In the global transition towards sustainable energy sources,hydrogen energy has emerged as an indispensable pillar in reshaping the energy landscape,owing to its environmental sustainability,zero emissions,and high ef...In the global transition towards sustainable energy sources,hydrogen energy has emerged as an indispensable pillar in reshaping the energy landscape,owing to its environmental sustainability,zero emissions,and high efficiency.Nevertheless,the large-scale deployment of hydrogen energy is confronted with substantial technical barriers in storage and transportation.Although contemporary research has shifted focus to the development of highly efficient hydrogen storage materials,conventional material design concepts remain predominantly empirical,typically relying on trial-and-error methodologies.Importantly,the widespread application of artificial intelligence technologies in accelerating materials discovery and optimization has attracted considerable attention.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in hydrogen storage technologies,with an emphasis on the synergistic application of high-throughput screening and machine learning in solid-state hydrogen storage materials.These approaches demonstrate exceptional potential in accurately predicting hydrogen storage properties,optimizing material performance,and accelerating the development of innovative hydrogen storage materials.Specifically,we discuss in detail the essential role of artificial intelligence in developing hydrogen storage materials such as metal hydrides,alloys,carbon materials,metal–organic frameworks,and zeolites.Moreover,underground hydrogen storage is further explored as a scalable renewable energy storage solution,particularly in terms of optimizing storage parameters and performance prediction.By systematically analyzing the limitations of existing hydrogen storage approaches and the transformative potential of artificial intelligence-driven methods,this review offers insights into the discovery and optimization of high-performance hydrogen storage materials,contributing to sustainable global energy development and technological innovation.展开更多
Organoids are derived from self-organizing stem cells and form three-dimensional structures that are structurally and functionally similar to in vivo tissues.With the ability to replicate the in vivo microenvironment ...Organoids are derived from self-organizing stem cells and form three-dimensional structures that are structurally and functionally similar to in vivo tissues.With the ability to replicate the in vivo microenvironment and maintain genetic stability,organoids have become a powerful tool for elucidating developmental mechanisms,accurately modeling disease processes,and efficiently screening drug candidates,and have also demonstrated significant value in the field of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)-including applications in screening active components of TCM,studying TCM pharmacodynamic mechanisms,evaluating TCM safety,and verifying the effects of traditional non-pharmacological therapies such as acupuncture and yoga.Organoids can be cultured using air-liquid interface systems,bioreactors,and vascularization techniques.They are widely used in drug screening,disease modeling,precision medicine,and toxicity assessment.However,current limitations include high costs,difficulty in accurately replicating the microenvironment,and ethical concerns.In this review,we systematically retrieve,synthesize,and analyze relevant literature to elucidate the culture methods of organoid technology,its diverse applications across various fields,and the challenges it faces.In the future,integration with artificial intelligence may provide new insights and strategies for drug development and disease research and the modernization of TCM.展开更多
Lithium-based batteries(LiBs)are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices,thanks to their unparalleled energy density,minimal self-discharge rates,...Lithium-based batteries(LiBs)are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices,thanks to their unparalleled energy density,minimal self-discharge rates,and favorable cycle life.However,the inherent safety risks and performance degradation of LiB over time impose continuous monitoring facilitated by sophisticated battery management systems(BMS).This review comprehensively analyzes the current state of sensor technologies for smart LiBs,focusing on their advancements,opportunities,and potential challenges.Sensors are classified into two primary groups based on their application:safety monitoring and performance optimization.Safety monitoring sensors,including temperature,pressure,strain,gas,acoustic,and magnetic sensors,focus on detecting conditions that could lead to hazardous situations.Performance optimization sensors,such as optical-based and electrochemical-based,monitor factors such as state of charge and state of health,emphasizing operational efficiency and lifespan.The review also highlights the importance of integrating these sensors with advanced algorithms and control approaches to optimize charging and discharge cycles.Potential advancements driven by nanotechnology,wireless sensor networks,miniaturization,and machine learning algorithms are also discussed.However,challenges related to sensor miniaturization,power consumption,cost efficiency,and compatibility with existing BMS need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of LiB sensor technologies.This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the current landscape and future directions of sensor innovations in smart LiBs,guiding further research and development efforts to enhance battery performance,reliability,and safety.Integration of advanced sensor technologies for smart LiBs:integrating non-optical multi-parameter,optical-based,and electrochemical sensors within the BMS to achieve higher safety,improved efficiency,early warning mechanisms,and TR prevention.Potential advancements are driven by nanotechnology,wireless sensor networks,miniaturization,and advanced algorithms,addressing key challenges to enhance battery performance and reliability.展开更多
The existence of outliers can seriously influence the analysis of variational data assimilation.Quality control allows us to effectively eliminate or absorb these outliers to produce better analysis fields.In particul...The existence of outliers can seriously influence the analysis of variational data assimilation.Quality control allows us to effectively eliminate or absorb these outliers to produce better analysis fields.In particular,variational quality control(VarQC) can process gray zone outliers and is thus broadly used in variational data assimilation systems.In this study,governing equations are derived for two VarQC algorithms that utilize different contaminated Gaussian distributions(CGDs): Gaussian plus flat distribution and Huber norm distribution.As such,these VarQC algorithms can handle outliers that have non-Gaussian innovations.Then,these VarQC algorithms are implemented in the Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System(GRAPES) model-level three-dimensional variational data assimilation(m3 DVAR) system.Tests using artificial observations indicate that the VarQC method using the Huber distribution has stronger robustness for including outliers to improve posterior analysis than the VarQC method using the Gaussian plus flat distribution.Furthermore,real observation experiments show that the distribution of observation analysis weights conform well with theory,indicating that the application of VarQC is effective in the GRAPES m3 DVAR system.Subsequent case study and longperiod data assimilation experiments show that the spatial distribution and amplitude of the observation analysis weights are related to the analysis increments of the mass field(geopotential height and temperature).Compared to the control experiment,VarQC experiments have noticeably better posterior mass fields.Finally,the VarQC method using the Huber distribution is superior to the VarQC method using the Gaussian plus flat distribution,especially at the middle and lower levels.展开更多
In February 2022,we were deeply shocked and sad-dened to hear of the death of Dr C.Richard Conti,a legendary cardiovascular educator,researcher,and Co-Editor-in-Chief of Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications.Dr ...In February 2022,we were deeply shocked and sad-dened to hear of the death of Dr C.Richard Conti,a legendary cardiovascular educator,researcher,and Co-Editor-in-Chief of Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications.Dr Conti was a fi rst-class editor who led CVIA with great commitment.The Editorial Board members wish to express their great sad-ness about the passing of Dr Conti;his enthusias-tic and passionate work for the journal will not be forgotten.展开更多
We live in a rapidly changing world.Firstly,emerging and developing countries’ research and innovation capabilities are increasing rapidly.China is the most impressive example,having dramatically increased its expend...We live in a rapidly changing world.Firstly,emerging and developing countries’ research and innovation capabilities are increasing rapidly.China is the most impressive example,having dramatically increased its expenditure on research and development(R&D)and its human resources for science and technology.As a result,China’s share of global knowledge resources has grown dramatically in the past 30years.Secondly,the nature of innovation is changing.Innovation used to be very much defined and dominated by large companies in Europe,North America and Japan,characterized by a strongly science driven and linear process in which knowledge was generated in academia and then展开更多
The effective delivery of therapeutic drugs is fundamental to modern medical practice.However,conventional administration methods,primarily oral and parenteral injection,exhibit numerous limitations,including the subo...The effective delivery of therapeutic drugs is fundamental to modern medical practice.However,conventional administration methods,primarily oral and parenteral injection,exhibit numerous limitations,including the suboptimal bioavailability of macromolecules and challenges related to patient compliance.The advent of microneedle(MN)technology is reshaping strategies in the biomedical field,effectively overcoming the constraints of traditional drug delivery and diagnostic approaches.Research indicates that MNs can penetrate the stratum corneum to form transient microchannels,facilitating the transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents while bypassing gastrointestinal and hepatic barriers.This customizable and personalized drug delivery system holds significant potential for clinical application.Beyond drug delivery,MNs also have the capacity to transform healthcare models through real-time biomarker monitoring enabled by contact with interstitial fluid.This technology demonstrates considerable promise in managing chronic conditions such as diabetes,while also opening avenues for applications in vaccination,tissue regeneration,and cancer therapy.Recent innovations include the development of stimulus-responsive MNs for precision medicine and their integration with wearable devices to achieve closed-loop therapeutic diagnostics.Despite the substantial promise of this field,challenges remain regarding clinical translation,particularly in relation to biocompatibility,mechanical strength,and drug stability.This review outlines MN classifications,design principles,and applications,emphasizing their expanding role not only in healthcare but also in precision medicine,global health,and food safety.By overcoming current barriers and integrating emerging technologies,MNs have the potential to transform diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms,delivering scalable,patient-centered solutions to a broad range of biomedical challenges.展开更多
Gravitational wave astronomy has opened a new window to the universe,allowing us to explore cosmic phenomena with unprecedented precision.Current detectors like LIGO[1],Virgo[1],KAGRA[1],LISA[2],Taiji[3],and Tian Qin[...Gravitational wave astronomy has opened a new window to the universe,allowing us to explore cosmic phenomena with unprecedented precision.Current detectors like LIGO[1],Virgo[1],KAGRA[1],LISA[2],Taiji[3],and Tian Qin[3]have made significant strides in gravitational wave detection.However,the demand for more sensitive and comprehensive detection capabilities continues to grow.展开更多
Targeted protein degradation(TPD)technologies have emerged as a powerful strategy for eliminating disease-causing proteins by hijacking endogenous degradation systems.Over the past decade,multiple TPD modalities—such...Targeted protein degradation(TPD)technologies have emerged as a powerful strategy for eliminating disease-causing proteins by hijacking endogenous degradation systems.Over the past decade,multiple TPD modalities—such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras(PROTACs),molecular glues,lysosometargeting chimeras(LYTACs),autophagy-targeting chimeras(AUTACs),and others—have been developed to engage distinct cellular degradation pathways including the proteasome and lysosome systems.Despite their therapeutic promise,current TPD agents still face challenges of poor solubility,limited bioavailability,and inefficient delivery.To address these barriers,this review highlights the integration of nanotechnology with TPD as a promising approach.We summarize recent progress in proteasome-and lysosome-directed TPD strategies and describe how nanomaterials—including liposomes,polymers,inorganic nanoparticles,carbon dots,and ferritin—are applied to construct multivalent degraders,enhance pharmacokinetics,and demonstrate synergistic efficacy when combined with chemotherapy,immunotherapy,or catalytic therapies.In addition,we discuss the emerging convergence of nanozymes with TPD,where catalytic generation of reactive oxygen species not only regulates ubiquitination–deubiquitination balance but also facilitates endosomal disruption and boosts therapeutic efficacy.By bridging mechanistic innovation with nano-enabled platforms,nano-based TPD technologies offer enhanced precision,safety,and multifunctionality.Their continued advancement is poised to accelerate clinical translation and reshape strategies for treating complex and previously intractable diseases.展开更多
The 2024World Health Organization(WHO)Global Tuberculosis Report underscores progress and persisting challenges in the fight against tuberculosis(TB).1 TB remains a significant global health concern,with a slight stab...The 2024World Health Organization(WHO)Global Tuberculosis Report underscores progress and persisting challenges in the fight against tuberculosis(TB).1 TB remains a significant global health concern,with a slight stabilization in the incidence rate following disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.However,achieving the goals of the End TB Strategy by 2035 requires more accelerated efforts.2 The report reveals that,while the global rise in TB incidence has slowed,the number of people falling ill with TB continues to rise,highlighted by a global estimate of 10.8 million TB cases in 2023,with 30 high TB burden countries accounting for 87%of the global total TB cases.It is noteworthy that five countries accounted for 56%of the global TB burden,with India contributing the largest share at 26%,followed by Indonesia at 10%,China at 6.8%,the Philippines at 6.8%and Pakistan at 6.3%.Despite a reduction in TB deaths globally(approximately 1.25 million in 2023 compared with 1.32 million in 2022),TB has reclaimed its position as the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent,surpassing COVID-19.TB deaths are primarily due to complications resulting from untreated or poorly managed TB infections.The leading causes of death include the progression of pulmonary TB and TB with HIV/AIDS.Highmortality TB diseases such as tuberculous meningitis,miliary TB and disseminated TB remain critically neglected,receiving insufficient attention and lacking adequate treatment strategies.3–6 Addressing this neglect requires urgent investment in advanced diagnostics,personalized treatments and innovative drug therapies.Expanding healthcare capacity and establishing effective treatment standards are vital to combating these overlooked diseases and reducing mortality,particularly amid rising drug resistance.展开更多
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory dermatological disorder characterized by immune dysregulation,oxidative stress,and elevated levels of circulating cell-free DNA.Although systemic or topical immunosuppressants remai...Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory dermatological disorder characterized by immune dysregulation,oxidative stress,and elevated levels of circulating cell-free DNA.Although systemic or topical immunosuppressants remain the cornerstone of psoriasis management,conventional therapeutic strategies are hindered by several limitations,including suboptimal drug delivery efficiency,off-target adverse effects,and poor patient adherence.Recently,microneedle(MN)technology has emerged as a transformative approach for psoriasis treatment and diagnosis,leveraging its unique advantages in targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive biomarker monitoring.This review provides a timely and comprehensive analysis of MN-mediated therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for psoriasis.First,we systematically elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying psoriasis.Subsequently,we explore the multifaceted applications of MNs in both therapeutic and diagnostic domains:(1)MNs enable the transdermal administration of diverse therapeutic agents,including small-molecule drugs,oligonucleotides,DNA-based therapies,monoclonal antibodies,inactivated viruses,and nanoparticles,offering enhanced precision in psoriasis treatment;(2)MNs facilitate minimally invasive extraction of disease-associated biomarkers from interstitial fluid,enabling real-time assessment of disease onset and progression.Finally,we critically evaluate the current challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.We anticipate that this review will provide valuable insights to guide further advancements in MN-based technologies for optimized psoriasis management.展开更多
The development of sustainable biomaterials has recently attracted great interest in the fields of flexible electronics and biosensing hydrogels.Hydrogels are a class of three-dimensional spatial network structure,and...The development of sustainable biomaterials has recently attracted great interest in the fields of flexible electronics and biosensing hydrogels.Hydrogels are a class of three-dimensional spatial network structure,and their structure and shape can exhibit reversible or noticeable responses to various stimuli,making them a popular choice for flexible electronic materials in recent years.Acrylic hydrogels,which possess a rich carboxylate network,can provide significant sensing and actuation properties to the hydrogels.They are often synthesized through the co-polymerization of their monomers and cross-linking agents,and they can be combined with naturally occurring biopolymers such as cellulose and chitosan to enhance biocompatibility.In this paper,we re-view the compounding methods and preparation process technologies of functionalized acrylic hydrogels and the application of polyacrylic acid(PAA)bioproducts in various fields.Finally,we review the current challenges and future directions for acrylic hydrogel prepared sensors and their applications.展开更多
In the rapidly evolving field of wearable electronics,stretchy organic solar cells(OSCs)have emerged as promising candidates for portable power sources,necessitating materials with superior mechanical flexibility.Howe...In the rapidly evolving field of wearable electronics,stretchy organic solar cells(OSCs)have emerged as promising candidates for portable power sources,necessitating materials with superior mechanical flexibility.However,the inherent rigidity of conjugated backbones in top-performance photovoltaic polymers,such as PM6,poses a significant challenge,as it makes photovoltaic films prone to fracture under mechanical strain.Consequently,improving the mechanical properties of these films is a crucial research frontier for advancing stretchable photovoltaic technologies.This tutorial review provides a thorough examination of current strategies aimed at bolstering the mechanical resilience of polymer photovoltaic thin films,elucidated through a selection of pertinent examples leveraging the PM6-based systems.We first explore the prevalent strategy of incorporating third components,including vip polymer donors/acceptors and insulating polymers,to improve stretchability.We then discuss the structural design of PM6 aimed at reducing the backbone rigidity.Additionally,we summarize various predictive models for assessing the mechanical properties of these photovoltaic films.Finally,the future challenges and perspectives for stretchy OSCs are explored.展开更多
为探究节水灌溉以及品种类型对再生稻产量和稻米品质的影响,2023年在湖北蕲春和浠水开展大田试验。以3个节水抗旱稻品种(旱优8200、旱优116和旱优73)和3个优质稻品种(箴两优郢香丝苗、荃优粤农丝苗和荃优607)为供试材料,以湖北省再生稻...为探究节水灌溉以及品种类型对再生稻产量和稻米品质的影响,2023年在湖北蕲春和浠水开展大田试验。以3个节水抗旱稻品种(旱优8200、旱优116和旱优73)和3个优质稻品种(箴两优郢香丝苗、荃优粤农丝苗和荃优607)为供试材料,以湖北省再生稻大面积种植的普通水稻品种(两优6326)为对照,设置常规灌溉和节水灌溉2种水分管理方式,分析再生稻模式下不同品种产量和稻米品质对水分管理的响应差异。结果表明,相较于常规灌溉,节水灌溉处理使头季和再生季灌水量分别平均减少76%和85%,但产量和稻米的加工、外观和蒸煮食味品质在水分处理间无显著差异,且这一结果在不同试验地点间保持一致。这表明,与常规灌溉相比,节水抗旱稻和优质稻品种在节水灌溉条件下均能保持较为稳定的头季和再生季产量和稻米品质。优质稻头季和再生季产量分别为8.54 t hm^(-2)和5.88 t hm^(-2),相较于普通水稻产量差异不显著;但头季和再生季整精米率分别显著提高13.5个百分点和20.6个百分点,垩白粒率和垩白度分别显著降低22.6个百分点和6.4个百分点、10.8个百分点和1.8个百分点。节水抗旱稻在头季的产量以及稻米加工、外观和蒸煮食味品质方面与普通水稻无显著差异,但在再生季,产量显著下降17%,整精米率显著提高17.0个百分点,垩白粒率和垩白度分别降低5.5个百分点和1.0个百分点。在同一品种类型中,再生稻产量和稻米品质存在显著的品种间差异。相关性分析表明,再生季稻米的加工、外观和蒸煮食味品质指标均与头季相应指标呈正相关。因此,在降水条件较好的地区,结合优良水稻品种,实施“以雨养为主、关键生育期适时灌溉”的节水灌溉策略,可有效降低水分消耗、提升水分利用效率,同时实现再生稻的高产与优质目标。展开更多
Cancer pain is one of the most prevalent and debilitating symptoms in patients with advanced malignancies,arising from multifactorial mechanisms involving peripheral,central,and systemic pathways.Conventional analgesi...Cancer pain is one of the most prevalent and debilitating symptoms in patients with advanced malignancies,arising from multifactorial mechanisms involving peripheral,central,and systemic pathways.Conventional analgesics,including opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,are often limited by their insufficient efficacy,tolerance,and risk of dependence.Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),characterized by its multi-component,multi-target,and systemic regulatory properties,has shown promising potential in cancer pain management.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical classification and underlying mechanisms of cancer pain(including nerve infiltration,dysregulation of inflammatory mediators and ion channels,central sensitization,neuro-immune crosstalk,metabolic reprogramming,and gut-brain axis impairment),as well as the analgesic effects of representative TCM agents in cancer pain management.For example,bioactive components such as tetrahydroberberine,levo-tetrahydropalmatine,and piperine exert analgesic effects,thereby improving the quality of life of patients by inhibiting inflammatory cascades,regulating neurotransmitter systems,and preserving neural integrity.Commonly used preclinical models,including bone cancer pain,pancreatic cancer pain,and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy models,are summarized for their utility in mechanistic studies and efficacy evaluations.This review also discusses the current limitations of clinical evidence,such as small sample sizes,short follow-up periods,and limited translation from animal models,alongside major challenges in standardization,mechanistic elucidation,and clinical trial design.Future directions should focus on precise pain phenotyping,integrated multi-target interventions,rigorous efficacy safety validation,and innovations in drug delivery to facilitate the standardization and global adoption of TCM in cancer pain management.展开更多
Global brain ischemia and neurological deficit are consequences of cardiac arrest that lead to high mortality.Despite advancements in resuscitation science,our limited understanding of the cellular and molecular mecha...Global brain ischemia and neurological deficit are consequences of cardiac arrest that lead to high mortality.Despite advancements in resuscitation science,our limited understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying post-cardiac arrest brain injury have hindered the development of effective neuroprotective strategies.Previous studies primarily focused on neuronal death,potentially overlooking the contributions of non-neuronal cells and intercellular communication to the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest-induced brain injury.To address these gaps,we hypothesized that single-cell transcriptomic analysis could uncover previously unidentified cellular subpopulations,altered cell communication networks,and novel molecular mechanisms involved in post-cardiac arrest brain injury.In this study,we performed a single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the hippocampus from pigs with ventricular fibrillation-induced cardiac arrest at 6 and 24 hours following the return of spontaneous circulation,and from sham control pigs.Sequencing results revealed changes in the proportions of different cell types,suggesting post-arrest disruption in the blood-brain barrier and infiltration of neutrophils.These results were validated through western blotting,quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,and immunofluorescence staining.We also identified and validated a unique subcluster of activated microglia with high expression of S100A8,which increased over time following cardiac arrest.This subcluster simultaneously exhibited significant M1/M2 polarization and expressed key functional genes related to chemokines and interleukins.Additionally,we revealed the post-cardiac arrest dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into oligodendrocytes.Cell communication analysis identified enhanced post-cardiac arrest communication between neutrophils and microglia that was mediated by neutrophil-derived resistin,driving pro-inflammatory microglial polarization.Our findings provide a comprehensive single-cell map of the post-cardiac arrest hippocampus,offering potential novel targets for neuroprotection and repair following cardiac arrest.展开更多
The cure rate for chronic neurodegenerative diseases remains low,creating an urgent need for improved intervention methods.Recent studies have shown that enhancing mitochondrial function can mitigate the effects of th...The cure rate for chronic neurodegenerative diseases remains low,creating an urgent need for improved intervention methods.Recent studies have shown that enhancing mitochondrial function can mitigate the effects of these diseases.This paper comprehensively reviews the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic neurodegenerative diseases,aiming to uncover the potential use of targeted mitochondrial interventions as viable therapeutic options.We detail five targeted mitochondrial intervention strategies for chronic neurodegenerative diseases that act by promoting mitophagy,inhibiting mitochondrial fission,enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis,applying mitochondria-targeting antioxidants,and transplanting mitochondria.Each method has unique advantages and potential limitations,making them suitable for various therapeutic situations.Therapies that promote mitophagy or inhibit mitochondrial fission could be particularly effective in slowing disease progression,especially in the early stages.In contrast,those that enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and apply mitochondria-targeting antioxidants may offer great benefits during the middle stages of the disease by improving cellular antioxidant capacity and energy metabolism.Mitochondrial transplantation,while still experimental,holds great promise for restoring the function of damaged cells.Future research should focus on exploring the mechanisms and effects of these intervention strategies,particularly regarding their safety and efficacy in clinical settings.Additionally,the development of innovative mitochondria-targeting approaches,such as gene editing and nanotechnology,may provide new solutions for treating chronic neurodegenerative diseases.Implementing combined therapeutic strategies that integrate multiple intervention methods could also enhance treatment outcomes.展开更多
Due to the inability of manufacturing a single monolithic mirror at the 10-meter scales,segmented mirrors have become indispensable tools in modern astronomical research.However,to match the imaging performance of the...Due to the inability of manufacturing a single monolithic mirror at the 10-meter scales,segmented mirrors have become indispensable tools in modern astronomical research.However,to match the imaging performance of the monolithic counterpart,the sub-mirrors must maintain precise co-phasing.Piston error critically degrades segmented mirror imaging quality,necessitating efficient and precise detection.To ad-dress the limitations that the conventional circular-aperture diffraction with two-wavelength algorithm is sus-ceptible to decentration errors,and the traditional convolutional neural networks(CNNs)struggle to capture global features under large-range piston errors due to their restricted local receptive fields,this paper pro-poses a method that integrates extended Young’s interference principles with a Vision Transformer(ViT)to detect piston error.By suppressing decentration error interference through two symmetrically arranged aper-tures and extending the measurement range to±7.95μm via a two-wavelength(589 nm/600 nm)algorithm.This approach exploits ViT’s self-attention mechanism to model global characteristics of interference fringes.Unlike CNNs constrained by local convolutional kernels,the ViT significantly improves sensitivity to inter-ferogram periodicity.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a measurement accuracy of 5 nm(0.0083λ0)across the range of±7.95μm,while maintaining an accuracy exceeding 95%in the presence of Gaussian noise(SNR≥15 dB),Poisson noise(λ≥9 photons/pixel),and sub-mirror gap er-ror(Egap≤0.2)interference.Moreover,the detection speed shows significant improvement compared to the cross-correlation algorithm.This study establishes an accurate,robust framework for segmented mirror error detection,advancing high-precision astronomical observation.展开更多
Refractory metals,including tungsten(W),tantalum(Ta),molybdenum(Mo),and niobium(Nb),play a vital role in industries,such as nuclear energy and aerospace,owing to their exceptional melting temperatures,thermal durabili...Refractory metals,including tungsten(W),tantalum(Ta),molybdenum(Mo),and niobium(Nb),play a vital role in industries,such as nuclear energy and aerospace,owing to their exceptional melting temperatures,thermal durability,and corrosion resistance.These metals have body-centered cubic crystal structure,characterized by limited slip systems and impeded dislocation motion,resulting in significant low-temperature brittleness,which poses challenges for the conventional processing.Additive manufacturing technique provides an innovative approach,enabling the production of intricate parts without molds,which significantly improves the efficiency of material usage.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in additive manufacturing techniques for the production of refractory metals,such as W,Ta,Mo,and Nb,particularly the laser powder bed fusion.In this review,the influence mechanisms of key process parameters(laser power,scan strategy,and powder characteristics)on the evolution of material microstructure,the formation of metallurgical defects,and mechanical properties were discussed.Generally,optimizing powder characteristics,such as sphericity,implementing substrate preheating,and formulating alloying strategies can significantly improve the densification and crack resistance of manufactured parts.Meanwhile,strictly controlling the oxygen impurity content and optimizing the energy density input are also the key factors to achieve the simultaneous improvement in strength and ductility of refractory metals.Although additive manufacturing technique provides an innovative solution for processing refractory metals,critical issues,such as residual stress control,microstructure and performance anisotropy,and process stability,still need to be addressed.This review not only provides a theoretical basis for the additive manufacturing of high-performance refractory metals,but also proposes forward-looking directions for their industrial application.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22273096)the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22409139).
文摘In the global transition towards sustainable energy sources,hydrogen energy has emerged as an indispensable pillar in reshaping the energy landscape,owing to its environmental sustainability,zero emissions,and high efficiency.Nevertheless,the large-scale deployment of hydrogen energy is confronted with substantial technical barriers in storage and transportation.Although contemporary research has shifted focus to the development of highly efficient hydrogen storage materials,conventional material design concepts remain predominantly empirical,typically relying on trial-and-error methodologies.Importantly,the widespread application of artificial intelligence technologies in accelerating materials discovery and optimization has attracted considerable attention.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in hydrogen storage technologies,with an emphasis on the synergistic application of high-throughput screening and machine learning in solid-state hydrogen storage materials.These approaches demonstrate exceptional potential in accurately predicting hydrogen storage properties,optimizing material performance,and accelerating the development of innovative hydrogen storage materials.Specifically,we discuss in detail the essential role of artificial intelligence in developing hydrogen storage materials such as metal hydrides,alloys,carbon materials,metal–organic frameworks,and zeolites.Moreover,underground hydrogen storage is further explored as a scalable renewable energy storage solution,particularly in terms of optimizing storage parameters and performance prediction.By systematically analyzing the limitations of existing hydrogen storage approaches and the transformative potential of artificial intelligence-driven methods,this review offers insights into the discovery and optimization of high-performance hydrogen storage materials,contributing to sustainable global energy development and technological innovation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82074104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82474169)the Research Project of Clinical Toxicology Transformation from the Chinese Society of Toxicology(No.CST2021CT101).
文摘Organoids are derived from self-organizing stem cells and form three-dimensional structures that are structurally and functionally similar to in vivo tissues.With the ability to replicate the in vivo microenvironment and maintain genetic stability,organoids have become a powerful tool for elucidating developmental mechanisms,accurately modeling disease processes,and efficiently screening drug candidates,and have also demonstrated significant value in the field of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)-including applications in screening active components of TCM,studying TCM pharmacodynamic mechanisms,evaluating TCM safety,and verifying the effects of traditional non-pharmacological therapies such as acupuncture and yoga.Organoids can be cultured using air-liquid interface systems,bioreactors,and vascularization techniques.They are widely used in drug screening,disease modeling,precision medicine,and toxicity assessment.However,current limitations include high costs,difficulty in accurately replicating the microenvironment,and ethical concerns.In this review,we systematically retrieve,synthesize,and analyze relevant literature to elucidate the culture methods of organoid technology,its diverse applications across various fields,and the challenges it faces.In the future,integration with artificial intelligence may provide new insights and strategies for drug development and disease research and the modernization of TCM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,52130601)the Joint Research Center for Multi-energy Complementation and Conversion of USTC.
文摘Lithium-based batteries(LiBs)are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices,thanks to their unparalleled energy density,minimal self-discharge rates,and favorable cycle life.However,the inherent safety risks and performance degradation of LiB over time impose continuous monitoring facilitated by sophisticated battery management systems(BMS).This review comprehensively analyzes the current state of sensor technologies for smart LiBs,focusing on their advancements,opportunities,and potential challenges.Sensors are classified into two primary groups based on their application:safety monitoring and performance optimization.Safety monitoring sensors,including temperature,pressure,strain,gas,acoustic,and magnetic sensors,focus on detecting conditions that could lead to hazardous situations.Performance optimization sensors,such as optical-based and electrochemical-based,monitor factors such as state of charge and state of health,emphasizing operational efficiency and lifespan.The review also highlights the importance of integrating these sensors with advanced algorithms and control approaches to optimize charging and discharge cycles.Potential advancements driven by nanotechnology,wireless sensor networks,miniaturization,and machine learning algorithms are also discussed.However,challenges related to sensor miniaturization,power consumption,cost efficiency,and compatibility with existing BMS need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of LiB sensor technologies.This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the current landscape and future directions of sensor innovations in smart LiBs,guiding further research and development efforts to enhance battery performance,reliability,and safety.Integration of advanced sensor technologies for smart LiBs:integrating non-optical multi-parameter,optical-based,and electrochemical sensors within the BMS to achieve higher safety,improved efficiency,early warning mechanisms,and TR prevention.Potential advancements are driven by nanotechnology,wireless sensor networks,miniaturization,and advanced algorithms,addressing key challenges to enhance battery performance and reliability.
基金supported by the China Scholarship Councilprimarily sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No.2018YFC1506702 and Grant No.2017YFC1502000)。
文摘The existence of outliers can seriously influence the analysis of variational data assimilation.Quality control allows us to effectively eliminate or absorb these outliers to produce better analysis fields.In particular,variational quality control(VarQC) can process gray zone outliers and is thus broadly used in variational data assimilation systems.In this study,governing equations are derived for two VarQC algorithms that utilize different contaminated Gaussian distributions(CGDs): Gaussian plus flat distribution and Huber norm distribution.As such,these VarQC algorithms can handle outliers that have non-Gaussian innovations.Then,these VarQC algorithms are implemented in the Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System(GRAPES) model-level three-dimensional variational data assimilation(m3 DVAR) system.Tests using artificial observations indicate that the VarQC method using the Huber distribution has stronger robustness for including outliers to improve posterior analysis than the VarQC method using the Gaussian plus flat distribution.Furthermore,real observation experiments show that the distribution of observation analysis weights conform well with theory,indicating that the application of VarQC is effective in the GRAPES m3 DVAR system.Subsequent case study and longperiod data assimilation experiments show that the spatial distribution and amplitude of the observation analysis weights are related to the analysis increments of the mass field(geopotential height and temperature).Compared to the control experiment,VarQC experiments have noticeably better posterior mass fields.Finally,the VarQC method using the Huber distribution is superior to the VarQC method using the Gaussian plus flat distribution,especially at the middle and lower levels.
文摘In February 2022,we were deeply shocked and sad-dened to hear of the death of Dr C.Richard Conti,a legendary cardiovascular educator,researcher,and Co-Editor-in-Chief of Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications.Dr Conti was a fi rst-class editor who led CVIA with great commitment.The Editorial Board members wish to express their great sad-ness about the passing of Dr Conti;his enthusias-tic and passionate work for the journal will not be forgotten.
文摘We live in a rapidly changing world.Firstly,emerging and developing countries’ research and innovation capabilities are increasing rapidly.China is the most impressive example,having dramatically increased its expenditure on research and development(R&D)and its human resources for science and technology.As a result,China’s share of global knowledge resources has grown dramatically in the past 30years.Secondly,the nature of innovation is changing.Innovation used to be very much defined and dominated by large companies in Europe,North America and Japan,characterized by a strongly science driven and linear process in which knowledge was generated in academia and then
基金supported by the Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.2022KJ344)the Yantai Science and Technology Bureau(Grant No.2024JCYJ063)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82001961).
文摘The effective delivery of therapeutic drugs is fundamental to modern medical practice.However,conventional administration methods,primarily oral and parenteral injection,exhibit numerous limitations,including the suboptimal bioavailability of macromolecules and challenges related to patient compliance.The advent of microneedle(MN)technology is reshaping strategies in the biomedical field,effectively overcoming the constraints of traditional drug delivery and diagnostic approaches.Research indicates that MNs can penetrate the stratum corneum to form transient microchannels,facilitating the transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents while bypassing gastrointestinal and hepatic barriers.This customizable and personalized drug delivery system holds significant potential for clinical application.Beyond drug delivery,MNs also have the capacity to transform healthcare models through real-time biomarker monitoring enabled by contact with interstitial fluid.This technology demonstrates considerable promise in managing chronic conditions such as diabetes,while also opening avenues for applications in vaccination,tissue regeneration,and cancer therapy.Recent innovations include the development of stimulus-responsive MNs for precision medicine and their integration with wearable devices to achieve closed-loop therapeutic diagnostics.Despite the substantial promise of this field,challenges remain regarding clinical translation,particularly in relation to biocompatibility,mechanical strength,and drug stability.This review outlines MN classifications,design principles,and applications,emphasizing their expanding role not only in healthcare but also in precision medicine,global health,and food safety.By overcoming current barriers and integrating emerging technologies,MNs have the potential to transform diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms,delivering scalable,patient-centered solutions to a broad range of biomedical challenges.
文摘Gravitational wave astronomy has opened a new window to the universe,allowing us to explore cosmic phenomena with unprecedented precision.Current detectors like LIGO[1],Virgo[1],KAGRA[1],LISA[2],Taiji[3],and Tian Qin[3]have made significant strides in gravitational wave detection.However,the demand for more sensitive and comprehensive detection capabilities continues to grow.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32000996)the Key Program of Nanozyme Laboratory in Zhongyuan(No.NLZ-KP2024NIC02)+1 种基金the Henan AIMS Professional Development Fund(No.JBKY250304)the Grant for International Joint Research Project of the Institute of Medical Science,the University of Tokyo(No.Extension-2019-K3005).
文摘Targeted protein degradation(TPD)technologies have emerged as a powerful strategy for eliminating disease-causing proteins by hijacking endogenous degradation systems.Over the past decade,multiple TPD modalities—such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras(PROTACs),molecular glues,lysosometargeting chimeras(LYTACs),autophagy-targeting chimeras(AUTACs),and others—have been developed to engage distinct cellular degradation pathways including the proteasome and lysosome systems.Despite their therapeutic promise,current TPD agents still face challenges of poor solubility,limited bioavailability,and inefficient delivery.To address these barriers,this review highlights the integration of nanotechnology with TPD as a promising approach.We summarize recent progress in proteasome-and lysosome-directed TPD strategies and describe how nanomaterials—including liposomes,polymers,inorganic nanoparticles,carbon dots,and ferritin—are applied to construct multivalent degraders,enhance pharmacokinetics,and demonstrate synergistic efficacy when combined with chemotherapy,immunotherapy,or catalytic therapies.In addition,we discuss the emerging convergence of nanozymes with TPD,where catalytic generation of reactive oxygen species not only regulates ubiquitination–deubiquitination balance but also facilitates endosomal disruption and boosts therapeutic efficacy.By bridging mechanistic innovation with nano-enabled platforms,nano-based TPD technologies offer enhanced precision,safety,and multifunctionality.Their continued advancement is poised to accelerate clinical translation and reshape strategies for treating complex and previously intractable diseases.
基金supported by the National Infectious Disease Medical Center(B2022011-1)Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory project(JNL-2022050B)。
文摘The 2024World Health Organization(WHO)Global Tuberculosis Report underscores progress and persisting challenges in the fight against tuberculosis(TB).1 TB remains a significant global health concern,with a slight stabilization in the incidence rate following disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.However,achieving the goals of the End TB Strategy by 2035 requires more accelerated efforts.2 The report reveals that,while the global rise in TB incidence has slowed,the number of people falling ill with TB continues to rise,highlighted by a global estimate of 10.8 million TB cases in 2023,with 30 high TB burden countries accounting for 87%of the global total TB cases.It is noteworthy that five countries accounted for 56%of the global TB burden,with India contributing the largest share at 26%,followed by Indonesia at 10%,China at 6.8%,the Philippines at 6.8%and Pakistan at 6.3%.Despite a reduction in TB deaths globally(approximately 1.25 million in 2023 compared with 1.32 million in 2022),TB has reclaimed its position as the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent,surpassing COVID-19.TB deaths are primarily due to complications resulting from untreated or poorly managed TB infections.The leading causes of death include the progression of pulmonary TB and TB with HIV/AIDS.Highmortality TB diseases such as tuberculous meningitis,miliary TB and disseminated TB remain critically neglected,receiving insufficient attention and lacking adequate treatment strategies.3–6 Addressing this neglect requires urgent investment in advanced diagnostics,personalized treatments and innovative drug therapies.Expanding healthcare capacity and establishing effective treatment standards are vital to combating these overlooked diseases and reducing mortality,particularly amid rising drug resistance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82330112,82373803)Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Guangdong Province(No.2022B1515020085)Guangzhou Basic Research Project(No.2024A04J10005).
文摘Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory dermatological disorder characterized by immune dysregulation,oxidative stress,and elevated levels of circulating cell-free DNA.Although systemic or topical immunosuppressants remain the cornerstone of psoriasis management,conventional therapeutic strategies are hindered by several limitations,including suboptimal drug delivery efficiency,off-target adverse effects,and poor patient adherence.Recently,microneedle(MN)technology has emerged as a transformative approach for psoriasis treatment and diagnosis,leveraging its unique advantages in targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive biomarker monitoring.This review provides a timely and comprehensive analysis of MN-mediated therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for psoriasis.First,we systematically elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying psoriasis.Subsequently,we explore the multifaceted applications of MNs in both therapeutic and diagnostic domains:(1)MNs enable the transdermal administration of diverse therapeutic agents,including small-molecule drugs,oligonucleotides,DNA-based therapies,monoclonal antibodies,inactivated viruses,and nanoparticles,offering enhanced precision in psoriasis treatment;(2)MNs facilitate minimally invasive extraction of disease-associated biomarkers from interstitial fluid,enabling real-time assessment of disease onset and progression.Finally,we critically evaluate the current challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.We anticipate that this review will provide valuable insights to guide further advancements in MN-based technologies for optimized psoriasis management.
基金supported by Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32101459)Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund(No.CX(22)3171)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘The development of sustainable biomaterials has recently attracted great interest in the fields of flexible electronics and biosensing hydrogels.Hydrogels are a class of three-dimensional spatial network structure,and their structure and shape can exhibit reversible or noticeable responses to various stimuli,making them a popular choice for flexible electronic materials in recent years.Acrylic hydrogels,which possess a rich carboxylate network,can provide significant sensing and actuation properties to the hydrogels.They are often synthesized through the co-polymerization of their monomers and cross-linking agents,and they can be combined with naturally occurring biopolymers such as cellulose and chitosan to enhance biocompatibility.In this paper,we re-view the compounding methods and preparation process technologies of functionalized acrylic hydrogels and the application of polyacrylic acid(PAA)bioproducts in various fields.Finally,we review the current challenges and future directions for acrylic hydrogel prepared sensors and their applications.
基金supported by the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Tianjin Municipality(23JCJQJC00240)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52121002)+1 种基金the Start-up Grant of Peiyang Scholar Program from Tianjin Universitythe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘In the rapidly evolving field of wearable electronics,stretchy organic solar cells(OSCs)have emerged as promising candidates for portable power sources,necessitating materials with superior mechanical flexibility.However,the inherent rigidity of conjugated backbones in top-performance photovoltaic polymers,such as PM6,poses a significant challenge,as it makes photovoltaic films prone to fracture under mechanical strain.Consequently,improving the mechanical properties of these films is a crucial research frontier for advancing stretchable photovoltaic technologies.This tutorial review provides a thorough examination of current strategies aimed at bolstering the mechanical resilience of polymer photovoltaic thin films,elucidated through a selection of pertinent examples leveraging the PM6-based systems.We first explore the prevalent strategy of incorporating third components,including vip polymer donors/acceptors and insulating polymers,to improve stretchability.We then discuss the structural design of PM6 aimed at reducing the backbone rigidity.Additionally,we summarize various predictive models for assessing the mechanical properties of these photovoltaic films.Finally,the future challenges and perspectives for stretchy OSCs are explored.
文摘为探究节水灌溉以及品种类型对再生稻产量和稻米品质的影响,2023年在湖北蕲春和浠水开展大田试验。以3个节水抗旱稻品种(旱优8200、旱优116和旱优73)和3个优质稻品种(箴两优郢香丝苗、荃优粤农丝苗和荃优607)为供试材料,以湖北省再生稻大面积种植的普通水稻品种(两优6326)为对照,设置常规灌溉和节水灌溉2种水分管理方式,分析再生稻模式下不同品种产量和稻米品质对水分管理的响应差异。结果表明,相较于常规灌溉,节水灌溉处理使头季和再生季灌水量分别平均减少76%和85%,但产量和稻米的加工、外观和蒸煮食味品质在水分处理间无显著差异,且这一结果在不同试验地点间保持一致。这表明,与常规灌溉相比,节水抗旱稻和优质稻品种在节水灌溉条件下均能保持较为稳定的头季和再生季产量和稻米品质。优质稻头季和再生季产量分别为8.54 t hm^(-2)和5.88 t hm^(-2),相较于普通水稻产量差异不显著;但头季和再生季整精米率分别显著提高13.5个百分点和20.6个百分点,垩白粒率和垩白度分别显著降低22.6个百分点和6.4个百分点、10.8个百分点和1.8个百分点。节水抗旱稻在头季的产量以及稻米加工、外观和蒸煮食味品质方面与普通水稻无显著差异,但在再生季,产量显著下降17%,整精米率显著提高17.0个百分点,垩白粒率和垩白度分别降低5.5个百分点和1.0个百分点。在同一品种类型中,再生稻产量和稻米品质存在显著的品种间差异。相关性分析表明,再生季稻米的加工、外观和蒸煮食味品质指标均与头季相应指标呈正相关。因此,在降水条件较好的地区,结合优良水稻品种,实施“以雨养为主、关键生育期适时灌溉”的节水灌溉策略,可有效降低水分消耗、提升水分利用效率,同时实现再生稻的高产与优质目标。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82360238,82071245)。
文摘Cancer pain is one of the most prevalent and debilitating symptoms in patients with advanced malignancies,arising from multifactorial mechanisms involving peripheral,central,and systemic pathways.Conventional analgesics,including opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,are often limited by their insufficient efficacy,tolerance,and risk of dependence.Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),characterized by its multi-component,multi-target,and systemic regulatory properties,has shown promising potential in cancer pain management.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical classification and underlying mechanisms of cancer pain(including nerve infiltration,dysregulation of inflammatory mediators and ion channels,central sensitization,neuro-immune crosstalk,metabolic reprogramming,and gut-brain axis impairment),as well as the analgesic effects of representative TCM agents in cancer pain management.For example,bioactive components such as tetrahydroberberine,levo-tetrahydropalmatine,and piperine exert analgesic effects,thereby improving the quality of life of patients by inhibiting inflammatory cascades,regulating neurotransmitter systems,and preserving neural integrity.Commonly used preclinical models,including bone cancer pain,pancreatic cancer pain,and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy models,are summarized for their utility in mechanistic studies and efficacy evaluations.This review also discusses the current limitations of clinical evidence,such as small sample sizes,short follow-up periods,and limited translation from animal models,alongside major challenges in standardization,mechanistic elucidation,and clinical trial design.Future directions should focus on precise pain phenotyping,integrated multi-target interventions,rigorous efficacy safety validation,and innovations in drug delivery to facilitate the standardization and global adoption of TCM in cancer pain management.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China,Nos.82325031(to FX),82030059(to YC),82102290(to YG),U23A20485(to YC)Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project,No.2023ZD0505504(to FX),2023ZD0505500(to YC)the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,No.2022ZLGX03(to YC).
文摘Global brain ischemia and neurological deficit are consequences of cardiac arrest that lead to high mortality.Despite advancements in resuscitation science,our limited understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying post-cardiac arrest brain injury have hindered the development of effective neuroprotective strategies.Previous studies primarily focused on neuronal death,potentially overlooking the contributions of non-neuronal cells and intercellular communication to the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest-induced brain injury.To address these gaps,we hypothesized that single-cell transcriptomic analysis could uncover previously unidentified cellular subpopulations,altered cell communication networks,and novel molecular mechanisms involved in post-cardiac arrest brain injury.In this study,we performed a single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the hippocampus from pigs with ventricular fibrillation-induced cardiac arrest at 6 and 24 hours following the return of spontaneous circulation,and from sham control pigs.Sequencing results revealed changes in the proportions of different cell types,suggesting post-arrest disruption in the blood-brain barrier and infiltration of neutrophils.These results were validated through western blotting,quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,and immunofluorescence staining.We also identified and validated a unique subcluster of activated microglia with high expression of S100A8,which increased over time following cardiac arrest.This subcluster simultaneously exhibited significant M1/M2 polarization and expressed key functional genes related to chemokines and interleukins.Additionally,we revealed the post-cardiac arrest dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into oligodendrocytes.Cell communication analysis identified enhanced post-cardiac arrest communication between neutrophils and microglia that was mediated by neutrophil-derived resistin,driving pro-inflammatory microglial polarization.Our findings provide a comprehensive single-cell map of the post-cardiac arrest hippocampus,offering potential novel targets for neuroprotection and repair following cardiac arrest.
基金partly supported by the Yan’an University Qin Chuanyuan“Scientist+Engineer”Team Special Fund,No.2023KXJ-012(to YL)Yan’an University Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements Fund,No.2023CGZH-001(to YL)+2 种基金College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program,Nos.D2023158,202410719056(to XS,JM)Yan’an University Production and Cultivation Project,No.CXY202001(to YL)Kweichow Moutai Hospital Research and Talent Development Fund Project,No.MTyk2022-25(to XO)。
文摘The cure rate for chronic neurodegenerative diseases remains low,creating an urgent need for improved intervention methods.Recent studies have shown that enhancing mitochondrial function can mitigate the effects of these diseases.This paper comprehensively reviews the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic neurodegenerative diseases,aiming to uncover the potential use of targeted mitochondrial interventions as viable therapeutic options.We detail five targeted mitochondrial intervention strategies for chronic neurodegenerative diseases that act by promoting mitophagy,inhibiting mitochondrial fission,enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis,applying mitochondria-targeting antioxidants,and transplanting mitochondria.Each method has unique advantages and potential limitations,making them suitable for various therapeutic situations.Therapies that promote mitophagy or inhibit mitochondrial fission could be particularly effective in slowing disease progression,especially in the early stages.In contrast,those that enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and apply mitochondria-targeting antioxidants may offer great benefits during the middle stages of the disease by improving cellular antioxidant capacity and energy metabolism.Mitochondrial transplantation,while still experimental,holds great promise for restoring the function of damaged cells.Future research should focus on exploring the mechanisms and effects of these intervention strategies,particularly regarding their safety and efficacy in clinical settings.Additionally,the development of innovative mitochondria-targeting approaches,such as gene editing and nanotechnology,may provide new solutions for treating chronic neurodegenerative diseases.Implementing combined therapeutic strategies that integrate multiple intervention methods could also enhance treatment outcomes.
文摘Due to the inability of manufacturing a single monolithic mirror at the 10-meter scales,segmented mirrors have become indispensable tools in modern astronomical research.However,to match the imaging performance of the monolithic counterpart,the sub-mirrors must maintain precise co-phasing.Piston error critically degrades segmented mirror imaging quality,necessitating efficient and precise detection.To ad-dress the limitations that the conventional circular-aperture diffraction with two-wavelength algorithm is sus-ceptible to decentration errors,and the traditional convolutional neural networks(CNNs)struggle to capture global features under large-range piston errors due to their restricted local receptive fields,this paper pro-poses a method that integrates extended Young’s interference principles with a Vision Transformer(ViT)to detect piston error.By suppressing decentration error interference through two symmetrically arranged aper-tures and extending the measurement range to±7.95μm via a two-wavelength(589 nm/600 nm)algorithm.This approach exploits ViT’s self-attention mechanism to model global characteristics of interference fringes.Unlike CNNs constrained by local convolutional kernels,the ViT significantly improves sensitivity to inter-ferogram periodicity.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a measurement accuracy of 5 nm(0.0083λ0)across the range of±7.95μm,while maintaining an accuracy exceeding 95%in the presence of Gaussian noise(SNR≥15 dB),Poisson noise(λ≥9 photons/pixel),and sub-mirror gap er-ror(Egap≤0.2)interference.Moreover,the detection speed shows significant improvement compared to the cross-correlation algorithm.This study establishes an accurate,robust framework for segmented mirror error detection,advancing high-precision astronomical observation.
基金National MCF Energy R&D Program(2024YFE03260300)。
文摘Refractory metals,including tungsten(W),tantalum(Ta),molybdenum(Mo),and niobium(Nb),play a vital role in industries,such as nuclear energy and aerospace,owing to their exceptional melting temperatures,thermal durability,and corrosion resistance.These metals have body-centered cubic crystal structure,characterized by limited slip systems and impeded dislocation motion,resulting in significant low-temperature brittleness,which poses challenges for the conventional processing.Additive manufacturing technique provides an innovative approach,enabling the production of intricate parts without molds,which significantly improves the efficiency of material usage.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in additive manufacturing techniques for the production of refractory metals,such as W,Ta,Mo,and Nb,particularly the laser powder bed fusion.In this review,the influence mechanisms of key process parameters(laser power,scan strategy,and powder characteristics)on the evolution of material microstructure,the formation of metallurgical defects,and mechanical properties were discussed.Generally,optimizing powder characteristics,such as sphericity,implementing substrate preheating,and formulating alloying strategies can significantly improve the densification and crack resistance of manufactured parts.Meanwhile,strictly controlling the oxygen impurity content and optimizing the energy density input are also the key factors to achieve the simultaneous improvement in strength and ductility of refractory metals.Although additive manufacturing technique provides an innovative solution for processing refractory metals,critical issues,such as residual stress control,microstructure and performance anisotropy,and process stability,still need to be addressed.This review not only provides a theoretical basis for the additive manufacturing of high-performance refractory metals,but also proposes forward-looking directions for their industrial application.
