Open caissons are widely used in foundation engineering because of their load-bearing efficiency and adaptability in diverse soil conditions.However,accurately predicting their undrained bearing capacity in layered so...Open caissons are widely used in foundation engineering because of their load-bearing efficiency and adaptability in diverse soil conditions.However,accurately predicting their undrained bearing capacity in layered soils remains a complex challenge.This study presents a novel application of five ensemble machine(ML)algorithms-random forest(RF),gradient boosting machine(GBM),extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),adaptive boosting(AdaBoost),and categorical boosting(CatBoost)-to predict the undrained bearing capacity factor(Nc)of circular open caissons embedded in two-layered clay on the basis of results from finite element limit analysis(FELA).The input dataset consists of 1188 numerical simulations using the Tresca failure criterion,varying in geometrical and soil parameters.The FELA was performed via OptumG2 software with adaptive meshing techniques and verified against existing benchmark studies.The ML models were trained on 70% of the dataset and tested on the remaining 30%.Their performance was evaluated using six statistical metrics:coefficient of determination(R²),mean absolute error(MAE),root mean squared error(RMSE),index of scatter(IOS),RMSE-to-standard deviation ratio(RSR),and variance explained factor(VAF).The results indicate that all the models achieved high accuracy,with R²values exceeding 97.6%and RMSE values below 0.02.Among them,AdaBoost and CatBoost consistently outperformed the other methods across both the training and testing datasets,demonstrating superior generalizability and robustness.The proposed ML framework offers an efficient,accurate,and data-driven alternative to traditional methods for estimating caisson capacity in stratified soils.This approach can aid in reducing computational costs while improving reliability in the early stages of foundation design.展开更多
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide,significantly impairing motor and cognitive functions.Effective rehabilitation is often hindered by the heterogeneity of stroke lesions,variability in recove...Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide,significantly impairing motor and cognitive functions.Effective rehabilitation is often hindered by the heterogeneity of stroke lesions,variability in recovery patterns,and the complexity of electroencephalography(EEG)signals,which are often contaminated by artifacts.Accurate classification of motor imagery(MI)tasks,involving the mental simulation of movements,is crucial for assessing rehabilitation strategies but is challenged by overlapping neural signatures and patient-specific variability.To address these challenges,this study introduces a graph-attentive convolutional long short-term memory(LSTM)network(GACL-Net),a novel hybrid deep learning model designed to improve MI classification accuracy and robustness.GACL-Net incorporates multi-scale convolutional blocks for spatial feature extraction,attention fusion layers for adaptive feature prioritization,graph convolutional layers to model inter-channel dependencies,and bidi-rectional LSTM layers with attention to capture temporal dynamics.Evaluated on an open-source EEG dataset of 50 acute stroke patients performing left and right MI tasks,GACL-Net achieved 99.52%classification accuracy and 97.43%generalization accuracy under leave-one-subject-out cross-validation,outperforming existing state-of-the-art methods.Additionally,its real-time processing capability,with prediction times of 33–56 ms on a T4 GPU,underscores its clinical potential for real-time neurofeedback and adaptive rehabilitation.These findings highlight the model’s potential for clinical applications in assessing rehabilitation effectiveness and optimizing therapy plans through precise MI classification.展开更多
Clay deposits typically exhibit significant degrees of heterogeneity and anisotropy in their strength and stiffness properties.Such non-monotonic responses can significantly impact the stability analysis and design of...Clay deposits typically exhibit significant degrees of heterogeneity and anisotropy in their strength and stiffness properties.Such non-monotonic responses can significantly impact the stability analysis and design of overlying shallow foundations.In this study,the undrained bearing capacity of shallow foundations resting on inhomogeneous and anisotropic clay layers subjected to oblique-eccentric combined loading is investigated through a comprehensive series of finite element limit analysis(FELA)based on the well-established lower-bound theorem and second-order cone programming(SOCP).The heterogeneity of normally consolidated(NC)clays is simulated by adopting a well-known general model of undrained shear strength increasing linearly with depth.In contrast,for overconsolidated(OC)clays,the variation of undrained shear strength with depth is considered to follow a bilinear trend.Furthermore,the inherent anisotropy is accounted for by adopting different values of undrained shear strength along different directions within the soil medium,employing an iterative-based algorithm.The results of numerical simulations are utilized to investigate the influences of natural soil heterogeneity and inherent anisotropy on the ultimate bearing capacity,failure envelope,and failure mechanism of shallow foundations subjected to the various combinations of vertical-horizontal(V-H)and vertical-moment(V-M)loads.展开更多
This study examines the stability of three-dimensional rectangular tunnel headings in drained c-ϕ soils,incor-porating surcharge effects using 3D Finite Element Limit Analysis(FELA).It focuses on the upper and lower b...This study examines the stability of three-dimensional rectangular tunnel headings in drained c-ϕ soils,incor-porating surcharge effects using 3D Finite Element Limit Analysis(FELA).It focuses on the upper and lower bound solutions for three stability factors:cohesion,surcharge,and soil unit weight(Nc,Ns,and Nγ).Based on Terzaghi’s principle of superposition,the analysis evaluates tunnel stability under varying parameters,such as cover-depth ratio(H/D),width-depth ratio(B/D),and friction angle(ϕ).The results align closely with previous studies,and practical design charts are provided for calculating minimum support pressures.Additionally,machine learning models(ANN and XGBoost)are used to develop accurate correlations between input param-eters and stability results.A relative importance index analysis is conducted to assess the impact of these pa-rameters.This research enhances understanding of tunnel stability and offers practical insights for tunnel design.展开更多
The boundary condition is a crucial factor affecting the permeability variation due to suffusion.An experimental investigation on the permeability of gap-graded soil due to horizontal suffusion considering the boundar...The boundary condition is a crucial factor affecting the permeability variation due to suffusion.An experimental investigation on the permeability of gap-graded soil due to horizontal suffusion considering the boundary effect is conducted,where the hydraulic head difference(DH)varies,and the boundary includes non-loss and soil-loss conditions.Soil samples are filled into seven soil storerooms connected in turn.After evaluation,the variation in content of fine sand(ΔR_(f))and the hydraulic conductivity of soils in each storeroom(C_(i))are analyzed.In the non-loss test,the soil sample filling area is divided into runoff,transited,and accumulated areas according to the negative or positive ΔR_(f) values.ΔR_(f) increases from negative to positive along the seepage path,and Ci decreases from runoff area to transited area and then rebounds in accumulated area.In the soil-loss test,all soil sample filling areas belong to the runoff area,where the gentle-loss,strengthened-loss,and alleviated-loss parts are further divided.ΔR_(f) decreases from the gentle-loss part to the strengthened-loss part and then rebounds in the alleviated-loss part,and C_(i) increases and then decreases along the seepage path.The relationship between ΔR_(f) and Ci is different with the boundary condition.Ci exponentially decreases with ΔR_(f) in the non-loss test and increases with ΔR_(f) generally in the soil-loss test.展开更多
The spatiotemporal distributions of microbes in soil by different methods could affect the efficacy of the microbes to reduce the soil hydraulic conductivity.In this study,the specimens of bio-mediated sands were prep...The spatiotemporal distributions of microbes in soil by different methods could affect the efficacy of the microbes to reduce the soil hydraulic conductivity.In this study,the specimens of bio-mediated sands were prepared using three different methods,i.e.injecting,mixing,and pouring a given microbial so-lution onto compacted sand specimens.The hydraulic conductivity was measured by constant-head tests,while any soil microstructural changes due to addition of the microbes were observed by scan-ning electron microscope(SEM)and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)tests.The amount of dextran concentration produced by microbes in each type of specimen was quantified by a refractometer.Results show that dextran production increased exponentially after 5-7 d of microbial settling with the supply of culture medium.The injection and mixing methods resulted in a similar amount and uniform dis-tribution of dextran in the specimens.The pouring method,however,produced a nonuniform distri-bution,with a higher concentration near the specimen surface.As the supply of culture medium discontinued,the dextran content near the surface produced by the pouring method decreased dramatically due to high competition for nutrients with foreign colonies.Average dextran concentration was negatively and correlated with hydraulic conductivity of bio-mediated soils exponentially,due to the clogging of large soil pores by dextran.The hydraulic conductivity of the injection and mixing cases did not change significantly when the supply of culture medium was absent.展开更多
The problem considered in this short note is the limit load determination of a vertical rock slope.The classical limit theorem is employed with the use of adaptive finite elements and nonlinear programming to determin...The problem considered in this short note is the limit load determination of a vertical rock slope.The classical limit theorem is employed with the use of adaptive finite elements and nonlinear programming to determine upper and lower bound limit loads of a Hoek-Brown vertical rock slope.The objective function of the mathematical programming problem is such as to optimize a boundary load,which is known as the limit load,resembling the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing.While focusing on the vertical slope,parametric studies are carried out for several dimensionless ratios such as the dimensionless footing distance ratio,the dimensionless height ratio,and the dimensionless rock strength ratio.A comprehensive set of design charts is presented,and failure envelopes shown with the results explained in terms of three identified failure mechanisms,i.e.the face,the toe,and the Prandtl-type failures.These novel results can be used with great confidence in design practice,in particularly noting that the current industry-based design procedures for the presented problem are rarely found.展开更多
Tunnel heading stability in two dimensions(2D)has been extensively investigated by numerous scholars in the past decade.One significant limitation of 2D analysis is the absence of actual tunnel geometry modeling with ...Tunnel heading stability in two dimensions(2D)has been extensively investigated by numerous scholars in the past decade.One significant limitation of 2D analysis is the absence of actual tunnel geometry modeling with a considerable degree of idealization.Nevertheless,it is possible to study the stability of tunnels in three dimensions(3D)with a rectangular shape using finite element limit analysis(FELA)and a nonlinear programming technique.This paper employs 3D FELA to generate rigorous solutions for stability numbers,failure mechanisms,and safety factors for rectangular-shaped tunnels.To further explore the usefulness of the produced results,multivariate adaptive regression spline(MARS)is used for machine learning of big dataset and development of design equations for practical design applications.The study should be of great benefit to tunnel design practices using the developed equations provided in the paper.展开更多
Loess landslides are one of the most serious geological disasters in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Research has revealed that earthquake,rainfall,and human activities are common triggers for loess landslides.In order to s...Loess landslides are one of the most serious geological disasters in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Research has revealed that earthquake,rainfall,and human activities are common triggers for loess landslides.In order to study the relationship and characteristics of these landslides triggered by different factors,the paper uses historic landslide data to expound the basic motion indices of landslides triggered by different factors.More than half of loess landslides occurred on concave surface slopes,while nearly 40%of the loess landslides occurred on convex surface slopes.Human activities have a great effect on the occurrence of landslides,and the distribution density of landslides on residential land was almost five times that of bare land.Additionally,earthquakeinduced loess landslides had the largest sliding volume,whereas the excavation-induced loess landslide had the smallest sliding volume.The sliding volume of irrigation-induced and rainfall-induced loess landslides were between earthquake-induced loess landslides and excavation-induced loess landslide.Many of loess landslides were induced by a combination of these factors,such as rainfall and excavation,irrigation and excavation.Then a model that described the impact of these factors on the loess landslides was proposed.展开更多
In extreme cold regions,a thermal insulation layer(TIL)is commonly employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of frost heaving forces in tunnels.Optimizing the laying scheme of TIL,specifically minimizing frost heav...In extreme cold regions,a thermal insulation layer(TIL)is commonly employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of frost heaving forces in tunnels.Optimizing the laying scheme of TIL,specifically minimizing frost heaving forces,holds considerable importance in the prevention of frost damage.This research developed a two-dimensional unsteady temperature field of circular tunnels by using the difference method(taking the off-wall laying method as an example)based on the law of conservation of energy.Then,the frozen circle and water migration coefficient were introduced to establish the relationship between the temperature field and frost heaving forces,and a reliable methodology for calculating these forces under the specific conditions of TIL installation was developed.Then(i)the influence of the air layer thickness of the off-wall laying method,(ii)different laying methods of TIL,(iii)the TIL thickness,(iv)the thermal conductivity of the TIL,and(v)the freeze-thaw cycles on the frost heaving force were investigated.The results showed that the frost heaving force served as a reliable and effective metric for evaluating the insulation effect in tunnels.In order to avoid frost damage in compliance with the design requirements,the insulation effects from various laying methods were established,in descending efficacy order as follows:off-wall laying,double layer laying,surface laying,and sandwich laying.Our findings revealed that the optimal thickness for the air layer in the offwall laying method was 0.10 m.The insulation effect of materials with a thermal conductivity below 0.047 W/(m·℃)was furthermore found to be good.Under freeze-thaw cycle conditions,it is concluded that to prevent frost damage,the TIL thickness should be the sum of the thickness r1 of the first freeze-thaw cycle without frost heaving forces and an additional reserve value 0.06r1 of the TIL thickness.展开更多
The impact of normal stress-induced closure on fluid flow and solute transport in a single rock fracture is demonstrated in this study.The fracture is created from a measured surface of a granite rock sample.The Bandi...The impact of normal stress-induced closure on fluid flow and solute transport in a single rock fracture is demonstrated in this study.The fracture is created from a measured surface of a granite rock sample.The Bandis model is used to calculate the fracture closure due to normal stress,and the fluid flow is simulated by solving the Reynold equation.The Lagrangian particle tracking method is applied to modeling the advective transport in the fracture.The results show that the normal stress significantly affects fluid flow and solute transport in rock fractures.It causes fracture closure and creates asperity contact areas,which significantly reduces the effective hydraulic aperture and enhances flow channeling.Consequently,the reduced aperture and enhanced channeling affect travel time distributions.In particular,the enhanced channeling results in enhanced first arriving and tailing behaviors for solute transport.The fracture normal stiffness correlates linearly with the 5th and 95th percentiles of the normalized travel time.The finding from this study may help to better understand the stress-dependent solute transport processes in natural rock fractures.展开更多
In areas with seasonal freezing,when the tunnel lining concrete is saturated with water infiltrating the interior,the lining and the surrounding rocks will simultaneously freeze.However,the current calculation of the ...In areas with seasonal freezing,when the tunnel lining concrete is saturated with water infiltrating the interior,the lining and the surrounding rocks will simultaneously freeze.However,the current calculation of the frost heaving force fails to consider the synchronous damage to the lining and surrounding rocks under freeze-thaw cycles.Therefore,as per the elastic calculation model of the frost heaving force and model of steady-state heat transfer of circular tunnels,this study introduces the frost heaving rate of lining and surrounding rocks.First,the analytical solution of frost heaving force is obtained for simultaneous frost heaving of lining and surrounding rocks under any steady-state temperature field.Then,based on the fracture theory and meso-damage mechanics,the damage variables of lining and surrounding rocks under freeze-thaw cycles are extracted,representing their elastic modulus and porosity.Finally,the formula of frost heaving force for synchronous damage to the lining and surrounding rocks at any steady-state temperature field is obtained.The calculation results demonstrate that the lower the temperature inside the lining,the greater the frost heaving force.With the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles,frost heaving force tends to gradually increase initially,reaching a peak value at 85 freeze-thaw cycles,decreasing to 80%of the peak value at 140 cycles before reaching a constant value.The lining participates in frost heaving,increasing the frost heaving force.The initial increase rate of frost heaving force is 15.7%.Changing the fitting coefficients s1 and s2 of the lining and surrounding rocks can effectively control the magnitude of the frost heaving force in the tunnels.展开更多
The bio-clogging using bacteria can be an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional grouting methods for seepage control.However,it remains unclear to date how the dilute concentration of bacterium and ...The bio-clogging using bacteria can be an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional grouting methods for seepage control.However,it remains unclear to date how the dilute concentration of bacterium and medium during field installation can affect the setting time of bacterium and its correlation with permeability reduction.In this study,the setting time of bacterium and its effectiveness in permeability reduction were addressed through experimental and theoretical investigations.A series of sand column was cultivated using different concentrations of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and culture medium.The distribution and composition of the bacterial product(i.e.dextran)were observed by refractometer,scanning electron microscope(SEM),and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).Soil permeability was recorded using a constant head test.The results revealed that bacterium was effective to produce dextran at the setting time of about 5 d after installation.This dextran can reduce the permeability of bio-mediated soil by two orders of magnitude,even without culture medium supply.In general,the dextran production decreased proportionally with increase of bacterium and medium concentration.However,at 50%bacterium and medium concentration by weight,it still has a significant influence on permeability reduction with similar setting time,compared to 100%concentration.展开更多
This paper investigates the effectiveness of nano-modification on the strength enhancement of cementstabilized dredged sludge(CDS).Three types of nanoparticles including nano-SiO2(NS),nano-Al2O3(NA)and nano-MgO(NM)wer...This paper investigates the effectiveness of nano-modification on the strength enhancement of cementstabilized dredged sludge(CDS).Three types of nanoparticles including nano-SiO2(NS),nano-Al2O3(NA)and nano-MgO(NM)were used as cement admixtures for dredged sludge stabilization.Effects of single nanoparticle content,mass ratio of composite nanoparticles and curing time on the strength development of CDS were evaluated via a series of unconfined compressive strength(UCS)tests.The pH evolutions of CDS caused by nanoparticles were also examined by a range of pH tests.Furthermore,micromechanisms reflecting the strength evolutions were analyzed by performing scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)tests.The results indicated that adding nanoparticles can significantly improve the UCS of CDS.For single nano-modification,the optimum contents of NS,NA and NM were 4%e6%,6%and 8%,which can increase the 7-and 28-d UCSs of CDS by 38%and 50%,17%and 35%,65%and 67%,respectively.Compared with single nano-modification,composite nano-modifications were more effective in improving the strength gain of CDS.The optimum mass ratios of composite nanoparticles,namely NS/NA,NS/NM and NA/NM,were 9/1,3/7 and 3/7,respectively.Based on the strength growth rate,the composite nanoparticles with NS/NM of 3/7 were highly recommended.The addition of nanoparticles obviously affected the pH evolution of CDS,which was mainly determined by the difference of OHproduction and consumption inside nano-modified CDS.The microstructural analysis revealed that C-S-H and C-A-H gels are the main cementitious products,and the addition of nanoparticles can obviously contribute to a denser and more homogenous microstructure of CDS.展开更多
Solutions for radial flow of a Bingham fluid are analyzed in this paper.It aims to eliminate confusions in the literature concerning the plug flow region in different solutions for analysis and design of grouting in r...Solutions for radial flow of a Bingham fluid are analyzed in this paper.It aims to eliminate confusions in the literature concerning the plug flow region in different solutions for analysis and design of grouting in rock fractures.The analyses based on the force balance equation reveal that the plug flow region in Bingham radial flow is independent of the fracture radius,and is not a growth function adapted from the solution of one-dimensional(1D)slit flow according to‘similarity’.Based on the shear stress distribution,we analytically proposed that a non-uniform plug flow region cannot exist.The Bingham fluid(grout)penetration and flowrate evolution as functions of grouting time are given using the correct expression for the plug flow region.The radius-independent plug flow region and the presented flowrate evolution equation are also verified numerically.For radial flow,the relative penetration length is equal to the relative width of plug flow region,which is the same as that for 1D channel flow.Discrepancies in analytical solutions for grout penetration and flowrate evolution were also illustrated.The clarification of the plug flow region and evaluation of discrepancies in analytical solutions presented in this work could simplify modeling and design of grouting in rock engineering applications.展开更多
This paper presents experimental results of the post-fire behavior of tubular T-joints.The research aims at the failure modes and the residual strengths of the T-joints after fire.Three tests of full-scale tubular T-j...This paper presents experimental results of the post-fire behavior of tubular T-joints.The research aims at the failure modes and the residual strengths of the T-joints after fire.Three tests of full-scale tubular T-joints are conducted.The first one is carried out to study the mechanical behavior of T-joints under ambient temperature.The other two tests are performed to study the influence of pre-load,heating and cooling phase on residual load-bearing capacity of the tubular T-joints.The test results show that the sustained axial load on the brace has remarkable influence on the residual deflection of the T-joints which is cooled down to room temperature.The results of the experiments also indicate that the axial load level and heating and cooling history have more significant effects on the compressive stiffness of the T-joints than the residual strength.In the numerical study,the result of finite element model agrees well with the test result.The work in this paper provides a basis for further parametric analysis and theoretical study on the structural evaluation after fire.展开更多
Concern about the biological hazards involved in microbiological research, especially research involving laboratory animals, has increased in recent years. Working in an animal biosafety level 2 facility （ABSL-2）, c...Concern about the biological hazards involved in microbiological research, especially research involving laboratory animals, has increased in recent years. Working in an animal biosafety level 2 facility （ABSL-2）, commonly used for research on infectious diseases, poses various biological hazards. Here, the regulations and standards related to laboratory biosafety in China are introduced, the potential biological hazards present in ABSL-2 facilities are analyzed, and a series of strategies to control the hazards are presented.展开更多
The nonlinear thermal buckling of symmetrically laminated cylindrically orthotropic shallow spherical shell under temperature field and uniform pressure including transverse shear is studied. Also the analytic formula...The nonlinear thermal buckling of symmetrically laminated cylindrically orthotropic shallow spherical shell under temperature field and uniform pressure including transverse shear is studied. Also the analytic formulas for determining the critical buckling loads under different temperature fields are obtained by using the modified iteration method. The effect of transverse shear deformation and different temperature fields on critical buckling load is discussed.展开更多
In this investigation,the bearing capacity solution of a strip footing in anisotropic clay under inclined and eccentric load is analyzed using the numerical simulation model.The lower and upper bound finite element li...In this investigation,the bearing capacity solution of a strip footing in anisotropic clay under inclined and eccentric load is analyzed using the numerical simulation model.The lower and upper bound finite element limit analysis(FELA)approaches are utilized to establish precise modeling and derive the numerical outcomes of a strip footing’s bearing capacity.All analyses use effective automated adaptive meshes with three iteration stages to enhance the accuracy of the outcomes.The parametric analysis is performed to examine the influence of four dimensionless parameters which are taken into account in this study,namely the anisotropic strength ratio,the dimensionless eccentricity,the load inclination angle,and the adhesion factor to the bearing capacity factor.Furthermore,a new model has been proposed to predict the bearing capacity factor for the calculation of the undrained bearing capacity for footings resting on an anisotropic clay using an advanced data-driven method(MOGA-EPR).The new model takes into account the anisotropy,eccentricity,and inclination of the applied load and could be used with confidence in routine designs of shallow foundations in undrained conditions with the consideration of the anisotropic strengths of clays.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to present the results of a long-term research project consisting in the elaboration of a new rational airfield pavement design procedure applied to flexible pavements. The described methodolo...The aim of this paper is to present the results of a long-term research project consisting in the elaboration of a new rational airfield pavement design procedure applied to flexible pavements. The described methodology is based on the principles and the feedback obtained from the highway pavement design process which has been applied for more than 30 years in France as well as in many other countries. Adaptations to airfield pavements have been made, including features such as accurate traffic description, consideration of lateral wander of aircrafts for instance. The results of these developments have led to a new methodology which enables optimizing pavement designs by considering various input parameters such as the type of pavement section （runway, taxiway or apron）, the material properties and the temperature. The complete description of this method is available in the new pavement design manual and it is implemented in the dedicated software Aliz6-Airfield Pavement.展开更多
文摘Open caissons are widely used in foundation engineering because of their load-bearing efficiency and adaptability in diverse soil conditions.However,accurately predicting their undrained bearing capacity in layered soils remains a complex challenge.This study presents a novel application of five ensemble machine(ML)algorithms-random forest(RF),gradient boosting machine(GBM),extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),adaptive boosting(AdaBoost),and categorical boosting(CatBoost)-to predict the undrained bearing capacity factor(Nc)of circular open caissons embedded in two-layered clay on the basis of results from finite element limit analysis(FELA).The input dataset consists of 1188 numerical simulations using the Tresca failure criterion,varying in geometrical and soil parameters.The FELA was performed via OptumG2 software with adaptive meshing techniques and verified against existing benchmark studies.The ML models were trained on 70% of the dataset and tested on the remaining 30%.Their performance was evaluated using six statistical metrics:coefficient of determination(R²),mean absolute error(MAE),root mean squared error(RMSE),index of scatter(IOS),RMSE-to-standard deviation ratio(RSR),and variance explained factor(VAF).The results indicate that all the models achieved high accuracy,with R²values exceeding 97.6%and RMSE values below 0.02.Among them,AdaBoost and CatBoost consistently outperformed the other methods across both the training and testing datasets,demonstrating superior generalizability and robustness.The proposed ML framework offers an efficient,accurate,and data-driven alternative to traditional methods for estimating caisson capacity in stratified soils.This approach can aid in reducing computational costs while improving reliability in the early stages of foundation design.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT under Grant NRF-2022R1A2C1005316.
文摘Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide,significantly impairing motor and cognitive functions.Effective rehabilitation is often hindered by the heterogeneity of stroke lesions,variability in recovery patterns,and the complexity of electroencephalography(EEG)signals,which are often contaminated by artifacts.Accurate classification of motor imagery(MI)tasks,involving the mental simulation of movements,is crucial for assessing rehabilitation strategies but is challenged by overlapping neural signatures and patient-specific variability.To address these challenges,this study introduces a graph-attentive convolutional long short-term memory(LSTM)network(GACL-Net),a novel hybrid deep learning model designed to improve MI classification accuracy and robustness.GACL-Net incorporates multi-scale convolutional blocks for spatial feature extraction,attention fusion layers for adaptive feature prioritization,graph convolutional layers to model inter-channel dependencies,and bidi-rectional LSTM layers with attention to capture temporal dynamics.Evaluated on an open-source EEG dataset of 50 acute stroke patients performing left and right MI tasks,GACL-Net achieved 99.52%classification accuracy and 97.43%generalization accuracy under leave-one-subject-out cross-validation,outperforming existing state-of-the-art methods.Additionally,its real-time processing capability,with prediction times of 33–56 ms on a T4 GPU,underscores its clinical potential for real-time neurofeedback and adaptive rehabilitation.These findings highlight the model’s potential for clinical applications in assessing rehabilitation effectiveness and optimizing therapy plans through precise MI classification.
文摘Clay deposits typically exhibit significant degrees of heterogeneity and anisotropy in their strength and stiffness properties.Such non-monotonic responses can significantly impact the stability analysis and design of overlying shallow foundations.In this study,the undrained bearing capacity of shallow foundations resting on inhomogeneous and anisotropic clay layers subjected to oblique-eccentric combined loading is investigated through a comprehensive series of finite element limit analysis(FELA)based on the well-established lower-bound theorem and second-order cone programming(SOCP).The heterogeneity of normally consolidated(NC)clays is simulated by adopting a well-known general model of undrained shear strength increasing linearly with depth.In contrast,for overconsolidated(OC)clays,the variation of undrained shear strength with depth is considered to follow a bilinear trend.Furthermore,the inherent anisotropy is accounted for by adopting different values of undrained shear strength along different directions within the soil medium,employing an iterative-based algorithm.The results of numerical simulations are utilized to investigate the influences of natural soil heterogeneity and inherent anisotropy on the ultimate bearing capacity,failure envelope,and failure mechanism of shallow foundations subjected to the various combinations of vertical-horizontal(V-H)and vertical-moment(V-M)loads.
基金Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology(HCMUT),VNU-HCM for supporting this study.
文摘This study examines the stability of three-dimensional rectangular tunnel headings in drained c-ϕ soils,incor-porating surcharge effects using 3D Finite Element Limit Analysis(FELA).It focuses on the upper and lower bound solutions for three stability factors:cohesion,surcharge,and soil unit weight(Nc,Ns,and Nγ).Based on Terzaghi’s principle of superposition,the analysis evaluates tunnel stability under varying parameters,such as cover-depth ratio(H/D),width-depth ratio(B/D),and friction angle(ϕ).The results align closely with previous studies,and practical design charts are provided for calculating minimum support pressures.Additionally,machine learning models(ANN and XGBoost)are used to develop accurate correlations between input param-eters and stability results.A relative importance index analysis is conducted to assess the impact of these pa-rameters.This research enhances understanding of tunnel stability and offers practical insights for tunnel design.
基金The research work described herein was funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41877213).This financial support is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘The boundary condition is a crucial factor affecting the permeability variation due to suffusion.An experimental investigation on the permeability of gap-graded soil due to horizontal suffusion considering the boundary effect is conducted,where the hydraulic head difference(DH)varies,and the boundary includes non-loss and soil-loss conditions.Soil samples are filled into seven soil storerooms connected in turn.After evaluation,the variation in content of fine sand(ΔR_(f))and the hydraulic conductivity of soils in each storeroom(C_(i))are analyzed.In the non-loss test,the soil sample filling area is divided into runoff,transited,and accumulated areas according to the negative or positive ΔR_(f) values.ΔR_(f) increases from negative to positive along the seepage path,and Ci decreases from runoff area to transited area and then rebounds in accumulated area.In the soil-loss test,all soil sample filling areas belong to the runoff area,where the gentle-loss,strengthened-loss,and alleviated-loss parts are further divided.ΔR_(f) decreases from the gentle-loss part to the strengthened-loss part and then rebounds in the alleviated-loss part,and C_(i) increases and then decreases along the seepage path.The relationship between ΔR_(f) and Ci is different with the boundary condition.Ci exponentially decreases with ΔR_(f) in the non-loss test and increases with ΔR_(f) generally in the soil-loss test.
基金The first author(V.Kamchoom)acknowledges the grant(Grant No.FRB66065/0258-RE-KRIS/FF66/53)from King Mongkut’s Insti-tute of Technology Ladkrabang(KMITL)and National Science,Research and Innovation Fund(NSRF)the grant under Climate Change and Climate Variability Research in Monsoon Asia(CMON3)from the National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)(Grant No.N10A650844)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC).
文摘The spatiotemporal distributions of microbes in soil by different methods could affect the efficacy of the microbes to reduce the soil hydraulic conductivity.In this study,the specimens of bio-mediated sands were prepared using three different methods,i.e.injecting,mixing,and pouring a given microbial so-lution onto compacted sand specimens.The hydraulic conductivity was measured by constant-head tests,while any soil microstructural changes due to addition of the microbes were observed by scan-ning electron microscope(SEM)and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)tests.The amount of dextran concentration produced by microbes in each type of specimen was quantified by a refractometer.Results show that dextran production increased exponentially after 5-7 d of microbial settling with the supply of culture medium.The injection and mixing methods resulted in a similar amount and uniform dis-tribution of dextran in the specimens.The pouring method,however,produced a nonuniform distri-bution,with a higher concentration near the specimen surface.As the supply of culture medium discontinued,the dextran content near the surface produced by the pouring method decreased dramatically due to high competition for nutrients with foreign colonies.Average dextran concentration was negatively and correlated with hydraulic conductivity of bio-mediated soils exponentially,due to the clogging of large soil pores by dextran.The hydraulic conductivity of the injection and mixing cases did not change significantly when the supply of culture medium was absent.
基金This research was funded by National Science,Research and Innovation Fund(NSRF),and King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok with Contract No.KMUTNBeFFe66e12.
文摘The problem considered in this short note is the limit load determination of a vertical rock slope.The classical limit theorem is employed with the use of adaptive finite elements and nonlinear programming to determine upper and lower bound limit loads of a Hoek-Brown vertical rock slope.The objective function of the mathematical programming problem is such as to optimize a boundary load,which is known as the limit load,resembling the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing.While focusing on the vertical slope,parametric studies are carried out for several dimensionless ratios such as the dimensionless footing distance ratio,the dimensionless height ratio,and the dimensionless rock strength ratio.A comprehensive set of design charts is presented,and failure envelopes shown with the results explained in terms of three identified failure mechanisms,i.e.the face,the toe,and the Prandtl-type failures.These novel results can be used with great confidence in design practice,in particularly noting that the current industry-based design procedures for the presented problem are rarely found.
基金supported by the Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fundamental Fund fiscal year 2023The fifth author (V.Kamchoom)acknowledges the financial support from the National Science,Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF)at King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL),Thailand (Grant No.FRB66065/0258-RE-KRIS/FF66/53)+1 种基金the Climate Change and Climate Variability Research in Monsoon Asia (CMON3)from the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) (Grant No.N10A650844)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).
文摘Tunnel heading stability in two dimensions(2D)has been extensively investigated by numerous scholars in the past decade.One significant limitation of 2D analysis is the absence of actual tunnel geometry modeling with a considerable degree of idealization.Nevertheless,it is possible to study the stability of tunnels in three dimensions(3D)with a rectangular shape using finite element limit analysis(FELA)and a nonlinear programming technique.This paper employs 3D FELA to generate rigorous solutions for stability numbers,failure mechanisms,and safety factors for rectangular-shaped tunnels.To further explore the usefulness of the produced results,multivariate adaptive regression spline(MARS)is used for machine learning of big dataset and development of design equations for practical design applications.The study should be of great benefit to tunnel design practices using the developed equations provided in the paper.
基金This work was financially supported by the Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(41807234,42090053,41790441,42107198,42041006,41902300,41672255,300102269203,300102261401)supported by the CRSRI Open Research Program(Program SN:CKWV2021873/KY).
文摘Loess landslides are one of the most serious geological disasters in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Research has revealed that earthquake,rainfall,and human activities are common triggers for loess landslides.In order to study the relationship and characteristics of these landslides triggered by different factors,the paper uses historic landslide data to expound the basic motion indices of landslides triggered by different factors.More than half of loess landslides occurred on concave surface slopes,while nearly 40%of the loess landslides occurred on convex surface slopes.Human activities have a great effect on the occurrence of landslides,and the distribution density of landslides on residential land was almost five times that of bare land.Additionally,earthquakeinduced loess landslides had the largest sliding volume,whereas the excavation-induced loess landslide had the smallest sliding volume.The sliding volume of irrigation-induced and rainfall-induced loess landslides were between earthquake-induced loess landslides and excavation-induced loess landslide.Many of loess landslides were induced by a combination of these factors,such as rainfall and excavation,irrigation and excavation.Then a model that described the impact of these factors on the loess landslides was proposed.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52078061,51878074)the Huaihua University Scientific Research Project,China(No.HHUY 2022-26)+1 种基金the Postgraduate Research and Innovation-funded Project of Hunan Province,China(No.CX20220885)。
文摘In extreme cold regions,a thermal insulation layer(TIL)is commonly employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of frost heaving forces in tunnels.Optimizing the laying scheme of TIL,specifically minimizing frost heaving forces,holds considerable importance in the prevention of frost damage.This research developed a two-dimensional unsteady temperature field of circular tunnels by using the difference method(taking the off-wall laying method as an example)based on the law of conservation of energy.Then,the frozen circle and water migration coefficient were introduced to establish the relationship between the temperature field and frost heaving forces,and a reliable methodology for calculating these forces under the specific conditions of TIL installation was developed.Then(i)the influence of the air layer thickness of the off-wall laying method,(ii)different laying methods of TIL,(iii)the TIL thickness,(iv)the thermal conductivity of the TIL,and(v)the freeze-thaw cycles on the frost heaving force were investigated.The results showed that the frost heaving force served as a reliable and effective metric for evaluating the insulation effect in tunnels.In order to avoid frost damage in compliance with the design requirements,the insulation effects from various laying methods were established,in descending efficacy order as follows:off-wall laying,double layer laying,surface laying,and sandwich laying.Our findings revealed that the optimal thickness for the air layer in the offwall laying method was 0.10 m.The insulation effect of materials with a thermal conductivity below 0.047 W/(m·℃)was furthermore found to be good.Under freeze-thaw cycle conditions,it is concluded that to prevent frost damage,the TIL thickness should be the sum of the thickness r1 of the first freeze-thaw cycle without frost heaving forces and an additional reserve value 0.06r1 of the TIL thickness.
基金funding provided by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co.(SKB)。
文摘The impact of normal stress-induced closure on fluid flow and solute transport in a single rock fracture is demonstrated in this study.The fracture is created from a measured surface of a granite rock sample.The Bandis model is used to calculate the fracture closure due to normal stress,and the fluid flow is simulated by solving the Reynold equation.The Lagrangian particle tracking method is applied to modeling the advective transport in the fracture.The results show that the normal stress significantly affects fluid flow and solute transport in rock fractures.It causes fracture closure and creates asperity contact areas,which significantly reduces the effective hydraulic aperture and enhances flow channeling.Consequently,the reduced aperture and enhanced channeling affect travel time distributions.In particular,the enhanced channeling results in enhanced first arriving and tailing behaviors for solute transport.The fracture normal stiffness correlates linearly with the 5th and 95th percentiles of the normalized travel time.The finding from this study may help to better understand the stress-dependent solute transport processes in natural rock fractures.
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42207199,52179113,42272333)Zhejiang Postdoctoral Scientific Research Project(Grant Nos.ZJ2022155,ZJ2022156)。
文摘In areas with seasonal freezing,when the tunnel lining concrete is saturated with water infiltrating the interior,the lining and the surrounding rocks will simultaneously freeze.However,the current calculation of the frost heaving force fails to consider the synchronous damage to the lining and surrounding rocks under freeze-thaw cycles.Therefore,as per the elastic calculation model of the frost heaving force and model of steady-state heat transfer of circular tunnels,this study introduces the frost heaving rate of lining and surrounding rocks.First,the analytical solution of frost heaving force is obtained for simultaneous frost heaving of lining and surrounding rocks under any steady-state temperature field.Then,based on the fracture theory and meso-damage mechanics,the damage variables of lining and surrounding rocks under freeze-thaw cycles are extracted,representing their elastic modulus and porosity.Finally,the formula of frost heaving force for synchronous damage to the lining and surrounding rocks at any steady-state temperature field is obtained.The calculation results demonstrate that the lower the temperature inside the lining,the greater the frost heaving force.With the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles,frost heaving force tends to gradually increase initially,reaching a peak value at 85 freeze-thaw cycles,decreasing to 80%of the peak value at 140 cycles before reaching a constant value.The lining participates in frost heaving,increasing the frost heaving force.The initial increase rate of frost heaving force is 15.7%.Changing the fitting coefficients s1 and s2 of the lining and surrounding rocks can effectively control the magnitude of the frost heaving force in the tunnels.
基金This work is supported by King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang(Grant No.2563-02-01-014).
文摘The bio-clogging using bacteria can be an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional grouting methods for seepage control.However,it remains unclear to date how the dilute concentration of bacterium and medium during field installation can affect the setting time of bacterium and its correlation with permeability reduction.In this study,the setting time of bacterium and its effectiveness in permeability reduction were addressed through experimental and theoretical investigations.A series of sand column was cultivated using different concentrations of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and culture medium.The distribution and composition of the bacterial product(i.e.dextran)were observed by refractometer,scanning electron microscope(SEM),and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).Soil permeability was recorded using a constant head test.The results revealed that bacterium was effective to produce dextran at the setting time of about 5 d after installation.This dextran can reduce the permeability of bio-mediated soil by two orders of magnitude,even without culture medium supply.In general,the dextran production decreased proportionally with increase of bacterium and medium concentration.However,at 50%bacterium and medium concentration by weight,it still has a significant influence on permeability reduction with similar setting time,compared to 100%concentration.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51972209).
文摘This paper investigates the effectiveness of nano-modification on the strength enhancement of cementstabilized dredged sludge(CDS).Three types of nanoparticles including nano-SiO2(NS),nano-Al2O3(NA)and nano-MgO(NM)were used as cement admixtures for dredged sludge stabilization.Effects of single nanoparticle content,mass ratio of composite nanoparticles and curing time on the strength development of CDS were evaluated via a series of unconfined compressive strength(UCS)tests.The pH evolutions of CDS caused by nanoparticles were also examined by a range of pH tests.Furthermore,micromechanisms reflecting the strength evolutions were analyzed by performing scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)tests.The results indicated that adding nanoparticles can significantly improve the UCS of CDS.For single nano-modification,the optimum contents of NS,NA and NM were 4%e6%,6%and 8%,which can increase the 7-and 28-d UCSs of CDS by 38%and 50%,17%and 35%,65%and 67%,respectively.Compared with single nano-modification,composite nano-modifications were more effective in improving the strength gain of CDS.The optimum mass ratios of composite nanoparticles,namely NS/NA,NS/NM and NA/NM,were 9/1,3/7 and 3/7,respectively.Based on the strength growth rate,the composite nanoparticles with NS/NM of 3/7 were highly recommended.The addition of nanoparticles obviously affected the pH evolution of CDS,which was mainly determined by the difference of OHproduction and consumption inside nano-modified CDS.The microstructural analysis revealed that C-S-H and C-A-H gels are the main cementitious products,and the addition of nanoparticles can obviously contribute to a denser and more homogenous microstructure of CDS.
基金funding for this study is provided by the BeFo Rock Engineering Research Foundation(Grant No.392)。
文摘Solutions for radial flow of a Bingham fluid are analyzed in this paper.It aims to eliminate confusions in the literature concerning the plug flow region in different solutions for analysis and design of grouting in rock fractures.The analyses based on the force balance equation reveal that the plug flow region in Bingham radial flow is independent of the fracture radius,and is not a growth function adapted from the solution of one-dimensional(1D)slit flow according to‘similarity’.Based on the shear stress distribution,we analytically proposed that a non-uniform plug flow region cannot exist.The Bingham fluid(grout)penetration and flowrate evolution as functions of grouting time are given using the correct expression for the plug flow region.The radius-independent plug flow region and the presented flowrate evolution equation are also verified numerically.For radial flow,the relative penetration length is equal to the relative width of plug flow region,which is the same as that for 1D channel flow.Discrepancies in analytical solutions for grout penetration and flowrate evolution were also illustrated.The clarification of the plug flow region and evaluation of discrepancies in analytical solutions presented in this work could simplify modeling and design of grouting in rock engineering applications.
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China(No. 2007AA09Z322)
文摘This paper presents experimental results of the post-fire behavior of tubular T-joints.The research aims at the failure modes and the residual strengths of the T-joints after fire.Three tests of full-scale tubular T-joints are conducted.The first one is carried out to study the mechanical behavior of T-joints under ambient temperature.The other two tests are performed to study the influence of pre-load,heating and cooling phase on residual load-bearing capacity of the tubular T-joints.The test results show that the sustained axial load on the brace has remarkable influence on the residual deflection of the T-joints which is cooled down to room temperature.The results of the experiments also indicate that the axial load level and heating and cooling history have more significant effects on the compressive stiffness of the T-joints than the residual strength.In the numerical study,the result of finite element model agrees well with the test result.The work in this paper provides a basis for further parametric analysis and theoretical study on the structural evaluation after fire.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Projects of Infectious Disease(2012ZX10004-404)
文摘Concern about the biological hazards involved in microbiological research, especially research involving laboratory animals, has increased in recent years. Working in an animal biosafety level 2 facility （ABSL-2）, commonly used for research on infectious diseases, poses various biological hazards. Here, the regulations and standards related to laboratory biosafety in China are introduced, the potential biological hazards present in ABSL-2 facilities are analyzed, and a series of strategies to control the hazards are presented.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10572054)
文摘The nonlinear thermal buckling of symmetrically laminated cylindrically orthotropic shallow spherical shell under temperature field and uniform pressure including transverse shear is studied. Also the analytic formulas for determining the critical buckling loads under different temperature fields are obtained by using the modified iteration method. The effect of transverse shear deformation and different temperature fields on critical buckling load is discussed.
基金financially supported by Office of the Permanent Secretary,Ministry of Higher Education,Science,Research and Innovation under Research Grant for New Scholar(RGNS 65-112).
文摘In this investigation,the bearing capacity solution of a strip footing in anisotropic clay under inclined and eccentric load is analyzed using the numerical simulation model.The lower and upper bound finite element limit analysis(FELA)approaches are utilized to establish precise modeling and derive the numerical outcomes of a strip footing’s bearing capacity.All analyses use effective automated adaptive meshes with three iteration stages to enhance the accuracy of the outcomes.The parametric analysis is performed to examine the influence of four dimensionless parameters which are taken into account in this study,namely the anisotropic strength ratio,the dimensionless eccentricity,the load inclination angle,and the adhesion factor to the bearing capacity factor.Furthermore,a new model has been proposed to predict the bearing capacity factor for the calculation of the undrained bearing capacity for footings resting on an anisotropic clay using an advanced data-driven method(MOGA-EPR).The new model takes into account the anisotropy,eccentricity,and inclination of the applied load and could be used with confidence in routine designs of shallow foundations in undrained conditions with the consideration of the anisotropic strengths of clays.
文摘The aim of this paper is to present the results of a long-term research project consisting in the elaboration of a new rational airfield pavement design procedure applied to flexible pavements. The described methodology is based on the principles and the feedback obtained from the highway pavement design process which has been applied for more than 30 years in France as well as in many other countries. Adaptations to airfield pavements have been made, including features such as accurate traffic description, consideration of lateral wander of aircrafts for instance. The results of these developments have led to a new methodology which enables optimizing pavement designs by considering various input parameters such as the type of pavement section （runway, taxiway or apron）, the material properties and the temperature. The complete description of this method is available in the new pavement design manual and it is implemented in the dedicated software Aliz6-Airfield Pavement.
