Over the past several decades,the integration of IONs into EP emerged as an effective method for enhancing its mechanical properties.Nevertheless,challenges remain,especially with u-IONs,where the interfacial strength...Over the past several decades,the integration of IONs into EP emerged as an effective method for enhancing its mechanical properties.Nevertheless,challenges remain,especially with u-IONs,where the interfacial strength with EP is suboptimal,resulting in aggregation within the EP matrix and a subsequent deterioration in the mechanical performance of u-ION/EP nanocomposites.In this comprehensive review,we explored advanced chemical modification techniques tailored for IONs incorporated into EP,providing a detailed examination of the mechanical characteristics of surface cm-ION/EP nanocomposites.This review investigates various chemical modification methods and their distinct impacts on the mechanical attributes of the resulting EP nanocomposites.Special emphasis is given to addressing the persistent challenges of inadequate interfacial strength and aggregation.Furthermore,this article examines prospective surface modification approaches for inorganic oxide nanoparticles,offering a visionary outlook on methods to improve the mechanical performance of EP in future.展开更多
The high labor demand during rice seedling cultivation and transplantation poses a significant challenge in advancing machine-transplanted rice cultivation.This problem may be solved by increasing the seeding rate dur...The high labor demand during rice seedling cultivation and transplantation poses a significant challenge in advancing machine-transplanted rice cultivation.This problem may be solved by increasing the seeding rate during seedling production while reducing the number of seedling trays.This study conducted field experiments from 2021 to 2022,using transplanting seedling ages of 10 and 15 days to explore the effects of 250,300,and 350 g/tray on the seedling quality,mechanical transplantation quality,yields,and economic benefits of rice.The commonly used combination of 150 g/tray with a 20-day seedling age in rice production was used as CK.The cultivation of seedlings under a high seeding rate and short seedling age significantly affected seedling characteristics,but there was no significant difference in seedling vitality compared to CK.The minimum number of rice trays used in the experiment was observed in the treatment of 350-10(300 g/tray and 10-day seedling age),only 152-155 trays ha^(-1),resulting in a 62%reduction in the number of trays needed.By increasing the seeding rate of rice,missed holes during mechanical transplantation decreased by 2.8 to 4%.The treatment of 300-15(300 g/tray and 15-day seedling age)achieved the highest yields and economic gains.These results indicated that using crop straw boards can reduce the application of seedling trays.On that basis,rice yields can be increased by raising the seeding rate and shortening the seedling age of rice without compromising seedling quality.展开更多
Increased human and industrial activities have exacerbated the release of toxic materials and acute envi-ronmental pollution in recent times.Biochar,a carbon-rich material produced from biomass,is gaining momentum as ...Increased human and industrial activities have exacerbated the release of toxic materials and acute envi-ronmental pollution in recent times.Biochar,a carbon-rich material produced from biomass,is gaining momentum as a versatile material for attaining a sustainable environment.The study reviews the application of functionalized biochar for energy storage,environmental remediation,catalysis,and sustainable agriculture,aiming to achieve a greener future.Thedeployment of crop residues as a renewable feedstock for biochar,and their properties,compositions,modification,and functionalization techniques are also discussed.Additionally,the avenues for applying functionalized biochar to achieve a greener future,future trends and innovations,challenges,and future research directions are highlighted.Despite the limitations of scalability,ecotoxicological risks,logistical issues,lack of characterization protocols,high production costs,poor social acceptance,and inadequate policy and regulatory frameworks,functionalized biochar offers a better surface area,improved porosity,enhanced functional groups,and higher recoverability,leading to improved performance,adsorption capacity,biodegradability,and applications in specialized fields.Future research should prioritize standardization,scalability,cost reduction strategies,expansion of application areas,integration of emerging tools such as artificial intelligence and predictive modeling,and the development of policy and regulatory frameworks,ensuring that biochar’s full potential is harnessed effectively to support a low-carbon,resource-efficient future and global sustainability goals.展开更多
Improving rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)are crucial challenges for coordinating food production and environmental health.However,little is known about the physiological mechanisms underlying the synergist...Improving rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)are crucial challenges for coordinating food production and environmental health.However,little is known about the physiological mechanisms underlying the synergistic effects of high yield and NUE in rice.Using two near-isogenic rice lines(named DEP1 and dep1),a two-year field experiment was conducted to assess agronomic characteristics and the physiological characteristics of carbon and nitrogen translocation under three nitrogen levels.Compared with DEP1,dep1 had higher grain yield,grain filling percentage,nitrogen(N)uptake,and NUE.More non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)and N in the stems were translocated to grains during grain filling in dep1 than in DEP1.Furthermore,stem NSCs translocation was significantly positively correlated with grain yield,while stem N translocation was significantly positively correlated with NUE.Key carbon metabolism enzyme activities(α-amylase,β-amylase and sucrose-phosphate synthase in stems,and sucrose synthase,ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and starch synthase in grains)and stem sucrose transporter gene(OsSUT1 and OsSWEET13)expression were higher in dep1 than in DEP1.This contributed to high stem NSCs translocation.Higher N translocation in the stems occurred due to the higher expression of OsNPF2.4.Moreover,the higher values of root morphological traits(root dry weight,root surface area,root length and root volume)and structural characteristics(stele diameter,cortical thickness and vessel section area)in dep1 explained its high nitrogen uptake.In addition,higher expression of OsNADH-GOGAT1 and OsGS1.3 promoted the assimilation of ammonium and contributed to higher nitrogen uptake in dep1.The application of N reduced carbon translocation but enhanced N translocation by regulating the corresponding metabolic enzyme activities and gene expression.Overall,these findings highlighted the roles of nitrogen uptake,and carbon and nitrogen translocation from stems as crucial characteristics for synergistically improving yield and NUE in the dep1 rice line.展开更多
To provide optimization strategies for chalcopyrite ammonia heap leaching processes,the key factors influencing chalcopyrite ammonia leaching kinetics were investigated under sealed reactor and controlled redox potent...To provide optimization strategies for chalcopyrite ammonia heap leaching processes,the key factors influencing chalcopyrite ammonia leaching kinetics were investigated under sealed reactor and controlled redox potential at ambient temperature.The results indicated that redox potential,particle size,and pH significantly affected chalcopyrite dissolution rates.The reaction orders with respect to particle size and hydroxyl ion concentration c(OH−)were determined to be−2.39 and 0.55,respectively.Temperature exhibited a marginal effect on chalcopyrite dissolution within the range of 25−45℃.The ammonium carbonate medium proved more favorable for chalcopyrite leaching than ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate systems.Surface deposits on the residues were identified as porous iron oxides,predominantly hematite and ferrihydrite,which produced diffusion barriers during leaching.Shrinking core model analysis revealed that the second stage of reaction was controlled by product-layer diffusion,which was further confirmed by the low activation energy(10.18 kJ/mol).展开更多
Squeeze casting is a well-established and reliable process for fabricating high-integrity metallic alloys,bimetals,and composites.The quality and high performance of squeeze cast components are dependent on optimum ca...Squeeze casting is a well-established and reliable process for fabricating high-integrity metallic alloys,bimetals,and composites.The quality and high performance of squeeze cast components are dependent on optimum casting conditions.Inappropriate selection of parameter values may adversely affect the quality of the casting.The squeeze cast components are generally subjected to secondary processing such as heat treatment,extrusion,and other bulk deformation processes to improve the microstructural features and mechanical properties.Heat treatment further refines the grains and reduces porosity,consequently improving tensile strength,and hardness;however,ductility decreases.This paper provides a comprehensive review on studies concerning the influence of processing parameters on porosity,density,percentage elongation,strength,hardness,wear,and fracture of squeeze casting alloys,aiming to provide sufficient information on the squeeze casting process and the effects of processing parameters on product quality.展开更多
The growth, transformation, and lattice structure of intermetallic compounds formed between Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu lead-free solder and copper substrate were investigated. Dip soldering was used to initiate the reaction betwe...The growth, transformation, and lattice structure of intermetallic compounds formed between Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu lead-free solder and copper substrate were investigated. Dip soldering was used to initiate the reaction between the solder and substrate. An r/-Cu6Sn5 intermetallic phase possessing a hexagonal lattice structure was found at the as-soldered interface. Thermal aging at a number of conditions resulted in the formation of a CuaSn intermetallic phase between the Cu6Sn5 layer and the copper substrate, e-Cu3Sn with an orthorhombic lattice structure was found together with hexagonal CusSn. Subsequently, the activation energies of the intermetallic phases were calculated and compared to results obtained from the literature. The comparison showed that good agreement existed between the findings from this study and literature data within a similar temperature range.展开更多
Light deficiency is a growing abiotic stress in rice production.However,few studies focus on shading effects on grain yield and quality of rice in East China.It is also essential to investigate proper nitrogen(N)appli...Light deficiency is a growing abiotic stress in rice production.However,few studies focus on shading effects on grain yield and quality of rice in East China.It is also essential to investigate proper nitrogen(N)application strategies that can effectively alleviate the negative impacts of light deficiency on grain yield and quality in rice.A two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of shading(non-shading and shading from heading to maturity)and panicle N application(NDP,decreased panicle N rate;NMP,medium panicle N rate;NIP,increased panicle N rate)treatments on rice yield-and quality-related characteristics.Compared with non-shading,shading resulted in a 9.5-14.8%yield loss(P<0.05),mainly due to lower filled-grain percentage and grain weight.NMP and NIP had higher(P<0.05)grain yield than NDP under non-shading,and no significant difference was observed in rice grain yield among NDP,NMP,and NIP under shading.Compared with NMP and NIP,NDP achieved less yield loss under shading because of the increased filled-grain percentage and grain weight.Shading reduced leaf photosynthetic rate after heading,as well as shoot biomass weight at maturity,shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity,and nonstructural carbohydrate(NSC)content in the stem at maturity(P<0.05).The harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve of NDP were increased under shading.Shading decreased(P<0.05)percentages of brown rice,milled rice,head rice,and amylose content while increasing(P<0.05)chalky rice percentage,chalky area,chalky degree,and grain protein.NMP demonstrated a better milling quality under non-shading,while NDP demonstrated under shading.NDP exhibited both lower chalky rice percentage,chalky area,and chalky degree under non-shading and shading,compared with NMP and NIP.NDP under shading decreased amylose content and breakdown but increased grain protein content and setback,contributing to similar overall palatability to non-shading.Our results suggested severe grain yield and quality penalty of rice when subjected to shading after heading.NDP improved NSC remobilization,harvest index,and sink-filling efficiency and alleviated yield loss under shading.Besides,NDP would maintain rice’s milling,appearance,and cooking and eating qualities under shading.Proper N management with a decreased panicle N rate could be adopted to mitigate the negative effects of shading on rice grain yield and quality.展开更多
The yield potential of japonica/indica hybrids(JIH)has been achieved over 13.5 t ha–1 in large-scale rice fields,and some physiological traits for yield advantage of JIH over japonica inbred rice(JI)and indica hybrid...The yield potential of japonica/indica hybrids(JIH)has been achieved over 13.5 t ha–1 in large-scale rice fields,and some physiological traits for yield advantage of JIH over japonica inbred rice(JI)and indica hybrid rice(IH)were also identified.To date,little attention has been paid to morphological traits for yield advantage of JIH over JI and IH.For this reason,three JIH,three JI,and three IH were field-grown at East China(Ningbo,Zhejiang Province)in 2015 and 2016.Compared with JI and IH,JIH had 14.3 and 20.8%higher grain yield,respectively,attributed to its more spikelets per panicle and relatively high percentage of filled grains.The advantage in spikelets per panicle of JIH over JI and IH was shown in number of grains on the upper,middle,and lower branches.Compared with JI and IH,JIH had higher leaf area through leaf width and lower leaf angle of upper three leaves,higher leaf area index and leaf area per tiller at heading and maturity stages,higher stem weight per tiller and K and Si concentrations of stem at maturity,higher dry matter weight in leaf,stem,and panicle at heading and maturity stages,and higher biomass accumulation after heading and lower biomass translocation from stem during ripening.Leaf width of upper three leaves were correlated positively,while leaf angle of upper three leaves were correlated negatively with biomass accumulation after heading,stem weight per tiller,and per unit length.Our results indicated that the grain yield advantage of JIH was ascribed mainly to the more spikelets per panicle and relatively high percentage of filled grains.Higher leaf area through leaf width and more erect leaves were associated with improved biomass accumulation and stem weighing during ripening,and were the primary morphological traits underlying higher grain yield of JIH.展开更多
Simultaneous stresses of salinity and drought often coincide during rice-growing seasons in saline lands,primarily due to insufficient water resources and inadequate irrigation facilities.Consequently,combined salinit...Simultaneous stresses of salinity and drought often coincide during rice-growing seasons in saline lands,primarily due to insufficient water resources and inadequate irrigation facilities.Consequently,combined salinity-drought stress poses a major threat to rice production.In this study,two salinity levels(NS,non-salinity;HS,high salinity)along with three drought treatments(CC,control condition;DJ,drought stress imposed at jointing;DH,drought stress imposed at heading)were performed to investigate their combined influences on leaf photosynthetic characteristics,biomass accumulation,and rice yield formation.Salinity,drought,and their combination led to a shortened growth period from heading to maturity,resulting in a reduced overall growth duration.Grain yield was reduced under both salinity and drought stress,with a more substantial reduction under the combined salinity-drought stress.The combined stress imposed at heading caused greater yield losses in rice compared with the stress imposed at jointing.Additionally,the combined salinity-drought stress induced greater decreases in shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity,as well as in shoot biomass and nonstructural carbohydrate(NSC)content in the stem at heading and maturity.However,it increased the harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve.Salinity and drought reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves and weakened the leaf photosynthetic characteristics as indicated by lower photosynthetic rates,transpiration rates,and stomatal conductance.These reductions were more pronounced under the combined stress.Salinity,drought,and especially their combination,decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase,catalase,and superoxide dismutase,while increasing the contents of malondialdehyde,hydrogen peroxide,and superoxide radical.Our results indicated a more significant yield loss in rice when subjected to combined salinity-drought stress.The individual and combined stresses of salinity and drought diminished antioxidant enzyme activities,inhibited leaf photosynthetic functions,accelerated leaf senescence,and subsequently lowered assimilate accumulation and grain yield.展开更多
The coal with low moisture during carbonization could not only increase the yield of coke,but also promote the coke quality and reduce the energy consumption.In this paper,the influence of the moisture in the blend co...The coal with low moisture during carbonization could not only increase the yield of coke,but also promote the coke quality and reduce the energy consumption.In this paper,the influence of the moisture in the blend coal(1.8%10.13%)on the product yields and coke quality during coal carbonization were investigated.The results show that the coke yield is increased from 75.90%to 77.16%,and the coke qualities such as coke strength after reaction with CO2(CSR),coke reactivity index(CRI),fragmentation index(M25)and abrasion index(M10))are also improved when the moisture of the blend coal decreases from 10.13%to 1.80%in a bench scale reactor.Due to the secondary reaction,tar become lighter when the moisture is decreased.In order to further prove the above results,the blend coal with 1.8%and 9%10%(common moisture used in coke plant)moisture is carbonized in a coke oven with 6 m height,the results show that CRI are 23.4%and 27.3%,CRS are 67.1%and 62.2%under 1.8%and 9%10%moisture of blend coal.Moreover,the variation of the moisture in blend coal has a limited influence on dust emission at the ascension pipe and the charging car.展开更多
The aim of this research study was to determine optimal resistance spot brazing parameters for joining between AHSS and AISI 304 stainless steel by using filler metal. The key parameters investigated in this study con...The aim of this research study was to determine optimal resistance spot brazing parameters for joining between AHSS and AISI 304 stainless steel by using filler metal. The key parameters investigated in this study consist of the brazing current, electrode pressure and brazing time. The Taguchi method was applied to the design of experiments. Signal-to-Noise ratio was introduced in the study to identify optimal levels from the process where input parameters yield increased shear strength. Brazing was thus implemented with 5,000A brazing current, 0.70 MPa electrode pressure, and 1.50s brazing time. The maximum shear strength obtained was 54.31 N·mm^-2 in accordance with input parameter settings. In addition, Cu-rich phase and Ag0.4Fe0.6 intermetallic phases were found at the interface zone.展开更多
Magnesium alloys have many advantages as lightweight materials for engineering applications,especially in the fields of automotive and aerospace.They undergo extensive cutting or machining while making products out of...Magnesium alloys have many advantages as lightweight materials for engineering applications,especially in the fields of automotive and aerospace.They undergo extensive cutting or machining while making products out of them.Dry cutting,a sustainable machining method,causes more friction and adhesion at the tool-chip interface.One of the promising solutions to this problem is cutting tool surface texturing,which can reduce tool wear and friction in dry cutting and improve machining performance.This paper aims to investigate the impact of dimple textures(made on the flank face of cutting inserts)on tool wear and chip morphology in the dry machining of AZ31B magnesium alloy.The results show that the cutting speed was the most significant factor affecting tool flank wear,followed by feed rate and cutting depth.The tool wear mechanism was examined using scanning electron microscope(SEM)images and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)analysis reports,which showed that at low cutting speed,the main wear mechanism was abrasion,while at high speed,it was adhesion.The chips are discontinuous at low cutting speeds,while continuous at high cutting speeds.The dimple textured flank face cutting tools facilitate the dry machining of AZ31B magnesium alloy and contribute to ecological benefits.展开更多
Chicken eggshell is one of the most common wastes generated from households,restaurants and other food processing outlets.Waste Chicken Eggshells(WCES)also constitutes an environmental nuisance and ends up discarded a...Chicken eggshell is one of the most common wastes generated from households,restaurants and other food processing outlets.Waste Chicken Eggshells(WCES)also constitutes an environmental nuisance and ends up discarded at dumping site with no consideration of further usage.The main constituent of WCES is calcium carbonate from which calcium or calcium oxide can be extracted for various applications.This current effort reviews recently published literature on the diverse applications of WCES.The considered utilization avenues include catalysts for biofuel production,construction industry,wastewater purification,industrial sector,food industry,medical,and agricultural applications.The specific areas of application apart from the transesterification reactions include cement additives and replacement in concrete,asphalt binder,adsorbent of metals and dyes,production of hydroxyapatite,food supplement and fortification,dentistry,therapeutics,bone formation,drug delivery,poultry feeds as well as organic fertilizer.For most of the identified applications,the WCES is subjected to pretreatment and other modification techniques before utilization.The conversion of WCES to valuable products is a cost-effective,safe,environmentally friendly,non-toxic and viable means of waste disposal and utilization.More investigations are needed to further explore the benefits derivable from this bioresource.展开更多
The world's population is growing,leading to an increasing demand for freshwater resources for drinking,sanitation,agriculture,and industry.Interfacial solar steam generation(ISSG)can solve many problems,such as m...The world's population is growing,leading to an increasing demand for freshwater resources for drinking,sanitation,agriculture,and industry.Interfacial solar steam generation(ISSG)can solve many problems,such as mitigating the power crisis,minimizing water pollution,and improving the purification and desalination of seawater,rivers/lakes,and wastewater.Cellulosic materials are a viable and ecologically sound technique for capturing solar energy that is adaptable to a range of applications.This review paper aims to provide an overview of current advancements in the field of cellulose-based materials ISSG devices,specifically focusing on their applications in water purification and desalination.This paper examines the cellulose-based materials ISSG system and evaluates the effectiveness of various cellulosic materials,such as cellulose nanofibers derived from different sources,carbonized wood materials,and two-dimensional(2D)and 3D cellulosic-based materials from various sources,as well as advanced cellulosic materials,including bacterial cellulose and cellulose membranes obtained from agricultural and industrial cellulose wastes.The focus is on exploring the potential applications of these materials in ISSG devices for water desalination,purification,and treatment.The function,advantages,and disadvantages of cellulosic materials in the performance of ISSG devices were also deliberated throughout our discussion.In addition,the potential and suggested methods for enhancing the utilization of cellulose-based materials in the field of ISSG systems for water desalination,purification,and treatment were also emphasized.展开更多
Thermal barrier coatings are widely used as surface modifications to enhance the surface properties of the material and protect from surface degradations such as erosion and corrosion.Ceramic-based coatings are highly...Thermal barrier coatings are widely used as surface modifications to enhance the surface properties of the material and protect from surface degradations such as erosion and corrosion.Ceramic-based coatings are highly recommended to increase wear resistance in the indus-trial sector.In this paper,an alumina-titania ceramic powder was deposited on an aluminum alloy using an atmospheric plasma spray tech-nique.Experimental investigations were performed to study the behavior and erosion rate of the material.Solid particle erosion studies were performed by varying the particle velocity and particle flow rate.The angle impingement and stand-off distance were constant for comparison.The base metal has a clinging effect and the mass change was negative at a maximum particle flow rate of 4 g·min^(−1).Under the same process conditions,the coated sample had a reduced lifetime and reached a maximum erosion rate of 0.052(Δg/g).The solid particle erosion studies confirmed that the base metal aluminum alloy had severe surface damage with erodent reinforcement when compared to the coated samples.The influence of the particle velocity,particle flow rate,and input process parameters were also identified.展开更多
Dense planting could be a feasible method for reducing nitrogen(N) application rates without compromising rice grain yield in northeast and central China. It is still unclear whether reduced N application with dense p...Dense planting could be a feasible method for reducing nitrogen(N) application rates without compromising rice grain yield in northeast and central China. It is still unclear whether reduced N application with dense planting(RNDP) can achieve higher rice yield and N use efficiency(NUE) in Jiangsu, east China. Three japonica inbred rice(JI) and three indica hybrid rice(IH) cultivars were grown in a field experiment. Their grain yield, NUE, and related traits were compared under two cultivation treatments:conventional high-yielding practice(CHYP) and RNDP. JI showed similar yields under the two treatments,while IH showed lower yield under RNDP than under CHYP, and the partial factor productivity of N and N use efficiency for grain yield increased(P < 0.05) in both JI and IH under RNDP. Compared with CHYP,RNDP reduced spikelets per panicle but increased panicles per m2 and filled-kernel percentage of JI and IH, and JI's kernel weight was increased(P < 0.05) under RNDP. Shoot biomass weight and nonstructural carbohydrate(NSC) content in the stem at heading and maturity of JI and IH were reduced under RNDP, while harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve were increased(P < 0.05) under RNDP, especially for JI. Our results suggest that RNDP could achieve a higher rice grain yield and NUE, particularly for JI, a dominant rice cultivar type in Jiangsu. For JI, the increased panicles per m2, sink-filling efficiency, harvest index, and NSC remobilization after heading under RNDP contributed to a grain yield similar to that under CHYP.展开更多
Research into converting waste into viable eco-friendly products has gained global concern.Using natural fibres and pulverized metallic waste becomes necessary to reduce noxious environmental emissions due to indiscri...Research into converting waste into viable eco-friendly products has gained global concern.Using natural fibres and pulverized metallic waste becomes necessary to reduce noxious environmental emissions due to indiscriminately occupying the land.This study reviews the literature in the broad area of green composites in search of materials that can be used in automotive brake pads.Materials made by biocomposite,rather than fossil fuels,will be favoured.A database containing the tribo-mechanical performance of numerous potential components for the future green composite was established using the technical details of bio-polymers and natural reinforcements.The development of materials with diverse compositions and varying proportions is now conceivable,and these materials can be permanently connected in fully regulated processes.This explanation demonstrates that all of these variables affect friction coefficient,resistance to wear from friction and high temperatures,and the operating life of brake pads to varying degrees.In this study,renewable materials for the matrix and reinforcement are screened to determine which have sufficient strength,coefficient of friction,wear resistance properties,and reasonable costs,making them a feasible option for a green composite.The most significant,intriguing,and unusual materials used in manufacturing brake pads are gathered in this review,which also analyzes how they affect the tribological characteristics of the pads.展开更多
Computational models are developed to create grain structures using mathematical algorithms based on the chaos theory such as cellular automaton, geometrical models, fractals, and stochastic methods. Because of the ch...Computational models are developed to create grain structures using mathematical algorithms based on the chaos theory such as cellular automaton, geometrical models, fractals, and stochastic methods. Because of the chaotic nature of grain structures, some of the most popular routines are based on the Monte Carlo method, statistical distributions, and random walk methods, which can be easily programmed and included in nested loops. Nevertheless, grain structures are not well defined as the results of computational errors and numerical incon- sistencies on mathematical methods. Due to the finite definition of numbers or the numerical restrictions during the simulation of solidifica- tion, damaged images appear on the screen. These images must be repaired to obtain a good measurement of grain geometrical properties. Some mathematical algorithms were developed to repair, measure, and characterize grain structures obtained from cellular automata in the present work. An appropriate measurement of grain size and the corrected identification of interfaces and length are very important topics in materials science because they are the representation and validation of mathematical models with real samples. As a result, the developed al- gorithms are tested and proved to be appropriate and efficient to eliminate the errors and characterize the grain structures.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)significantly affects rice yield and lodging resistance.Previous studies have primarily investigated the impact of N management on rice lodging in conventional rice monoculture(RM);however,few studies have ...Nitrogen(N)significantly affects rice yield and lodging resistance.Previous studies have primarily investigated the impact of N management on rice lodging in conventional rice monoculture(RM);however,few studies have performed such investigations in rice-crayfish coculture(RC).We hypothesized that RC would increase rice lodging risk and that optimizing N application practices would improve rice lodging resistance without affecting food security.We conducted a two-factor(rice farming mode and N management practice)field experiment from2021 to 2022 to test our hypothesis.The rice farming modes included RM and RC,and the N management practices included no nitrogen fertilizer,conventional N application,and optimized N treatment.The rice yield and lodging resistance characteristics,such as morphology,mechanical and chemical characteristics,anatomic structure,and gene expression levels,were analyzed and compared among the treatments.Under the same N application practice,RC decreased the rice yield by 11.1-24.4% and increased the lodging index by 19.6-45.6% compared with the values yielded in RM.In RC,optimized N application decreased the plant height,panicle neck node height,center of gravity height,bending stress,and lodging index by 4.0-4.8%,5.2-7.8%,0.5-4.5%,5.5-10.5%,and 1.8-19.5%,respectively,compared with those in the conventional N application practice.Furthermore,it increased the culm diameter,culm wall thickness,breaking strength,and non-structural and structural carbohydrate content by 0.8-4.9%,2.2-53.1%,13.5-19.2%,2.2-24.7%,and 31.3-87.2%,respectively.Optimized N application increased sclerenchymal and parenchymal tissue areas of the vascular bundle at the culm wall of the base second internode.Furthermore,optimized N application upregulated genes involved in lignin and cellulose synthesis,thereby promoting lower internodes on the rice stem and enhancing lodging resistance.Optimized N application in RC significantly reduced the lodging index by 1.8-19.5%and stabilized the rice yield(>8,570 kg ha~(-1)on average).This study systematically analyzed and compared the differences in lodging characteristics between RM and RC.The findings will aid in the development of more efficient practices for RC that will reduce N fertilizer application.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development of China(No.2018YFA0702804).
文摘Over the past several decades,the integration of IONs into EP emerged as an effective method for enhancing its mechanical properties.Nevertheless,challenges remain,especially with u-IONs,where the interfacial strength with EP is suboptimal,resulting in aggregation within the EP matrix and a subsequent deterioration in the mechanical performance of u-ION/EP nanocomposites.In this comprehensive review,we explored advanced chemical modification techniques tailored for IONs incorporated into EP,providing a detailed examination of the mechanical characteristics of surface cm-ION/EP nanocomposites.This review investigates various chemical modification methods and their distinct impacts on the mechanical attributes of the resulting EP nanocomposites.Special emphasis is given to addressing the persistent challenges of inadequate interfacial strength and aggregation.Furthermore,this article examines prospective surface modification approaches for inorganic oxide nanoparticles,offering a visionary outlook on methods to improve the mechanical performance of EP in future.
基金funded by the Jiangsu Key Research Program,China(BE2022338)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(CX(23)3107)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(22KJB210004)the Jiangsu Province Agricultural Major Technology Collaborative Promotion Project,China(2022-ZYXT-04-1)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(KYCX23_3569)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China.
文摘The high labor demand during rice seedling cultivation and transplantation poses a significant challenge in advancing machine-transplanted rice cultivation.This problem may be solved by increasing the seeding rate during seedling production while reducing the number of seedling trays.This study conducted field experiments from 2021 to 2022,using transplanting seedling ages of 10 and 15 days to explore the effects of 250,300,and 350 g/tray on the seedling quality,mechanical transplantation quality,yields,and economic benefits of rice.The commonly used combination of 150 g/tray with a 20-day seedling age in rice production was used as CK.The cultivation of seedlings under a high seeding rate and short seedling age significantly affected seedling characteristics,but there was no significant difference in seedling vitality compared to CK.The minimum number of rice trays used in the experiment was observed in the treatment of 350-10(300 g/tray and 10-day seedling age),only 152-155 trays ha^(-1),resulting in a 62%reduction in the number of trays needed.By increasing the seeding rate of rice,missed holes during mechanical transplantation decreased by 2.8 to 4%.The treatment of 300-15(300 g/tray and 15-day seedling age)achieved the highest yields and economic gains.These results indicated that using crop straw boards can reduce the application of seedling trays.On that basis,rice yields can be increased by raising the seeding rate and shortening the seedling age of rice without compromising seedling quality.
文摘Increased human and industrial activities have exacerbated the release of toxic materials and acute envi-ronmental pollution in recent times.Biochar,a carbon-rich material produced from biomass,is gaining momentum as a versatile material for attaining a sustainable environment.The study reviews the application of functionalized biochar for energy storage,environmental remediation,catalysis,and sustainable agriculture,aiming to achieve a greener future.Thedeployment of crop residues as a renewable feedstock for biochar,and their properties,compositions,modification,and functionalization techniques are also discussed.Additionally,the avenues for applying functionalized biochar to achieve a greener future,future trends and innovations,challenges,and future research directions are highlighted.Despite the limitations of scalability,ecotoxicological risks,logistical issues,lack of characterization protocols,high production costs,poor social acceptance,and inadequate policy and regulatory frameworks,functionalized biochar offers a better surface area,improved porosity,enhanced functional groups,and higher recoverability,leading to improved performance,adsorption capacity,biodegradability,and applications in specialized fields.Future research should prioritize standardization,scalability,cost reduction strategies,expansion of application areas,integration of emerging tools such as artificial intelligence and predictive modeling,and the development of policy and regulatory frameworks,ensuring that biochar’s full potential is harnessed effectively to support a low-carbon,resource-efficient future and global sustainability goals.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272200 and 31901425)the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program,China(BE2021361)+2 种基金the Jiangsu Provincial Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Technology Innovation Special Fund Project,China(BE2022425)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(PAPD)the Lv Yang Jin Feng Talent Plan of Yangzhou City,China(YZLYJFJH2022YXBS020)。
文摘Improving rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)are crucial challenges for coordinating food production and environmental health.However,little is known about the physiological mechanisms underlying the synergistic effects of high yield and NUE in rice.Using two near-isogenic rice lines(named DEP1 and dep1),a two-year field experiment was conducted to assess agronomic characteristics and the physiological characteristics of carbon and nitrogen translocation under three nitrogen levels.Compared with DEP1,dep1 had higher grain yield,grain filling percentage,nitrogen(N)uptake,and NUE.More non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)and N in the stems were translocated to grains during grain filling in dep1 than in DEP1.Furthermore,stem NSCs translocation was significantly positively correlated with grain yield,while stem N translocation was significantly positively correlated with NUE.Key carbon metabolism enzyme activities(α-amylase,β-amylase and sucrose-phosphate synthase in stems,and sucrose synthase,ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and starch synthase in grains)and stem sucrose transporter gene(OsSUT1 and OsSWEET13)expression were higher in dep1 than in DEP1.This contributed to high stem NSCs translocation.Higher N translocation in the stems occurred due to the higher expression of OsNPF2.4.Moreover,the higher values of root morphological traits(root dry weight,root surface area,root length and root volume)and structural characteristics(stele diameter,cortical thickness and vessel section area)in dep1 explained its high nitrogen uptake.In addition,higher expression of OsNADH-GOGAT1 and OsGS1.3 promoted the assimilation of ammonium and contributed to higher nitrogen uptake in dep1.The application of N reduced carbon translocation but enhanced N translocation by regulating the corresponding metabolic enzyme activities and gene expression.Overall,these findings highlighted the roles of nitrogen uptake,and carbon and nitrogen translocation from stems as crucial characteristics for synergistically improving yield and NUE in the dep1 rice line.
基金the financial supports from the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA0430304).
文摘To provide optimization strategies for chalcopyrite ammonia heap leaching processes,the key factors influencing chalcopyrite ammonia leaching kinetics were investigated under sealed reactor and controlled redox potential at ambient temperature.The results indicated that redox potential,particle size,and pH significantly affected chalcopyrite dissolution rates.The reaction orders with respect to particle size and hydroxyl ion concentration c(OH−)were determined to be−2.39 and 0.55,respectively.Temperature exhibited a marginal effect on chalcopyrite dissolution within the range of 25−45℃.The ammonium carbonate medium proved more favorable for chalcopyrite leaching than ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate systems.Surface deposits on the residues were identified as porous iron oxides,predominantly hematite and ferrihydrite,which produced diffusion barriers during leaching.Shrinking core model analysis revealed that the second stage of reaction was controlled by product-layer diffusion,which was further confirmed by the low activation energy(10.18 kJ/mol).
文摘Squeeze casting is a well-established and reliable process for fabricating high-integrity metallic alloys,bimetals,and composites.The quality and high performance of squeeze cast components are dependent on optimum casting conditions.Inappropriate selection of parameter values may adversely affect the quality of the casting.The squeeze cast components are generally subjected to secondary processing such as heat treatment,extrusion,and other bulk deformation processes to improve the microstructural features and mechanical properties.Heat treatment further refines the grains and reduces porosity,consequently improving tensile strength,and hardness;however,ductility decreases.This paper provides a comprehensive review on studies concerning the influence of processing parameters on porosity,density,percentage elongation,strength,hardness,wear,and fracture of squeeze casting alloys,aiming to provide sufficient information on the squeeze casting process and the effects of processing parameters on product quality.
基金the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and the Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang for providing financial support
文摘The growth, transformation, and lattice structure of intermetallic compounds formed between Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu lead-free solder and copper substrate were investigated. Dip soldering was used to initiate the reaction between the solder and substrate. An r/-Cu6Sn5 intermetallic phase possessing a hexagonal lattice structure was found at the as-soldered interface. Thermal aging at a number of conditions resulted in the formation of a CuaSn intermetallic phase between the Cu6Sn5 layer and the copper substrate, e-Cu3Sn with an orthorhombic lattice structure was found together with hexagonal CusSn. Subsequently, the activation energies of the intermetallic phases were calculated and compared to results obtained from the literature. The comparison showed that good agreement existed between the findings from this study and literature data within a similar temperature range.
基金This work was financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A2022,31901448 and 32001466)the Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(2020M671628 and 2020M671629)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(19KJB210004)the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province,China(BE2019343)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China.
文摘Light deficiency is a growing abiotic stress in rice production.However,few studies focus on shading effects on grain yield and quality of rice in East China.It is also essential to investigate proper nitrogen(N)application strategies that can effectively alleviate the negative impacts of light deficiency on grain yield and quality in rice.A two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of shading(non-shading and shading from heading to maturity)and panicle N application(NDP,decreased panicle N rate;NMP,medium panicle N rate;NIP,increased panicle N rate)treatments on rice yield-and quality-related characteristics.Compared with non-shading,shading resulted in a 9.5-14.8%yield loss(P<0.05),mainly due to lower filled-grain percentage and grain weight.NMP and NIP had higher(P<0.05)grain yield than NDP under non-shading,and no significant difference was observed in rice grain yield among NDP,NMP,and NIP under shading.Compared with NMP and NIP,NDP achieved less yield loss under shading because of the increased filled-grain percentage and grain weight.Shading reduced leaf photosynthetic rate after heading,as well as shoot biomass weight at maturity,shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity,and nonstructural carbohydrate(NSC)content in the stem at maturity(P<0.05).The harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve of NDP were increased under shading.Shading decreased(P<0.05)percentages of brown rice,milled rice,head rice,and amylose content while increasing(P<0.05)chalky rice percentage,chalky area,chalky degree,and grain protein.NMP demonstrated a better milling quality under non-shading,while NDP demonstrated under shading.NDP exhibited both lower chalky rice percentage,chalky area,and chalky degree under non-shading and shading,compared with NMP and NIP.NDP under shading decreased amylose content and breakdown but increased grain protein content and setback,contributing to similar overall palatability to non-shading.Our results suggested severe grain yield and quality penalty of rice when subjected to shading after heading.NDP improved NSC remobilization,harvest index,and sink-filling efficiency and alleviated yield loss under shading.Besides,NDP would maintain rice’s milling,appearance,and cooking and eating qualities under shading.Proper N management with a decreased panicle N rate could be adopted to mitigate the negative effects of shading on rice grain yield and quality.
基金financed by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0300802)the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province, China (BE2016351)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China (PAPD)
文摘The yield potential of japonica/indica hybrids(JIH)has been achieved over 13.5 t ha–1 in large-scale rice fields,and some physiological traits for yield advantage of JIH over japonica inbred rice(JI)and indica hybrid rice(IH)were also identified.To date,little attention has been paid to morphological traits for yield advantage of JIH over JI and IH.For this reason,three JIH,three JI,and three IH were field-grown at East China(Ningbo,Zhejiang Province)in 2015 and 2016.Compared with JI and IH,JIH had 14.3 and 20.8%higher grain yield,respectively,attributed to its more spikelets per panicle and relatively high percentage of filled grains.The advantage in spikelets per panicle of JIH over JI and IH was shown in number of grains on the upper,middle,and lower branches.Compared with JI and IH,JIH had higher leaf area through leaf width and lower leaf angle of upper three leaves,higher leaf area index and leaf area per tiller at heading and maturity stages,higher stem weight per tiller and K and Si concentrations of stem at maturity,higher dry matter weight in leaf,stem,and panicle at heading and maturity stages,and higher biomass accumulation after heading and lower biomass translocation from stem during ripening.Leaf width of upper three leaves were correlated positively,while leaf angle of upper three leaves were correlated negatively with biomass accumulation after heading,stem weight per tiller,and per unit length.Our results indicated that the grain yield advantage of JIH was ascribed mainly to the more spikelets per panicle and relatively high percentage of filled grains.Higher leaf area through leaf width and more erect leaves were associated with improved biomass accumulation and stem weighing during ripening,and were the primary morphological traits underlying higher grain yield of JIH.
基金financed by the National Key Research and Development Program,China(Grant Nos.2022YFE0113400 and 2022YFD1500402)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32001466)+3 种基金Scientific and Technological Innovation Fund of Carbon Emissions Peak and Neutrality of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology,China(Grant Nos.BE2022304 and BE2022305)Joints Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U20A2022)Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(Grant No.2020M671628)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China.
文摘Simultaneous stresses of salinity and drought often coincide during rice-growing seasons in saline lands,primarily due to insufficient water resources and inadequate irrigation facilities.Consequently,combined salinity-drought stress poses a major threat to rice production.In this study,two salinity levels(NS,non-salinity;HS,high salinity)along with three drought treatments(CC,control condition;DJ,drought stress imposed at jointing;DH,drought stress imposed at heading)were performed to investigate their combined influences on leaf photosynthetic characteristics,biomass accumulation,and rice yield formation.Salinity,drought,and their combination led to a shortened growth period from heading to maturity,resulting in a reduced overall growth duration.Grain yield was reduced under both salinity and drought stress,with a more substantial reduction under the combined salinity-drought stress.The combined stress imposed at heading caused greater yield losses in rice compared with the stress imposed at jointing.Additionally,the combined salinity-drought stress induced greater decreases in shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity,as well as in shoot biomass and nonstructural carbohydrate(NSC)content in the stem at heading and maturity.However,it increased the harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve.Salinity and drought reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves and weakened the leaf photosynthetic characteristics as indicated by lower photosynthetic rates,transpiration rates,and stomatal conductance.These reductions were more pronounced under the combined stress.Salinity,drought,and especially their combination,decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase,catalase,and superoxide dismutase,while increasing the contents of malondialdehyde,hydrogen peroxide,and superoxide radical.Our results indicated a more significant yield loss in rice when subjected to combined salinity-drought stress.The individual and combined stresses of salinity and drought diminished antioxidant enzyme activities,inhibited leaf photosynthetic functions,accelerated leaf senescence,and subsequently lowered assimilate accumulation and grain yield.
基金Project(51706160)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(T201906)supported by the Foundation for Outstanding Youth Innovative Research Groups of Higher Education Institution in Hubei Province,China
文摘The coal with low moisture during carbonization could not only increase the yield of coke,but also promote the coke quality and reduce the energy consumption.In this paper,the influence of the moisture in the blend coal(1.8%10.13%)on the product yields and coke quality during coal carbonization were investigated.The results show that the coke yield is increased from 75.90%to 77.16%,and the coke qualities such as coke strength after reaction with CO2(CSR),coke reactivity index(CRI),fragmentation index(M25)and abrasion index(M10))are also improved when the moisture of the blend coal decreases from 10.13%to 1.80%in a bench scale reactor.Due to the secondary reaction,tar become lighter when the moisture is decreased.In order to further prove the above results,the blend coal with 1.8%and 9%10%(common moisture used in coke plant)moisture is carbonized in a coke oven with 6 m height,the results show that CRI are 23.4%and 27.3%,CRS are 67.1%and 62.2%under 1.8%and 9%10%moisture of blend coal.Moreover,the variation of the moisture in blend coal has a limited influence on dust emission at the ascension pipe and the charging car.
基金express deep gratitude and sincere appreciation to the National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT under contract number A104/2017 for the financial support of this research
文摘The aim of this research study was to determine optimal resistance spot brazing parameters for joining between AHSS and AISI 304 stainless steel by using filler metal. The key parameters investigated in this study consist of the brazing current, electrode pressure and brazing time. The Taguchi method was applied to the design of experiments. Signal-to-Noise ratio was introduced in the study to identify optimal levels from the process where input parameters yield increased shear strength. Brazing was thus implemented with 5,000A brazing current, 0.70 MPa electrode pressure, and 1.50s brazing time. The maximum shear strength obtained was 54.31 N·mm^-2 in accordance with input parameter settings. In addition, Cu-rich phase and Ag0.4Fe0.6 intermetallic phases were found at the interface zone.
文摘Magnesium alloys have many advantages as lightweight materials for engineering applications,especially in the fields of automotive and aerospace.They undergo extensive cutting or machining while making products out of them.Dry cutting,a sustainable machining method,causes more friction and adhesion at the tool-chip interface.One of the promising solutions to this problem is cutting tool surface texturing,which can reduce tool wear and friction in dry cutting and improve machining performance.This paper aims to investigate the impact of dimple textures(made on the flank face of cutting inserts)on tool wear and chip morphology in the dry machining of AZ31B magnesium alloy.The results show that the cutting speed was the most significant factor affecting tool flank wear,followed by feed rate and cutting depth.The tool wear mechanism was examined using scanning electron microscope(SEM)images and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)analysis reports,which showed that at low cutting speed,the main wear mechanism was abrasion,while at high speed,it was adhesion.The chips are discontinuous at low cutting speeds,while continuous at high cutting speeds.The dimple textured flank face cutting tools facilitate the dry machining of AZ31B magnesium alloy and contribute to ecological benefits.
文摘Chicken eggshell is one of the most common wastes generated from households,restaurants and other food processing outlets.Waste Chicken Eggshells(WCES)also constitutes an environmental nuisance and ends up discarded at dumping site with no consideration of further usage.The main constituent of WCES is calcium carbonate from which calcium or calcium oxide can be extracted for various applications.This current effort reviews recently published literature on the diverse applications of WCES.The considered utilization avenues include catalysts for biofuel production,construction industry,wastewater purification,industrial sector,food industry,medical,and agricultural applications.The specific areas of application apart from the transesterification reactions include cement additives and replacement in concrete,asphalt binder,adsorbent of metals and dyes,production of hydroxyapatite,food supplement and fortification,dentistry,therapeutics,bone formation,drug delivery,poultry feeds as well as organic fertilizer.For most of the identified applications,the WCES is subjected to pretreatment and other modification techniques before utilization.The conversion of WCES to valuable products is a cost-effective,safe,environmentally friendly,non-toxic and viable means of waste disposal and utilization.More investigations are needed to further explore the benefits derivable from this bioresource.
基金This study was supported by Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(No.2022ACA002).
文摘The world's population is growing,leading to an increasing demand for freshwater resources for drinking,sanitation,agriculture,and industry.Interfacial solar steam generation(ISSG)can solve many problems,such as mitigating the power crisis,minimizing water pollution,and improving the purification and desalination of seawater,rivers/lakes,and wastewater.Cellulosic materials are a viable and ecologically sound technique for capturing solar energy that is adaptable to a range of applications.This review paper aims to provide an overview of current advancements in the field of cellulose-based materials ISSG devices,specifically focusing on their applications in water purification and desalination.This paper examines the cellulose-based materials ISSG system and evaluates the effectiveness of various cellulosic materials,such as cellulose nanofibers derived from different sources,carbonized wood materials,and two-dimensional(2D)and 3D cellulosic-based materials from various sources,as well as advanced cellulosic materials,including bacterial cellulose and cellulose membranes obtained from agricultural and industrial cellulose wastes.The focus is on exploring the potential applications of these materials in ISSG devices for water desalination,purification,and treatment.The function,advantages,and disadvantages of cellulosic materials in the performance of ISSG devices were also deliberated throughout our discussion.In addition,the potential and suggested methods for enhancing the utilization of cellulose-based materials in the field of ISSG systems for water desalination,purification,and treatment were also emphasized.
文摘Thermal barrier coatings are widely used as surface modifications to enhance the surface properties of the material and protect from surface degradations such as erosion and corrosion.Ceramic-based coatings are highly recommended to increase wear resistance in the indus-trial sector.In this paper,an alumina-titania ceramic powder was deposited on an aluminum alloy using an atmospheric plasma spray tech-nique.Experimental investigations were performed to study the behavior and erosion rate of the material.Solid particle erosion studies were performed by varying the particle velocity and particle flow rate.The angle impingement and stand-off distance were constant for comparison.The base metal has a clinging effect and the mass change was negative at a maximum particle flow rate of 4 g·min^(−1).Under the same process conditions,the coated sample had a reduced lifetime and reached a maximum erosion rate of 0.052(Δg/g).The solid particle erosion studies confirmed that the base metal aluminum alloy had severe surface damage with erodent reinforcement when compared to the coated samples.The influence of the particle velocity,particle flow rate,and input process parameters were also identified.
基金financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901448)the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu(BE2019343)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(19KJB210004)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M671628,2020M671629)Jiangsu Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020Z061)the Guizhou Science and Technology Department(20161148)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘Dense planting could be a feasible method for reducing nitrogen(N) application rates without compromising rice grain yield in northeast and central China. It is still unclear whether reduced N application with dense planting(RNDP) can achieve higher rice yield and N use efficiency(NUE) in Jiangsu, east China. Three japonica inbred rice(JI) and three indica hybrid rice(IH) cultivars were grown in a field experiment. Their grain yield, NUE, and related traits were compared under two cultivation treatments:conventional high-yielding practice(CHYP) and RNDP. JI showed similar yields under the two treatments,while IH showed lower yield under RNDP than under CHYP, and the partial factor productivity of N and N use efficiency for grain yield increased(P < 0.05) in both JI and IH under RNDP. Compared with CHYP,RNDP reduced spikelets per panicle but increased panicles per m2 and filled-kernel percentage of JI and IH, and JI's kernel weight was increased(P < 0.05) under RNDP. Shoot biomass weight and nonstructural carbohydrate(NSC) content in the stem at heading and maturity of JI and IH were reduced under RNDP, while harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve were increased(P < 0.05) under RNDP, especially for JI. Our results suggest that RNDP could achieve a higher rice grain yield and NUE, particularly for JI, a dominant rice cultivar type in Jiangsu. For JI, the increased panicles per m2, sink-filling efficiency, harvest index, and NSC remobilization after heading under RNDP contributed to a grain yield similar to that under CHYP.
文摘Research into converting waste into viable eco-friendly products has gained global concern.Using natural fibres and pulverized metallic waste becomes necessary to reduce noxious environmental emissions due to indiscriminately occupying the land.This study reviews the literature in the broad area of green composites in search of materials that can be used in automotive brake pads.Materials made by biocomposite,rather than fossil fuels,will be favoured.A database containing the tribo-mechanical performance of numerous potential components for the future green composite was established using the technical details of bio-polymers and natural reinforcements.The development of materials with diverse compositions and varying proportions is now conceivable,and these materials can be permanently connected in fully regulated processes.This explanation demonstrates that all of these variables affect friction coefficient,resistance to wear from friction and high temperatures,and the operating life of brake pads to varying degrees.In this study,renewable materials for the matrix and reinforcement are screened to determine which have sufficient strength,coefficient of friction,wear resistance properties,and reasonable costs,making them a feasible option for a green composite.The most significant,intriguing,and unusual materials used in manufacturing brake pads are gathered in this review,which also analyzes how they affect the tribological characteristics of the pads.
文摘Computational models are developed to create grain structures using mathematical algorithms based on the chaos theory such as cellular automaton, geometrical models, fractals, and stochastic methods. Because of the chaotic nature of grain structures, some of the most popular routines are based on the Monte Carlo method, statistical distributions, and random walk methods, which can be easily programmed and included in nested loops. Nevertheless, grain structures are not well defined as the results of computational errors and numerical incon- sistencies on mathematical methods. Due to the finite definition of numbers or the numerical restrictions during the simulation of solidifica- tion, damaged images appear on the screen. These images must be repaired to obtain a good measurement of grain geometrical properties. Some mathematical algorithms were developed to repair, measure, and characterize grain structures obtained from cellular automata in the present work. An appropriate measurement of grain size and the corrected identification of interfaces and length are very important topics in materials science because they are the representation and validation of mathematical models with real samples. As a result, the developed al- gorithms are tested and proved to be appropriate and efficient to eliminate the errors and characterize the grain structures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301961)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20210791)+3 种基金the General Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research in Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province,China(2023SJYB2057)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(PAPD)the Qinglan Project of Yangzhou University,Chinathe Lv Yang Jin Feng Talent Plan of Yangzhou City,China(YZLYJF2020PHD100)。
文摘Nitrogen(N)significantly affects rice yield and lodging resistance.Previous studies have primarily investigated the impact of N management on rice lodging in conventional rice monoculture(RM);however,few studies have performed such investigations in rice-crayfish coculture(RC).We hypothesized that RC would increase rice lodging risk and that optimizing N application practices would improve rice lodging resistance without affecting food security.We conducted a two-factor(rice farming mode and N management practice)field experiment from2021 to 2022 to test our hypothesis.The rice farming modes included RM and RC,and the N management practices included no nitrogen fertilizer,conventional N application,and optimized N treatment.The rice yield and lodging resistance characteristics,such as morphology,mechanical and chemical characteristics,anatomic structure,and gene expression levels,were analyzed and compared among the treatments.Under the same N application practice,RC decreased the rice yield by 11.1-24.4% and increased the lodging index by 19.6-45.6% compared with the values yielded in RM.In RC,optimized N application decreased the plant height,panicle neck node height,center of gravity height,bending stress,and lodging index by 4.0-4.8%,5.2-7.8%,0.5-4.5%,5.5-10.5%,and 1.8-19.5%,respectively,compared with those in the conventional N application practice.Furthermore,it increased the culm diameter,culm wall thickness,breaking strength,and non-structural and structural carbohydrate content by 0.8-4.9%,2.2-53.1%,13.5-19.2%,2.2-24.7%,and 31.3-87.2%,respectively.Optimized N application increased sclerenchymal and parenchymal tissue areas of the vascular bundle at the culm wall of the base second internode.Furthermore,optimized N application upregulated genes involved in lignin and cellulose synthesis,thereby promoting lower internodes on the rice stem and enhancing lodging resistance.Optimized N application in RC significantly reduced the lodging index by 1.8-19.5%and stabilized the rice yield(>8,570 kg ha~(-1)on average).This study systematically analyzed and compared the differences in lodging characteristics between RM and RC.The findings will aid in the development of more efficient practices for RC that will reduce N fertilizer application.
