lifetime verification,the working vacuum degree can be adjusted according to the acceleration stress level of background pressure,so as to shorten the test time and reduce the test cost.展开更多
The following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. Mr. Mohammadali Ghorbani (corresponding author and also the last author) cheated the authors’ name: Alireza Heidari...The following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. Mr. Mohammadali Ghorbani (corresponding author and also the last author) cheated the authors’ name: Alireza Heidari and Seyedali Vedad. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and we treat all unethical behavior such as plagiarism seriously. This paper published in Vol.3 No.4 304-311, 2012, has been removed from this site.展开更多
Many fields,such as neuroscience,are experiencing the vast prolife ration of cellular data,underscoring the need fo r organizing and interpreting large datasets.A popular approach partitions data into manageable subse...Many fields,such as neuroscience,are experiencing the vast prolife ration of cellular data,underscoring the need fo r organizing and interpreting large datasets.A popular approach partitions data into manageable subsets via hierarchical clustering,but objective methods to determine the appropriate classification granularity are missing.We recently introduced a technique to systematically identify when to stop subdividing clusters based on the fundamental principle that cells must differ more between than within clusters.Here we present the corresponding protocol to classify cellular datasets by combining datadriven unsupervised hierarchical clustering with statistical testing.These general-purpose functions are applicable to any cellular dataset that can be organized as two-dimensional matrices of numerical values,including molecula r,physiological,and anatomical datasets.We demonstrate the protocol using cellular data from the Janelia MouseLight project to chara cterize morphological aspects of neurons.展开更多
In this data explosion era,ensuring the secure storage,access,and transmission of information is imperative,encom-passing all aspects ranging from safeguarding personal devices to formulating national information secu...In this data explosion era,ensuring the secure storage,access,and transmission of information is imperative,encom-passing all aspects ranging from safeguarding personal devices to formulating national information security strategies.Leverag-ing the potential offered by dual-type carriers for transportation and employing optical modulation techniques to develop high reconfigurable ambipolar optoelectronic transistors enables effective implementation of information destruction after read-ing,thereby guaranteeing data security.In this study,a reconfigurable ambipolar optoelectronic synaptic transistor based on poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)and poly[[N,N-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-napthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)](N2200)blend film was fabricated through solution-processed method.The resulting transistor exhib-ited a relatively large ON/OFF ratio of 10^(3) in both n-and p-type regions,and tunable photoconductivity after light illumination,particularly with green light.The photo-generated carriers could be effectively trapped under the gate bias,indicating its poten-tial application in mimicking synaptic behaviors.Furthermore,the synaptic plasticity,including volatile/non-volatile and excita-tory/inhibitory characteristics,could be finely modulated by electrical and optical stimuli.These optoelectronic reconfigurable properties enable the realization of information light assisted burn after reading.This study not only offers valuable insights for the advancement of high-performance ambipolar organic optoelectronic synaptic transistors but also presents innovative ideas for the future information security access systems.展开更多
I am glad to know that the journal of ADVANCED POWDER MATERIALS(APM)is now available to readers at the present time.Powder materials have a series of material development and production advantages,including significan...I am glad to know that the journal of ADVANCED POWDER MATERIALS(APM)is now available to readers at the present time.Powder materials have a series of material development and production advantages,including significant energy saving,material saving,excellent performance and high product precision.At present,powder approaches have been widely used in material transportation,machinery,electronics,aerospace,weapons,biology,new energy,information and nuclear industries.展开更多
High-energy-density lithium(Li)–air cells have been considered a promising energy-storage system,but the liquid electrolyte-related safety and side-reaction problems seriously hinder their development.To address thes...High-energy-density lithium(Li)–air cells have been considered a promising energy-storage system,but the liquid electrolyte-related safety and side-reaction problems seriously hinder their development.To address these above issues,solid-state Li–air batteries have been widely developed.However,many commonly-used solid electrolytes generally face huge interface impedance inLi–air cells and also showpoor stability towards ambient air/Li electrodes.Herein,we fabricate a differentiating surface-regulated ceramic-based composite electrolyte(DSCCE)by constructing disparately LiI-containing polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)coating and Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)(PVDF-HFP)layer on both sides of Li_(1.5)Al_(0.5)Ge_(1.5)(PO_(4))_(3)(LAGP).The cathode-friendly LiI/PMMA layer displays excellent stability towards superoxide intermediates and also greatly reduces the decomposition voltage of discharge products in Li–air system.Additionally,the anode-friendly PVDF-HFP coating shows low-resistance properties towards anodes.Moreover,Li dendrite/passivation derived from liquid electrolyte-induced side reactions and air/I-attacking can be obviously suppressed by the uniformand compact composite framework.As a result,the DSCCE-based Li–air batteries possess high capacity/low voltage polarization(11,836mAh g^(-1)/1.45Vunder 500mAg^(-1)),good rate performance(capacity ratio under 1000mAg^(-1)/250mAg^(-1) is 68.2%)and longterm stable cell operation(~300 cycles at 750 mA g^(-1) with 750 mAh g^(-1))in ambient air.展开更多
The accuracy of spot centroid positioning has a significant impact on the tracking accuracy of the system and the stability of the laser link construction.In satellite laser communication systems,the use of short-wave...The accuracy of spot centroid positioning has a significant impact on the tracking accuracy of the system and the stability of the laser link construction.In satellite laser communication systems,the use of short-wave infrared wavelengths as beacon light can reduce atmospheric absorption and signal attenuation.However,there are strong non-uniformity and blind pixels in the short-wave infrared image,which makes the image distorted and leads to the decrease of spot centroid positioning accuracy.Therefore,the high-precision localization of the spot centroid of the short-wave infrared images is of great research significance.A high-precision spot centroid positioning model for short-wave infrared is proposed to correct for non-uniformity and blind pixels in short-wave infrared images and quantify the localization errors caused by the two,further model-based localization error simulations are performed,and a novel spot centroid positioning payload for satellite laser communications has been designed using the latest 640×512 planar array InGaAs shortwave infrared detector.The experimental results show that the non-uniformity of the corrected image is reduced from 7%to 0.6%,the blind pixels rejection rate reaches 100%,the frame rate can be up to 2000 Hz,and the spot centroid localization accuracy is as high as 0.1 pixel point,which realizes high-precision spot centroid localization of high-frame-frequency short-wave infrared images.展开更多
Lithium-air batteries(LABs)are regarded as a next-generation energy storage option due to their relatively high energy density.The cyclic stability and lifespan of LABs are mainly influenced by the formation and decom...Lithium-air batteries(LABs)are regarded as a next-generation energy storage option due to their relatively high energy density.The cyclic stability and lifespan of LABs are mainly influenced by the formation and decomposition of lithium-based oxides at the air cathode,which not only lead to a low cathode catalytic efficiency but also restrict the electrochemical reversibility and cause side reaction problems.Carbon materials are considered key to solving these problems due to their conductivity,functional flexibility,and adjustable pore structure.This paper considers the research progress on carbon materials as air cathode catalytic materials for LABs,focusing on their structural characteristics,electrochemical behavior,and reaction mechanisms.Besides being used as air cathodes,carbon materials also show potential for being used as protective layers for metal anodes or as anode materials for LABs.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12125509,11961141003,12275361,U2267205,12175152,12175121)National Key Research and Development Project(2022YFA1602301)Continuous-support Basic Scientific Research Project。
文摘To generate a neutron beam exhibiting a Maxwellian energy distribution with narrow emission angles for measuring the neutron capture reaction rates of the s-process nuclides,a monoenergetic 3.4 MeV proton beam produced by the tandem-accelerator in the China Institute of Atomic Energy was utilized.The proton beam was first transmitted through a 60.5μm aluminum foil and then impinged on a natural LiF target to produce neutron beam via^(7)Li(p,n)7Be reaction.The quasi-Gaussian energy distribution of protons in the LiF target resulted in neutron energy spectra that agreed with a Maxwellian energy distribution at kT=(22±2)keV,which was achieved by integrating neutrons detected within an emission angle of 65.0°±2.6°using a ^(6)Li glass detector positioned at 65°relative to the proton beam direction.The narrow angular spread of the Maxwelliandistributed neutron beam enables direct measurement of neutron capture cross-sections for most s-process nuclides,overcoming previous experimental limitations associated with broad angular distributions.
文摘The increasing global adoption of electric vehicles(EVs)has led to a growing demand for a cost-effective and reliable charging infrastructure.This study presents a novel data-driven approach to assessing EV station performance by analyzing power consumption efficiency,station utilization rates,no-power session occurrences,and CO_(2)reduction metrics.A dataset of 17,500 charging sessions from 305 stations across a regional network was analyzed to identify operational inefficiencies and opportunities for infrastructure optimization.Results indicate a strong correlation between station utilization and energy efficiency,highlighting the importance of strategic station placement.The findings also emphasize the impact of no-power sessions on network inefficiency and the need for real-time station monitoring.CO_(2)reduction analysis demonstrates that optimizing EV charging performance can significantly contribute to sustainability goals.Based on these insights,this study recommends the implementation of predictive maintenance strategies,real-time user notifications,and diversified provider networks to improve station availability and efficiency.The proposed data-driven framework offers actionable solutions for policymakers,charging network operators,and urban planners to enhance EV infrastructure reliability and sustainability.
文摘The Kibble-Zurek (KZ) effect offers an overarching description of dynamical scaling behavior near a critical point.[1,2] Originally proposed in a classical setup,the KZ effect has been generalized to quantum phase transitions[3-5] and is actively explored on quantum simulation platforms.[6-9] Exploring how the KZ effect fares across different criticalities has proven to be a rewarding pursuit,significantly enriching our understanding of nonequilibrium quantum dynamics.[3-5,10-23]
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U24A2055 and 92164103)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFA1200800)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2024AFA052)Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau(Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Basic Research,No.2023010201010067)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2042023kf0187).
文摘Due to the safety,high energy density,and rapid charging feature,aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have attracted great attention in large-scale energy storage systems.Although excellent electrochemical performances have been achieved,the cycling stabilities of AZIBs are still unsatisfactory,especially at low current densities,because the cathode materials are prone to being dissolved into electrolytes.Here we develop a unique zincophilic and hydrophobic amorphous additive of ZnSnO_(3)(ZSO),which effectively prevents the irreversible dissolution and deamination of NH_(4)V_(4)O_(10)(NVO)cathode.Benefiting from the ingenious design,NVO@ZSO cathode delivers the best cycling stability at a low current density(0.1 A·g^(-1)),with an ultrahigh capacity retention of 98.8% after 300 cycles.Besides,at a high current density of 5 A·g^(-1),the NVO@ZSO cathode still possesses excellent cycling performance,and a reversible capacity of 284.6 mAh·g^(-1)is achieved even after 7000 cycles.The mechanism is clarified with the aid of density function theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.These findings provide a new paradigm for designing stable cathodes by introducing amorphous additive,which should promote further application exploration of AZIBs at low current densities.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62374029,22175029,62474033,and W2433038)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.YESS20220550)+2 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0250)the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen Innovation Committee(JCYJ20210324135614040)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.ZYGX2022J032).
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bottleneck,severely affecting device stability and long-term operational performance.Herein,we present a multifunctional strategy by incorporating highly thermally conductive Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) MXene nanosheets into the perovskite layer to simultaneously enhance thermal management and optoelectronic properties.The Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) nanosheets,embedded at perovskite grain boundaries,construct efficient thermal conduction pathways,significantly improving the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the film.This leads to a notable reduction in the device’s steady-state operating temperature from 42.96 to 39.97 under 100 mW cm^(−2) illumination,thereby alleviating heat-induced performance degradation.Beyond thermal regulation,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X),with high conductivity and negatively charged surface terminations,also serves as an effective defect passivation agent,reducing trap-assisted recombination,while simultaneously facilitating charge extraction and transport by optimizing interfacial energy alignment.As a result,the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC achieve a champion PCE of 25.13%and exhibit outstanding thermal stability,retaining 80%of the initial PCE after 500 h of thermal aging at 85 and 30±5%relative humidity.(In contrast,control PSC retain only 58%after 200 h.)Moreover,under continuous maximum power point tracking in N2 atmosphere,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC retained 70%of the initial PCE after 500 h,whereas the control PSC drop sharply to 20%.These findings highlight the synergistic role of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) in thermal management and optoelectronic performance,paving the way for the development of high-efficiency and heat-resistant perovskite photovoltaics.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12141203,52202083,W2421013)the Natural Science Foundation Project of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2024JC-YBMS-450)+1 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Grant No.2024YFHZ0265)the Open Project of High-end Equipment Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technology Laboratory(Grant No.2023KFKT0005)。
文摘Designing materials with both structural load-bearing capacity and broadband electromagnetic(EM)wave absorption properties remains a significant challenge.In this work,SiOC/SiC/SiO_(2)composite with gyroid structures were prepared through digital light processing(DLP)3D printing,polymer-derived ceramics(PDCs),chemical vapor infiltration(CVI),and oxidation technologies.The incorporation of the CVISiC phase effectively increases the dissipation capability,while the synergistic interaction between the gyroid structure and SiO_(2)phase significantly improves impedance matching performance.The SiOC/SiC/SiO_(2)composite achieved a minimum reflection loss(RL min)of-62.2 d B at 4.3 mm,and the effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)covered the X-band,with a thickness range of 4.1 mm-4.65 mm.The CST simulation results explain the broadband and low-frequency absorption characteristics,with an EAB of 8.4 GHz(9.6-18 GHz)and an RL min of-21.5 dB at 5 GHz.The excellent EM wave attenuation performance is associated primarily with polarization loss,conduction loss,the gyroid structure's enhancement of multiple reflections and scattering of EM waves,and the resonance effect between the structural units.The SiOC/SiC/SiO_(2)composite also demonstrated strong mechanical properties,with a maximum compressive failure strength of 31.6 MPa in the height direction.This work opens novel prospects for the development of multifunctional structural wave-absorbing materials suitable for broadband microwave absorption and load-bearing properties.
基金funded by the Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52121004)the Research Development Fund(No.RDF-21-02-060)by Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University+1 种基金support received from the Suzhou Industrial Park High Quality Innovation Platform of Functional Molecular Materials and Devices(YZCXPT2023105)the XJTLU Advanced Materials Research Center(AMRC).
文摘Seawater zinc-air batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their high energy density and utilization of seawater electrolytes.However,their efficiency is hindered by the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and chlorideinduced degradation over conventional catalysts.In this study,we proposed a universal synthetic strategy to construct heteroatom axially coordinated Fe–N_(4) single-atom seawater catalyst materials(Cl–Fe–N_(4) and S–Fe–N_(4)).X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed their five-coordinated square pyramidal structure.Systematic evaluation of catalytic activities revealed that compared with S–Fe–N_(4),Cl–Fe–N_(4) exhibits smaller electrochemical active surface area and specific surface area,yet demonstrates higher limiting current density(5.8 mA cm^(−2)).The assembled zinc-air batteries using Cl–Fe–N_(4) showed superior power density(187.7 mW cm^(−2) at 245.1 mA cm^(−2)),indicating that Cl axial coordination more effectively enhances the intrinsic ORR activity.Moreover,Cl–Fe–N_(4) demonstrates stronger Cl−poisoning resistance in seawater environments.Chronoamperometry tests and zinc-air battery cycling performance evaluations confirmed its enhanced stability.Density functional theory calculations revealed that the introduction of heteroatoms in the axial direction regulates the electron center of Fe single atom,leading to more active reaction intermediates and increased electron density of Fe single sites,thereby enhancing the reduction in adsorbed intermediates and hence the overall ORR catalytic activity.
文摘An algorithm named InterOpt for optimizing operational parameters is proposed based on interpretable machine learning,and is demonstrated via optimization of shale gas development.InterOpt consists of three parts:a neural network is used to construct an emulator of the actual drilling and hydraulic fracturing process in the vector space(i.e.,virtual environment);:the Sharpley value method in inter-pretable machine learning is applied to analyzing the impact of geological and operational parameters in each well(i.e.,single well feature impact analysis):and ensemble randomized maximum likelihood(EnRML)is conducted to optimize the operational parameters to comprehensively improve the efficiency of shale gas development and reduce the average cost.In the experiment,InterOpt provides different drilling and fracturing plans for each well according to its specific geological conditions,and finally achieves an average cost reduction of 9.7%for a case study with 104 wells.
基金supported by Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX21_0579)the China Scholarship Council(No.202006850022)+1 种基金supported by Agriculture Research System of China(CARS-41-Z)Science and Technology Project of Nanjing City(No.202002040)。
文摘Advanced glycation end products(AGE) are potential harmful substances formed in the advanced Maillard reaction and increasingly investigated in muscle foods. However, the contribution of oxidation to the AGE formation is controversial. Moreover, reports on glyoxal(GO) induced AGE formation in chicken meat emulsion(CME) are limited. Thus, the effects of GO on emulsifying properties, rheological behavior and AGE formation in CME were investigated. Our findings exhibited that levels of Nε-carboxymethyllysine(CML) and Nε-carboxyethyllysine(CEL) were associated with lipid oxidation but not significantly(P > 0.05). Levels of AGE peaked when GO concentration ranged from 5 mmol/L(CML) to 10 mmol/L(CEL). The droplets’ aggregation associated with the disulfide bond when the concentration of GO was at 0.5–30 mmol/L while non-disulfide bond association occurred at 30–50 mmol/L GO concentration. In conclusion, compared to the effect of oxidation, GO exhibited the main role in the AGE formation of CME. This study will provide theoretical significance for further understanding and controlling the formation of AGE in CME.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22075211 and 51971157)City University of Hong Kong Donation Research Grant(DON-RMG No.9229021)Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(YCBZ2023009).
文摘Emerging energy technologies,aimed at addressing the challenges of energy scarcity and environmental pollution,have become a focal point for society.However,these actualities present significant challenges for modern energy storage devices.Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)have gained considerable attention due to their high energy density.Nonetheless,their use of liquid electrolytes raises safety concerns,including dendritic growth,electrode corrosion,and electrolyte decomposition.In light of these challenges,solid-state batteries(SSBs)have emerged as a highly promising next-generation energy storage solution by leveraging lithium metal as the anode to achieve improved safety and energy density.Metal organic frameworks(MOFs),characterized by their porous structure,ordered crystal frame,and customizable configuration,have garnered interest as potential materials for enhancing solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)in SSBs.The integration of MOFs into SSEs offers opportunities to enhance the electrochemical performance and optimize the interface between SSEs and electrodes.This is made possible by leveraging the high porosity,functionalized structures,and abundant open metal sites of MOFs.However,the rational design of high-performance MOF-based SSEs for high-energy Li metal SSBs(LMSSBs)remains a significant challenge.In this comprehensive review,we present an overview of recent advancements in MOF-based SSEs for LMSSBs,focusing on strategies for interface optimization and property enhancement.We categorize these SSEs into two main types:MOF-based quasi-solid-state electrolytes and MOF-based all solid-state electrolytes.Within these categories,various subtypes are identified based on the combination mode,additional materials,formation state,preparation method,and interface optimization measures employed.The review also highlights the existing challenges associated with MOF materials in SSBs applications and proposes potential solutions and future development prospects to guide the advancement of MOFs-based SSEs.By providing a comprehensive assessment of the applications of MOFs in LMSSBs,this review aims to offer valuable insights and guidance for the development of MOF-based SSEs,addressing the key issues faced by these materials in SSBs technology.
基金supported by CESAM by FCT/MCTES (UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020+LA/P/0094/2020)and MED (UIDB/05183/2020)to FCT/MEC through national fundsthe co-funding by the FEDER,within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020,and projects FIRECNUTS (PTDC/AGRCFL/104559/2008)+2 种基金CASCADE (ENV.2011.2.1.4-2/283068),which is funded by the European Unionthe FCT CEEC funding of Frank G.A.Verheijen (CEECIND/02509/2018),Sergio A.Prats (CEECIND/01473/2020),funded by national funds (OE)the SOILCOMBAT project (PTDC/EAM-AMB/0474/2020)through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT/MCTES).
文摘Soil pedestals have long been used as qualitative indicators of soil splash erosion.In rangelands,plant-capped pedestals,generally grass tussocks,have also been used to quantitatively estimate soil loss since the first half of the twentieth century.In agricultural lands,forests,and bad-lands,stone-capped pedestals have been used as qualitative and semi-quantitative indicators of active,'extreme'erosion.Little work has been reported on using capstone pedestal data for quantifying soil loss.We postulate that three distinct capstone pedestal types may be present in any given location and that a detailed analysis of a pedestal height histogram may be used to recognize their populations.This analysis can subsequently inform if soil loss can be reliably estimated and if so,which of the existing methods using pedestal height data will provide more accurate results.The three proposed capstone pedestal types are:(1)neo-pedestals formed underneath surface stones exposed by(partial)removal of the soil surface cover;(2)endo-pedestals formed underneath stones that were buried in the soil but have been exposed by erosion;and(3)phoenix-pedestals formed underneath stones from collapsed pedestals.In the pedestal height histogram of any given location,a skew to smaller heights may indicate the existence of endo-and/or phoenix-pedestals,which may be revealed as a bi-(or tri)modal distribution when using a smaller bin size.This concept was applied to a case study where soil loss had been monitored for control plots and mulched plots during a 5-year period following wildfire in a eucalypt plantation.We measured pedestal heights and used methods to quantitatively assess soil loss from soil pedestal data in the available literature.Soil pedestal data at the end of the 5-year period under or overestimated soil loss in the control treatment,with results ranging from 60 to 115%of measured soil loss,depending on the method.It is postulated that phoenix-and endo-pedestals may be a driving factor behind the observed discrepancies.We discuss how future research may provide more insight into dominant processes,and how frequency distributions may be used to select the best methods for estimating soil loss from pedestals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21976206,22136001,22276197,92143201)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFA0907500)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.JQ22027)。
文摘Metal oxides with oxygen vacancies have a significant impact on catalytic activity for the transformation of organic pollutants in waste-to-energy(WtE)incineration processes.This study aims to investigate the influence of hematite surface oxygen point defects on the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs)from phenolic compounds based on the first-principles calculations.Two oxygen-deficient conditions were considered:oxygen vacancies at the top surface and on the subsurface.Our simulations indicate that the adsorption strength of phenol on theα-Fe_(2)O_(3)(0001)surface is enhanced by the presence of oxygen vacancies.However,the presence of oxygen vacancies has a negative impact on the dissociation of the phenol molecule,particularly for the surface with a defective point at the top layer.Thermo-kinetic parameters were established over a temperature range of300-1000 K,and lower reaction rate constants were observed for the scission of phenolic O-H bonds over the oxygen-deficient surfaces compared to the pristine surface.The negative effects caused by the oxygen-deficient conditions could be attributed to the local reduction of FeⅢto FeⅡ,which lower the oxidizing ability of surface reaction sites.The findings of this study provide us a promising approach to regulate the formation of EPFRs.
基金supported by Key Laboratory Funds for the Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory,Lanzhou Institute of Physics(Nos.HTKJ2022KL510003 and 6142207210303)Independent project of Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study(No.2022ZZ01009)Science and Technology Project Affiliated to the Education Department of Chongqing Municipality(No.KJZD-K202101506)。
文摘In view of the high cost caused by the 1:1 lifetime verification test of ion thrusters,the lifetime acceleration test should be considered.This work uses the PIC-MCC(Particle-in-Cell MonteCarlo Collision)method to analyze the five failure factors that lead to the failure of the accelerator grid of a 30 cm diameter ion thruster under the working mode of 5 k W.Meanwhile,the acceleration stress levels corresponding to different failure factors are obtained.The results show that background pressure has the highest stress level on the grid's erosion.The accelerator grid aperture's mass sputtering rate under the rated vacuum degree(1×10^(-4)Pa)of 5 k W work mode is 8.78 times that of the baseline vacuum degree(1×10^(-6)Pa),and the mass sputtering rate under worse vacuum degree(5×10^(-3)Pa)is 5.08 times that of 1×10^(-4)Pa.Under the influence of the other four failure factors,namely,the voltage of the accelerator grid,upstream plasma density,the screen grid voltage and mass utilization efficiency,the mass sputtering rates of the accelerator grid hole are 2.32,2.67,1.98 and 2.51 times those of the accelerator grid hole under baseline condition,respectively.The ion sputtering results of two 30 cm diameter ion thrusters(both installed with new grids assembly)after working for 1000 h show that the mass sputtering rate of the accelerator grid hole under vacuum conditions of 5×10^(-3)Pa is 4.54 times that under the condition of 1×10^(-4)Pa,and the comparison error between simulation results and test results of acceleration stress is about 10%.In the subsequent ion thruster lifetime verification,the working vacuum degree can be adjusted according to the acceleration stress level of background pressure,so as to shorten the test time and reduce the test cost.
文摘The following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. Mr. Mohammadali Ghorbani (corresponding author and also the last author) cheated the authors’ name: Alireza Heidari and Seyedali Vedad. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and we treat all unethical behavior such as plagiarism seriously. This paper published in Vol.3 No.4 304-311, 2012, has been removed from this site.
基金supported in part by NIH grants R01NS39600,U01MH114829RF1MH128693(to GAA)。
文摘Many fields,such as neuroscience,are experiencing the vast prolife ration of cellular data,underscoring the need fo r organizing and interpreting large datasets.A popular approach partitions data into manageable subsets via hierarchical clustering,but objective methods to determine the appropriate classification granularity are missing.We recently introduced a technique to systematically identify when to stop subdividing clusters based on the fundamental principle that cells must differ more between than within clusters.Here we present the corresponding protocol to classify cellular datasets by combining datadriven unsupervised hierarchical clustering with statistical testing.These general-purpose functions are applicable to any cellular dataset that can be organized as two-dimensional matrices of numerical values,including molecula r,physiological,and anatomical datasets.We demonstrate the protocol using cellular data from the Janelia MouseLight project to chara cterize morphological aspects of neurons.
基金the National Natural-Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62304137)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant Nos.2023A1515012479,2024A1515011737,and 2024A1515010006)+4 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen(Grant No.JCYJ20220818100206013)RSC Researcher Collaborations Grant(Grant No.C23-2422436283)State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration(Independent Scientific Research Program No.2024010)the Project on Frontier and Interdisciplinary Research Assessment,Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XK2023XXA002)NTUT-SZU Joint Research Program.
文摘In this data explosion era,ensuring the secure storage,access,and transmission of information is imperative,encom-passing all aspects ranging from safeguarding personal devices to formulating national information security strategies.Leverag-ing the potential offered by dual-type carriers for transportation and employing optical modulation techniques to develop high reconfigurable ambipolar optoelectronic transistors enables effective implementation of information destruction after read-ing,thereby guaranteeing data security.In this study,a reconfigurable ambipolar optoelectronic synaptic transistor based on poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)and poly[[N,N-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-napthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)](N2200)blend film was fabricated through solution-processed method.The resulting transistor exhib-ited a relatively large ON/OFF ratio of 10^(3) in both n-and p-type regions,and tunable photoconductivity after light illumination,particularly with green light.The photo-generated carriers could be effectively trapped under the gate bias,indicating its poten-tial application in mimicking synaptic behaviors.Furthermore,the synaptic plasticity,including volatile/non-volatile and excita-tory/inhibitory characteristics,could be finely modulated by electrical and optical stimuli.These optoelectronic reconfigurable properties enable the realization of information light assisted burn after reading.This study not only offers valuable insights for the advancement of high-performance ambipolar organic optoelectronic synaptic transistors but also presents innovative ideas for the future information security access systems.
文摘I am glad to know that the journal of ADVANCED POWDER MATERIALS(APM)is now available to readers at the present time.Powder materials have a series of material development and production advantages,including significant energy saving,material saving,excellent performance and high product precision.At present,powder approaches have been widely used in material transportation,machinery,electronics,aerospace,weapons,biology,new energy,information and nuclear industries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22379074)Young Science and Technology Talent Program of Inner Mongolia Province(NJYT24001)+4 种基金Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)GLABAT Solid-State Battery Inc.,China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co.Ltd,Canada Research Chair Program(CRC)Canada Foundation for Innovation(CFI)Ontario Research Fundsupported by the Chinese Scholarship Council.
文摘High-energy-density lithium(Li)–air cells have been considered a promising energy-storage system,but the liquid electrolyte-related safety and side-reaction problems seriously hinder their development.To address these above issues,solid-state Li–air batteries have been widely developed.However,many commonly-used solid electrolytes generally face huge interface impedance inLi–air cells and also showpoor stability towards ambient air/Li electrodes.Herein,we fabricate a differentiating surface-regulated ceramic-based composite electrolyte(DSCCE)by constructing disparately LiI-containing polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)coating and Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)(PVDF-HFP)layer on both sides of Li_(1.5)Al_(0.5)Ge_(1.5)(PO_(4))_(3)(LAGP).The cathode-friendly LiI/PMMA layer displays excellent stability towards superoxide intermediates and also greatly reduces the decomposition voltage of discharge products in Li–air system.Additionally,the anode-friendly PVDF-HFP coating shows low-resistance properties towards anodes.Moreover,Li dendrite/passivation derived from liquid electrolyte-induced side reactions and air/I-attacking can be obviously suppressed by the uniformand compact composite framework.As a result,the DSCCE-based Li–air batteries possess high capacity/low voltage polarization(11,836mAh g^(-1)/1.45Vunder 500mAg^(-1)),good rate performance(capacity ratio under 1000mAg^(-1)/250mAg^(-1) is 68.2%)and longterm stable cell operation(~300 cycles at 750 mA g^(-1) with 750 mAh g^(-1))in ambient air.
基金Supported by the Short-wave Infrared Camera Systems(B025F40622024)。
文摘The accuracy of spot centroid positioning has a significant impact on the tracking accuracy of the system and the stability of the laser link construction.In satellite laser communication systems,the use of short-wave infrared wavelengths as beacon light can reduce atmospheric absorption and signal attenuation.However,there are strong non-uniformity and blind pixels in the short-wave infrared image,which makes the image distorted and leads to the decrease of spot centroid positioning accuracy.Therefore,the high-precision localization of the spot centroid of the short-wave infrared images is of great research significance.A high-precision spot centroid positioning model for short-wave infrared is proposed to correct for non-uniformity and blind pixels in short-wave infrared images and quantify the localization errors caused by the two,further model-based localization error simulations are performed,and a novel spot centroid positioning payload for satellite laser communications has been designed using the latest 640×512 planar array InGaAs shortwave infrared detector.The experimental results show that the non-uniformity of the corrected image is reduced from 7%to 0.6%,the blind pixels rejection rate reaches 100%,the frame rate can be up to 2000 Hz,and the spot centroid localization accuracy is as high as 0.1 pixel point,which realizes high-precision spot centroid localization of high-frame-frequency short-wave infrared images.
文摘Lithium-air batteries(LABs)are regarded as a next-generation energy storage option due to their relatively high energy density.The cyclic stability and lifespan of LABs are mainly influenced by the formation and decomposition of lithium-based oxides at the air cathode,which not only lead to a low cathode catalytic efficiency but also restrict the electrochemical reversibility and cause side reaction problems.Carbon materials are considered key to solving these problems due to their conductivity,functional flexibility,and adjustable pore structure.This paper considers the research progress on carbon materials as air cathode catalytic materials for LABs,focusing on their structural characteristics,electrochemical behavior,and reaction mechanisms.Besides being used as air cathodes,carbon materials also show potential for being used as protective layers for metal anodes or as anode materials for LABs.
