One-time application of controlled-release blended fertilizer(CRBF,a mixture of five nitrogen(N)fertilizers in a certain ratio)can achieve high yield and N use efficiency(NUE)in rice(Oryza sativa L.).However,the effec...One-time application of controlled-release blended fertilizer(CRBF,a mixture of five nitrogen(N)fertilizers in a certain ratio)can achieve high yield and N use efficiency(NUE)in rice(Oryza sativa L.).However,the effects of CRBF with one-time application on root spatial distribution and physiological characteristics remain unclear.We measured the effects of CRBF with one-time application on rice yield,NUE,root morphology and growth,and N uptake capacity in field and root box experiments.Six N treatments were set up:no nitrogen(N0),high-yield three-split application of urea as a control(CK),urea(U)with broadcast,U with side-deep fertilization,CRBF with broadcast,and CRBF with side-deep fertilization.Our findings showed that root characters were positively correlated with yield and NUE.Compared to CK and U treatments,CRBF with one-time applications increased root characters(including root biomass,root N uptake,root activity,and the expression level of ammonium transporters)at tillering and heading stages.The root length,surface area and volume in the 0-10 cm soil layer enhanced under CRBF with one-time applications at tillering stage,and in the 0-20 cm soil layer at the heading stage.This contributed a5.96%-39.40% and 3.69%-16.87% increase in plant dry matter accumulation and N uptake,and a2.08%-18.28% and 14.60%-149.57% increase in yield and NUE,in 2022 and 2023,respectively.Taken together,our findings showed that one-time application of CRBF could increase rice yield and NUE by optimizing the root morphology distribution and N uptake.展开更多
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of baobab seed washing and origin on the chemical composition of the oil extracted by pressing. Six (6) oil samples were obtained from seeds of three (3) geogra...The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of baobab seed washing and origin on the chemical composition of the oil extracted by pressing. Six (6) oil samples were obtained from seeds of three (3) geographical origins. The identification and quantification of fatty acids and the polyphenolic profile were carried out by GC-MS and HPLC-UV, respectively. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters allowed the identification and quantification of 18 fatty acids. Oils from unwashed seeds were richer in palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and arachidic (C20:0) acids. In addition, HPLC-UV analysis at 279 nm shows that oils from unwashed seeds are richer in tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and caffeic acid. With regard to the polyphenolic profile, gallic acid and quercetin were not detected in these baobab oils. Principal component analysis of fatty acid and phenolic compound content showed that oils from unwashed seeds would best preserve their chemical and associated potential bioactive characteristics.展开更多
Biochar application to soil is commonly recognized to improve soil fertility and consequently biomass and food production sustainably.We re-examined the robustness of the underlying data and found that,of the 12000+ p...Biochar application to soil is commonly recognized to improve soil fertility and consequently biomass and food production sustainably.We re-examined the robustness of the underlying data and found that,of the 12000+ publications on“biochar and agriculture”used in meta-studies,only 109 Institute for Scientific Information(ISI)papers(or 0.9%)provide experimental data on the impacts on crop yield and/or biomass production.展开更多
Background Chronic heat stress(CHS)is a detrimental environmental stressor with a negative impact on the meat quality of broilers.However,the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.This study investigates the ...Background Chronic heat stress(CHS)is a detrimental environmental stressor with a negative impact on the meat quality of broilers.However,the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.This study investigates the effects of CHS on long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)expression and muscle injury in broilers,with a focus on its implications for meat quality.Results The results showed that CHS diminished breast muscle yield,elevated abdominal fat deposition,induced cellular apoptosis(P<0.05),and caused myofibrosis.Transcriptomic analysis revealed 151 differentially expressed(DE)lncRNAs when comparing the normal control(NC)and HS groups,214 DE lncRNAs when comparing the HS and PF groups,and 79 DE lncRNAs when comparing the NC and pair-fed(PF)groups.After eliminating the confounding effect of feed intake,68 lncRNAs were identified,primarily associated with cellular growth and death,signal transduc-tion,and metabolic regulation.Notably,the apoptosis-related pathway P53,lysosomes,and the fibrosis-related gene TGF-β2 were significantly upregulated by lncRNAs.Conclusions These findings indicate that chronic heat stress induces cellular apoptosis and muscle injury through lncRNA,leading to connective tissue accumulation,which likely contributes to reduced breast muscle yield and meat quality in broilers.展开更多
This study's goal is to present a dynamic portrait of the farm-buildings environment in Occitania,in Southern France,in order to better identify the transitions underway in agri-food chains.To this end,we undertoo...This study's goal is to present a dynamic portrait of the farm-buildings environment in Occitania,in Southern France,in order to better identify the transitions underway in agri-food chains.To this end,we undertook a ter-ritorial diagnosis based on actor statements,using 28 semi-structured interviews across Occitania.This diagnosis was enriched by graphic modelling,which enabled the spatialization of the dynamics described.We show that the process of standardisation of farm buildings prevails in the majority of the territories studied.This phenomenon has intensified in recent years with the development of vast photovoltaic-roofed sheds,accentuating the farm-land conversion and soil sealing.At the same time,in areas with strong environmental,landscape and heritage contexts,a'new adventure in farm buildings'(2022 survey)is taking shape.It is primarily driven by local short food chains,which rely on self-construction,repurposing and refurbishment,the sharing of tools and equipment,and which favour the use and reuse of local resources.This study shows that farm-buildings dynamics crystallise many challenges confronting the reterritorialisation of agriculture and food production.展开更多
Cereal is an essential source of calories and protein for the global population.Accurately predicting cereal quality before harvest is highly desirable in order to optimise management for farmers,grading harvest and c...Cereal is an essential source of calories and protein for the global population.Accurately predicting cereal quality before harvest is highly desirable in order to optimise management for farmers,grading harvest and categorised storage for enterprises,future trading prices,and policy planning.The use of remote sensing data with extensive spatial coverage demonstrates some potential in predicting crop quality traits.Many studies have also proposed models and methods for predicting such traits based on multiplatform remote sensing data.In this paper,the key quality traits that are of interest to producers and consumers are introduced.The literature related to grain quality prediction was analyzed in detail,and a review was conducted on remote sensing platforms,commonly used methods,potential gaps,and future trends in crop quality prediction.This review recommends new research directions that go beyond the traditional methods and discusses grain quality retrieval and the associated challenges from the perspective of remote sensing data.展开更多
Flight is a key feature of the reproduction and dispersal of emerging aquatic insects.However,morphological measurements of insect fight are mostly available for terrestrial taxa and dragonfies,while aquatic insects h...Flight is a key feature of the reproduction and dispersal of emerging aquatic insects.However,morphological measurements of insect fight are mostly available for terrestrial taxa and dragonfies,while aquatic insects have been poorly investigated.We analyzed 7 fight-related morphological parameters of 32 taxa belonging to 5 orders of emerging aquatic insects(Ephemeroptera,Trichoptera,Plecoptera,Diptera,and Megaloptera)with different life history traits related to fight(dispersal strategy,voltinism,adult lifespan,and swarming behavior).After correcting for allometry,we used an a priori-free approach to cluster the individuals according to their fight-related morphology.Then,we explored the levels of agreement between these clusters,taxonomy,and several life history traits of the taxa.All orders were scattered among several clusters,suggesting a large range of fight capacities,particularly for Diptera.We found swarming taxa in each cluster,showing that morphological adaptations to swarming are not identical in all aquatic insects.The clusters did not match the expected dispersal capacity of the taxa as derived from the literature or databases.Heavy wide-winged insects notably gathered taxa traditionally described as good or weak dispersers.Flight capacities based on morphology partly matched with the taxonomy and life-history traits of aquatic insect imagoes.Other parameters such as fight propensity,energy stores,and wing kinematics should help refne their fying and dispersal capacity.展开更多
Peanut is a worldwide oilseed crop and the need to assess germplasm in a non-destructive manner is important for seed nutritional breeding.In this study,Near Infrared Spectroscopy(NIRS)was applied to rapidly assess ge...Peanut is a worldwide oilseed crop and the need to assess germplasm in a non-destructive manner is important for seed nutritional breeding.In this study,Near Infrared Spectroscopy(NIRS)was applied to rapidly assess germplasm variability from whole seed of 699 samples,field-collected and assembled in four genetic and environmentbased sets:one set of 300 varieties of a core-collection and three sets of 133 genotypes of an interspecific population,evaluated in three environments in a large spatial scale of two countries,Mbalmayo and Bafia in Cameroon and Nioro in Senegal,under rainfed conditions.NIR elemental spectra were gathered on six subsets of seeds of each sample,after three rotation scans,with a spectral resolution of 16 cm-1over the spectral range of867 nm to 2530 nm.Spectra were then processed by principal component analysis(PCA)coupled with Partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA).As results,a huge variability was found between varieties and genotypes for all NIR wavelength within and between environments.The magnitude of genetic variation was particularly observed at 11 relevant wavelengths such as 1723 nm,usually related to oil content and fatty acid composition.PCA yielded the most chemical attributes in three significant PCs(i.e.,eigenvalues>10),which together captured 93%of the total variation,revealing genetic and environment structure of varieties and genotypes into four clusters,corresponding to the four samples sets.The pattern of genetic variability of the interspecific population covers,remarkably half of spectrum of the core-collection,turning out to be the largest.Interestingly,a PLS-DA model was developed and a strong accuracy of 99.6%was achieved for the four sets,aiming to classify each seed sample according to environment origin.The confusion matrix achieved for the two sets of Bafia and Nioro showed 100%of instances classified correctly with 100%at both sensitivity and specificity,confirming that their seed quality was different from each other and all other samples.Overall,NIRS chemometrics is useful to assess and distinguish seeds from different environments and highlights the value of the interspecific population and core-collection,as a source of nutritional diversity,to support the breeding efforts.展开更多
In arid and semiarid regions such as Niger, irrigated agriculture leads to soil salinization, particularly through irrigation water salts, and has adverse effects on crop production such as vegetable crops including o...In arid and semiarid regions such as Niger, irrigated agriculture leads to soil salinization, particularly through irrigation water salts, and has adverse effects on crop production such as vegetable crops including onion. The main objective of this study, conducted in the experimental site of Djibo Hamani University of Tahoua in Niger, was to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of onion crops irrigated with saline water. The experiment was performed in split-plot design to test tree type of fertilizer (chemical fertilizer, compost and millet glumes) and four (04) levels of irrigation water salinity in electrical conductivity values (ECw) (S0 = 0.28 dS/m as control, S1 = 2 dS/m, S2 = 4 dS/m and S3 = 6 dS/m). The growth parameters and bulb yield were evaluated during 4 months of onion cropping season. The results showed that the use of irrigation saline water significantly decreased the growth and bulb yield of onion crops. The yield in onion bulbs is 1.55 to 3.94 times higher with control (0.28 dS/m) than that with high saline water (ECw = 6 dS/m). Compared to control in irrigation water, the reduction in fresh onion bulb yield was 38.8, 52.6 and 63.5% respectively for ECw of 2, 4 and 6 dS/m. Furthermore, the application of organic fertilizers, particularly compost, improves salt-tolerance of onion crops in order to promote growth and bulb yield. Indeed, when irrigating onion crops with saline water (ECw of 2, 4 and 6 dS/m), the onion bulb yield is significantly higher under compost than under chemical fertilizer and glumes. At high irrigation saline water (ECw = 6 dS/m), the yield in onion bulbs is 1.9 and 2.1 times higher under compost than that under chemical fertilizer and glumes respectively. Thus, the compost is the promising organic amendment in a semiarid region of Tahoua in Niger to reduce the adverse effects of irrigation saline water on onion crop production.展开更多
Prickles are common structures in plants that play a key role in defense against herbivores.In the Rosa genus,prickles are widely present with great diversity in terms of form and density.For cut rose production,prick...Prickles are common structures in plants that play a key role in defense against herbivores.In the Rosa genus,prickles are widely present with great diversity in terms of form and density.For cut rose production,prickles represent an important issue,as they can damage the flower and injure workers.Our objectives were to precisely describe the types of prickles that exist in roses,their tissues of origin and their development.We performed a detailed histological analysis of prickle initiation and development in a rose F1 population.Based on the prickle investigation of 110 roses,we proposed the fi rst categorization of prickles in the Rosa genus.They are mainly divided into two categories,nonglandular prickles(NGPs)and glandular prickles(GPs),and subcategories were defined based on the presence/absence of hairs and branches.We demonstrated that NGPs and GPs both originate from multiple cells ofthe ground meristem beneath the protoderm.For GPs,the gland cells originate from the protoderm of the GP at the early developmental stage.Our findings clearly demonstrate that prickles are notmodified trichomes(which originate from the protoderm).These conclusions are different from the current mainstream hypothesis.These results provide a foundation for further studies on prickle initiation and development in plants.展开更多
Blooming seasonality is an important trait in ornamental plants and was selected by humans.Wild roses flower only in spring whereas most cultivated modern roses can flower continuously.This trait is explained by a mut...Blooming seasonality is an important trait in ornamental plants and was selected by humans.Wild roses flower only in spring whereas most cultivated modern roses can flower continuously.This trait is explained by a mutation of a floral repressor gene,RoKSN,a TFL1 homologue.In this work,we studied the origin,the diversity and the selection of the RoKSN gene.We analyzed 270 accessions,including wild and old cultivated Asian and European roses as well as modern roses.By sequencing the RoKSN gene,we proposed that the allele responsible for continuous-flowering,RoKSN copia,originated from Chinese wild roses(Indicae section),with a recent insertion of the copia element.Old cultivated Asian roses with the RoKSN copia allele were introduced in Europe,and the RoKSN copia allele was progressively selected during the 19th and 20th centuries,leading to continuous-flowering modern roses.Furthermore,we detected a new allele,RoKSN A181,leading to a weak reblooming.This allele encodes a functional floral repressor and is responsible for a moderate accumulation of RoKSN transcripts.A transient selection of this RoKSN A181 allele was observed during the 19th century.Our work highlights the selection of different alleles at the RoKSN locus for recurrent blooming in rose.展开更多
Microbial associates are widespread in insects,some conferring a protection to their hosts against natural enemies like parasitoids.These protective symbionts may affect the infection success of the parasitoid by modi...Microbial associates are widespread in insects,some conferring a protection to their hosts against natural enemies like parasitoids.These protective symbionts may affect the infection success of the parasitoid by modifying behavioral defenses of their hosts,the development success of the parasitoid by conferring a resistance against it or by altering life-history traits of the emerging parasitoids.Here,we assessed the effects of different protective bacterial symbionts on the entire sequence of the host-parasitoid interaction(i.e.,from parasitoid attack to offspring emergence)between the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum,and its main parasitoid,Aphidius ervi and their impacts on the life-history traits of the emerging parasitoids.To test whether symbiont-mediated phenotypes were general or specific to particular aphid-symbiont associations,we considered several aphid lineages,each harboring a different strain of either Hamiltonella defensa or Regiella insecticola,two protective symbionts commonly found in aphids.We found that symbiont species and strains had a weak effect on the ability of aphids to defend themselves against the parasitic wasps during the attack and a strong effect on aphid resistance against parasitoid development.While parasitism resistance was mainly determined by symbionts,their effects on host defensive behaviors varied from one aphid-symbiont association to another.Also,the symbiotic status of the aphid individuals had no impact on the attack rate of the parasitic wasps,the parasitoid emergence rate from parasitized aphids nor the life-history traits of the emerging parasitoids.Overall,no correlations between symbiont effects on the different stages of the host-parasitoid interaction was observed,suggesting no trade-offs or positive associations between symbiont-mediated phenotypes.Our study highlights the need to consider various sequences of the host-parasitoid interaction to better assess the outcomes of protective symbioses and understand the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of insect-symbiont associations.展开更多
Breeding of apple is a long-term and costly process due to the time and space requirements for screening selection candidates.Genomics-assisted breeding utilizes genomic and phenotypic information to increase the sele...Breeding of apple is a long-term and costly process due to the time and space requirements for screening selection candidates.Genomics-assisted breeding utilizes genomic and phenotypic information to increase the selection efficiency in breeding programs,and measurements of phenotypes in different environments can facilitate the application of the approach under various climatic conditions.Here we present an apple reference population:the apple REFPOP,a large collection formed of 534 genotypes planted in six European countries,as a unique tool to accelerate apple breeding.The population consisted of 269 accessions and 265 progeny from 27 parental combinations,representing the diversity in cultivated apple and current European breeding material,respectively.A high-density genome-wide dataset of 303,239 SNPs was produced as a combined output of two SNP arrays of different densities using marker imputation with an imputation accuracy of 0.95.Based on the genotypic data,linkage disequilibrium was low and population structure was weak.Two well-studied phenological traits of horticultural importance were measured.We found marker–trait associations in several previously identified genomic regions and maximum predictive abilities of 0.57 and 0.75 for floral emergence and harvest date,respectively.With decreasing SNP density,the detection of significant marker–trait associations varied depending on trait architecture.Regardless of the trait,10,000 SNPs sufficed to maximize genomic prediction ability.We confirm the suitability of the apple REFPOP design for genomics-assisted breeding,especially for breeding programs using related germplasm,and emphasize the advantages of a coordinated and multinational effort for customizing apple breeding methods in the genomics era.展开更多
Various biological constraints including erratic and asynchronous flowering between male and female plants hinder successful hybrid development and genetic gains in greater yam breeding programs.Therefore,pollen stora...Various biological constraints including erratic and asynchronous flowering between male and female plants hinder successful hybrid development and genetic gains in greater yam breeding programs.Therefore,pollen storage has gained much attention to facilitate artificial pollinations and increase the genetic gains.This 4-year study aimed at developing a practical long-term pollen storage technique for the successful development of yam hybrids.Fresh pollens were collected from two Dioscorea alata males,then lyophilized(two lyophilization treatments were applied),followed by storage at room temperature(24℃–25℃)for 12 months.Moreover,the lyophilized and stored pollens were tested for viability by crossing with four female varieties.Our results showed that lyophilization is effective for achieving viable pollens after 12 months of storage.Treatment 1(48 h drying)showed higher pollen germination and fertility rates than Treatment 2(72 h drying).Although we observed a reduction in viability of lyophilized pollens after 12 months of storage,we generated hybrid seedlings with success rates from 12%to 21%compared to 21%–31%when using fresh pollens.Paternity testing based on molecular genotyping confirmed the hybrid status of the obtained seedlings,which grew well in a greenhouse.Lyophilization is a practical approach for a long-term storage of greater yam pollen samples.This protocol will positively impact yam breeding programs particularly in developing countries.展开更多
Digital maps of soil properties are now widely available.End-users now can access several digital soil mapping(DSM)products of soil properties,produced using different models,calibration/training data,and covariates a...Digital maps of soil properties are now widely available.End-users now can access several digital soil mapping(DSM)products of soil properties,produced using different models,calibration/training data,and covariates at various spatial scales from global to local.Therefore,there is an urgent need to provide easy-to-understand tools to communicate map uncertainty and help end-users assess the reliability of DSM products for use at local scales.In this study,we used a large amount of hand-feel soil texture(HFST)data to assess the performance of various published DSM products on the prediction of soil particle size distribution in Central France.We tested four DSM products for soil texture prediction developed at various scales(global,continental,national,and regional)by comparing their predictions with approximately 3200 HFST observations realized on a 1:50000 soil survey conducted after release of these DSM products.We used both visual comparisons and quantitative indicators to match the DSM predictions and HFST observations.The comparison between the low-cost HFST observations and DSM predictions clearly showed the applicability of various DSM products,with the prediction accuracy increasing from global to regional predictions.This simple evaluation can determine which products can be used at the local scale and if more accurate DSM products are required.展开更多
Pedigree information is of fundamental importance in breeding programs and related genetics efforts.However,many individuals have unknown pedigrees.While methods to identify and confirm direct parent–offspring relati...Pedigree information is of fundamental importance in breeding programs and related genetics efforts.However,many individuals have unknown pedigrees.While methods to identify and confirm direct parent–offspring relationships are routine,those for other types of close relationships have yet to be effectively and widely implemented with plants,due to complications such as asexual propagation and extensive inbreeding.The objective of this study was to develop and demonstrate methods that support complex pedigree reconstruction via the total length of identical by state haplotypes(referred to in this study as“summed potential lengths of shared haplotypes”,SPLoSH).A custom Python script,HapShared,was developed to generate SPLoSH data in apple and sweet cherry.HapShared was used to establish empirical distributions of SPLoSH data for known relationships in these crops.These distributions were then used to estimate previously unknown relationships.Case studies in each crop demonstrated various pedigree reconstruction scenarios using SPLoSH data.For cherry,a full-sib relationship was deduced for‘Emperor Francis,and‘Schmidt’,a half-sib relationship for‘Van’and‘Windsor’,and the paternal grandparents of‘Stella’were confirmed.For apple,29 cultivars were found to share an unknown parent,the pedigree of the unknown parent of‘Cox’s Pomona’was reconstructed,and‘Fameuse’was deduced to be a likely grandparent of‘McIntosh’.Key genetic resources that enabled this empirical study were large genome-wide SNP array datasets,integrated genetic maps,and previously identified pedigree relationships.Crops with similar resources are also expected to benefit from using HapShared for empowering pedigree reconstruction.展开更多
The Action Group called‘Standardized methods across Permafrost Landscapes:from Arctic Soils to Hydrosystems’(SPLASH)is a community-driven effort aiming to provide a suite of standardized field strategies for samplin...The Action Group called‘Standardized methods across Permafrost Landscapes:from Arctic Soils to Hydrosystems’(SPLASH)is a community-driven effort aiming to provide a suite of standardized field strategies for sampling mineral and organic components in soils,sediments,and water across permafrost landscapes.This unified approach will allow data from different landscape interfaces,field locations and seasons to be shared and compared,thus improving our understanding of the processes occurring during lateral transport in circumpolar Arctic watersheds.展开更多
Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.) plays a crucial role in Ethiopian agriculture,serving both subsistence and commercial purposes.However,our understanding of the extensive genetic diversity and population structure of Ethiop...Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.) plays a crucial role in Ethiopian agriculture,serving both subsistence and commercial purposes.However,our understanding of the extensive genetic diversity and population structure of Ethiopian sesame remains limited.To address this knowledge gap,we genotyped 368 Ethiopian sesame germplasms,categorizing into four distinct breeding groups:Accessions,landraces,improved varieties,and wild types,using a comprehensive set of 28 polymorphic markers,including 23 simple sequence repeat(SSR) and five Insertion-Deletion(InDel) markers.These markers ensured robust genomic representation,with at least two markers per linkage group.Our results unveiled substantial genetic diversity,identifying a total of 535 alleles across all accessions.On average,each locus displayed 8.83 alleles,with observed and expected heterozygosity values of 0.30 and 0.36,respectively.Gene Diversity and Polymorphic Information Content(PIC) were recorded at 0.37 and 0.35.The percentage of polymorphic loci varied significantly among breeding groups,ranging from8.00% to 82.40%,indicating high diversity in accessions(82.4%),moderate diversity in improved varieties(31.20%) and landraces(29.60%),and limited diversity in wild types(8.00).Analysis of Molecular Variance(AMOVA) results emphasized significant genetic differentiation among populations,with substantial diversity(P<0.001) within each population.Approximately 8% of the entire genetic diversity could be attributed to distinctions among populations,while the larger proportion of genetic diversity(92%) resided within each individual sesame population,showcasing heightened diversity within each group.Our study’s findings received support from both Bayesian clustering and Neighbor-joining(NJ) analysis,reaffirming the credibility of our genetic structure insights.Notably,Population structure analysis at its highest Δk value(k=2) revealed the existence of two primary genetic clusters,further subdivided into four sub-populations at k=4.Similarly,NJ analysis identified two prominent clusters,each displaying additional sub-clustering.In conclusion,our research provides a comprehensive understanding of genetic groups,subpopulations,and overall diversity within Ethiopian sesame populations.These findings underscore the significant genetic diversity and population structure within Ethiopian sesame germplasm collections.This genetic richness holds promise for breeding and conservation efforts,highlighting the importance of preserving genetic diversity to ensure adaptation to changing environments and meet the needs of farmers and consumers.展开更多
<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Soil salinization is one of the major causes of land degradation. In Senegal, this phenomenon continues to grow, making soils unsu...<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Soil salinization is one of the major causes of land degradation. In Senegal, this phenomenon continues to grow, making soils unsuitable for agriculture. To rehabilitate salty lands, one of the recommended strategies is the use of salt-tolerant plants. Among them, plants of </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Casuarinaceae</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> family form a relationship with symbiotic microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen fixing bacteria. It has been shown that symbiotic microorganisms play an important role in the establishment of tolerant plants in saline conditions (Djighaly </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">et al</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">., 2018). They improve plant performance and reduce transplant shock under salt stress conditions (Diagne </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">et al</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">., 2014). These microorganisms can be used as biofertilizers. However, inocula containing symbiotic microorganisms are either too expensive or unavailable in many developing countries. The aim of this study is to test alternatively affordable and low-tech solutions to promote symbiotic interactions such as Casuarina crushed nodule, Casuarina rhizosphere soil and Casuarina leaves compost that may contain symbiotic microorganisms and also nutrients such as N and phosphorus. Two species of Casuarina (</span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Casuarina equisetifolia</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L. and </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Casuarina obesa</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Miq.) were grown in the greenhouse on sterile soil to which an amendment was added (Casuarina crushed nodules, Casuarina Rhizospheric soil or Casuarina leaves compost). Plants were subjected to saline stress. After four months of cultivation, they were harvested and morphological and physiological parameters were determined. Results showed that inoculation with Casuarina crushed nodules, Casuarina rhizospheric soil and Casuarina leaves compost improved growth, total dry biomass, total chlorophyll and proline contents of </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. equisetifolia</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. obesa</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants in salt stress condition. These positive effects were more important in </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. obesa</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants amended with Casuarina leaves compost. This study shows that Casuarina leaves compost can play an important role in the rehabilitation of saline soils by improving Casuarina trees performance in saline conditions.</span> </p>展开更多
Agroecosystems in the Senegalese groundnut basin experience long periods of high temperatures and drought, which disrupt the stability of soil microbial communities. This study evaluated how that stability is affected...Agroecosystems in the Senegalese groundnut basin experience long periods of high temperatures and drought, which disrupt the stability of soil microbial communities. This study evaluated how that stability is affected by homefields and outfields’ agricultural practices and the duration of heat stress. Specifically, we collected soils from organically farmed fields that receive continual high inputs of manure (homefields), and from fields that are rarely manured (outfields). Soil samples were submitted to artificial heat stress at 60°C for 3, 14, and 28 days, followed by 28 days of recovery at 28°C. We examined the functional stability of microbial communities by quantifying C mineralization, and characterized the stability of the communities’ taxonomic compositions via high-throughput DNA sequencing. We found that the microbial communities have a low resistance to heat stress in soils from both types of fields. However, the manuring practice does affect how the functional stability of microbial communities responds to different durations of heat stress. Although functional stability was not recovered fully in either soil, microbial community resilience seemed to be greater in homefield soils. Differences in manuring practices also affected the structural taxonomic stability of microbial communities: relative abundances of Bacilli, Chloroflexia, Actinobacteria and Sordariomycetes increased in the homefield stressed-soils, but decreased significantly in outfield soils. In contrast, relative abundances of α-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria and Eurotiomycetes increased significantly in outfield stressed-soils, while decreasing significantly in the homefield soils. Relative abundances of Bacilli changed little in outfield soils, indicating that this taxon is resistant to heat stress. In summary, the microbial communities’ capacities to resist heat stress and recover from it depend upon the organic richness of the soil (i.e., manuring practice) and the adaptation of soil microbes to environmental conditions.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2301304,2022YFD2301404-4,2023YFD2302600,and 2022YFE0116200)Open Subjects of the Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Plain,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China(2023F12)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301964)Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City Project(SKJC-2023-02-004)。
文摘One-time application of controlled-release blended fertilizer(CRBF,a mixture of five nitrogen(N)fertilizers in a certain ratio)can achieve high yield and N use efficiency(NUE)in rice(Oryza sativa L.).However,the effects of CRBF with one-time application on root spatial distribution and physiological characteristics remain unclear.We measured the effects of CRBF with one-time application on rice yield,NUE,root morphology and growth,and N uptake capacity in field and root box experiments.Six N treatments were set up:no nitrogen(N0),high-yield three-split application of urea as a control(CK),urea(U)with broadcast,U with side-deep fertilization,CRBF with broadcast,and CRBF with side-deep fertilization.Our findings showed that root characters were positively correlated with yield and NUE.Compared to CK and U treatments,CRBF with one-time applications increased root characters(including root biomass,root N uptake,root activity,and the expression level of ammonium transporters)at tillering and heading stages.The root length,surface area and volume in the 0-10 cm soil layer enhanced under CRBF with one-time applications at tillering stage,and in the 0-20 cm soil layer at the heading stage.This contributed a5.96%-39.40% and 3.69%-16.87% increase in plant dry matter accumulation and N uptake,and a2.08%-18.28% and 14.60%-149.57% increase in yield and NUE,in 2022 and 2023,respectively.Taken together,our findings showed that one-time application of CRBF could increase rice yield and NUE by optimizing the root morphology distribution and N uptake.
文摘The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of baobab seed washing and origin on the chemical composition of the oil extracted by pressing. Six (6) oil samples were obtained from seeds of three (3) geographical origins. The identification and quantification of fatty acids and the polyphenolic profile were carried out by GC-MS and HPLC-UV, respectively. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters allowed the identification and quantification of 18 fatty acids. Oils from unwashed seeds were richer in palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and arachidic (C20:0) acids. In addition, HPLC-UV analysis at 279 nm shows that oils from unwashed seeds are richer in tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and caffeic acid. With regard to the polyphenolic profile, gallic acid and quercetin were not detected in these baobab oils. Principal component analysis of fatty acid and phenolic compound content showed that oils from unwashed seeds would best preserve their chemical and associated potential bioactive characteristics.
文摘Biochar application to soil is commonly recognized to improve soil fertility and consequently biomass and food production sustainably.We re-examined the robustness of the underlying data and found that,of the 12000+ publications on“biochar and agriculture”used in meta-studies,only 109 Institute for Scientific Information(ISI)papers(or 0.9%)provide experimental data on the impacts on crop yield and/or biomass production.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072780,31872374)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0500501,2018YFD0500405)Earmarked Fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(JATS[2024]).
文摘Background Chronic heat stress(CHS)is a detrimental environmental stressor with a negative impact on the meat quality of broilers.However,the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.This study investigates the effects of CHS on long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)expression and muscle injury in broilers,with a focus on its implications for meat quality.Results The results showed that CHS diminished breast muscle yield,elevated abdominal fat deposition,induced cellular apoptosis(P<0.05),and caused myofibrosis.Transcriptomic analysis revealed 151 differentially expressed(DE)lncRNAs when comparing the normal control(NC)and HS groups,214 DE lncRNAs when comparing the HS and PF groups,and 79 DE lncRNAs when comparing the NC and pair-fed(PF)groups.After eliminating the confounding effect of feed intake,68 lncRNAs were identified,primarily associated with cellular growth and death,signal transduc-tion,and metabolic regulation.Notably,the apoptosis-related pathway P53,lysosomes,and the fibrosis-related gene TGF-β2 were significantly upregulated by lncRNAs.Conclusions These findings indicate that chronic heat stress induces cellular apoptosis and muscle injury through lncRNA,leading to connective tissue accumulation,which likely contributes to reduced breast muscle yield and meat quality in broilers.
文摘This study's goal is to present a dynamic portrait of the farm-buildings environment in Occitania,in Southern France,in order to better identify the transitions underway in agri-food chains.To this end,we undertook a ter-ritorial diagnosis based on actor statements,using 28 semi-structured interviews across Occitania.This diagnosis was enriched by graphic modelling,which enabled the spatialization of the dynamics described.We show that the process of standardisation of farm buildings prevails in the majority of the territories studied.This phenomenon has intensified in recent years with the development of vast photovoltaic-roofed sheds,accentuating the farm-land conversion and soil sealing.At the same time,in areas with strong environmental,landscape and heritage contexts,a'new adventure in farm buildings'(2022 survey)is taking shape.It is primarily driven by local short food chains,which rely on self-construction,repurposing and refurbishment,the sharing of tools and equipment,and which favour the use and reuse of local resources.This study shows that farm-buildings dynamics crystallise many challenges confronting the reterritorialisation of agriculture and food production.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42271396)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022MD017)+1 种基金the Key R&D Project of Hebei Province(22326406D)The European Space Agency(ESA)and Ministry of Science and Technology of China(MOST)Dragon(57457).
文摘Cereal is an essential source of calories and protein for the global population.Accurately predicting cereal quality before harvest is highly desirable in order to optimise management for farmers,grading harvest and categorised storage for enterprises,future trading prices,and policy planning.The use of remote sensing data with extensive spatial coverage demonstrates some potential in predicting crop quality traits.Many studies have also proposed models and methods for predicting such traits based on multiplatform remote sensing data.In this paper,the key quality traits that are of interest to producers and consumers are introduced.The literature related to grain quality prediction was analyzed in detail,and a review was conducted on remote sensing platforms,commonly used methods,potential gaps,and future trends in crop quality prediction.This review recommends new research directions that go beyond the traditional methods and discusses grain quality retrieval and the associated challenges from the perspective of remote sensing data.
基金funded by two grants from the LTSER Zone Atelier Armorique and Earth Sciences and Astronomy Observatory(OSUR)Rennes.
文摘Flight is a key feature of the reproduction and dispersal of emerging aquatic insects.However,morphological measurements of insect fight are mostly available for terrestrial taxa and dragonfies,while aquatic insects have been poorly investigated.We analyzed 7 fight-related morphological parameters of 32 taxa belonging to 5 orders of emerging aquatic insects(Ephemeroptera,Trichoptera,Plecoptera,Diptera,and Megaloptera)with different life history traits related to fight(dispersal strategy,voltinism,adult lifespan,and swarming behavior).After correcting for allometry,we used an a priori-free approach to cluster the individuals according to their fight-related morphology.Then,we explored the levels of agreement between these clusters,taxonomy,and several life history traits of the taxa.All orders were scattered among several clusters,suggesting a large range of fight capacities,particularly for Diptera.We found swarming taxa in each cluster,showing that morphological adaptations to swarming are not identical in all aquatic insects.The clusters did not match the expected dispersal capacity of the taxa as derived from the literature or databases.Heavy wide-winged insects notably gathered taxa traditionally described as good or weak dispersers.Flight capacities based on morphology partly matched with the taxonomy and life-history traits of aquatic insect imagoes.Other parameters such as fight propensity,energy stores,and wing kinematics should help refne their fying and dispersal capacity.
基金supported by the GENES intra-Africa Academic Mobility scheme of the European Union(EU-GENES:EACEA/2917/2552)the DESIRA-ABEE project funded by European Union。
文摘Peanut is a worldwide oilseed crop and the need to assess germplasm in a non-destructive manner is important for seed nutritional breeding.In this study,Near Infrared Spectroscopy(NIRS)was applied to rapidly assess germplasm variability from whole seed of 699 samples,field-collected and assembled in four genetic and environmentbased sets:one set of 300 varieties of a core-collection and three sets of 133 genotypes of an interspecific population,evaluated in three environments in a large spatial scale of two countries,Mbalmayo and Bafia in Cameroon and Nioro in Senegal,under rainfed conditions.NIR elemental spectra were gathered on six subsets of seeds of each sample,after three rotation scans,with a spectral resolution of 16 cm-1over the spectral range of867 nm to 2530 nm.Spectra were then processed by principal component analysis(PCA)coupled with Partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA).As results,a huge variability was found between varieties and genotypes for all NIR wavelength within and between environments.The magnitude of genetic variation was particularly observed at 11 relevant wavelengths such as 1723 nm,usually related to oil content and fatty acid composition.PCA yielded the most chemical attributes in three significant PCs(i.e.,eigenvalues>10),which together captured 93%of the total variation,revealing genetic and environment structure of varieties and genotypes into four clusters,corresponding to the four samples sets.The pattern of genetic variability of the interspecific population covers,remarkably half of spectrum of the core-collection,turning out to be the largest.Interestingly,a PLS-DA model was developed and a strong accuracy of 99.6%was achieved for the four sets,aiming to classify each seed sample according to environment origin.The confusion matrix achieved for the two sets of Bafia and Nioro showed 100%of instances classified correctly with 100%at both sensitivity and specificity,confirming that their seed quality was different from each other and all other samples.Overall,NIRS chemometrics is useful to assess and distinguish seeds from different environments and highlights the value of the interspecific population and core-collection,as a source of nutritional diversity,to support the breeding efforts.
文摘In arid and semiarid regions such as Niger, irrigated agriculture leads to soil salinization, particularly through irrigation water salts, and has adverse effects on crop production such as vegetable crops including onion. The main objective of this study, conducted in the experimental site of Djibo Hamani University of Tahoua in Niger, was to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of onion crops irrigated with saline water. The experiment was performed in split-plot design to test tree type of fertilizer (chemical fertilizer, compost and millet glumes) and four (04) levels of irrigation water salinity in electrical conductivity values (ECw) (S0 = 0.28 dS/m as control, S1 = 2 dS/m, S2 = 4 dS/m and S3 = 6 dS/m). The growth parameters and bulb yield were evaluated during 4 months of onion cropping season. The results showed that the use of irrigation saline water significantly decreased the growth and bulb yield of onion crops. The yield in onion bulbs is 1.55 to 3.94 times higher with control (0.28 dS/m) than that with high saline water (ECw = 6 dS/m). Compared to control in irrigation water, the reduction in fresh onion bulb yield was 38.8, 52.6 and 63.5% respectively for ECw of 2, 4 and 6 dS/m. Furthermore, the application of organic fertilizers, particularly compost, improves salt-tolerance of onion crops in order to promote growth and bulb yield. Indeed, when irrigating onion crops with saline water (ECw of 2, 4 and 6 dS/m), the onion bulb yield is significantly higher under compost than under chemical fertilizer and glumes. At high irrigation saline water (ECw = 6 dS/m), the yield in onion bulbs is 1.9 and 2.1 times higher under compost than that under chemical fertilizer and glumes respectively. Thus, the compost is the promising organic amendment in a semiarid region of Tahoua in Niger to reduce the adverse effects of irrigation saline water on onion crop production.
基金This work was supported by funding from the National Natural Scienee Foundation of China(31760585)the China Scholarship Council([2017]3109).
文摘Prickles are common structures in plants that play a key role in defense against herbivores.In the Rosa genus,prickles are widely present with great diversity in terms of form and density.For cut rose production,prickles represent an important issue,as they can damage the flower and injure workers.Our objectives were to precisely describe the types of prickles that exist in roses,their tissues of origin and their development.We performed a detailed histological analysis of prickle initiation and development in a rose F1 population.Based on the prickle investigation of 110 roses,we proposed the fi rst categorization of prickles in the Rosa genus.They are mainly divided into two categories,nonglandular prickles(NGPs)and glandular prickles(GPs),and subcategories were defined based on the presence/absence of hairs and branches.We demonstrated that NGPs and GPs both originate from multiple cells ofthe ground meristem beneath the protoderm.For GPs,the gland cells originate from the protoderm of the GP at the early developmental stage.Our findings clearly demonstrate that prickles are notmodified trichomes(which originate from the protoderm).These conclusions are different from the current mainstream hypothesis.These results provide a foundation for further studies on prickle initiation and development in plants.
文摘Blooming seasonality is an important trait in ornamental plants and was selected by humans.Wild roses flower only in spring whereas most cultivated modern roses can flower continuously.This trait is explained by a mutation of a floral repressor gene,RoKSN,a TFL1 homologue.In this work,we studied the origin,the diversity and the selection of the RoKSN gene.We analyzed 270 accessions,including wild and old cultivated Asian and European roses as well as modern roses.By sequencing the RoKSN gene,we proposed that the allele responsible for continuous-flowering,RoKSN copia,originated from Chinese wild roses(Indicae section),with a recent insertion of the copia element.Old cultivated Asian roses with the RoKSN copia allele were introduced in Europe,and the RoKSN copia allele was progressively selected during the 19th and 20th centuries,leading to continuous-flowering modern roses.Furthermore,we detected a new allele,RoKSN A181,leading to a weak reblooming.This allele encodes a functional floral repressor and is responsible for a moderate accumulation of RoKSN transcripts.A transient selection of this RoKSN A181 allele was observed during the 19th century.Our work highlights the selection of different alleles at the RoKSN locus for recurrent blooming in rose.
基金This study was supported by the project ANR Hmicmac 16-CE02-0014 to J.C.S.and Y.O.
文摘Microbial associates are widespread in insects,some conferring a protection to their hosts against natural enemies like parasitoids.These protective symbionts may affect the infection success of the parasitoid by modifying behavioral defenses of their hosts,the development success of the parasitoid by conferring a resistance against it or by altering life-history traits of the emerging parasitoids.Here,we assessed the effects of different protective bacterial symbionts on the entire sequence of the host-parasitoid interaction(i.e.,from parasitoid attack to offspring emergence)between the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum,and its main parasitoid,Aphidius ervi and their impacts on the life-history traits of the emerging parasitoids.To test whether symbiont-mediated phenotypes were general or specific to particular aphid-symbiont associations,we considered several aphid lineages,each harboring a different strain of either Hamiltonella defensa or Regiella insecticola,two protective symbionts commonly found in aphids.We found that symbiont species and strains had a weak effect on the ability of aphids to defend themselves against the parasitic wasps during the attack and a strong effect on aphid resistance against parasitoid development.While parasitism resistance was mainly determined by symbionts,their effects on host defensive behaviors varied from one aphid-symbiont association to another.Also,the symbiotic status of the aphid individuals had no impact on the attack rate of the parasitic wasps,the parasitoid emergence rate from parasitized aphids nor the life-history traits of the emerging parasitoids.Overall,no correlations between symbiont effects on the different stages of the host-parasitoid interaction was observed,suggesting no trade-offs or positive associations between symbiont-mediated phenotypes.Our study highlights the need to consider various sequences of the host-parasitoid interaction to better assess the outcomes of protective symbioses and understand the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of insect-symbiont associations.
基金supported by the project RIS3CAT(COTPAFRUIT3CAT)financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the FEDER frame of Catalonia 2014–2020 and by the CERCA Program from Generalitat de Catalunya.
文摘Breeding of apple is a long-term and costly process due to the time and space requirements for screening selection candidates.Genomics-assisted breeding utilizes genomic and phenotypic information to increase the selection efficiency in breeding programs,and measurements of phenotypes in different environments can facilitate the application of the approach under various climatic conditions.Here we present an apple reference population:the apple REFPOP,a large collection formed of 534 genotypes planted in six European countries,as a unique tool to accelerate apple breeding.The population consisted of 269 accessions and 265 progeny from 27 parental combinations,representing the diversity in cultivated apple and current European breeding material,respectively.A high-density genome-wide dataset of 303,239 SNPs was produced as a combined output of two SNP arrays of different densities using marker imputation with an imputation accuracy of 0.95.Based on the genotypic data,linkage disequilibrium was low and population structure was weak.Two well-studied phenological traits of horticultural importance were measured.We found marker–trait associations in several previously identified genomic regions and maximum predictive abilities of 0.57 and 0.75 for floral emergence and harvest date,respectively.With decreasing SNP density,the detection of significant marker–trait associations varied depending on trait architecture.Regardless of the trait,10,000 SNPs sufficed to maximize genomic prediction ability.We confirm the suitability of the apple REFPOP design for genomics-assisted breeding,especially for breeding programs using related germplasm,and emphasize the advantages of a coordinated and multinational effort for customizing apple breeding methods in the genomics era.
基金financially supported by the AfricaYam Project(Grant OPP1052998-Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation).
文摘Various biological constraints including erratic and asynchronous flowering between male and female plants hinder successful hybrid development and genetic gains in greater yam breeding programs.Therefore,pollen storage has gained much attention to facilitate artificial pollinations and increase the genetic gains.This 4-year study aimed at developing a practical long-term pollen storage technique for the successful development of yam hybrids.Fresh pollens were collected from two Dioscorea alata males,then lyophilized(two lyophilization treatments were applied),followed by storage at room temperature(24℃–25℃)for 12 months.Moreover,the lyophilized and stored pollens were tested for viability by crossing with four female varieties.Our results showed that lyophilization is effective for achieving viable pollens after 12 months of storage.Treatment 1(48 h drying)showed higher pollen germination and fertility rates than Treatment 2(72 h drying).Although we observed a reduction in viability of lyophilized pollens after 12 months of storage,we generated hybrid seedlings with success rates from 12%to 21%compared to 21%–31%when using fresh pollens.Paternity testing based on molecular genotyping confirmed the hybrid status of the obtained seedlings,which grew well in a greenhouse.Lyophilization is a practical approach for a long-term storage of greater yam pollen samples.This protocol will positively impact yam breeding programs particularly in developing countries.
文摘Digital maps of soil properties are now widely available.End-users now can access several digital soil mapping(DSM)products of soil properties,produced using different models,calibration/training data,and covariates at various spatial scales from global to local.Therefore,there is an urgent need to provide easy-to-understand tools to communicate map uncertainty and help end-users assess the reliability of DSM products for use at local scales.In this study,we used a large amount of hand-feel soil texture(HFST)data to assess the performance of various published DSM products on the prediction of soil particle size distribution in Central France.We tested four DSM products for soil texture prediction developed at various scales(global,continental,national,and regional)by comparing their predictions with approximately 3200 HFST observations realized on a 1:50000 soil survey conducted after release of these DSM products.We used both visual comparisons and quantitative indicators to match the DSM predictions and HFST observations.The comparison between the low-cost HFST observations and DSM predictions clearly showed the applicability of various DSM products,with the prediction accuracy increasing from global to regional predictions.This simple evaluation can determine which products can be used at the local scale and if more accurate DSM products are required.
基金Funding for this research was in part provided by the Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur through the EGON project:“Research for a sustainable agricultural production:Development of organically bred fruit cultivars in creative commons initiatives”,the USDA NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative projects,“RosBREED:Enabling marker-assisted breeding in Rosaceae”(2009-51181-05808)“RosBREED 2:Combining disease resistance with horticultural quality in new rosaceous cultivars”(2014-51181-22378),USDA NIFA Hatch project 1014919,and State Agricultural Experiment Station-University of Minnesota Project MIN-21-040.Part of the 20K Infinium SNP data came from the FruitBreedomics project no 265582:“Integrated approach for increasing breeding efficiency in fruit tree crops”50,which was co-funded by the EU seventh Framework Programme.
文摘Pedigree information is of fundamental importance in breeding programs and related genetics efforts.However,many individuals have unknown pedigrees.While methods to identify and confirm direct parent–offspring relationships are routine,those for other types of close relationships have yet to be effectively and widely implemented with plants,due to complications such as asexual propagation and extensive inbreeding.The objective of this study was to develop and demonstrate methods that support complex pedigree reconstruction via the total length of identical by state haplotypes(referred to in this study as“summed potential lengths of shared haplotypes”,SPLoSH).A custom Python script,HapShared,was developed to generate SPLoSH data in apple and sweet cherry.HapShared was used to establish empirical distributions of SPLoSH data for known relationships in these crops.These distributions were then used to estimate previously unknown relationships.Case studies in each crop demonstrated various pedigree reconstruction scenarios using SPLoSH data.For cherry,a full-sib relationship was deduced for‘Emperor Francis,and‘Schmidt’,a half-sib relationship for‘Van’and‘Windsor’,and the paternal grandparents of‘Stella’were confirmed.For apple,29 cultivars were found to share an unknown parent,the pedigree of the unknown parent of‘Cox’s Pomona’was reconstructed,and‘Fameuse’was deduced to be a likely grandparent of‘McIntosh’.Key genetic resources that enabled this empirical study were large genome-wide SNP array datasets,integrated genetic maps,and previously identified pedigree relationships.Crops with similar resources are also expected to benefit from using HapShared for empowering pedigree reconstruction.
文摘The Action Group called‘Standardized methods across Permafrost Landscapes:from Arctic Soils to Hydrosystems’(SPLASH)is a community-driven effort aiming to provide a suite of standardized field strategies for sampling mineral and organic components in soils,sediments,and water across permafrost landscapes.This unified approach will allow data from different landscape interfaces,field locations and seasons to be shared and compared,thus improving our understanding of the processes occurring during lateral transport in circumpolar Arctic watersheds.
基金funded by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI)China Agriculture Research System(CARS14)+2 种基金Hubei International Science and Technology Cooperation Project(2022EHB034)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Hubei Province(2021-620-000-001-035)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution(2013).
文摘Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.) plays a crucial role in Ethiopian agriculture,serving both subsistence and commercial purposes.However,our understanding of the extensive genetic diversity and population structure of Ethiopian sesame remains limited.To address this knowledge gap,we genotyped 368 Ethiopian sesame germplasms,categorizing into four distinct breeding groups:Accessions,landraces,improved varieties,and wild types,using a comprehensive set of 28 polymorphic markers,including 23 simple sequence repeat(SSR) and five Insertion-Deletion(InDel) markers.These markers ensured robust genomic representation,with at least two markers per linkage group.Our results unveiled substantial genetic diversity,identifying a total of 535 alleles across all accessions.On average,each locus displayed 8.83 alleles,with observed and expected heterozygosity values of 0.30 and 0.36,respectively.Gene Diversity and Polymorphic Information Content(PIC) were recorded at 0.37 and 0.35.The percentage of polymorphic loci varied significantly among breeding groups,ranging from8.00% to 82.40%,indicating high diversity in accessions(82.4%),moderate diversity in improved varieties(31.20%) and landraces(29.60%),and limited diversity in wild types(8.00).Analysis of Molecular Variance(AMOVA) results emphasized significant genetic differentiation among populations,with substantial diversity(P<0.001) within each population.Approximately 8% of the entire genetic diversity could be attributed to distinctions among populations,while the larger proportion of genetic diversity(92%) resided within each individual sesame population,showcasing heightened diversity within each group.Our study’s findings received support from both Bayesian clustering and Neighbor-joining(NJ) analysis,reaffirming the credibility of our genetic structure insights.Notably,Population structure analysis at its highest Δk value(k=2) revealed the existence of two primary genetic clusters,further subdivided into four sub-populations at k=4.Similarly,NJ analysis identified two prominent clusters,each displaying additional sub-clustering.In conclusion,our research provides a comprehensive understanding of genetic groups,subpopulations,and overall diversity within Ethiopian sesame populations.These findings underscore the significant genetic diversity and population structure within Ethiopian sesame germplasm collections.This genetic richness holds promise for breeding and conservation efforts,highlighting the importance of preserving genetic diversity to ensure adaptation to changing environments and meet the needs of farmers and consumers.
文摘<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Soil salinization is one of the major causes of land degradation. In Senegal, this phenomenon continues to grow, making soils unsuitable for agriculture. To rehabilitate salty lands, one of the recommended strategies is the use of salt-tolerant plants. Among them, plants of </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Casuarinaceae</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> family form a relationship with symbiotic microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen fixing bacteria. It has been shown that symbiotic microorganisms play an important role in the establishment of tolerant plants in saline conditions (Djighaly </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">et al</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">., 2018). They improve plant performance and reduce transplant shock under salt stress conditions (Diagne </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">et al</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">., 2014). These microorganisms can be used as biofertilizers. However, inocula containing symbiotic microorganisms are either too expensive or unavailable in many developing countries. The aim of this study is to test alternatively affordable and low-tech solutions to promote symbiotic interactions such as Casuarina crushed nodule, Casuarina rhizosphere soil and Casuarina leaves compost that may contain symbiotic microorganisms and also nutrients such as N and phosphorus. Two species of Casuarina (</span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Casuarina equisetifolia</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L. and </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Casuarina obesa</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Miq.) were grown in the greenhouse on sterile soil to which an amendment was added (Casuarina crushed nodules, Casuarina Rhizospheric soil or Casuarina leaves compost). Plants were subjected to saline stress. After four months of cultivation, they were harvested and morphological and physiological parameters were determined. Results showed that inoculation with Casuarina crushed nodules, Casuarina rhizospheric soil and Casuarina leaves compost improved growth, total dry biomass, total chlorophyll and proline contents of </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. equisetifolia</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. obesa</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants in salt stress condition. These positive effects were more important in </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. obesa</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants amended with Casuarina leaves compost. This study shows that Casuarina leaves compost can play an important role in the rehabilitation of saline soils by improving Casuarina trees performance in saline conditions.</span> </p>
文摘Agroecosystems in the Senegalese groundnut basin experience long periods of high temperatures and drought, which disrupt the stability of soil microbial communities. This study evaluated how that stability is affected by homefields and outfields’ agricultural practices and the duration of heat stress. Specifically, we collected soils from organically farmed fields that receive continual high inputs of manure (homefields), and from fields that are rarely manured (outfields). Soil samples were submitted to artificial heat stress at 60°C for 3, 14, and 28 days, followed by 28 days of recovery at 28°C. We examined the functional stability of microbial communities by quantifying C mineralization, and characterized the stability of the communities’ taxonomic compositions via high-throughput DNA sequencing. We found that the microbial communities have a low resistance to heat stress in soils from both types of fields. However, the manuring practice does affect how the functional stability of microbial communities responds to different durations of heat stress. Although functional stability was not recovered fully in either soil, microbial community resilience seemed to be greater in homefield soils. Differences in manuring practices also affected the structural taxonomic stability of microbial communities: relative abundances of Bacilli, Chloroflexia, Actinobacteria and Sordariomycetes increased in the homefield stressed-soils, but decreased significantly in outfield soils. In contrast, relative abundances of α-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria and Eurotiomycetes increased significantly in outfield stressed-soils, while decreasing significantly in the homefield soils. Relative abundances of Bacilli changed little in outfield soils, indicating that this taxon is resistant to heat stress. In summary, the microbial communities’ capacities to resist heat stress and recover from it depend upon the organic richness of the soil (i.e., manuring practice) and the adaptation of soil microbes to environmental conditions.
