Medicinal plants are an important component in Indigenous cultures. <i>Aralia</i><span> <i>nudicaulis</i></span> L., <i>Rubus</i><span> <i>idaeus</i>&l...Medicinal plants are an important component in Indigenous cultures. <i>Aralia</i><span> <i>nudicaulis</i></span> L., <i>Rubus</i><span> <i>idaeus</i></span> L., and <i>Rosa</i><span> <i>arkansana</i></span> Porter were analyzed for total phenolic compounds, carotenoids and antioxidant activity by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power), and ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). The samples were harvested in Saskatchewan, Canada, with the help of an Indigenous Traditional Knowledge Keeper and the analyses were performed by spectrophotometry. The results showed that total phenolic compounds amount ranged from 0.08 to 0.88 mg GAE/mg d.w. and the total carotenoid contents ranged from 0.03 to 1.26 mg/g d.w. The <i>in</i><span> <i>vitro</i> </span>antioxidant activity ranged from 0.02 to 0.71 μmol TE/mg d.w. by DPPH, from 0.05 to 2.53 μmol TE/mg d.w. by FRAP, and from 0.04 to 1.06 μmol TE/mg d.w. by ABTS. <i>Rosa</i><span> <i>arkansana</i></span> leaves stood out with higher amounts of total phenolic compounds (TPC) (0.88 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g d.w.), carotenoids (TC) (1.26 ± 0.03 mg/g d.w.) and antioxidant activity (TAA) by DPPH (0.71 ± 0.01 μmol TE/mg d.w.), ABTS (1.06 ± 0.01 μmol TE/mg d.w.) and FRAP (2.32 ± 0.01 μmol TE/mg d.w.), with the same amount of <i>Rubus</i><span> <i>idaeus</i></span> belowground (2.53 ± 0.01 μmol TE/mg d.w.) in last technique (2.32 ± 0.01 μmol TE/mg d.w.). The first principal component describes 83.88% of the total variance and all the variables have high influence on this component (factor loadings: T = 0.976, TC = 0.735, TAA by DPPH = 0.955, FRAP = 0.894 and ABTS = 0.996), demonstrating that these samples do not have large dissimilarity. The second principal component represents 13.64% of the total variance, and the TC is the dominant variable on the second principal component (0.658). <i>Aralia</i><span> <i>nudicaulis</i></span>, <i>Rubus</i><span> <i>idaeus</i></span>, and <i>Rosa</i><span> <i>arkansana</i></span> had interesting amounts of total phenolic compounds, total carotenoids and <i>in</i><span> <i>vitro</i> </span>antioxidant activity. <i>Rosa</i><span> <i>arkansana</i></span> leaves and <i>Rubus</i><span> <i>idaeus</i></span> have the highest amount of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in this study. <i>Rosa</i><span> <i>arkansana</i></span> leaves are also a good source of carotenoids, and so, they have great potential health benefits and use in industry as a source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. This study enriches the literature on medicinal plants used by Indigenous people of Saskatchewan and surrounding Canada. More studies are necessary to identify its applications, security and to assess which compounds generate the benefits reported by Traditional Knowledge Keepers.展开更多
Nootka rose (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rosa nutkana </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. Presl) and stinging nettle (</span>...Nootka rose (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rosa nutkana </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. Presl) and stinging nettle (</span></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Urtica dioica </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) have been traditionally used in the treatment of skin infection by Indigenous peoples of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The main objective of this study was to examine the antibacterial efficacy of extracts of Nootka </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rose and stinging nettle against the common pathogenic skin bacteria</span> </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Micrococcus luteus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span></i> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">using </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Indigenous science and standard methods of analysis. The Indigenous science method of plant extraction by steeping as advised by the Traditional Knowledge keeper</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was performed to examine minimum inhibitory concentration </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(MIC) </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">values and minimum bactericidal concentrations </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(MBC) by serial dilution and bacterial population counts. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Soxhlet extractions and Kirby Bauer disc sensitivity testing showed that Nootka rose </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">extracts possessed antibacterial effectiveness against all three bacterial species while stinging nettle extracts were effective against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M. luteus</span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Results for MIC and MBC indicated antibacterial activity against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M. luteus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nootka rose when using </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">full-strength solutions;all three bacterial species exhibited growth when undiluted stinging nettle treatments were used. When considering bacterial population counts for</span><b> </b><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. aureus,</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> results indicated</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">that only the Nootka rose treatment offered effective inhibition. Chemical analysis showed that alkaloid percentage was greater in the stinging nettle (0.17%) than </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nootka rose </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(0.07%), while saponin percentage was greater in the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nootka rose </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(0.87%) than stinging nettle (0.17%). Overall, </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nootka rose showed a greater level of</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">antibacterial effectiveness than </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">stinging nettle by Indigenous and Western scientific methods of plant extract preparation.展开更多
文摘Medicinal plants are an important component in Indigenous cultures. <i>Aralia</i><span> <i>nudicaulis</i></span> L., <i>Rubus</i><span> <i>idaeus</i></span> L., and <i>Rosa</i><span> <i>arkansana</i></span> Porter were analyzed for total phenolic compounds, carotenoids and antioxidant activity by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power), and ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). The samples were harvested in Saskatchewan, Canada, with the help of an Indigenous Traditional Knowledge Keeper and the analyses were performed by spectrophotometry. The results showed that total phenolic compounds amount ranged from 0.08 to 0.88 mg GAE/mg d.w. and the total carotenoid contents ranged from 0.03 to 1.26 mg/g d.w. The <i>in</i><span> <i>vitro</i> </span>antioxidant activity ranged from 0.02 to 0.71 μmol TE/mg d.w. by DPPH, from 0.05 to 2.53 μmol TE/mg d.w. by FRAP, and from 0.04 to 1.06 μmol TE/mg d.w. by ABTS. <i>Rosa</i><span> <i>arkansana</i></span> leaves stood out with higher amounts of total phenolic compounds (TPC) (0.88 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g d.w.), carotenoids (TC) (1.26 ± 0.03 mg/g d.w.) and antioxidant activity (TAA) by DPPH (0.71 ± 0.01 μmol TE/mg d.w.), ABTS (1.06 ± 0.01 μmol TE/mg d.w.) and FRAP (2.32 ± 0.01 μmol TE/mg d.w.), with the same amount of <i>Rubus</i><span> <i>idaeus</i></span> belowground (2.53 ± 0.01 μmol TE/mg d.w.) in last technique (2.32 ± 0.01 μmol TE/mg d.w.). The first principal component describes 83.88% of the total variance and all the variables have high influence on this component (factor loadings: T = 0.976, TC = 0.735, TAA by DPPH = 0.955, FRAP = 0.894 and ABTS = 0.996), demonstrating that these samples do not have large dissimilarity. The second principal component represents 13.64% of the total variance, and the TC is the dominant variable on the second principal component (0.658). <i>Aralia</i><span> <i>nudicaulis</i></span>, <i>Rubus</i><span> <i>idaeus</i></span>, and <i>Rosa</i><span> <i>arkansana</i></span> had interesting amounts of total phenolic compounds, total carotenoids and <i>in</i><span> <i>vitro</i> </span>antioxidant activity. <i>Rosa</i><span> <i>arkansana</i></span> leaves and <i>Rubus</i><span> <i>idaeus</i></span> have the highest amount of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in this study. <i>Rosa</i><span> <i>arkansana</i></span> leaves are also a good source of carotenoids, and so, they have great potential health benefits and use in industry as a source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. This study enriches the literature on medicinal plants used by Indigenous people of Saskatchewan and surrounding Canada. More studies are necessary to identify its applications, security and to assess which compounds generate the benefits reported by Traditional Knowledge Keepers.
文摘Nootka rose (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rosa nutkana </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. Presl) and stinging nettle (</span></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Urtica dioica </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) have been traditionally used in the treatment of skin infection by Indigenous peoples of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The main objective of this study was to examine the antibacterial efficacy of extracts of Nootka </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rose and stinging nettle against the common pathogenic skin bacteria</span> </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Micrococcus luteus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span></i> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">using </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Indigenous science and standard methods of analysis. The Indigenous science method of plant extraction by steeping as advised by the Traditional Knowledge keeper</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was performed to examine minimum inhibitory concentration </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(MIC) </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">values and minimum bactericidal concentrations </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(MBC) by serial dilution and bacterial population counts. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Soxhlet extractions and Kirby Bauer disc sensitivity testing showed that Nootka rose </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">extracts possessed antibacterial effectiveness against all three bacterial species while stinging nettle extracts were effective against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M. luteus</span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Results for MIC and MBC indicated antibacterial activity against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M. luteus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nootka rose when using </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">full-strength solutions;all three bacterial species exhibited growth when undiluted stinging nettle treatments were used. When considering bacterial population counts for</span><b> </b><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. aureus,</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> results indicated</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">that only the Nootka rose treatment offered effective inhibition. Chemical analysis showed that alkaloid percentage was greater in the stinging nettle (0.17%) than </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nootka rose </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(0.07%), while saponin percentage was greater in the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nootka rose </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(0.87%) than stinging nettle (0.17%). Overall, </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nootka rose showed a greater level of</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">antibacterial effectiveness than </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">stinging nettle by Indigenous and Western scientific methods of plant extract preparation.
