Since its establishment in 2014,Military Medical Research has come a long way in becoming a premier journal for scientific articles from various different specialties,with a special emphasis on topics with military re...Since its establishment in 2014,Military Medical Research has come a long way in becoming a premier journal for scientific articles from various different specialties,with a special emphasis on topics with military relevance.The field of military medicine may be obscure,and may not be readily encountered by the typical clinician on a day-today basis.This journal aims not only to pursue excellence in military research,but also to keep current with the latest advancements on general medical topics from each and every specialty.This editorial serves to recap and synthesize the existing progress,updates and future needs of military medical excellence,discussing foremostly the unique traits of literature published in this journal,and subsequently presenting the discourse regarding wartime and peacetime medicine,the role of the military in a public health emergency,as well as wound healing and organ regeneration.Special attention has been devoted to military topics to shed light on the effects of Chemical,Biological,Radiological and Explosive warfare,environmental medicine and military psychiatry,topics which rarely have a chance to be discussed elsewhere.The interconnectedness between military combat and soldier physical and mental well-being is intricate,and has been distorted by pandemics such as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).This journal has come a long way since its first article was published,steadily contributing to the existing knowledge pool on general medical topics with a military slant.Only with continuous research and sharing,can we build upon the work of the scientific community,with hopes for the betterment of patient care.展开更多
Hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)is a major public health problem among children in the Asia-Pacific region.The optimal specimen for HFMD virological diagnosis remains unclear.Enterovirus A71(EV-A71)neutralizing antib...Hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)is a major public health problem among children in the Asia-Pacific region.The optimal specimen for HFMD virological diagnosis remains unclear.Enterovirus A71(EV-A71)neutralizing antibody titres detected in paired sera were considered the reference standard for calculating the sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive value of throat swabs,rectal swabs,stool,blood samples and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)by RT-PCR or ELISA assay.In this study,clinical samples from 276 HFMD patients were collected for analysing the sensitivity of different kind of specimens.Our results showed that stool had the highest sensitivity(88%,95%CI:74%–96%)and agreement with the reference standard(91%).The order of diagnostic yield for EV-A71 infection was stool samplerectal swab>throat swab>blood sample>CSF sample,and using a combination of clinical samples improved sensitivity for enterovirus detection.The sensitivity of ELISA for IgM antibody detection in sterile-site specimens was significantly higher than that of RT-PCR(serum/plasma:62%vs.2%,CSF:47%vs.0%)(P<0.002).In conclusion,our results suggest that stool has the highest diagnostic yield for EV-A71-infected HFMD.If stool is unavailable,rectal swabs can be collected to achieve a similar diagnostic yield.Otherwise,throat swabs may be useful in detecting positive samples.Although IgM in blood or CSF is diagnostically accurate,it lacks sensitivity,missing 40%–50%of cases.The higher proportion of severe cases and shorter interval between onset and sampling contributed to the increase in congruency between clinical testing and the serological reference standard.展开更多
Chikungunya fever(CHIKF)is an acute mosquito-borne disease caused by the Chikungunya virus(CHIKV),primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes[1-3].With its expanding global prevalence and the significant burden ...Chikungunya fever(CHIKF)is an acute mosquito-borne disease caused by the Chikungunya virus(CHIKV),primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes[1-3].With its expanding global prevalence and the significant burden of chronic complications,CHIKF has become a major public health threat.CHIKV is a member of the Togaviridae family,belonging to the Alphavirus genus.Its genome is a single-stranded,positive-sense RNA of about 11-12 kb,encoding four non-structural proteins(nsPl-4)and five structural proteins(capsid protein C,envelope proteins E1,E2,E3,and ion channel protein 6 K)[2].展开更多
The mpox(formerly known as monkeypox)outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern(PHEIC)by the World Health Organization(WHO)on two separate occasions,with the PHEIC status remaining in eff...The mpox(formerly known as monkeypox)outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern(PHEIC)by the World Health Organization(WHO)on two separate occasions,with the PHEIC status remaining in effect following the second declaration on August 14,2024[1,2].The causative agent,mpox virus(MPXV),is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus within the family Poxviridae[3].MPXV produce two antigenically distinct infectious virion forms:intracellular mature virions(IMVs)and extracellular enveloped virions(EEVs).Currently,the prevention and control of mpox have several challenges,including sustained human-to-human transmission,the increasing frequency and geographic spread of outbreaks,and ongoing viral adaptive evolution[4].These challenges are likely driven by the discontinuation of smallpox vaccination and the waning immunity in current population cohorts.展开更多
Effective containment of the COVID-19 pandemic requires rapid and accurate detection of the pathogen.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)remains the gold standard for COVID-19 confirmation.In this article,we report the perf...Effective containment of the COVID-19 pandemic requires rapid and accurate detection of the pathogen.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)remains the gold standard for COVID-19 confirmation.In this article,we report the performance of a cost-effective modular microfluidic reverse transcription(RT)-PCR and RT-loop mediated isothermal amplification(RTLAMP)platform,Epidax®,for the point-of-care testing and confirmation of SARS-CoV-2.This platform is versatile and can be reconfigured either for screening using endpoint RT-PCR or RT-LAMP tests or for confirmatory tests using realtime RT-PCR.Epidax®is highly sensitive and detects as little as 1 RNA copy perµL for real-time and endpoint RT-PCR,while using only half of the reagents.We achieved comparable results with those of a commercial platform when detecting SARS-CoV-2 viruses from 81 clinical RNA extracts.Epidax®can also detect SARS-CoV-2 from 44 nasopharyngeal samples without RNA extraction by using a direct RT-PCR assay,which shortens the sample-to-answer time to an hour with minimal user steps.Furthermore,we validated the technology using an RT-LAMP assay on 54 clinical RNA extracts.Overall,our platform provides a sensitive,cost-effective,and accurate diagnostic solution for lowresource settings.展开更多
文摘Since its establishment in 2014,Military Medical Research has come a long way in becoming a premier journal for scientific articles from various different specialties,with a special emphasis on topics with military relevance.The field of military medicine may be obscure,and may not be readily encountered by the typical clinician on a day-today basis.This journal aims not only to pursue excellence in military research,but also to keep current with the latest advancements on general medical topics from each and every specialty.This editorial serves to recap and synthesize the existing progress,updates and future needs of military medical excellence,discussing foremostly the unique traits of literature published in this journal,and subsequently presenting the discourse regarding wartime and peacetime medicine,the role of the military in a public health emergency,as well as wound healing and organ regeneration.Special attention has been devoted to military topics to shed light on the effects of Chemical,Biological,Radiological and Explosive warfare,environmental medicine and military psychiatry,topics which rarely have a chance to be discussed elsewhere.The interconnectedness between military combat and soldier physical and mental well-being is intricate,and has been distorted by pandemics such as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).This journal has come a long way since its first article was published,steadily contributing to the existing knowledge pool on general medical topics with a military slant.Only with continuous research and sharing,can we build upon the work of the scientific community,with hopes for the betterment of patient care.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(No.81525023)in whole or in part,by a Wellcome Trust fellowship awarded to LT[205228/Z/16/Z]supported by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections(grant no.NIHR200907)at University of Liverpool in partnership with Public Health England(PHE),in collaboration with Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the University of Oxford.LT is based at the University of Liverpool.
文摘Hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)is a major public health problem among children in the Asia-Pacific region.The optimal specimen for HFMD virological diagnosis remains unclear.Enterovirus A71(EV-A71)neutralizing antibody titres detected in paired sera were considered the reference standard for calculating the sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive value of throat swabs,rectal swabs,stool,blood samples and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)by RT-PCR or ELISA assay.In this study,clinical samples from 276 HFMD patients were collected for analysing the sensitivity of different kind of specimens.Our results showed that stool had the highest sensitivity(88%,95%CI:74%–96%)and agreement with the reference standard(91%).The order of diagnostic yield for EV-A71 infection was stool samplerectal swab>throat swab>blood sample>CSF sample,and using a combination of clinical samples improved sensitivity for enterovirus detection.The sensitivity of ELISA for IgM antibody detection in sterile-site specimens was significantly higher than that of RT-PCR(serum/plasma:62%vs.2%,CSF:47%vs.0%)(P<0.002).In conclusion,our results suggest that stool has the highest diagnostic yield for EV-A71-infected HFMD.If stool is unavailable,rectal swabs can be collected to achieve a similar diagnostic yield.Otherwise,throat swabs may be useful in detecting positive samples.Although IgM in blood or CSF is diagnostically accurate,it lacks sensitivity,missing 40%–50%of cases.The higher proportion of severe cases and shorter interval between onset and sampling contributed to the increase in congruency between clinical testing and the serological reference standard.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2023YFC2606500)the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province(tstp20240852)the Young Talent of Lifting Engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong,China(SDAST2025QTB057)。
文摘Chikungunya fever(CHIKF)is an acute mosquito-borne disease caused by the Chikungunya virus(CHIKV),primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes[1-3].With its expanding global prevalence and the significant burden of chronic complications,CHIKF has become a major public health threat.CHIKV is a member of the Togaviridae family,belonging to the Alphavirus genus.Its genome is a single-stranded,positive-sense RNA of about 11-12 kb,encoding four non-structural proteins(nsPl-4)and five structural proteins(capsid protein C,envelope proteins E1,E2,E3,and ion channel protein 6 K)[2].
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number 2025YFC2311800 to H.W.)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 32270157 to H.W.)the Beijing Nova Program(to H.W.).
文摘The mpox(formerly known as monkeypox)outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern(PHEIC)by the World Health Organization(WHO)on two separate occasions,with the PHEIC status remaining in effect following the second declaration on August 14,2024[1,2].The causative agent,mpox virus(MPXV),is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus within the family Poxviridae[3].MPXV produce two antigenically distinct infectious virion forms:intracellular mature virions(IMVs)and extracellular enveloped virions(EEVs).Currently,the prevention and control of mpox have several challenges,including sustained human-to-human transmission,the increasing frequency and geographic spread of outbreaks,and ongoing viral adaptive evolution[4].These challenges are likely driven by the discontinuation of smallpox vaccination and the waning immunity in current population cohorts.
基金the National University of Singapore(NUS),grant reference number NUSCOVID19RG-34.
文摘Effective containment of the COVID-19 pandemic requires rapid and accurate detection of the pathogen.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)remains the gold standard for COVID-19 confirmation.In this article,we report the performance of a cost-effective modular microfluidic reverse transcription(RT)-PCR and RT-loop mediated isothermal amplification(RTLAMP)platform,Epidax®,for the point-of-care testing and confirmation of SARS-CoV-2.This platform is versatile and can be reconfigured either for screening using endpoint RT-PCR or RT-LAMP tests or for confirmatory tests using realtime RT-PCR.Epidax®is highly sensitive and detects as little as 1 RNA copy perµL for real-time and endpoint RT-PCR,while using only half of the reagents.We achieved comparable results with those of a commercial platform when detecting SARS-CoV-2 viruses from 81 clinical RNA extracts.Epidax®can also detect SARS-CoV-2 from 44 nasopharyngeal samples without RNA extraction by using a direct RT-PCR assay,which shortens the sample-to-answer time to an hour with minimal user steps.Furthermore,we validated the technology using an RT-LAMP assay on 54 clinical RNA extracts.Overall,our platform provides a sensitive,cost-effective,and accurate diagnostic solution for lowresource settings.
