In northern China’s agro-pastoral ecotone,there are conflicts between agricultural industry and ecological construction resource competition,and also problems urgently to be solved for economic growth and sustainable...In northern China’s agro-pastoral ecotone,there are conflicts between agricultural industry and ecological construction resource competition,and also problems urgently to be solved for economic growth and sustainable ecological improvement.Taking the development concept of"lucid waters and lush mountains being mountains of gold and silver"as the guiding principle of prioritizing ecological and green development,this paper studied the strategies for prioritizing ecological construction with consideration of economic development of agricultural industry from the perspective of opportunity cost.Through the analysis of opportunity cost,externality,and Pareto optimal theory,and using the calculation method of the unit equivalent factor value of terrestrial ecological service function,this paper calculated the ecological service value of forest,grassland,and farmland.It found that the ecological value of forest and grassland per unit area was greater than the ecological value of agricultural industry.This indicates that the opportunity cost of farmland for ecological construction was less than that of agricultural industry.Based on the theoretical and quantitative analysis,it came up with recommendations for establishing a comprehensive system for prioritizing ecological construction with consideration of agricultural industry development and establishing and improving the incentive mechanism of ecological construction.展开更多
In this study,a detailed analysis of the combustion behaviors of the lithium iron phosphate(LFP)and lithium manganese oxide(LMO)batteries used in electric bicycles was conducted.This research included quantitative mea...In this study,a detailed analysis of the combustion behaviors of the lithium iron phosphate(LFP)and lithium manganese oxide(LMO)batteries used in electric bicycles was conducted.This research included quantitative measurements of the combustion duration,flame height,combustion temperature,heat release rate,and total heat release.The results indicated that LMO batteries exhibited higher combustion temperatures of 600–700°C,flame heights of 70–75 cm,a significantly higher heat release rate of40.1 k W(12 Ah),and a total heat release of 1.04 MJ(12 Ah)compared to LFP batteries with the same capacity.Based on these experimental results,a normalized total heat release(NORTHR)parameter was proposed,demonstrating good universality for batteries with different capacities.Utilizing this parameter,quantitative calculations and optimization of the extinguishing agent dosage were conducted for fires involving these two types of batteries,and the method was validated by extinguishing fires for these two types of battery packs with water-based extinguishing fluids.展开更多
Background Promoting the synchronization of glucose and amino acid release in the digestive tract of pigs could effectively improve dietary nitrogen utilization.The rational allocation of dietary starch sources and th...Background Promoting the synchronization of glucose and amino acid release in the digestive tract of pigs could effectively improve dietary nitrogen utilization.The rational allocation of dietary starch sources and the exploration of appropriate dietary glucose release kinetics may promote the dynamic balance of dietary glucose and amino acid supplies.However,research on the effects of diets with different glucose release kinetic profiles on amino acid absorption and portal amino acid appearance in piglets is limited.This study aimed to investigate the effects of the kinetic pattern of dietary glucose release on nitrogen utilization,the portal amino acid profile,and nutrient transporter expression in intestinal enterocytes in piglets.Methods Sixty-four barrows(15.00±1.12 kg)were randomly allotted to 4 groups and fed diets formulated with starch from corn,corn/barley,corn/sorghum,or corn/cassava combinations(diets were coded A,B,C,or D respectively).Protein retention,the concentrations of portal amino acid and glucose,and the relative expression of amino acid and glucose transporter m RNAs were investigated.In vitro digestion was used to compare the dietary glucose release profiles.Results Four piglet diets with different glucose release kinetics were constructed by adjusting starch sources.The in vivo appearance dynamics of portal glucose were consistent with those of in vitro dietary glucose release kinetics.Total nitrogen excretion was reduced in the piglets in group B,while apparent nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention increased(P<0.05).Regardless of the time(2 h or 4 h after morning feeding),the portal total free amino acids content and contents of some individual amino acids(Thr,Glu,Gly,Ala,and Ile)of the piglets in group B were significantly higher than those in groups A,C,and D(P<0.05).Cluster analysis showed that different glucose release kinetic patterns resulted in different portal amino acid patterns in piglets,which decreased gradually with the extension of feeding time.The portal His/Phe,Pro/Glu,Leu/Val,Lys/Met,Tyr/Ile and Ala/Gly appeared higher similarity among the diet treatments.In the anterior jejunum,the glucose transporter SGLT1 was significantly positively correlated with the amino acid transporters B0AT1,EAAC1,and CAT1.Conclusions Rational allocation of starch resources could regulate dietary glucose release kinetics.In the present study,group B(corn/barley)diet exhibited a better glucose release kinetic pattern than the other groups,which could affect the portal amino acid contents and patterns by regulating the expression of amino acid transporters in the small intestine,thereby promoting nitrogen deposition in the body,and improving the utilization efficiency of dietary nitrogen.展开更多
Automatically detecting Ulva prolifera(U.prolifera)in rainy and cloudy weather using remote sensing imagery has been a long-standing problem.Here,we address this challenge by combining high-resolution Synthetic Apertu...Automatically detecting Ulva prolifera(U.prolifera)in rainy and cloudy weather using remote sensing imagery has been a long-standing problem.Here,we address this challenge by combining high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)imagery with the machine learning,and detect the U.prolifera of the South Yellow Sea of China(SYS)in 2021.The findings indicate that the Random Forest model can accurately and robustly detect U.prolifera,even in the presence of complex ocean backgrounds and speckle noise.Visual inspection confirmed that the method successfully identified the majority of pixels containing U.prolifera without misidentifying noise pixels or seawater pixels as U.prolifera.Additionally,the method demonstrated consistent performance across different im-ages,with an average Area Under Curve(AUC)of 0.930(+0.028).The analysis yielded an overall accuracy of over 96%,with an average Kappa coefficient of 0.941(+0.038).Compared to the traditional thresholding method,Random Forest model has a lower estimation error of 14.81%.Practical application indicates that this method can be used in the detection of unprecedented U.prolifera in 2021 to derive continuous spatiotemporal changes.This study provides a potential new method to detect U.prolifera and enhances our under-standing of macroalgal outbreaks in the marine environment.展开更多
In order to obtain optimized flight vehicle concepts which meet system of systems （SOS） operation requirements, designers have to pay high attention to the impact of SoS at conceptual design stage since operation en...In order to obtain optimized flight vehicle concepts which meet system of systems （SOS） operation requirements, designers have to pay high attention to the impact of SoS at conceptual design stage since operation environment goes increasingly complex. Based on this tendency, per- spectives and progre,;ses of SoS oriented flight vehicle conceptual design, which is abbreviate as SoSed design, are reviewed in this paper. Such basic concepts of SoS as definition, characteristics, differences between systems engineering and SoS engineering, as well as SoSed design process are introduced, then SoS engineering process model for research and development of flight vehicles and SoSed design wheel model for conceptual design are proposed. Related literature is classified and analyzed in accordance with four major elements including requirements, design concept, design analysis, and trade studies and optimization： typical SoS architectures, description and quan- tization of indexes are introduced; Application of inverse design in designing concept is analyzed; Modeling and simulation （M＆S）-based methods and their applications in SoSed effectiveness evaluation are highlighted; According to SoSed trade studies and optimization related research, the importance of such points as decision-making and using multidisciplinary design optimization for reference are emphasized. Finally, the value of SoSed design is concluded, and five directions which are worthy of .attention in this field are presented.展开更多
Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses o...Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses of wheat spikelets at various positions,leaves,and stems and the interactions between them at physiological levels remain unclear.In the present study,two-year treatments at terminal spikelet stage under two temperatures(2 C,-2 C) and durations(1,2,and 3 days) were imposed in an artificial climate chamber to compare the effects of LSC on grain number and yield in the wheat cultivars Yannong 19(YN19,cold-tolerant) and Xinmai 26(XM26,cold-sensitive).The night temperature regimes were designed to reproduce natural temperature variation.LSC delayed plant growth and inhibited spike and floret differentiation,leading to high yield losses in both cultivars.LSC reduced dry matter accumulation(DMA,g) in spikes,stems,and leaves,reducing the DMA ratios of the spike to leaf and spike to stem.Plant cell wall invertase(CWINV) activity increased in upper and basal spikelets in YN19,whereas CWINV increased in middle spikelets in XM26.Under LSC,soluble sugar and glucose were transported and distributed mainly in upper and basal spikelets for glume and rachis development,so that spike development was relatively complete in YN19,whereas the upper and basal spikelets were severely damaged and most of the glumes in middle spikelets were relatively completely developed in XM26,resulting in pollen abortion mainly in upper and basal spikelets.The development of glumes and rachides was influenced and grain number per spike was decreased after LSC,with kernels present mainly in middle spikelets.Overall,reduced total DMA and dry matter partitioning to spikes under LSC results in poor spikelet development,leading to high losses of grain yield.展开更多
The Polycomb group （PcG） genes repress gene expression mainly through chromatin modifications and regulation of chromatin structure. At present, at/east four protein complexes of PcG proteins are identified, includi...The Polycomb group （PcG） genes repress gene expression mainly through chromatin modifications and regulation of chromatin structure. At present, at/east four protein complexes of PcG proteins are identified, including Polycomb repressive complex 1 （PRC1）, Polycomb repressive complex 2 （PRC2）, PHO-repressive complex （PhoRC） and Polycomb repressive deubiquitinase （PR-DUB）. In this review, the recent discoveries of the composition of the above complexes, as well as their roles in regulating histone modifications and gene silencing are discussed. We mainly focus on the composition of PRC1 and PRC2 complex and recruitment of PcG to target genes and mechanisms of PRC1 and PRC2-mediated gene silencing. Although much progress has been made in understanding gene silencing mediated by PcG proteins, we also discuss several important questions that still remained unanswered, such as the inheritance of histone modifications during cell division.展开更多
Liaoning Province,uniquely endowed with magnesite resources,is the most concentrated area of magnesite reserves in China.The magnesite resources in Liaoning Province mainly distribute in Haicheng,Dashiqiao,Xiuyan,Feng...Liaoning Province,uniquely endowed with magnesite resources,is the most concentrated area of magnesite reserves in China.The magnesite resources in Liaoning Province mainly distribute in Haicheng,Dashiqiao,Xiuyan,Fengcheng,Kuandian,Fushun areas with reserves of 2.5 billion tons,accounting for 85.8%of China,s reserves and 20%of the global reserves.Affected by the safe production and environmental protection management of mining enterprises and processing enterprises,in 2017,7.056 million tons of magnesite was mined in Liaoning Province,down by 58.1%year-on-year(YOY),as shown in Fig.1;11.511 million tons of magnesia refractory products were produced,down by 16.7%YOY.Due to the shutdown tide,there were no official statistics for year 2018.展开更多
The wake generated by the rotor of a helicopter can exert a strong interference effect on the fuselage and the horizontal/vertical tail.The occurrence of icing on the rotor can obviously make this interplay more compl...The wake generated by the rotor of a helicopter can exert a strong interference effect on the fuselage and the horizontal/vertical tail.The occurrence of icing on the rotor can obviously make this interplay more complex.In the present study,numerical simulation is used to analyze the rotor wake in icing conditions.In order to validate the overall mathematical/numerical method,the results are compared with similar data relating to other tests;then,different simulations are conducted considering helicopter forward flight velocities of 0,10,20,50,and 80 knots and various conditions in terms of air temperature(atmospheric temperature degrading from−12°C to−20°C or from−20°C to−26°C).The results indicate that the rotor aerodynamic performance(i.e.,the lift-to-drag ratio distribution of the rotor disc)drops significantly once the rotor undergoes ice accretion.More importantly,the icing exerts a different influence of the wake dynamics depending on the atmospheric conditions.Interestingly,the rime-ice firstly occurs on the inner portion of rotor blades and then diffuses outward along the blade radial direction with the decrease in atmospheric temperature.展开更多
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related cirrhosis is one of the liver complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and reported to be a risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).A reliable scr...BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related cirrhosis is one of the liver complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and reported to be a risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).A reliable screening biomarker of liver cirrhosis(LC)and HCC among T2DM patients is important to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease.MicroRNA(miRNA)is considered a key player in HCC and T2DM,and it might be a hidden culprit in diabetes-associated HCC,making it a promising reliable prognostic tool.AIM To investigate the signature of serum miRNAs as early biomarkers for the screening of HCC among diabetic patients.METHODS Expression profiles of miRNAs in serum samples of diabetic LC and diabetic HCC patients were assessed using Illumina sequencing;then,RT-qPCR was used to validate significantly altered miRNAs between the two groups.Candidate miRNAs were tested in serum samples of 200 T2DM patients,270 LC patients,200 HCC patients,and 225 healthy control subjects.Additionally,receiver operating characteristic(ROC)analysis,with area under the curve(AUC),was performed to assess the diagnostic performance of the screened miRNAs for discriminating HCC from LC and nonmalignant patients(LC+T2DM).RESULTS Expression of the sequenced miRNAs in serum was different in HCC vs LCpositive T2DM patients.Two miRNAs(miR-34a,miR-221)were significantly upregulated and five miRNAs(miR-16,miR-23-3p,miR-122-5p,miR-198,miR-199a-3p)were significantly down-regulated in HCC compared to LC patients.Analysis of ROC curve demonstrated that the combination of these seven miRNAs can be used as a reliable biomarker for detection of HCC in diabetic patients,as it could identify HCC with high diagnostic accuracy in diabetic LC patients(AUC=0.993)and in diabetic nonmalignant patients(AUC=0.961).CONCLUSION This study validates a panel of serum miRNAs that can be used as a reliable noninvasive screening biomarker of HCC among T2DM cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients.The study recommends further research to shed light on a possible role of c-Met in T2DM-associated HCC via the miRNA regulatory pathway.展开更多
A microstructural analysis was performed to determine the presence of oxygen in a wire rod section of AISI 1008 steel with a surface mechanical failure produced during wire drawing.The failure zone was analyzed by com...A microstructural analysis was performed to determine the presence of oxygen in a wire rod section of AISI 1008 steel with a surface mechanical failure produced during wire drawing.The failure zone was analyzed by comparison using three different attack reagents:alkaline sodium chromate(ASC),ASC with hydrogen peroxide and amyl alcohol,and a solution of nitric acid in ethyl alcohol.The reagents were applied in samples in the failure zone,showing different types of zones in regions with internal and superficial defects such as carbides,pores,cracks,deformation,and detachment zones,indicating the possible presence of oxygen.The areas identified were observed by means of an optical microscope and were correlated with the content of elements that were present in the region using a scanning electron microscope and a scattered X-ray energy spectrometer,which determined that the areas identified by chromate sodium correspond to regions with a high concentration of oxygen and slag-forming elements such as silicon,aluminum,and iron;this is associated with the presence of oxygen in the oxide form.It was also observed that the ASC and the modified ASC solution with hydrogen peroxide and amyl alcohol could identify areas with a high presence of oxides,while the nitric acid solution only identified the steel microstructure.The modified ASC solution is an alternative to identify the presence of chemical variants of oxygen because the conventional formulation is unstable and has a too short shelf life,and therefore,its application must be carried out at the time of preparation.展开更多
[Objectives]To explore effective biocontrol methods for diseases in the process of ginseng cultivation,and develop an efficient and environmentally friendly biocontrol agent.[Methods]In this study,2 strains were isola...[Objectives]To explore effective biocontrol methods for diseases in the process of ginseng cultivation,and develop an efficient and environmentally friendly biocontrol agent.[Methods]In this study,2 strains were isolated from biogas slurry,and Cylindrocarpon destructans(XF),Fusarium solani(GF),Botrytis cinerea Pers(HM)and Alternaria panax Whetz(HB)were used as test materials.The strains were isolated and identified by dilution plate method,16S rDNA sequence identification method,confrontation culture method,filter paper method and ultraviolet spectrophotometer method,and the bacteriostatic activity and bacteriostatic rate were tested.[Results]Strain 15(Sphingomonas)and strain 19(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)were screened out through identification and analysis,and they grew stably within 8-10 d.The bacteriostatic rates of strain 15 against A.panax and B.cinerea were 47.37%and 43.40%,respectively,and the bacteriostatic rates of strain 19 against A.panax and B.cinerea were 62.30%and 63.27%,respectively.The bacteriostatic activity of the extract of strain 19 increased with the increase of OD_(600) value,and the bacteriostatic effect was optimal when the OD_(600) value was in the range of 0.8-1.0,up to 70%,so it had a strong biocontrol potential.[Conclusions]This experiment provides convenience for more effective inoculation,establishes a fast,simple and accurate method for the determination of the best bacteriostatic rate of P.aeruginosa culture solution to HM,and lays a foundation for large-scale culture of P.aeruginosa culture solution.Besides,it is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient control of ginseng B.cinerea in field production,use it for the prevention and control of ginseng shoot diseases,and provide a reference for the efficient and diverse development of biocontrol agents for ginseng shoot diseases.展开更多
Targets for low-adiabat direct-drive-implosion experiments on OMEGA must meet rigorous specifications and tight tolerances on the diameter,wall thickness,wall-thickness uniformity,and presence of surface features.Of t...Targets for low-adiabat direct-drive-implosion experiments on OMEGA must meet rigorous specifications and tight tolerances on the diameter,wall thickness,wall-thickness uniformity,and presence of surface features.Of these,restrictions on the size and number of defects(bumps and depressions)on the surface are the most challenging.The properties of targets that are made using vapor-deposition and solution-based microencapsulation techniques are reviewed.Targets were characterized using confocal microscopy,bright-and dark-field microscopy,atomic force microscopy,electron microscopy,and interferometry.Each technique has merits and limitations,and a combination of these techniques is necessary to adequately characterize a target.The main limitation with the glow-discharge polymerization(GDP)method for making targets is that it produces hundreds of domes with a lateral dimension of 0.7-2 μm.Polishing these targets reduces the size of some but not all domes,but it adds scratches and grooves to the surface.Solution-made polystyrene shells lack the dome features of GDP targets but have hundreds of submicrometer-size voids throughout the wall of the target;a few of these voids can be as large as~12 μm at the surface.展开更多
To explore the mechanism of Agaricus blazei Murrill enrichment of the heavy metal cadmium,we employed Illumina high-throughput sequencing to analyze the transcriptomes of A.blazei mycelia treated with and without exog...To explore the mechanism of Agaricus blazei Murrill enrichment of the heavy metal cadmium,we employed Illumina high-throughput sequencing to analyze the transcriptomes of A.blazei mycelia treated with and without exogenous cadmium addition,and then the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)of the strains with high and low cadmium enrichment between the control and cadmium treatment were screened out.The results showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in steroid biosynthesis,antibiotic biosynthesis,protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum,glutathione metabolism and other pathways.Carbon metabolism and glutathione metabolism may play an important role in the response of A.blazei mycelium to cadmium stress.展开更多
Generative Artificial Intelligence technology embedded brings new opportunities and challenges for thehigh-quality development of ice and snow tourism industry.Using literature and other research methods,we constructe...Generative Artificial Intelligence technology embedded brings new opportunities and challenges for thehigh-quality development of ice and snow tourism industry.Using literature and other research methods,we constructed the element linkage and system of generative AI technology to drive the high-quality development of theice and snow tourism industry and proposed the digital governance path.The results showed that:(1)The factorlinkage of high-quality development of ice and snow tourism industry with integrated basic structure and coupledcentral system of multi-factor linkage;multi-directional strategic objectives and synergistic triple benefits;and intelligent operation logic and precise matching of supply and demand has been constructed.(2)Based on the synergyof digital governance elements,a five-factor synergistic development system was built with digital talent elements,technological innovation elements,product innovation elements,data resource elements and channel innovationelements.(3)The synergy of elements provided digital governance path guidelines for the high-quality developmentof ice and snow tourism industry,digital governance system:precise supply of policies and regulations,andstrengthening of soft and hard constraints to promote;digital governance structure:building a three-dimensionalregulatory mechanism,and advancing the governance process of targeting;digital governance subject:driving thetwo-way reach of the governance subject,and strengthening the common governance of pluralistic subjects;digitalgovernance capacity:precise allocation of governance resources,and driving the transformation and upgrading ofelemental endowments.The results of this research can help to provide ideas and reference for the high-qualitydevelopment of ice and snow tourism industry empowered by Generative Artificial Intelligence technology andimprove the theoretical research on the high-quality development of ice and snow tourism industry.展开更多
Oriental Beauty,a deeply fermented variety of oolong tea,is famous for its fruity aroma and sweet taste.A targeted and untargeted metabolomics was used to comprehensively analyze the dynamic changes of taste and aroma...Oriental Beauty,a deeply fermented variety of oolong tea,is famous for its fruity aroma and sweet taste.A targeted and untargeted metabolomics was used to comprehensively analyze the dynamic changes of taste and aroma metabolites during the processing stage.During the enzyme reaction stage,the catechin components were oxidized and degraded into theaflavins and oolongtheanins.The total abundance of aroma increased from 259.24 to 564.52μg/L,and mainly monoterpenoids formed.During the nonenzymatic reaction stage,the total abundance of aroma decreased from 564.52 to 274.74μg/L,and linalool was thermally converted to hotrienol.In this study,metabolomics changes were conducive to better control of tea quality.展开更多
Qinba Mountain Area is rich in plant resources. It is of great significance to study how to combine arbors,shrubs,and herbs in different regions and different climatic regions,reflect the beauty of color,form,and char...Qinba Mountain Area is rich in plant resources. It is of great significance to study how to combine arbors,shrubs,and herbs in different regions and different climatic regions,reflect the beauty of color,form,and charm. Besides,under different climatic and geomorphological conditions,adopting different land preparation methods and different cultivation techniques is helpful for increasing the survival rate and preservation rate,so as to provide certain technical basis for revitalizing development of rural areas and building the ecological barriers.展开更多
Protein haze was one of the main causes of the instability of white wines. Proteins that caused haze or precipitation in white wines mainly came from grape fruits, and their compositions and contents were affected by ...Protein haze was one of the main causes of the instability of white wines. Proteins that caused haze or precipitation in white wines mainly came from grape fruits, and their compositions and contents were affected by many factors such as fruit diseases, harvesting methods and water stress. Unstable wine proteins were usually pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins of grapes, mainly chitinases and thaumatin-like proteins(TLPs), which had lower isoelectric point(pI)and smaller molecular weight, and were highly resistant to the low pH values of wines and the protease hydrolysis during fermentation. At present, the technology of protein stabilization and clarification in white wines mainly included bentonite fining, heat treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, polysaccharide treatment and ultrafiltration methods. Among them, the most commonly used method was bentonite treatment. In this paper, the research progresses of the origin, mechanism and influencing factors of the unstable proteins in white wines were summarized, and the applications, advantages and disadvantages of various clarification techniques were also concluded, in order to provide some support for the theoretical and technological research of the protein stability in white wines in the future.展开更多
This work developed the modeling and supervisory control for gas turbine. A CTPN （continuous timed Petri Net） model of a gas turbine, using a first linear order approximation for every state of the Brayton cycle is ...This work developed the modeling and supervisory control for gas turbine. A CTPN （continuous timed Petri Net） model of a gas turbine, using a first linear order approximation for every state of the Brayton cycle is obtained. The Brayton cycle rules the functioning of a gas turbine, and it is composed by four states： compression, combustion, expansion and cooling. The principle of the gas turbine is developed by the Brayton cycle, a thermodynamic process which intervenes in the gas turbine components. The steady-state behavior of the gas turbine has been widely investigated in engineering area. Moreover, the dynamic behavior has been studied using non-linear models of its components, leading to complicated mathematical representations. The methodology of the current work begins with a simplification of the dynamical relations in every state （excepting the cooling phase） of the Brayton cycle. Temperature and pressure are modeled as first order linear systems, therefore, every system is translated into a CTPN. Furthermore, to guarantee a safety operation, an SC （supervisory controller） is designed to ensure the combustion chamber temperature is lower than 1,000 ℃. Although the model presented is extremely simplified, it will be used as a starting point to develop more complex models.展开更多
Wushan crisp plum is a new cultivar of green crisp plum with dignified fruit shape,crisp and tender flesh,pit separability and sweet taste.It is bred from natural bud mutant of Jiang'an Dabaili,a local green crisp...Wushan crisp plum is a new cultivar of green crisp plum with dignified fruit shape,crisp and tender flesh,pit separability and sweet taste.It is bred from natural bud mutant of Jiang'an Dabaili,a local green crisp plum cultivar by Wushan County Fruit Industry Development Center,Southwest University and Chongqing Agricultural Technology Extension Station.Wushan crisp plum has won the gold award in the National High-quality Plum and Apricot Appraise and Elect and the tile of"the king of fruit"in the"Three-Gorge Cup"High-quality Crisp Plum Appraise and Elect.In the southwestern region of China,the planting area of Wushan crisp plum has been extended to 33000 ha.The cultivar has strong robust and fast growth.In the area along the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of Chongqing,it ripens from early to middle July.The fruit is ovoid and of medium size,with average longitudinal diameter of 3.3 cm,average horizontal diameter of 4.0 cm,average single fruit mass of 37.2 g,carpopodium length of 1.5 cm,and carpopodium diameter of 0.1 cm.The top of the fruit is slightly concave.The peel is green to green-yellow in background color and medium in thickness,with obvious fruit dots and thick white fruit wax.The flesh is light yellow,compact,short in fiber length,juicy,crisp,tender,pure and sweet,with soluble solids content of 12%-15%,titratable acid content of 0.43%-0.72%and vitamin C content of 6.12-8.99 mg/100 g.The pit is small,separable,and oblate.The percentage of edible flesh is up to 94.80%-96.88%.There is no obvious pre-harvest cracking and intra-fruit pectin.The cultivar is mid-ripening and high in yield.In the firm ripe stage,the flesh is crunchy;and after entering the soft ripe stage,the flesh becomes powdery,and the hardness decreases.At room temperature,the fruit is not resistant to storage and transportation.Wushan crisp plum is tolerant to the climate with high temperature,high humidity and less sunshine,with good adaptability.It is suitable for promoting in the upper reaches of Yangtze River within 180-1000 m elevation.展开更多
基金Supported by Project of National Social Science Foundation of China(19BSH077).
文摘In northern China’s agro-pastoral ecotone,there are conflicts between agricultural industry and ecological construction resource competition,and also problems urgently to be solved for economic growth and sustainable ecological improvement.Taking the development concept of"lucid waters and lush mountains being mountains of gold and silver"as the guiding principle of prioritizing ecological and green development,this paper studied the strategies for prioritizing ecological construction with consideration of economic development of agricultural industry from the perspective of opportunity cost.Through the analysis of opportunity cost,externality,and Pareto optimal theory,and using the calculation method of the unit equivalent factor value of terrestrial ecological service function,this paper calculated the ecological service value of forest,grassland,and farmland.It found that the ecological value of forest and grassland per unit area was greater than the ecological value of agricultural industry.This indicates that the opportunity cost of farmland for ecological construction was less than that of agricultural industry.Based on the theoretical and quantitative analysis,it came up with recommendations for establishing a comprehensive system for prioritizing ecological construction with consideration of agricultural industry development and establishing and improving the incentive mechanism of ecological construction.
基金supported by the New Energy Vehicle Power Battery Life Cycle Testing and Verification Public Service Platform Project[2022-235-224]the Beijing Science and Technology Planning Project[Z221100005222004]+1 种基金the Key Technologies Research and Development Program[2021YFB2012504]the Beijing Goldenbridge Project[ZZ2023002]。
文摘In this study,a detailed analysis of the combustion behaviors of the lithium iron phosphate(LFP)and lithium manganese oxide(LMO)batteries used in electric bicycles was conducted.This research included quantitative measurements of the combustion duration,flame height,combustion temperature,heat release rate,and total heat release.The results indicated that LMO batteries exhibited higher combustion temperatures of 600–700°C,flame heights of 70–75 cm,a significantly higher heat release rate of40.1 k W(12 Ah),and a total heat release of 1.04 MJ(12 Ah)compared to LFP batteries with the same capacity.Based on these experimental results,a normalized total heat release(NORTHR)parameter was proposed,demonstrating good universality for batteries with different capacities.Utilizing this parameter,quantitative calculations and optimization of the extinguishing agent dosage were conducted for fires involving these two types of batteries,and the method was validated by extinguishing fires for these two types of battery packs with water-based extinguishing fluids.
基金partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1300201)Jilin Province Key Research and Development Program of China(20220202044NC)。
文摘Background Promoting the synchronization of glucose and amino acid release in the digestive tract of pigs could effectively improve dietary nitrogen utilization.The rational allocation of dietary starch sources and the exploration of appropriate dietary glucose release kinetics may promote the dynamic balance of dietary glucose and amino acid supplies.However,research on the effects of diets with different glucose release kinetic profiles on amino acid absorption and portal amino acid appearance in piglets is limited.This study aimed to investigate the effects of the kinetic pattern of dietary glucose release on nitrogen utilization,the portal amino acid profile,and nutrient transporter expression in intestinal enterocytes in piglets.Methods Sixty-four barrows(15.00±1.12 kg)were randomly allotted to 4 groups and fed diets formulated with starch from corn,corn/barley,corn/sorghum,or corn/cassava combinations(diets were coded A,B,C,or D respectively).Protein retention,the concentrations of portal amino acid and glucose,and the relative expression of amino acid and glucose transporter m RNAs were investigated.In vitro digestion was used to compare the dietary glucose release profiles.Results Four piglet diets with different glucose release kinetics were constructed by adjusting starch sources.The in vivo appearance dynamics of portal glucose were consistent with those of in vitro dietary glucose release kinetics.Total nitrogen excretion was reduced in the piglets in group B,while apparent nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention increased(P<0.05).Regardless of the time(2 h or 4 h after morning feeding),the portal total free amino acids content and contents of some individual amino acids(Thr,Glu,Gly,Ala,and Ile)of the piglets in group B were significantly higher than those in groups A,C,and D(P<0.05).Cluster analysis showed that different glucose release kinetic patterns resulted in different portal amino acid patterns in piglets,which decreased gradually with the extension of feeding time.The portal His/Phe,Pro/Glu,Leu/Val,Lys/Met,Tyr/Ile and Ala/Gly appeared higher similarity among the diet treatments.In the anterior jejunum,the glucose transporter SGLT1 was significantly positively correlated with the amino acid transporters B0AT1,EAAC1,and CAT1.Conclusions Rational allocation of starch resources could regulate dietary glucose release kinetics.In the present study,group B(corn/barley)diet exhibited a better glucose release kinetic pattern than the other groups,which could affect the portal amino acid contents and patterns by regulating the expression of amino acid transporters in the small intestine,thereby promoting nitrogen deposition in the body,and improving the utilization efficiency of dietary nitrogen.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42071385)National Science and Technology Major Project of High Resolution Earth Observation System(No.79-Y50-G18-9001-22/23)。
文摘Automatically detecting Ulva prolifera(U.prolifera)in rainy and cloudy weather using remote sensing imagery has been a long-standing problem.Here,we address this challenge by combining high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)imagery with the machine learning,and detect the U.prolifera of the South Yellow Sea of China(SYS)in 2021.The findings indicate that the Random Forest model can accurately and robustly detect U.prolifera,even in the presence of complex ocean backgrounds and speckle noise.Visual inspection confirmed that the method successfully identified the majority of pixels containing U.prolifera without misidentifying noise pixels or seawater pixels as U.prolifera.Additionally,the method demonstrated consistent performance across different im-ages,with an average Area Under Curve(AUC)of 0.930(+0.028).The analysis yielded an overall accuracy of over 96%,with an average Kappa coefficient of 0.941(+0.038).Compared to the traditional thresholding method,Random Forest model has a lower estimation error of 14.81%.Practical application indicates that this method can be used in the detection of unprecedented U.prolifera in 2021 to derive continuous spatiotemporal changes.This study provides a potential new method to detect U.prolifera and enhances our under-standing of macroalgal outbreaks in the marine environment.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘In order to obtain optimized flight vehicle concepts which meet system of systems （SOS） operation requirements, designers have to pay high attention to the impact of SoS at conceptual design stage since operation environment goes increasingly complex. Based on this tendency, per- spectives and progre,;ses of SoS oriented flight vehicle conceptual design, which is abbreviate as SoSed design, are reviewed in this paper. Such basic concepts of SoS as definition, characteristics, differences between systems engineering and SoS engineering, as well as SoSed design process are introduced, then SoS engineering process model for research and development of flight vehicles and SoSed design wheel model for conceptual design are proposed. Related literature is classified and analyzed in accordance with four major elements including requirements, design concept, design analysis, and trade studies and optimization： typical SoS architectures, description and quan- tization of indexes are introduced; Application of inverse design in designing concept is analyzed; Modeling and simulation （M＆S）-based methods and their applications in SoSed effectiveness evaluation are highlighted; According to SoSed trade studies and optimization related research, the importance of such points as decision-making and using multidisciplinary design optimization for reference are emphasized. Finally, the value of SoSed design is concluded, and five directions which are worthy of .attention in this field are presented.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0300408)the Major Research Projects of Anhui (202003b06020021)the Graduate Innovation Fund of Anhui Agricultural University (2020 ysj-5)。
文摘Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses of wheat spikelets at various positions,leaves,and stems and the interactions between them at physiological levels remain unclear.In the present study,two-year treatments at terminal spikelet stage under two temperatures(2 C,-2 C) and durations(1,2,and 3 days) were imposed in an artificial climate chamber to compare the effects of LSC on grain number and yield in the wheat cultivars Yannong 19(YN19,cold-tolerant) and Xinmai 26(XM26,cold-sensitive).The night temperature regimes were designed to reproduce natural temperature variation.LSC delayed plant growth and inhibited spike and floret differentiation,leading to high yield losses in both cultivars.LSC reduced dry matter accumulation(DMA,g) in spikes,stems,and leaves,reducing the DMA ratios of the spike to leaf and spike to stem.Plant cell wall invertase(CWINV) activity increased in upper and basal spikelets in YN19,whereas CWINV increased in middle spikelets in XM26.Under LSC,soluble sugar and glucose were transported and distributed mainly in upper and basal spikelets for glume and rachis development,so that spike development was relatively complete in YN19,whereas the upper and basal spikelets were severely damaged and most of the glumes in middle spikelets were relatively completely developed in XM26,resulting in pollen abortion mainly in upper and basal spikelets.The development of glumes and rachides was influenced and grain number per spike was decreased after LSC,with kernels present mainly in middle spikelets.Overall,reduced total DMA and dry matter partitioning to spikes under LSC results in poor spikelet development,leading to high losses of grain yield.
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(2011CB504206,2012CB518700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91019013,31221061,31200653 and 31370866)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-11-0410)
文摘The Polycomb group （PcG） genes repress gene expression mainly through chromatin modifications and regulation of chromatin structure. At present, at/east four protein complexes of PcG proteins are identified, including Polycomb repressive complex 1 （PRC1）, Polycomb repressive complex 2 （PRC2）, PHO-repressive complex （PhoRC） and Polycomb repressive deubiquitinase （PR-DUB）. In this review, the recent discoveries of the composition of the above complexes, as well as their roles in regulating histone modifications and gene silencing are discussed. We mainly focus on the composition of PRC1 and PRC2 complex and recruitment of PcG to target genes and mechanisms of PRC1 and PRC2-mediated gene silencing. Although much progress has been made in understanding gene silencing mediated by PcG proteins, we also discuss several important questions that still remained unanswered, such as the inheritance of histone modifications during cell division.
文摘Liaoning Province,uniquely endowed with magnesite resources,is the most concentrated area of magnesite reserves in China.The magnesite resources in Liaoning Province mainly distribute in Haicheng,Dashiqiao,Xiuyan,Fengcheng,Kuandian,Fushun areas with reserves of 2.5 billion tons,accounting for 85.8%of China,s reserves and 20%of the global reserves.Affected by the safe production and environmental protection management of mining enterprises and processing enterprises,in 2017,7.056 million tons of magnesite was mined in Liaoning Province,down by 58.1%year-on-year(YOY),as shown in Fig.1;11.511 million tons of magnesia refractory products were produced,down by 16.7%YOY.Due to the shutdown tide,there were no official statistics for year 2018.
文摘The wake generated by the rotor of a helicopter can exert a strong interference effect on the fuselage and the horizontal/vertical tail.The occurrence of icing on the rotor can obviously make this interplay more complex.In the present study,numerical simulation is used to analyze the rotor wake in icing conditions.In order to validate the overall mathematical/numerical method,the results are compared with similar data relating to other tests;then,different simulations are conducted considering helicopter forward flight velocities of 0,10,20,50,and 80 knots and various conditions in terms of air temperature(atmospheric temperature degrading from−12°C to−20°C or from−20°C to−26°C).The results indicate that the rotor aerodynamic performance(i.e.,the lift-to-drag ratio distribution of the rotor disc)drops significantly once the rotor undergoes ice accretion.More importantly,the icing exerts a different influence of the wake dynamics depending on the atmospheric conditions.Interestingly,the rime-ice firstly occurs on the inner portion of rotor blades and then diffuses outward along the blade radial direction with the decrease in atmospheric temperature.
基金support from the National Research Centre (Cairo, Egypt), Medical Research Institute (Alexandria, Egypt) and Korea Institute of Science and Technology (Republic of Korea, 2Z05620)
文摘BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related cirrhosis is one of the liver complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and reported to be a risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).A reliable screening biomarker of liver cirrhosis(LC)and HCC among T2DM patients is important to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease.MicroRNA(miRNA)is considered a key player in HCC and T2DM,and it might be a hidden culprit in diabetes-associated HCC,making it a promising reliable prognostic tool.AIM To investigate the signature of serum miRNAs as early biomarkers for the screening of HCC among diabetic patients.METHODS Expression profiles of miRNAs in serum samples of diabetic LC and diabetic HCC patients were assessed using Illumina sequencing;then,RT-qPCR was used to validate significantly altered miRNAs between the two groups.Candidate miRNAs were tested in serum samples of 200 T2DM patients,270 LC patients,200 HCC patients,and 225 healthy control subjects.Additionally,receiver operating characteristic(ROC)analysis,with area under the curve(AUC),was performed to assess the diagnostic performance of the screened miRNAs for discriminating HCC from LC and nonmalignant patients(LC+T2DM).RESULTS Expression of the sequenced miRNAs in serum was different in HCC vs LCpositive T2DM patients.Two miRNAs(miR-34a,miR-221)were significantly upregulated and five miRNAs(miR-16,miR-23-3p,miR-122-5p,miR-198,miR-199a-3p)were significantly down-regulated in HCC compared to LC patients.Analysis of ROC curve demonstrated that the combination of these seven miRNAs can be used as a reliable biomarker for detection of HCC in diabetic patients,as it could identify HCC with high diagnostic accuracy in diabetic LC patients(AUC=0.993)and in diabetic nonmalignant patients(AUC=0.961).CONCLUSION This study validates a panel of serum miRNAs that can be used as a reliable noninvasive screening biomarker of HCC among T2DM cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients.The study recommends further research to shed light on a possible role of c-Met in T2DM-associated HCC via the miRNA regulatory pathway.
基金the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico(CONACYT)for the Ph.D.scholarship(No.788678)receivedthe use of the equipment acquired with the support for projects Nos.235780,271878,and 282357 of the National Laboratory SEDEAM-CONACYT.
文摘A microstructural analysis was performed to determine the presence of oxygen in a wire rod section of AISI 1008 steel with a surface mechanical failure produced during wire drawing.The failure zone was analyzed by comparison using three different attack reagents:alkaline sodium chromate(ASC),ASC with hydrogen peroxide and amyl alcohol,and a solution of nitric acid in ethyl alcohol.The reagents were applied in samples in the failure zone,showing different types of zones in regions with internal and superficial defects such as carbides,pores,cracks,deformation,and detachment zones,indicating the possible presence of oxygen.The areas identified were observed by means of an optical microscope and were correlated with the content of elements that were present in the region using a scanning electron microscope and a scattered X-ray energy spectrometer,which determined that the areas identified by chromate sodium correspond to regions with a high concentration of oxygen and slag-forming elements such as silicon,aluminum,and iron;this is associated with the presence of oxygen in the oxide form.It was also observed that the ASC and the modified ASC solution with hydrogen peroxide and amyl alcohol could identify areas with a high presence of oxides,while the nitric acid solution only identified the steel microstructure.The modified ASC solution is an alternative to identify the presence of chemical variants of oxygen because the conventional formulation is unstable and has a too short shelf life,and therefore,its application must be carried out at the time of preparation.
基金Project of Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology(20200403028SF,20200402040NC)Project of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture Bureau of Science and Technology(2019NS11).
文摘[Objectives]To explore effective biocontrol methods for diseases in the process of ginseng cultivation,and develop an efficient and environmentally friendly biocontrol agent.[Methods]In this study,2 strains were isolated from biogas slurry,and Cylindrocarpon destructans(XF),Fusarium solani(GF),Botrytis cinerea Pers(HM)and Alternaria panax Whetz(HB)were used as test materials.The strains were isolated and identified by dilution plate method,16S rDNA sequence identification method,confrontation culture method,filter paper method and ultraviolet spectrophotometer method,and the bacteriostatic activity and bacteriostatic rate were tested.[Results]Strain 15(Sphingomonas)and strain 19(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)were screened out through identification and analysis,and they grew stably within 8-10 d.The bacteriostatic rates of strain 15 against A.panax and B.cinerea were 47.37%and 43.40%,respectively,and the bacteriostatic rates of strain 19 against A.panax and B.cinerea were 62.30%and 63.27%,respectively.The bacteriostatic activity of the extract of strain 19 increased with the increase of OD_(600) value,and the bacteriostatic effect was optimal when the OD_(600) value was in the range of 0.8-1.0,up to 70%,so it had a strong biocontrol potential.[Conclusions]This experiment provides convenience for more effective inoculation,establishes a fast,simple and accurate method for the determination of the best bacteriostatic rate of P.aeruginosa culture solution to HM,and lays a foundation for large-scale culture of P.aeruginosa culture solution.Besides,it is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient control of ginseng B.cinerea in field production,use it for the prevention and control of ginseng shoot diseases,and provide a reference for the efficient and diverse development of biocontrol agents for ginseng shoot diseases.
基金This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number DE-NA0001944the University of Rochester,and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority.
文摘Targets for low-adiabat direct-drive-implosion experiments on OMEGA must meet rigorous specifications and tight tolerances on the diameter,wall thickness,wall-thickness uniformity,and presence of surface features.Of these,restrictions on the size and number of defects(bumps and depressions)on the surface are the most challenging.The properties of targets that are made using vapor-deposition and solution-based microencapsulation techniques are reviewed.Targets were characterized using confocal microscopy,bright-and dark-field microscopy,atomic force microscopy,electron microscopy,and interferometry.Each technique has merits and limitations,and a combination of these techniques is necessary to adequately characterize a target.The main limitation with the glow-discharge polymerization(GDP)method for making targets is that it produces hundreds of domes with a lateral dimension of 0.7-2 μm.Polishing these targets reduces the size of some but not all domes,but it adds scratches and grooves to the surface.Solution-made polystyrene shells lack the dome features of GDP targets but have hundreds of submicrometer-size voids throughout the wall of the target;a few of these voids can be as large as~12 μm at the surface.
文摘To explore the mechanism of Agaricus blazei Murrill enrichment of the heavy metal cadmium,we employed Illumina high-throughput sequencing to analyze the transcriptomes of A.blazei mycelia treated with and without exogenous cadmium addition,and then the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)of the strains with high and low cadmium enrichment between the control and cadmium treatment were screened out.The results showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in steroid biosynthesis,antibiotic biosynthesis,protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum,glutathione metabolism and other pathways.Carbon metabolism and glutathione metabolism may play an important role in the response of A.blazei mycelium to cadmium stress.
基金The 2024 Humanities and Social Sciences Program for UniversitiesDepartment of Education of Guizhou Province(2024RW201)+3 种基金The Fujian Province Social Science Planning Grant in 2023(FJ2023B017)The Guizhou University Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project(2024RW199)The Research Program for Young and Middle-aged Teachers in Fujian Province in 2021(JAS21430)The General Project of the Ministry of Education’s Humanities and Social Sciences Fund in 2021(21YJC890008)。
文摘Generative Artificial Intelligence technology embedded brings new opportunities and challenges for thehigh-quality development of ice and snow tourism industry.Using literature and other research methods,we constructed the element linkage and system of generative AI technology to drive the high-quality development of theice and snow tourism industry and proposed the digital governance path.The results showed that:(1)The factorlinkage of high-quality development of ice and snow tourism industry with integrated basic structure and coupledcentral system of multi-factor linkage;multi-directional strategic objectives and synergistic triple benefits;and intelligent operation logic and precise matching of supply and demand has been constructed.(2)Based on the synergyof digital governance elements,a five-factor synergistic development system was built with digital talent elements,technological innovation elements,product innovation elements,data resource elements and channel innovationelements.(3)The synergy of elements provided digital governance path guidelines for the high-quality developmentof ice and snow tourism industry,digital governance system:precise supply of policies and regulations,andstrengthening of soft and hard constraints to promote;digital governance structure:building a three-dimensionalregulatory mechanism,and advancing the governance process of targeting;digital governance subject:driving thetwo-way reach of the governance subject,and strengthening the common governance of pluralistic subjects;digitalgovernance capacity:precise allocation of governance resources,and driving the transformation and upgrading ofelemental endowments.The results of this research can help to provide ideas and reference for the high-qualitydevelopment of ice and snow tourism industry empowered by Generative Artificial Intelligence technology andimprove the theoretical research on the high-quality development of ice and snow tourism industry.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang(LQ20C160009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872709)+3 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang(2022C02033)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang(LQ20C160009)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2020J01544)the Innovation Project for Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘Oriental Beauty,a deeply fermented variety of oolong tea,is famous for its fruity aroma and sweet taste.A targeted and untargeted metabolomics was used to comprehensively analyze the dynamic changes of taste and aroma metabolites during the processing stage.During the enzyme reaction stage,the catechin components were oxidized and degraded into theaflavins and oolongtheanins.The total abundance of aroma increased from 259.24 to 564.52μg/L,and mainly monoterpenoids formed.During the nonenzymatic reaction stage,the total abundance of aroma decreased from 564.52 to 274.74μg/L,and linalool was thermally converted to hotrienol.In this study,metabolomics changes were conducive to better control of tea quality.
文摘Qinba Mountain Area is rich in plant resources. It is of great significance to study how to combine arbors,shrubs,and herbs in different regions and different climatic regions,reflect the beauty of color,form,and charm. Besides,under different climatic and geomorphological conditions,adopting different land preparation methods and different cultivation techniques is helpful for increasing the survival rate and preservation rate,so as to provide certain technical basis for revitalizing development of rural areas and building the ecological barriers.
基金The financial support of this work was received from China Agriculture Research System for Grape Industry (CARS-29)。
文摘Protein haze was one of the main causes of the instability of white wines. Proteins that caused haze or precipitation in white wines mainly came from grape fruits, and their compositions and contents were affected by many factors such as fruit diseases, harvesting methods and water stress. Unstable wine proteins were usually pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins of grapes, mainly chitinases and thaumatin-like proteins(TLPs), which had lower isoelectric point(pI)and smaller molecular weight, and were highly resistant to the low pH values of wines and the protease hydrolysis during fermentation. At present, the technology of protein stabilization and clarification in white wines mainly included bentonite fining, heat treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, polysaccharide treatment and ultrafiltration methods. Among them, the most commonly used method was bentonite treatment. In this paper, the research progresses of the origin, mechanism and influencing factors of the unstable proteins in white wines were summarized, and the applications, advantages and disadvantages of various clarification techniques were also concluded, in order to provide some support for the theoretical and technological research of the protein stability in white wines in the future.
文摘This work developed the modeling and supervisory control for gas turbine. A CTPN （continuous timed Petri Net） model of a gas turbine, using a first linear order approximation for every state of the Brayton cycle is obtained. The Brayton cycle rules the functioning of a gas turbine, and it is composed by four states： compression, combustion, expansion and cooling. The principle of the gas turbine is developed by the Brayton cycle, a thermodynamic process which intervenes in the gas turbine components. The steady-state behavior of the gas turbine has been widely investigated in engineering area. Moreover, the dynamic behavior has been studied using non-linear models of its components, leading to complicated mathematical representations. The methodology of the current work begins with a simplification of the dynamical relations in every state （excepting the cooling phase） of the Brayton cycle. Temperature and pressure are modeled as first order linear systems, therefore, every system is translated into a CTPN. Furthermore, to guarantee a safety operation, an SC （supervisory controller） is designed to ensure the combustion chamber temperature is lower than 1,000 ℃. Although the model presented is extremely simplified, it will be used as a starting point to develop more complex models.
基金National Guided Science and Technology Plan(2014GXS4D144)Wushan Crisp Plum New Variety Technology Integration Demonstration Project of Ministry of Science and Technology,China(2110402-9)Modern Efficient Industrial Technology System with Mountain Characteristics of Chongqing City(Late-ripening Citrus and Crisp Plum)(2015-01)。
文摘Wushan crisp plum is a new cultivar of green crisp plum with dignified fruit shape,crisp and tender flesh,pit separability and sweet taste.It is bred from natural bud mutant of Jiang'an Dabaili,a local green crisp plum cultivar by Wushan County Fruit Industry Development Center,Southwest University and Chongqing Agricultural Technology Extension Station.Wushan crisp plum has won the gold award in the National High-quality Plum and Apricot Appraise and Elect and the tile of"the king of fruit"in the"Three-Gorge Cup"High-quality Crisp Plum Appraise and Elect.In the southwestern region of China,the planting area of Wushan crisp plum has been extended to 33000 ha.The cultivar has strong robust and fast growth.In the area along the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of Chongqing,it ripens from early to middle July.The fruit is ovoid and of medium size,with average longitudinal diameter of 3.3 cm,average horizontal diameter of 4.0 cm,average single fruit mass of 37.2 g,carpopodium length of 1.5 cm,and carpopodium diameter of 0.1 cm.The top of the fruit is slightly concave.The peel is green to green-yellow in background color and medium in thickness,with obvious fruit dots and thick white fruit wax.The flesh is light yellow,compact,short in fiber length,juicy,crisp,tender,pure and sweet,with soluble solids content of 12%-15%,titratable acid content of 0.43%-0.72%and vitamin C content of 6.12-8.99 mg/100 g.The pit is small,separable,and oblate.The percentage of edible flesh is up to 94.80%-96.88%.There is no obvious pre-harvest cracking and intra-fruit pectin.The cultivar is mid-ripening and high in yield.In the firm ripe stage,the flesh is crunchy;and after entering the soft ripe stage,the flesh becomes powdery,and the hardness decreases.At room temperature,the fruit is not resistant to storage and transportation.Wushan crisp plum is tolerant to the climate with high temperature,high humidity and less sunshine,with good adaptability.It is suitable for promoting in the upper reaches of Yangtze River within 180-1000 m elevation.
