One in every eight men in the US is diagnosed with prostate cancer,making it the most common cancer in men.Gleason grading is one of the most essential diagnostic and prognostic factors for planning the treatment of p...One in every eight men in the US is diagnosed with prostate cancer,making it the most common cancer in men.Gleason grading is one of the most essential diagnostic and prognostic factors for planning the treatment of prostate cancer patients.Traditionally,urological pathologists perform the grading by scoring the morphological pattern,known as the Gleason pattern,in histopathology images.However,thismanual grading is highly subjective,suffers intra-and inter-pathologist variability and lacks reproducibility.An automated grading system could be more efficient,with no subjectivity and higher accuracy and reproducibility.Automated methods presented previously failed to achieve sufficient accuracy,lacked reproducibility and depended on high-resolution images such as 40×.This paper proposes an automated Gleason grading method,ProGENET,to accurately predict the grade using low-resolution images such as 10×.This method first divides the patient’s histopathology whole slide image(WSI)into patches.Then,it detects artifacts and tissue-less regions and predicts the patch-wise grade using an ensemble network of CNN and transformer models.The proposed method adapted the International Society of Urological Pathology(ISUP)grading system and achieved 90.8%accuracy in classifying the patches into healthy and Gleason grades 1 through 5 using 10×WSI,outperforming the state-of-the-art accuracy by 27%.Finally,the patient’s grade was determined by combining the patch-wise results.The method was also demonstrated for 4−class grading and binary classification of prostate cancer,achieving 93.0%and 99.6%accuracy,respectively.The reproducibility was over 90%.Since the proposedmethod determined the grades with higher accuracy and reproducibility using low-resolution images,it is more reliable and effective than existing methods and can potentially improve subsequent therapy decisions.展开更多
Introduction: Bangladesh has experienced remarkable growth in RMG over the past 25 years. With the knitwear industry providing more than 4 million direct jobs, providing better occupational health and safety of worker...Introduction: Bangladesh has experienced remarkable growth in RMG over the past 25 years. With the knitwear industry providing more than 4 million direct jobs, providing better occupational health and safety of workers remains a challenge. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to analyze the disease burden of a RMG factory, and to highlight occupational health risks. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed for this analysis. A 17-month data entry (January 2020 - May 2021) was gathered from the factory in-house clinic. The socio-demographic and clinical diagnosis entries of 8421 entries were analyzed. Result: The population of the factory workers is 5370, where 40% (2148) are female workers and 60% (3222) are male workers. The mean age of respondents is 30 years, with a SD of ±7 years. Among the chief complaints, the most common was vomiting (14%;2262) fever (14%;2247), runny nose (11%;1842), cough (9%;1465), and loose motion (8%;1364). In the diagnosis categories, gastrointestinal diseases were more predominantly diagnosed (35%;2978), followed by viral fever (21%;1772), neurological diseases (16.5%;1389) and musculoskeletal disorders (9%;768). The average cost of medicine for each respondent is BDT 36. The factory covered costs of all medication for 99% (8380) of respondents. Only 0.5% (37) was referred to a tertiary hospital for further evaluation. Conclusion: Garments workers suffer mostly from long-term occupational health hazards. Factory owners and policy makers can contribute in various ways to improving primary healthcare options for workers.展开更多
In this paper, building to grid(B2G) and vehicle to grid(V2G) have been defined with clear and practical understanding. Both of them are new generation technologies which are the essential part of smart city living an...In this paper, building to grid(B2G) and vehicle to grid(V2G) have been defined with clear and practical understanding. Both of them are new generation technologies which are the essential part of smart city living and crowd energy clustering. Firstly, an in-detailed overview has been provided with an introduction to B2G and V2G followed by a historical overview and theoretical analysis in respect to smart city planning. Next, a review is conducted on current and previous smart living research, which deals with B2G and V2G. Efficient B2G and V2G implementations in practical cases then have been discussed. Lastly, both of these technical prospects have been analyzed in crowd energy diagram.展开更多
Hilly or mountainous terrain occupies around 12% of the area of Bangladesh.Natural resources associated with Bangladesh's hill are forest resources,biodiversity,minerals,and agricultural crops.Natural resources ha...Hilly or mountainous terrain occupies around 12% of the area of Bangladesh.Natural resources associated with Bangladesh's hill are forest resources,biodiversity,minerals,and agricultural crops.Natural resources have been exploited in the recent four decades due to excessive clearing of hill forest cover,resulting in loss of species richness, impacts related to increased water flow variability, increased hill slope erosion and flooding intensity, and a gradual decrease in the extent of hill area in Bangladesh.This review explores the major causes and effects of depletion of natural resources by linking drivers,pressures and the related impacts.A review has been conducted to structure the effects on the hilly areas and describe the responses to minimize them in the associated DPSIR framework.Population growth has been identified as a major driver contributing to high deforestation rates.This may negatively effect agricultural productivity and increase the frequency of serious flooding.Slash and burn cultivation also impacts the regeneration of evergreen forests,which may accelerate soil erosion. Due to this and other factors,local people are facing a deficits of natural resources(food,fodder,fuel wood and water),which exacerbates the effects of poverty. Future research should try to facilitate decision making for sustainable utilization of natural resources management in the hilly areas of Bangladesh. Additional conservation measures should be developed to increase the resilience of ecosystems at national and regional levels.展开更多
The extent and aggression of colorectal cancer is a worldwide public health threat.Extensive research has been conducted on the pre-requisites leading to this fatal cancer.An array of genes along with their mutations ...The extent and aggression of colorectal cancer is a worldwide public health threat.Extensive research has been conducted on the pre-requisites leading to this fatal cancer.An array of genes along with their mutations and the signal transduction pathways leading to the cellular transformation into the cancerous cells have been investigated.Based on the knowledge gained so far,present review shortly discussed the role of the major genes especially those are involved in instigating abnormalities in the cellular cycles,cellular proliferation and differentiation.A simple but novel molecular scheme of the colorectal cancer development has also been plotted.展开更多
This paper reviewed the existing methods in regionalization studies to predict ungauged catchments and considering all the aspects a different methodology is developed, which is named as RDS method. ROPE （robust para...This paper reviewed the existing methods in regionalization studies to predict ungauged catchments and considering all the aspects a different methodology is developed, which is named as RDS method. ROPE （robust parameter estimation）-D （data depth）-S （spatial proximity） together gets this name RDS. Catchment properties and hydrological model parameters are used consistently to predict ungauged basin. This study explores the potential of the regionalization process to predict ungauged basins using the data of the Eastern USA catchments. Two conceptual rainfall-runoff hydrological models： HYMOD and HBV are used in this study. Analysis shows 95% success in predicting ungauged basins with HBV and 90% success with HYMOD. It is undoubtedly perceptible that RDS method is very effective in predicting ungauged basin and regionalization is independent of the conceptual rainfall-runoff model.展开更多
The novel polycrystalline Bi<sub>0.85</sub>Gd<sub>0.15</sub>Cu<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>1-x</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10) multiferroics are s...The novel polycrystalline Bi<sub>0.85</sub>Gd<sub>0.15</sub>Cu<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>1-x</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10) multiferroics are synthesized by the usual solid-state reaction route. The synthesis of the desired phase has been verified by the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns. With major structural phases, few traces of secondary phases of Bi<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub> and Bi<sub>25</sub>FeO<sub>40</sub> appear for all the compositions. A discontinuous series of structural changes with varying compositions are observed for the doped samples. The bulk density (ρ<sub>B</sub>) increases with Cu content reaches the highest at x = 0.05 and then declines. The complex initial permeability and dielectric characterizations are performed by Wayne Kerr Impedance Analyzer. The x = 0.05 samples having maximum density exhibit the highest permeability (μ<sub>i</sub>’) implying a close relation between μ<sub>i</sub>’ and the density. The reduction of μ<sub>i</sub>’ at higher Cu concentration is due to the low density of the samples associated with the increased intragranular pores. The dielectric constant (ε’) is measured against frequency in the range 1 kHz - 10 MHz. It is perceived that ε’ falls with the rise in frequency up to 100 kHz. This dielectric dispersion is observed at a lower frequency as a result of interfacial polarization outlined by Maxwell-Wagner. The maximum ε’ is obtained for x = 0.025 composition. In the low-frequency range, the AC conductivity σ<sub>AC</sub> is practically independent of frequency and resembles the DC conductivity (σ<sub>DC</sub>). In the vicinity of high frequency recognized as the hopping region, σ<sub>AC</sub> rises since the conductive grains are more active at high frequencies. The co-doping with Gd and Cu in BiFeO<sub>3</sub> ceramics enhances the magnetic and dielectric properties of the ceramics and hence can be utilized for fabricating multifunctional devices.展开更多
The algorithms of convex hull have been extensively studied in literature, principally because of their wide range of applications in different areas. This article presents an efficient algorithm to construct approxim...The algorithms of convex hull have been extensively studied in literature, principally because of their wide range of applications in different areas. This article presents an efficient algorithm to construct approximate convex hull from a set of n points in the plane in O(n+k) time, where k is the approximation error control parameter. The proposed algorithm is suitable for applications preferred to reduce the computation time in exchange of accuracy level such as animation and interaction in computer graphics where rapid and real-time graphics rendering is indispensable.展开更多
The impact of Cr3+ ion on the magnetic properties of Mn0.50Zn0.50CrxFe2-xO4 (with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) has been studied. Ferrite samples were synthesized by combustion method and sintered at various te...The impact of Cr3+ ion on the magnetic properties of Mn0.50Zn0.50CrxFe2-xO4 (with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) has been studied. Ferrite samples were synthesized by combustion method and sintered at various temperatures (1250°C, 1300°C and 1350°C). The structural properties were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction patterns and indicated that the samples possess single phase cubic spinel structure. The lattice parameter decreases with the increase in Cr3+ content, as the ionic radius of Cr3+ ion is smaller than that of Fe3+. The average grain size (D), bulk density (ρB) and initial permeability (μi’ )decreases with increase in Cr3+ content whereas porosity follows its opposite trend. The ρB was found to increase with increase in Cr3+ content as the sintering temperature (Ts) is increased from 1250°C to 1350°C. The Ts affects the densification, grain growth and (μi’ ) of the samples. The (μi’ ) strongly depends on average grain size, density and intragranular porosity. The B-H loops of the compositions were measured at room temperature. The saturation magnetization (Ms), coercivity (Hc) and hysteresis losses were studied as a function of Cr3+ content. The Ms was found to decrease with the increase of Cr3+ content, which is attributed to the dilution of A-B interaction.展开更多
Land degradation in Chittagong hill tracts has been taking place due to shrinkage of forest cover, policy weakness, population explosion, and inappropriate hill farming system. Modem farming system in the Chittagong h...Land degradation in Chittagong hill tracts has been taking place due to shrinkage of forest cover, policy weakness, population explosion, and inappropriate hill farming system. Modem farming system in the Chittagong hill tracts like Sloping Agricultural Land Technology （SALT） is practiced to provide a new strategy for developing lands for economic productivity and bio-diversity conservation through establishment of ecological community rather than traditional shifting cultivation which is no longer sustainable according to the carrying capacity of ecosystem of Chittagong hill tracts. This study is to find out changing trends of soil chemical properties of sites under modem and traditional farming systems at Khagrachari district of Chittagong hill tracts. The result of the research shows that Sloping Agricultural Land Technology has significantly higher capacity of production due to the presence of the highest percentage of organic carbon, organic matter, compared with shifting cultivated site. The study recommends that shifting cultivation may be changed into a relatively stable semi-permanent farming system through developing participatory integrated farming systems to establish stable production environment in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.展开更多
To understand the self sustained propagation of the plasma jet/bullet in air under atmospheric pressure, the ignition of the plasma jet/bullet, the plasma jet/bullet ignition point in the plasma pencil, the formation ...To understand the self sustained propagation of the plasma jet/bullet in air under atmospheric pressure, the ignition of the plasma jet/bullet, the plasma jet/bullet ignition point in the plasma pencil, the formation time and the formation criteria from a dielectric barrier configured plasma pencil were investigated in this study. The results were confirmed by comparing these results with the plasma jet ignition process in the plasma pencil without a dielectric barrier. Electrical, optical, and imaging techniques were used to study the formation of the plasma jet from the ignition of discharge in a double dielectric barrier configured plasma pencil. The investigation results show that the plasma jet forms at the outlet of the plasma pencil as a donut shaped discharge front because of the electric field line along the outlet＇s surface. It is shown that the required time for the formation of the plasma jet changes with the input voltage of the discharge. The input power calculation for the gap discharge and for the whole system shows that 56% of the average input power is used by the first gap discharge. The estimated electron density inside the gap discharge is in the order of 1011 cm^-3. If helium is used as a feeding gas, a minimum 1.48× 10^-8 C charge is required per pulse in the gap discharge to generate a plasma jet.展开更多
The paper analyzed the seasonal variation of the concentrations of Cr, Mn, A1, N, P, As, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and K in South Lake Cyohoha water using spectroscopic technique. Water samples were taken monthly at Ngenda,...The paper analyzed the seasonal variation of the concentrations of Cr, Mn, A1, N, P, As, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and K in South Lake Cyohoha water using spectroscopic technique. Water samples were taken monthly at Ngenda, Karehe and Nyamabuye stations from January 2009 to December 2010. The results showed that the concentrations of aluminum, nitrogen, potassium, arsenic, phosphorous, manganese, chromium, barium and copper were high during the raining season and low during the dry season, while calcium, iron and magnesium varied independently with seasonal change. The results of conductivity and pH also confirmed the effects of seasonal change on the quality of water in the South Lake Cyohoha since the highest value of conductivity was found during the raining season, while the smallest was observed during the dry season, for pH the highest number was noticed during the dry season and the lowest during the raining season.展开更多
In this paper, a technical and statistical analysis of security system and security management is provided for crowd energy and smart living. At the same time, a clear understanding is made for crowd energy concept an...In this paper, a technical and statistical analysis of security system and security management is provided for crowd energy and smart living. At the same time, a clear understanding is made for crowd energy concept and next generation smart living. Various case examples have been studied and a brief summary has been provided.Furthermore, a statistical analysis has been provided in terms of security management in smart living where it is found that young technocrats give the highest importance to security management in smart living. Last but not the least, current limitation, constraints, and future scope of security implementation have been discussed in terms of crowd energy clustered with next generation smart living.展开更多
In order to provide a better benchmark for climate simulation programs, climate data at Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) and Global Summary of the Day (GSOD) archived by the National Climate Data Center (N...In order to provide a better benchmark for climate simulation programs, climate data at Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) and Global Summary of the Day (GSOD) archived by the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) are used to ascertain the nature of climate change over the last century. After data validation, about 6000 stations are considered globally to determine the change in mean temperature, and about 5000 stations to determine that change in maximum and minimum temperatures. Global nature of temperature and its change are presented separately for January and July. Both maximum and minimum daily temperatures are used in the analysis. Trend of global change in annual precipitation is also reported here. Least square linear regression is used to ascertain the nature of these changes. Global nature of temperatures in both January and July show bimodal distributions, with the geographical region between the tropics in one mode and the region outside the tropic in another mode. The individual distributions of temperatures of both these regions show separate and similar histograms. Results indicate that over the last century, temperature in January increased more than that during July. Furthermore the minimum temperature in each case increased more than the maximum temperature. Ten separate estimates of temperature change are obtained from the data presented here using different methods. Considering all these estimates, the mean rise in temperature during January was 2.19°C, and during July was 1.72°C. The geographical nature of the rise in temperature shows that though it rises in most locations, the temperature also reduces along eastern Asia, some parts of central Russia, along south-eastern Australia, and along the east coast of the United States. Predominant rise in temperature is mostly over Europe, and in the arctic. Change in precipitation shows that though there is significant reduction rainfall globally, rainfall increases along the equator, in areas around the Gulf of Mexico, along eastern Asia, along the western coast of India, and along the eastern coast of Australia.展开更多
This paper investigates the impacts of salinity on crop agriculture in south-central coastal zone of Bangladesh, more particularly interior coast. The coastal areas of Bangladesh, with near flat topography and locatio...This paper investigates the impacts of salinity on crop agriculture in south-central coastal zone of Bangladesh, more particularly interior coast. The coastal areas of Bangladesh, with near flat topography and location at the tip of “funnel shaped” Bay of Bengal, are susceptible to a number of natural hazards such as cyclones, tidal surges, salinity intrusion, riverbank erosion, and shoreline recession. The coastal zone of Bangladesh, especially exposed coast has come into focus in a number of policy and academic studies for salinity intrusion, but with the accelerated impacts of climate change salinity extends from the exposed to the interior coast hampering crop production. To investigate extent of salinity level in interior coast and its impact on crop agriculture, this study tested irrigation water collected in between October and December 2011 from the lower Meghna at Gosairhat upazila in Shariatpur district and interviewed experts and local farmers. This study estimated that salinity concentration of surface water was 1.3 dS/m which was 0.8 dS/m higher than the earlier estimation by ICZMP (Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan) in 2003. The test further revealed that Chloride ion concentration in irrigation water was 500 ppm, pH level was 7.99 and concentration of Carbonate ion was 221 ppm, which were much higher than the desired level. Estimated salinity concentration has already put a threat to the crop production and a significant yield loss has already been noticed in dry season. In the changing scenario of sea level rise, it has been predicted that the increasing concentration of salinity would create more pressure to the farmer by reducing yield on one hand and threatening livelihood, income generation and food security on the other hand. Therefore, to reduce the future loss and prevent the present loss, the study recommends leaching and selecting salinity tolerant crop varieties as adaptation techniques.展开更多
PEST （Political, Economic, Social, and Technological） analysis of any industry sector investigates the important factors that are affecting the industry and influencing the companies operating in that sector. The pu...PEST （Political, Economic, Social, and Technological） analysis of any industry sector investigates the important factors that are affecting the industry and influencing the companies operating in that sector. The purpose of this study is to analyze the pharmaceutical sector of Bangladesh using the framework of PEST. This report brings to light the current state of the sector its progress and its problems. Through this study the researchers try to discuss the affect of various macro-economic factors of political, economic, social, and technological aspect on the industry and its related problems and prospects for the future.展开更多
Study of bacterial stress response against an array of stress signals like heat shock and oxidative stress has been well accomplished so far.Several stress factors cause microorganisms to go under the viable but noncu...Study of bacterial stress response against an array of stress signals like heat shock and oxidative stress has been well accomplished so far.Several stress factors cause microorganisms to go under the viable but nonculturable state.However,the growth resuscitation of bacterial cells from such viable but nonculturable state is still obscure.Current review briefly focused on the growth revival of the viable but nonculturable cells and placed the possible model of growth resuscitation.The significance of such type of study on the viable but nonculturable cells principally relies upon clinical sectors whereby some pathogens are found to be latent for many days and thereby imparting the false negative results as well as in the food industries whereby the viable but nonculturable cells may cause massive damage in the public health upon their resuscitation.展开更多
Pedagogy teaches teachers how to teach, so that they may effectively teach students how to learn; it offers important training for teachers to transform students from mere parrots of information into challengers of an...Pedagogy teaches teachers how to teach, so that they may effectively teach students how to learn; it offers important training for teachers to transform students from mere parrots of information into challengers of and innovators of knowledge. Yet, while Bangladesh has had a long history of university teaching, pedagogy has hardly entered the imagination of university educators. At the university level, pedagogical training would address cultural hindrances to students＇ advanced learning. Today＇s teachers are yesterday＇s students, with each generation being groomed in the same cultural patterns of learning that are continually repeated without examination. At the same time, the majority of faculties lack pedagogical methods for adjusting their teaching framework to accommodate the diversity of students＇ worldviews to nurture knowledge progression in classroom settings. Importantly, students acquire cultural practices of rote learning and memorization by way of lectures and homework that parrots texts and lectures. Many faculties are unaware that the purpose of a university is to stimulate new ideas and knowledge, provoke assumptions, and teach and encourage critical thinking. The pedagogical challenge also derives from Bengali culture, from which teachers assume a hierarchical mindset and attitude that is counter-productive to students＇ learning.展开更多
Quorum sensing is the biochemical communication system within bacterial cells which may instigate their virulence factors,and hence,is imperative for pathogenesis.Such a system optimizes metabolic and behavioral activ...Quorum sensing is the biochemical communication system within bacterial cells which may instigate their virulence factors,and hence,is imperative for pathogenesis.Such a system optimizes metabolic and behavioral activities played by the densely populated bacterial community as well as the production of the concomitant response against diffusible or secreted signals.Thus,the multi-layered signal transduction networks of quorum sensing help bacteria acclimatize to the disadvantages by increasing their confrontation ability aided by biofilm formation.Previous studies unraveled the impact of quorum sensing in the microbial interactions both within a single species and between several species.The development of the synthetic ecological models has added advantages in the studies of microbial sociability in natural habitats as well as aided in drug designing.Current review highlighted the up-to-date knowledge on the basic mechanisms of quorum sensing and its influence to accelerate the bacterial resistance against different environmental stimuli or synthetic drugs along with the factors affecting the quorum sensing system,and the harmful role of quorum sensing in food spoilage.The information gathered in this review would be beneficial to understand the metabolic cross talk as well as the virulence traits of the pathogenic microorganisms in course of their pathogenesis augmented by quorum sensing.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">The current study evaluated the antioxidant, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="fo...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">The current study evaluated the antioxidant, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-amylase inhibitory and anti-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Staphylococcus</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activities of the fruiting bodies of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ganoderma</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lucidum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Methanolic extract of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">G.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lucidum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (MEGL) was investigated for its </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and EC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">50</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> value was determined. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-Amylase inhibitory and anti-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activities were carried out by conventional methods. The mushroom extract showed maximum free radical scavenging activity at a dose of 500 μg/mL with EC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">50</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> value of 22.1399 μg/mL. EC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">50</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> value for the inhibition of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-amylase activity was found 22.6011 μg/mL. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">G.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lucidum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> extracts exhibited a concentration-dependent Anti-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activity. The vast differences of this inhibition between lower and higher doses were assessed significantly (p < 0.05). This study shows that the fruiting body of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">G.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lucidum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> has moderate antioxidant, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-amylase inhibitory, and anti-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activities. Thus this mushroom may be the alternative plant source for the antioxidant, anti-diabetic and antibacterial agents and further </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vivo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> studies and isolation of bioactive compounds are required.</span>展开更多
基金supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2025R104),Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘One in every eight men in the US is diagnosed with prostate cancer,making it the most common cancer in men.Gleason grading is one of the most essential diagnostic and prognostic factors for planning the treatment of prostate cancer patients.Traditionally,urological pathologists perform the grading by scoring the morphological pattern,known as the Gleason pattern,in histopathology images.However,thismanual grading is highly subjective,suffers intra-and inter-pathologist variability and lacks reproducibility.An automated grading system could be more efficient,with no subjectivity and higher accuracy and reproducibility.Automated methods presented previously failed to achieve sufficient accuracy,lacked reproducibility and depended on high-resolution images such as 40×.This paper proposes an automated Gleason grading method,ProGENET,to accurately predict the grade using low-resolution images such as 10×.This method first divides the patient’s histopathology whole slide image(WSI)into patches.Then,it detects artifacts and tissue-less regions and predicts the patch-wise grade using an ensemble network of CNN and transformer models.The proposed method adapted the International Society of Urological Pathology(ISUP)grading system and achieved 90.8%accuracy in classifying the patches into healthy and Gleason grades 1 through 5 using 10×WSI,outperforming the state-of-the-art accuracy by 27%.Finally,the patient’s grade was determined by combining the patch-wise results.The method was also demonstrated for 4−class grading and binary classification of prostate cancer,achieving 93.0%and 99.6%accuracy,respectively.The reproducibility was over 90%.Since the proposedmethod determined the grades with higher accuracy and reproducibility using low-resolution images,it is more reliable and effective than existing methods and can potentially improve subsequent therapy decisions.
文摘Introduction: Bangladesh has experienced remarkable growth in RMG over the past 25 years. With the knitwear industry providing more than 4 million direct jobs, providing better occupational health and safety of workers remains a challenge. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to analyze the disease burden of a RMG factory, and to highlight occupational health risks. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed for this analysis. A 17-month data entry (January 2020 - May 2021) was gathered from the factory in-house clinic. The socio-demographic and clinical diagnosis entries of 8421 entries were analyzed. Result: The population of the factory workers is 5370, where 40% (2148) are female workers and 60% (3222) are male workers. The mean age of respondents is 30 years, with a SD of ±7 years. Among the chief complaints, the most common was vomiting (14%;2262) fever (14%;2247), runny nose (11%;1842), cough (9%;1465), and loose motion (8%;1364). In the diagnosis categories, gastrointestinal diseases were more predominantly diagnosed (35%;2978), followed by viral fever (21%;1772), neurological diseases (16.5%;1389) and musculoskeletal disorders (9%;768). The average cost of medicine for each respondent is BDT 36. The factory covered costs of all medication for 99% (8380) of respondents. Only 0.5% (37) was referred to a tertiary hospital for further evaluation. Conclusion: Garments workers suffer mostly from long-term occupational health hazards. Factory owners and policy makers can contribute in various ways to improving primary healthcare options for workers.
文摘In this paper, building to grid(B2G) and vehicle to grid(V2G) have been defined with clear and practical understanding. Both of them are new generation technologies which are the essential part of smart city living and crowd energy clustering. Firstly, an in-detailed overview has been provided with an introduction to B2G and V2G followed by a historical overview and theoretical analysis in respect to smart city planning. Next, a review is conducted on current and previous smart living research, which deals with B2G and V2G. Efficient B2G and V2G implementations in practical cases then have been discussed. Lastly, both of these technical prospects have been analyzed in crowd energy diagram.
文摘Hilly or mountainous terrain occupies around 12% of the area of Bangladesh.Natural resources associated with Bangladesh's hill are forest resources,biodiversity,minerals,and agricultural crops.Natural resources have been exploited in the recent four decades due to excessive clearing of hill forest cover,resulting in loss of species richness, impacts related to increased water flow variability, increased hill slope erosion and flooding intensity, and a gradual decrease in the extent of hill area in Bangladesh.This review explores the major causes and effects of depletion of natural resources by linking drivers,pressures and the related impacts.A review has been conducted to structure the effects on the hilly areas and describe the responses to minimize them in the associated DPSIR framework.Population growth has been identified as a major driver contributing to high deforestation rates.This may negatively effect agricultural productivity and increase the frequency of serious flooding.Slash and burn cultivation also impacts the regeneration of evergreen forests,which may accelerate soil erosion. Due to this and other factors,local people are facing a deficits of natural resources(food,fodder,fuel wood and water),which exacerbates the effects of poverty. Future research should try to facilitate decision making for sustainable utilization of natural resources management in the hilly areas of Bangladesh. Additional conservation measures should be developed to increase the resilience of ecosystems at national and regional levels.
文摘The extent and aggression of colorectal cancer is a worldwide public health threat.Extensive research has been conducted on the pre-requisites leading to this fatal cancer.An array of genes along with their mutations and the signal transduction pathways leading to the cellular transformation into the cancerous cells have been investigated.Based on the knowledge gained so far,present review shortly discussed the role of the major genes especially those are involved in instigating abnormalities in the cellular cycles,cellular proliferation and differentiation.A simple but novel molecular scheme of the colorectal cancer development has also been plotted.
文摘This paper reviewed the existing methods in regionalization studies to predict ungauged catchments and considering all the aspects a different methodology is developed, which is named as RDS method. ROPE （robust parameter estimation）-D （data depth）-S （spatial proximity） together gets this name RDS. Catchment properties and hydrological model parameters are used consistently to predict ungauged basin. This study explores the potential of the regionalization process to predict ungauged basins using the data of the Eastern USA catchments. Two conceptual rainfall-runoff hydrological models： HYMOD and HBV are used in this study. Analysis shows 95% success in predicting ungauged basins with HBV and 90% success with HYMOD. It is undoubtedly perceptible that RDS method is very effective in predicting ungauged basin and regionalization is independent of the conceptual rainfall-runoff model.
文摘The novel polycrystalline Bi<sub>0.85</sub>Gd<sub>0.15</sub>Cu<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>1-x</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10) multiferroics are synthesized by the usual solid-state reaction route. The synthesis of the desired phase has been verified by the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns. With major structural phases, few traces of secondary phases of Bi<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub> and Bi<sub>25</sub>FeO<sub>40</sub> appear for all the compositions. A discontinuous series of structural changes with varying compositions are observed for the doped samples. The bulk density (ρ<sub>B</sub>) increases with Cu content reaches the highest at x = 0.05 and then declines. The complex initial permeability and dielectric characterizations are performed by Wayne Kerr Impedance Analyzer. The x = 0.05 samples having maximum density exhibit the highest permeability (μ<sub>i</sub>’) implying a close relation between μ<sub>i</sub>’ and the density. The reduction of μ<sub>i</sub>’ at higher Cu concentration is due to the low density of the samples associated with the increased intragranular pores. The dielectric constant (ε’) is measured against frequency in the range 1 kHz - 10 MHz. It is perceived that ε’ falls with the rise in frequency up to 100 kHz. This dielectric dispersion is observed at a lower frequency as a result of interfacial polarization outlined by Maxwell-Wagner. The maximum ε’ is obtained for x = 0.025 composition. In the low-frequency range, the AC conductivity σ<sub>AC</sub> is practically independent of frequency and resembles the DC conductivity (σ<sub>DC</sub>). In the vicinity of high frequency recognized as the hopping region, σ<sub>AC</sub> rises since the conductive grains are more active at high frequencies. The co-doping with Gd and Cu in BiFeO<sub>3</sub> ceramics enhances the magnetic and dielectric properties of the ceramics and hence can be utilized for fabricating multifunctional devices.
文摘The algorithms of convex hull have been extensively studied in literature, principally because of their wide range of applications in different areas. This article presents an efficient algorithm to construct approximate convex hull from a set of n points in the plane in O(n+k) time, where k is the approximation error control parameter. The proposed algorithm is suitable for applications preferred to reduce the computation time in exchange of accuracy level such as animation and interaction in computer graphics where rapid and real-time graphics rendering is indispensable.
文摘The impact of Cr3+ ion on the magnetic properties of Mn0.50Zn0.50CrxFe2-xO4 (with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) has been studied. Ferrite samples were synthesized by combustion method and sintered at various temperatures (1250°C, 1300°C and 1350°C). The structural properties were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction patterns and indicated that the samples possess single phase cubic spinel structure. The lattice parameter decreases with the increase in Cr3+ content, as the ionic radius of Cr3+ ion is smaller than that of Fe3+. The average grain size (D), bulk density (ρB) and initial permeability (μi’ )decreases with increase in Cr3+ content whereas porosity follows its opposite trend. The ρB was found to increase with increase in Cr3+ content as the sintering temperature (Ts) is increased from 1250°C to 1350°C. The Ts affects the densification, grain growth and (μi’ ) of the samples. The (μi’ ) strongly depends on average grain size, density and intragranular porosity. The B-H loops of the compositions were measured at room temperature. The saturation magnetization (Ms), coercivity (Hc) and hysteresis losses were studied as a function of Cr3+ content. The Ms was found to decrease with the increase of Cr3+ content, which is attributed to the dilution of A-B interaction.
文摘Land degradation in Chittagong hill tracts has been taking place due to shrinkage of forest cover, policy weakness, population explosion, and inappropriate hill farming system. Modem farming system in the Chittagong hill tracts like Sloping Agricultural Land Technology （SALT） is practiced to provide a new strategy for developing lands for economic productivity and bio-diversity conservation through establishment of ecological community rather than traditional shifting cultivation which is no longer sustainable according to the carrying capacity of ecosystem of Chittagong hill tracts. This study is to find out changing trends of soil chemical properties of sites under modem and traditional farming systems at Khagrachari district of Chittagong hill tracts. The result of the research shows that Sloping Agricultural Land Technology has significantly higher capacity of production due to the presence of the highest percentage of organic carbon, organic matter, compared with shifting cultivated site. The study recommends that shifting cultivation may be changed into a relatively stable semi-permanent farming system through developing participatory integrated farming systems to establish stable production environment in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
文摘To understand the self sustained propagation of the plasma jet/bullet in air under atmospheric pressure, the ignition of the plasma jet/bullet, the plasma jet/bullet ignition point in the plasma pencil, the formation time and the formation criteria from a dielectric barrier configured plasma pencil were investigated in this study. The results were confirmed by comparing these results with the plasma jet ignition process in the plasma pencil without a dielectric barrier. Electrical, optical, and imaging techniques were used to study the formation of the plasma jet from the ignition of discharge in a double dielectric barrier configured plasma pencil. The investigation results show that the plasma jet forms at the outlet of the plasma pencil as a donut shaped discharge front because of the electric field line along the outlet＇s surface. It is shown that the required time for the formation of the plasma jet changes with the input voltage of the discharge. The input power calculation for the gap discharge and for the whole system shows that 56% of the average input power is used by the first gap discharge. The estimated electron density inside the gap discharge is in the order of 1011 cm^-3. If helium is used as a feeding gas, a minimum 1.48× 10^-8 C charge is required per pulse in the gap discharge to generate a plasma jet.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(51179032,51279031)
文摘The paper analyzed the seasonal variation of the concentrations of Cr, Mn, A1, N, P, As, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and K in South Lake Cyohoha water using spectroscopic technique. Water samples were taken monthly at Ngenda, Karehe and Nyamabuye stations from January 2009 to December 2010. The results showed that the concentrations of aluminum, nitrogen, potassium, arsenic, phosphorous, manganese, chromium, barium and copper were high during the raining season and low during the dry season, while calcium, iron and magnesium varied independently with seasonal change. The results of conductivity and pH also confirmed the effects of seasonal change on the quality of water in the South Lake Cyohoha since the highest value of conductivity was found during the raining season, while the smallest was observed during the dry season, for pH the highest number was noticed during the dry season and the lowest during the raining season.
基金the support provided by the University of Asia Pacific and Institute for Energy, Environment, Research and Development (IEERD)
文摘In this paper, a technical and statistical analysis of security system and security management is provided for crowd energy and smart living. At the same time, a clear understanding is made for crowd energy concept and next generation smart living. Various case examples have been studied and a brief summary has been provided.Furthermore, a statistical analysis has been provided in terms of security management in smart living where it is found that young technocrats give the highest importance to security management in smart living. Last but not the least, current limitation, constraints, and future scope of security implementation have been discussed in terms of crowd energy clustered with next generation smart living.
文摘In order to provide a better benchmark for climate simulation programs, climate data at Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) and Global Summary of the Day (GSOD) archived by the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) are used to ascertain the nature of climate change over the last century. After data validation, about 6000 stations are considered globally to determine the change in mean temperature, and about 5000 stations to determine that change in maximum and minimum temperatures. Global nature of temperature and its change are presented separately for January and July. Both maximum and minimum daily temperatures are used in the analysis. Trend of global change in annual precipitation is also reported here. Least square linear regression is used to ascertain the nature of these changes. Global nature of temperatures in both January and July show bimodal distributions, with the geographical region between the tropics in one mode and the region outside the tropic in another mode. The individual distributions of temperatures of both these regions show separate and similar histograms. Results indicate that over the last century, temperature in January increased more than that during July. Furthermore the minimum temperature in each case increased more than the maximum temperature. Ten separate estimates of temperature change are obtained from the data presented here using different methods. Considering all these estimates, the mean rise in temperature during January was 2.19°C, and during July was 1.72°C. The geographical nature of the rise in temperature shows that though it rises in most locations, the temperature also reduces along eastern Asia, some parts of central Russia, along south-eastern Australia, and along the east coast of the United States. Predominant rise in temperature is mostly over Europe, and in the arctic. Change in precipitation shows that though there is significant reduction rainfall globally, rainfall increases along the equator, in areas around the Gulf of Mexico, along eastern Asia, along the western coast of India, and along the eastern coast of Australia.
文摘This paper investigates the impacts of salinity on crop agriculture in south-central coastal zone of Bangladesh, more particularly interior coast. The coastal areas of Bangladesh, with near flat topography and location at the tip of “funnel shaped” Bay of Bengal, are susceptible to a number of natural hazards such as cyclones, tidal surges, salinity intrusion, riverbank erosion, and shoreline recession. The coastal zone of Bangladesh, especially exposed coast has come into focus in a number of policy and academic studies for salinity intrusion, but with the accelerated impacts of climate change salinity extends from the exposed to the interior coast hampering crop production. To investigate extent of salinity level in interior coast and its impact on crop agriculture, this study tested irrigation water collected in between October and December 2011 from the lower Meghna at Gosairhat upazila in Shariatpur district and interviewed experts and local farmers. This study estimated that salinity concentration of surface water was 1.3 dS/m which was 0.8 dS/m higher than the earlier estimation by ICZMP (Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan) in 2003. The test further revealed that Chloride ion concentration in irrigation water was 500 ppm, pH level was 7.99 and concentration of Carbonate ion was 221 ppm, which were much higher than the desired level. Estimated salinity concentration has already put a threat to the crop production and a significant yield loss has already been noticed in dry season. In the changing scenario of sea level rise, it has been predicted that the increasing concentration of salinity would create more pressure to the farmer by reducing yield on one hand and threatening livelihood, income generation and food security on the other hand. Therefore, to reduce the future loss and prevent the present loss, the study recommends leaching and selecting salinity tolerant crop varieties as adaptation techniques.
文摘PEST （Political, Economic, Social, and Technological） analysis of any industry sector investigates the important factors that are affecting the industry and influencing the companies operating in that sector. The purpose of this study is to analyze the pharmaceutical sector of Bangladesh using the framework of PEST. This report brings to light the current state of the sector its progress and its problems. Through this study the researchers try to discuss the affect of various macro-economic factors of political, economic, social, and technological aspect on the industry and its related problems and prospects for the future.
文摘Study of bacterial stress response against an array of stress signals like heat shock and oxidative stress has been well accomplished so far.Several stress factors cause microorganisms to go under the viable but nonculturable state.However,the growth resuscitation of bacterial cells from such viable but nonculturable state is still obscure.Current review briefly focused on the growth revival of the viable but nonculturable cells and placed the possible model of growth resuscitation.The significance of such type of study on the viable but nonculturable cells principally relies upon clinical sectors whereby some pathogens are found to be latent for many days and thereby imparting the false negative results as well as in the food industries whereby the viable but nonculturable cells may cause massive damage in the public health upon their resuscitation.
文摘Pedagogy teaches teachers how to teach, so that they may effectively teach students how to learn; it offers important training for teachers to transform students from mere parrots of information into challengers of and innovators of knowledge. Yet, while Bangladesh has had a long history of university teaching, pedagogy has hardly entered the imagination of university educators. At the university level, pedagogical training would address cultural hindrances to students＇ advanced learning. Today＇s teachers are yesterday＇s students, with each generation being groomed in the same cultural patterns of learning that are continually repeated without examination. At the same time, the majority of faculties lack pedagogical methods for adjusting their teaching framework to accommodate the diversity of students＇ worldviews to nurture knowledge progression in classroom settings. Importantly, students acquire cultural practices of rote learning and memorization by way of lectures and homework that parrots texts and lectures. Many faculties are unaware that the purpose of a university is to stimulate new ideas and knowledge, provoke assumptions, and teach and encourage critical thinking. The pedagogical challenge also derives from Bengali culture, from which teachers assume a hierarchical mindset and attitude that is counter-productive to students＇ learning.
文摘Quorum sensing is the biochemical communication system within bacterial cells which may instigate their virulence factors,and hence,is imperative for pathogenesis.Such a system optimizes metabolic and behavioral activities played by the densely populated bacterial community as well as the production of the concomitant response against diffusible or secreted signals.Thus,the multi-layered signal transduction networks of quorum sensing help bacteria acclimatize to the disadvantages by increasing their confrontation ability aided by biofilm formation.Previous studies unraveled the impact of quorum sensing in the microbial interactions both within a single species and between several species.The development of the synthetic ecological models has added advantages in the studies of microbial sociability in natural habitats as well as aided in drug designing.Current review highlighted the up-to-date knowledge on the basic mechanisms of quorum sensing and its influence to accelerate the bacterial resistance against different environmental stimuli or synthetic drugs along with the factors affecting the quorum sensing system,and the harmful role of quorum sensing in food spoilage.The information gathered in this review would be beneficial to understand the metabolic cross talk as well as the virulence traits of the pathogenic microorganisms in course of their pathogenesis augmented by quorum sensing.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">The current study evaluated the antioxidant, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-amylase inhibitory and anti-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Staphylococcus</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activities of the fruiting bodies of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ganoderma</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lucidum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Methanolic extract of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">G.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lucidum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (MEGL) was investigated for its </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and EC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">50</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> value was determined. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-Amylase inhibitory and anti-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activities were carried out by conventional methods. The mushroom extract showed maximum free radical scavenging activity at a dose of 500 μg/mL with EC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">50</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> value of 22.1399 μg/mL. EC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">50</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> value for the inhibition of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-amylase activity was found 22.6011 μg/mL. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">G.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lucidum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> extracts exhibited a concentration-dependent Anti-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activity. The vast differences of this inhibition between lower and higher doses were assessed significantly (p < 0.05). This study shows that the fruiting body of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">G.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lucidum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> has moderate antioxidant, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-amylase inhibitory, and anti-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activities. Thus this mushroom may be the alternative plant source for the antioxidant, anti-diabetic and antibacterial agents and further </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vivo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> studies and isolation of bioactive compounds are required.</span>
