Background: The Maternal and Child Survival Program of United States Agency for International Development conducted a study in 2017 to assess the outcome of an initiative to strengthen Expanded Programme on Immunizati...Background: The Maternal and Child Survival Program of United States Agency for International Development conducted a study in 2017 to assess the outcome of an initiative to strengthen Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) pre-service training. The pre-service training initiative was undertaken by the Ministry of Health (MOH) with support from partners in 2012-2016. The overall objective of the study was to assess the adoption and effectiveness of the initiative in the competency (knowledge, skills and attitude) of graduate nurses. Methods: The study included a conveniently selected sample of 14 pre-service training institutions, 23 field practicum sites, and 29 health facilities in western Kenya, and used quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Results: All pre-service training institutions were found to have adapted the WHO EPI prototype curriculum. Overall, tutors followed training method in the classroom as suggested in the curriculum, except evaluation of students’ learning lacked tests or quizzes. Students had opportunities for hands-on practical experience in the field practicum sites. Graduate nurses were found to have acquired the skills for vaccinating children. However, some pre-service training institutions lacked functional skills labs for practical learning of students. In addition, students did not receive up-to-date information on EPI program, and lacked knowledge and skills on monitoring and documentation of EPI coverage during preservice training. Conclusions: It appears that the EPI pre-service training strengthening initiatives facilitated competency-based EPI training of nurses in Kenya. However, preservice training institutions still have scope for improvement in the skills lab, hand-washing practice, providing up-to-date information, and training students on coverage monitoring and documentation.展开更多
Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan, having high population growth and a complex health care environment, has highest density of unimmunized (zero dose) and under-immunized children. The main reasons of low immuniza...Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan, having high population growth and a complex health care environment, has highest density of unimmunized (zero dose) and under-immunized children. The main reasons of low immunization coverage in Karachi were lack of governance and accountability in a duplicative and fragmented health management structure, weak and inequitable immunization services, and lack of demand and trust among people for immunization services. The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), Ministry of Health (MOH) in Sindh Province spearheaded a structured and collaborative process to develop strategies for addressing inequity in immunization services towards achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC) in Karachi. The process included a situation analysis with gathering quantitative and qualitative information on the root causes of zero-dose and inequity of the immunization services. The strategies and interventions were developed with multi-layer input and feedback of the stakeholders and partners, and focusing primarily to address gaps in three program areas: governance, leadership and accountability;immunization service delivery;and building demand and trust among the people. The interventions were further prioritized for high-risk areas;identified based on maximum number zero-dose children, presence of large slum areas, measles outbreak and on-going circulation of wild poliovirus. Finally, costing for the Roadmap activities was done through consultation with partners and aligning domestic and external (donor) resources. In this paper, we have highlighted the unique process the Sindh Government undertook in collaboration with the stakeholders and partners to develop strategies and interventions for addressing inequity in urban immunization services in Karachi towards achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC). Similar processes can be adapted, as a potential model, for developing strategies to achieve universal health coverage in the cities of Pakistan and in other countries.展开更多
The SnRK2 gene family plays important roles in ABA mediated abiotic stress responses.However,the roles and functional mechanism of the SnRK2 gene family in plant immunity are largely unknown.In this study,we report th...The SnRK2 gene family plays important roles in ABA mediated abiotic stress responses.However,the roles and functional mechanism of the SnRK2 gene family in plant immunity are largely unknown.In this study,we report that OsSAPK10,a SnRK2 gene family protein in rice,positively regulates rice blast resistance.The ossapk10 mutation reduced rice blast resistance and overexpression of OsSAPK10 increased it.Furthermore,OsSAPK10 phosphorylates OsPAL1,a positive regulator of rice blast resistance,at Ser82 to stabilize it.Knocking out OsPAL1 also reduced rice blast resistance.Taken together,our findings revealed that OsSAPK10 positively regulates rice immunity via phosphorylating and stabilizing OsPAL1,providing new insight into the functional mechanism of the SnRK2 gene family in biotic stress responses.展开更多
Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae poses a serious threat to rice security worldwide.This filamentous pathogen modulates rice defense responses by secreting effectors to facilitate infection.The phytohorm...Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae poses a serious threat to rice security worldwide.This filamentous pathogen modulates rice defense responses by secreting effectors to facilitate infection.The phytohormone jasmonic acid(JA)plays crucial roles in the response to rice blast fungus.However,how M.oryzae disrupts JA-mediated resistance in rice is not well understood.In this study,we identify a new effector,a chloroplast-targeting protein(MoCHT1),from M.oryzae.Knocking out MoCHT1 decreases virulence,whereas heterologous expression of MoCHT1 in rice compromises disease resistance.MoCHT1 interacts with a rice LESION AND LAMINA BENDING(OsLLB)protein,a negative regulator of JA biosynthesis in the chloroplast.Loss-of-function of Os LLB leads to increased JA accumulation,thereby improving resistance to rice blast.The interaction between MoCHT1 and OsLLB results in the inhibition of OsLLB degradation,consequently reducing JA accumulation,thereby impairing JA content and decreasing plant disease resistance.Overall,this study reveals the molecular mechanism by which M.oryzae utilizes MoCHT1 to subvert rice JA signaling,broadening our understanding of how pathogens circumvent host immune responses by manipulating plant defense hormone biosynthesis.展开更多
The yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 is one of the probiotics recommended for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Studies conducted in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that in the case of infectiou...The yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 is one of the probiotics recommended for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Studies conducted in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that in the case of infectious diseases there are two potential sites of action of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745:(1)An action on enteropathogenic microorganisms(adhesion of bacteria and their elimination or an effect on their virulence factors: Toxins, lipopolysaccharide,etc.); and(2) a direct action on the intestinal mucosa(trophic effects, effects on epithelial reconstitution, anti-secretory effects, anti-inflammatory,immunomodulators). Oral administration of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 to healthy subjects does not alter their microbiota. However, in the case of diseases associated with the use of antibiotics or chronic diarrhea, Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 can restore the intestinal microbiota faster. The interaction of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 with the innate immune system have been recently demonstrated thus opening up a new therapeutic potential of this yeast in the case of diseases associated with intestinal infections but also other pathologies associated with dysbiosis such as inflammatory diseases.展开更多
Serotonin is ubiquitous across all forms of life and functions in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.In rice,the conversion of tryptamine to serotonin is catalyzed by Sekiguchi lesion(SL).Previous studies have i...Serotonin is ubiquitous across all forms of life and functions in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.In rice,the conversion of tryptamine to serotonin is catalyzed by Sekiguchi lesion(SL).Previous studies have identified an sl mutation(a null mutation of SL)in several rice varieties and confirmed its increase of resistance and cell death.However,a systematic understanding of the reprogrammed cellular processes causing cell death and resistance is lacking.We performed a multi-omics analysis to clarify the fundamental mechanisms at the protein,gene transcript,and metabolite levels.We found that cell death and Magnaporthe oryzae(M.oryzae)infection of the sl-MH-1 mutant activated plant hormone signal transduction involving salicylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),and abscisic acid(ABA)in multiple regulatory layers.We characterized the dynamic changes of several key hormone levels during disease progression and under the cell death conditions and showed that SA and JA positively regulated rice cell death and disease resistance.SL-overexpressing lines confirmed that the sl-MH-1 mutant positively regulated rice resistance to M.oryzae.Our studies shed light on cell death and facilitate further mechanistic dissection of programmed cell death in rice.展开更多
Campylobacter jejuni(C. jejuni),a Gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium,is a predominant cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Despite its importance as a major foodborne pathogen,our und...Campylobacter jejuni(C. jejuni),a Gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium,is a predominant cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Despite its importance as a major foodborne pathogen,our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying C. jejuni stress survival and pathogenesis is limited. Inorganic polyphosphate(poly P) has been shown to play significant roles in bacterial resistance to stress and virulence in many pathogenic bacteria. C. jejuni contains the complete repertoire of enzymes required for poly P metabolism. Recent work in our laboratory and others have demonstrated that poly P controls a plethora of C. jejuni properties that impact its ability to survive in the environment as well as to colonize/infect mammalian hosts. This review article summarizes the current literature on the role of poly P in C. jejuni stress survival and virulence and discusses on how poly P-related enzymes can be exploited for therapeutic/prevention purposes. Additionally,the review article identifies potential areas for future investigation that would enhance our understanding of the role of poly P in C. jejuni and other bacteria,which ultimately would facilitate design of effective therapeutic/preventive strategies to reduce not only the burden of C. jejuni-caused foodborne infections but also of other bacterial infections in humans.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the in vitro immunomodulation capacity of various non-pathogenic yeast strains and to investigate the ability of some of these food grade yeasts to prevent experimental colitis in mice.METHODS: In vit...AIM: To evaluate the in vitro immunomodulation capacity of various non-pathogenic yeast strains and to investigate the ability of some of these food grade yeasts to prevent experimental colitis in mice.METHODS: In vitro immunomodulation was assessed by measuring cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12p70,IL-10,tumor necrosis factor and interferon γ] released by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after 24 h stimulation with 6 live yeast strains (Saccharomyces ssp.) and with bacterial reference strains.A murine model of acute 2-4-6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis was next used to evaluate the distinct prophylactic protective capacities of three yeast strains compared with the performance of prednisolone treatment.RESULTS: The six yeast strains all showed similar non-discriminating anti-inflammatory potential when tested on immunocompetent cells in vitro .However,although they exhibited similar colonization patterns in vivo ,some yeast strains showed significant anti-inflammatory activities in the TNBS-induced colitis model,whereas others had weaker or no preventive effect at all,as evidenced by colitis markers (body-weight loss,macroscopic and histological scores,myeloperoxidase activities and blood inflammatory markers).CONCLUSION: A careful selection of strains is required among the biodiversity of yeasts for specific clinical studies,including applications in inflammatory bowel disease and other therapeutic uses.展开更多
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase OsBSK1-2 was reported to play an important role in regulation of response to rice blast,but the signaling pathway remained unknown.In this study,we identified OsMAPKKK18 and previously...Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase OsBSK1-2 was reported to play an important role in regulation of response to rice blast,but the signaling pathway remained unknown.In this study,we identified OsMAPKKK18 and previously uncharacterized MAPKKKs OsMAPKKK16 and OsMAPKKK19 that interact with OsBSK1-2.Expression of all three MAPKKKs was induced by Magnaporthe oryzae infection,and all three induced cell death when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Knockout of OsMAPKKK16 and OsMAPKKK18 compromised blast resistance and overexpression of OsMAPKKK19 increased blast resistance,indicating that all three MAPKKKs are involved in regulation of rice blast response.Furthermore,both OsMAPKKK16 and OsMAPKKK19 interacted with and phosphorylated OsMKK4 and OsMKK5,and chitin-induced MAPK activation was suppressed in osmapkkk16 and osbsk1-2 mutants.OsMAPKKK18 was earlier reported to interact with and phosphorylate OsMKK4 and affect chitin-induced MAPK activation,suggesting that OsBSK1-2 is involved in regulation of immunity through multiple MAPK signaling pathways.Unlike BSK1 in Arabidopsis,OsBSK1-2 was not involved in response to avirulent M.oryzae strains.Taken together,our results revealed important roles of OsMAPKKK16/18/19 and a OsBSK1-2-OsMAPKKK16/18/19-OsMKK4/5 module in regulating response to rice blast.展开更多
Gray blight disease(GBD)causes significant losses in tea production in China.Although genes and biological processes involved in resistance to fungal disease in tea plants have been identified,specific mechanisms of t...Gray blight disease(GBD)causes significant losses in tea production in China.Although genes and biological processes involved in resistance to fungal disease in tea plants have been identified,specific mechanisms of the GBD infection process remain unknown.In this study,morphological and multi-gene(TEF-TUB-ITS)phylogenetic characteristics were used to identify isolate CLBB1 of Pseudopestalotiopsis vietnamensis.Pathogenicity tests confirmed that isolate CLBB1 from tea leaves caused GBD in the susceptible tea cultivar Wuyi Rock(Camellia sinensis var.sinensis cv.Shuixian).Spores began to germinate 24 h after infection(hai),and after 48 h,elongated fungal hyphae formed from a single conidium.Transcriptome analysis revealed that 482,517,and 369 genes were differentially expressed at 24,48,and 72 hai,respectively,in Wuyi Rock tea leaves.Isolate CLBB1 infection elicited phenotype-related responses and activated defense-related pathways,including plant–pathogen interaction,MAPK signaling,and plant hormone signal transduction,suggesting a possible mechanism underlying phenotype-based susceptibility to CLBB1.Thus,a new Ps.vietnamensis strain causing GBD in the tea cultivar‘Shuixian’was discovered in this study.Transcriptome analysis indicated that pathogen invasion activated chitin-related MAPK pathways and that tea plants required a hormone to restrict CLBB1.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To investigate beneficial effects of manual acupuncture on common cold periods and its symptoms depended on the difference onset time of common cold, within 36 h or over than that. To prove effects of manua...OBJECTIVE: To investigate beneficial effects of manual acupuncture on common cold periods and its symptoms depended on the difference onset time of common cold, within 36 h or over than that. To prove effects of manual acupuncture on common cold, a retrospective chart review was conducted.METHODS: Chart data for patients with commoncold who were treated with only manual acupuncture with fulfilling Jackson scales and satisfaction at the end of each treatment were collected via multi-centers of Oriental hospitals,Oriental medicine clinics and covalent hospital in South Korea. Totally 187 patients were divided into two groups, Group Ⅰ(115 patients, within 36 h)and Group Ⅱ(72 patients, onset time of cold over than 36 h). Finally 120 patients were observed until entire resolution of cold symptoms.RESULTS: GroupⅠ showed significant decreases themediandurationsofcompletelyrecovery(3 days;95% CI 3.0-4.0) as compared with Group Ⅱ(6 days;95% CI 4.0-7.0, P < 0.001). The manual acupuncture beneficially worked for reduction rate of common cold symptoms by 50% after initial treatment,decreased cold symptoms, and reduced cold duration.CONCLUSION: Manual acupuncture beneficially affected common cold and its symptoms.Moreover it is more susceptibility on the early time of onset cold.展开更多
Background: Herbal medicinal preparations are used as dietary supplements for disease prevention and as alternative/complementary medicine. The growing interest in herbal medicine raises the question of its safety and...Background: Herbal medicinal preparations are used as dietary supplements for disease prevention and as alternative/complementary medicine. The growing interest in herbal medicine raises the question of its safety and efficacy. Numerous recorded cases of intoxication and toxicological studies reveal that medicinal plants can be toxic, which hinders their safe use. Plant intoxications related to a variety of factors include plant organs and many extraction solvents. Little toxicological data on medicinal plants is available. The need to investigate is important for safe use. Imperata cylindrica, a poaceae, is one of the medicinal plants for which few toxicological data are available. Materials & Methods: To expand toxicological data, water, 70% ethanol, and 30% acetone extracts of the leaves and roots, obtained by maceration and reflux methods, were used for phytochemicals molecules qualitative detection and toxicity test by the brine shrimp lethality assay. Results: The qualitative analysis of the different extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenolic compounds, saponins, and polyterpenoids. The toxicity endpoint was lethal concentration 50 (LC<sub>50</sub>). The leaves’ extracts LC<sub>50</sub> was between 489.78 μg/mL and 1066.6 μg/mL. As for the root extracts, the LC<sub>50</sub> was between 341.98 μg/mL and 1530 μg/mL. Discussion: The different compounds’ presence justifies the use of Imperata cylindrica as a medicinal plant. According to Clarkson classification the root extracts are moderately toxic (LC<sub>50</sub>: 168.47 μg/mL), and leaf extracts are weakly toxic (LC<sub>50</sub>: 527.25 μg/mL). The extrapolation made in relation to the Gosselin, Smith, and Hodge scale, allows us to characterize the Imperata cylindrica root and leaf extracts as non-toxic to humans by oral route. Conclusion: This result can be a base for more precise toxicological studies.展开更多
Pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)includes the different transcriptional and physiological responses that enable plants to ward off microbial invasion.Surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors(PRRs)recognize conser...Pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)includes the different transcriptional and physiological responses that enable plants to ward off microbial invasion.Surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors(PRRs)recognize conserved microbeassociated molecular patterns(MAMPs)and initiate a branched signaling cascade that culminate in an effective restriction of pathogen growth.In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana,early PTI events triggered by different PRRs are broadly conserved although their nature or intensity is dependent on the origin and features of the detected MAMP.In order to provide a functional basis for disease resistance in leafy vegetable crops,we surveyed the conservation of PTI events in Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis.We identified the PRR homologs present in B.rapa genome and found that only one of the two copies of the bacterial Elongation factor-Tu receptor(EFR)might function.We also characterized the extent and unexpected specificity of the transcriptional changes occurring when B.rapa seedlings are treated with two unrelated MAMPs,the bacterial flagellin flg22 peptide and the fungal cell wall component chitin.Finally,using a MAMP-induced protection assay,we could show that bacterial and fungal MAMPs elicit a robust immunity in B.rapa,despite significant differences in the kinetic and amplitude of the early signaling events.Our data support the relevance of PTI for crop protection and highlight specific functional target for disease resistance breeding in Brassica crops.展开更多
<span style="line-height:1.5;">Natural plant products have been used by the population of the south-eastern part of C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:1.5;">&...<span style="line-height:1.5;">Natural plant products have been used by the population of the south-eastern part of C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:1.5;">ô</span><span style="line-height:1.5;">te d’Ivoire in the management of sickle cell anemia. </span><span style="line-height:1.5;">This study was aimed at investigating the antisickling activity of the hydro-ethanolic extract </span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;"><span>of a combination of the leaves of </span><i><span>J</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>secunda</span></i><span>, </span><i><span>J</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>gossypiifolia</span></i></span><span style="line-height:1.5;"> a</span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;"><span>nd </span><i><span>P</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>nigrescens</span></i><span>.</span></span><span style="line-height:1.5;"> These three plants species were used in the Ivorian traditional herbal medicine. Preliminary phytochemistry was carried out using standard methods. As for the sickling reversal test, the Hb SS blood sickling was induced with 2% sodium metabisulfite. After 120 minutes of incubation, the plant extract was added. Every 30 minutes for a period of 120 minutes, a drop of the prepared solution was observed at (40</span><span style="line-height:1.5;">×</span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;"><span>) magnification and the percentage of reversion calculated. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Catechic Tannins, Sterols and Polyterpenes. The results of the reversal test showed that the percentage of sickling reversal effect of the combination of the plants (75.00 ± 4.33</span><sup><span>b,c</span></sup><span>) was highly superior than the negative control (10.17 ± 0.55</span><sup><span>d</span></sup><span>) but was significantly (p < 0.05) the same as the percentage of the individual plant (</span><i><span>J</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>secunda</span></i><span>: 83.50 ± 2.33</span><sup><span>a</span></sup><span>;</span><i><span>J</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>gossypiifolia</span></i><span>: 78.00 ± 3.67</span><sup><span>b,c</span></sup><span> and </span><i><span>P</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>nigrescens</span></i><span>: 77.83 ± 2.89</span><sup><span>b,c</span></sup><span>) and the positive control (80.66 ± 2.22</span><sup><span>a,b</span></sup><span>). From the results, the extracts </span><i><span>J. secunda</span></i><span>, </span><i><span>J</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>gossypiifolia</span></i><span> and </span><i><span>P</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>nigrescens</span></i><span> have shown to be therapeutically beneficial to the population. Their use is also justified in the management of sickle cell disease in the south-eastern part of C</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:1.5;">ô</span><span style="line-height:1.5;">te d’Ivoire.展开更多
Summary What is already known on this topic?Pneumococcal diseases(PDs)are serious threats to child health.Although vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent these diseases,the pneumococcal vaccination c...Summary What is already known on this topic?Pneumococcal diseases(PDs)are serious threats to child health.Although vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent these diseases,the pneumococcal vaccination coverage rate is still relatively low in China.What is added by this report?This study investigated the factors associated with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine(PCV13)vaccine hesitancy in parents under an innovative immunization strategy.展开更多
In nature,plants are under attack by a range of pathogens.To cope with these pathogens,plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system,including pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)initiated by pattern recognition recept...In nature,plants are under attack by a range of pathogens.To cope with these pathogens,plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system,including pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)initiated by pattern recognition receptors on the cell surface and effector-triggered immunity(ETI)activated by intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors.In recent years,increasing evidence has demonstrated that organelles such as the chloroplast play crucial roles in complete activation of plant immunity.In this review,we focus on the chloroplast and summarize its role in regulating the activation of immune events,including influx of calcium(Ca^(2+)),accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),biosynthesis of phytohormones,and expression of defense-related genes.Because information exchange between the chloroplast and the nucleus is very important during plant immunity,we also highlight the importance of chloroplast-nucleus communication via stromules in plant immunity.This review reveals the function of the chloroplast in maintaining the trade-off between plant growth and immunity,and expands our understanding of how chloroplasts enable complete activation of plant immunity.展开更多
Plants encounter numerous microorganisms in the environment.However,only a few microbes are pathogenic to a plant species.To colonize plants,pathogens should be able to bypass or suppress multiple layers of the plant ...Plants encounter numerous microorganisms in the environment.However,only a few microbes are pathogenic to a plant species.To colonize plants,pathogens should be able to bypass or suppress multiple layers of the plant defense system,composed of pre-formed physico-chemical barriers and post-invasive immune systems.Thus,each plant pathogenic microorganism has its own host range,depending on the direction in which it is specialized or adapted.But,simultaneously,this specialization results in a lack of adaptation to most other plants,which have different immune components compared to the host plant species of a given pathogen.展开更多
Plants have evolved multiple defense strategies to cope with pathogens, among which plant immune signaling that relies on cell-surface localized and intracellular receptors takes fundamental roles. Exciting breakthrou...Plants have evolved multiple defense strategies to cope with pathogens, among which plant immune signaling that relies on cell-surface localized and intracellular receptors takes fundamental roles. Exciting breakthroughs were made recently on the signaling mechanisms of pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding site(NBS) and leucine-rich repeat(LRR)domain receptors(NLRs). This review summarizes the current view of PRRs activation, emphasizing the most recent discoveries about PRRs’ dynamic regulation and signaling mechanisms directly leading to downstream molecular events including mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) activation and calcium(Ca2+) burst. Plants also have evolved intracellular NLRs to perceive the presence of specific pathogen effectors and trigger more robust immune responses. We also discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms of NLR activation, which has been greatly advanced by recent breakthroughs including structures of the first full-length plant NLR complex, findings of NLR sensor-helper pairs and novel biochemical activity of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor(TIR) domain.展开更多
In plant immunity, pathogen-activated intracellular nucleotide binding/leucine rich repeat （NLR） receptors mobilize disease resistance pathways, but the downstream signaling mechanisms remain obscure. Enhanced disea...In plant immunity, pathogen-activated intracellular nucleotide binding/leucine rich repeat （NLR） receptors mobilize disease resistance pathways, but the downstream signaling mechanisms remain obscure. Enhanced disease susceptibility 1 （EDS1） controls transcriptional reprogramming in resistance triggered by Toll-lnterleukinl-Receptor domain （TIR）-family NLRs （TNLs）. Transcriptional induction of the salicylic acid （SA） hormone defense sector provides one crucial barrier against biotrophic pathogens. Here, we present genetic and molecular evidence that in Arabidopsis an EDS1 complex with its partner PAD4 inhibits MYC2, a master regulator of SA-antagonizing jasmonic acid （JA） hormone pathways. In the TNL immune response, EDSl/PAD4 interference with MYC2 boosts the SA defense sector independently of EDS1-induced SA synthesis, thereby effectively blocking actions of a potent bacterial JA mimic, coronatine （COR）. We show that antagonism of MYC2 occurs after COR has been sensed inside the nucleus but before or coincident with MYC2 binding to a target promoter, pANAC019. The stable interaction of PAD4 with MYC2 in planta is competed by EDS1-PAD4 complexes. However, suppression of MYC2-promoted genes requires EDS1 together with PAD4, pointing to an essential EDS1-PAD4 heterodimer activity in MYC2 inhibition. Taken together, these results uncover an immune receptor signaling circuit that intersects with hormone pathway crosstalk to reduce bacterial pathogen growth.展开更多
Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules that regulate plant immune responses. The Arabidopsis thaliana Raf-like MAPK kinase kinase ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE1(EDR1) is a...Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules that regulate plant immune responses. The Arabidopsis thaliana Raf-like MAPK kinase kinase ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE1(EDR1) is a key negative regulator of plant immunity that affects the protein levels of MKK4 and MKK5, two important MAPK cascade members, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, genome-wide phosphorylation analysis demonstrated that the E3 ligase KEEP ON GOING(KEG) is phosphorylated in the edr1 mutant but not the wild type, suggesting that EDR1 negatively affects KEG phosphorylation. The identified phosphorylation sites in KEG appear to be important for its accumulation. The keg-4 mutant, a previously identified edr1 suppressor, enhances susceptibility to the powdery mildew pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. In addition, MKK4 and MKK5 protein levels are reduced in the keg-4 mutant. Furthermore,we demonstrate that MKK4 and MKK5 associate with full-length KEG, but not with truncated KEG-RK or KEG-RKA, and that KEG ubiquitinates and mediates the degradation of MKK4 and MKK5. Taken together, these results indicate that MKK4 and MKK5 protein levels are regulated by KEG via ubiquitination, uncovering a mechanism by which plants finetune immune responses by regulating the homeostasis of key MAPK cascade members via ubiquitination and degradation.展开更多
文摘Background: The Maternal and Child Survival Program of United States Agency for International Development conducted a study in 2017 to assess the outcome of an initiative to strengthen Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) pre-service training. The pre-service training initiative was undertaken by the Ministry of Health (MOH) with support from partners in 2012-2016. The overall objective of the study was to assess the adoption and effectiveness of the initiative in the competency (knowledge, skills and attitude) of graduate nurses. Methods: The study included a conveniently selected sample of 14 pre-service training institutions, 23 field practicum sites, and 29 health facilities in western Kenya, and used quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Results: All pre-service training institutions were found to have adapted the WHO EPI prototype curriculum. Overall, tutors followed training method in the classroom as suggested in the curriculum, except evaluation of students’ learning lacked tests or quizzes. Students had opportunities for hands-on practical experience in the field practicum sites. Graduate nurses were found to have acquired the skills for vaccinating children. However, some pre-service training institutions lacked functional skills labs for practical learning of students. In addition, students did not receive up-to-date information on EPI program, and lacked knowledge and skills on monitoring and documentation of EPI coverage during preservice training. Conclusions: It appears that the EPI pre-service training strengthening initiatives facilitated competency-based EPI training of nurses in Kenya. However, preservice training institutions still have scope for improvement in the skills lab, hand-washing practice, providing up-to-date information, and training students on coverage monitoring and documentation.
文摘Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan, having high population growth and a complex health care environment, has highest density of unimmunized (zero dose) and under-immunized children. The main reasons of low immunization coverage in Karachi were lack of governance and accountability in a duplicative and fragmented health management structure, weak and inequitable immunization services, and lack of demand and trust among people for immunization services. The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), Ministry of Health (MOH) in Sindh Province spearheaded a structured and collaborative process to develop strategies for addressing inequity in immunization services towards achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC) in Karachi. The process included a situation analysis with gathering quantitative and qualitative information on the root causes of zero-dose and inequity of the immunization services. The strategies and interventions were developed with multi-layer input and feedback of the stakeholders and partners, and focusing primarily to address gaps in three program areas: governance, leadership and accountability;immunization service delivery;and building demand and trust among the people. The interventions were further prioritized for high-risk areas;identified based on maximum number zero-dose children, presence of large slum areas, measles outbreak and on-going circulation of wild poliovirus. Finally, costing for the Roadmap activities was done through consultation with partners and aligning domestic and external (donor) resources. In this paper, we have highlighted the unique process the Sindh Government undertook in collaboration with the stakeholders and partners to develop strategies and interventions for addressing inequity in urban immunization services in Karachi towards achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC). Similar processes can be adapted, as a potential model, for developing strategies to achieve universal health coverage in the cities of Pakistan and in other countries.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1000500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32161133012).
文摘The SnRK2 gene family plays important roles in ABA mediated abiotic stress responses.However,the roles and functional mechanism of the SnRK2 gene family in plant immunity are largely unknown.In this study,we report that OsSAPK10,a SnRK2 gene family protein in rice,positively regulates rice blast resistance.The ossapk10 mutation reduced rice blast resistance and overexpression of OsSAPK10 increased it.Furthermore,OsSAPK10 phosphorylates OsPAL1,a positive regulator of rice blast resistance,at Ser82 to stabilize it.Knocking out OsPAL1 also reduced rice blast resistance.Taken together,our findings revealed that OsSAPK10 positively regulates rice immunity via phosphorylating and stabilizing OsPAL1,providing new insight into the functional mechanism of the SnRK2 gene family in biotic stress responses.
基金funded by the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Projects(2023ZD04070)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970284,31900385)+1 种基金the Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Key Project(2022NZ030014)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(2023J01483,2022J01616)。
文摘Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae poses a serious threat to rice security worldwide.This filamentous pathogen modulates rice defense responses by secreting effectors to facilitate infection.The phytohormone jasmonic acid(JA)plays crucial roles in the response to rice blast fungus.However,how M.oryzae disrupts JA-mediated resistance in rice is not well understood.In this study,we identify a new effector,a chloroplast-targeting protein(MoCHT1),from M.oryzae.Knocking out MoCHT1 decreases virulence,whereas heterologous expression of MoCHT1 in rice compromises disease resistance.MoCHT1 interacts with a rice LESION AND LAMINA BENDING(OsLLB)protein,a negative regulator of JA biosynthesis in the chloroplast.Loss-of-function of Os LLB leads to increased JA accumulation,thereby improving resistance to rice blast.The interaction between MoCHT1 and OsLLB results in the inhibition of OsLLB degradation,consequently reducing JA accumulation,thereby impairing JA content and decreasing plant disease resistance.Overall,this study reveals the molecular mechanism by which M.oryzae utilizes MoCHT1 to subvert rice JA signaling,broadening our understanding of how pathogens circumvent host immune responses by manipulating plant defense hormone biosynthesis.
文摘The yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 is one of the probiotics recommended for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Studies conducted in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that in the case of infectious diseases there are two potential sites of action of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745:(1)An action on enteropathogenic microorganisms(adhesion of bacteria and their elimination or an effect on their virulence factors: Toxins, lipopolysaccharide,etc.); and(2) a direct action on the intestinal mucosa(trophic effects, effects on epithelial reconstitution, anti-secretory effects, anti-inflammatory,immunomodulators). Oral administration of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 to healthy subjects does not alter their microbiota. However, in the case of diseases associated with the use of antibiotics or chronic diarrhea, Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 can restore the intestinal microbiota faster. The interaction of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 with the innate immune system have been recently demonstrated thus opening up a new therapeutic potential of this yeast in the case of diseases associated with intestinal infections but also other pathologies associated with dysbiosis such as inflammatory diseases.
基金supported by the Collaborative Innovation Engineering“5511”(XTCXGC2021002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1805232)+1 种基金the Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301654)the Youth Program of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences(YC2019004)。
文摘Serotonin is ubiquitous across all forms of life and functions in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.In rice,the conversion of tryptamine to serotonin is catalyzed by Sekiguchi lesion(SL).Previous studies have identified an sl mutation(a null mutation of SL)in several rice varieties and confirmed its increase of resistance and cell death.However,a systematic understanding of the reprogrammed cellular processes causing cell death and resistance is lacking.We performed a multi-omics analysis to clarify the fundamental mechanisms at the protein,gene transcript,and metabolite levels.We found that cell death and Magnaporthe oryzae(M.oryzae)infection of the sl-MH-1 mutant activated plant hormone signal transduction involving salicylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),and abscisic acid(ABA)in multiple regulatory layers.We characterized the dynamic changes of several key hormone levels during disease progression and under the cell death conditions and showed that SA and JA positively regulated rice cell death and disease resistance.SL-overexpressing lines confirmed that the sl-MH-1 mutant positively regulated rice resistance to M.oryzae.Our studies shed light on cell death and facilitate further mechanistic dissection of programmed cell death in rice.
基金Supported by Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,the Ohio State University,and the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative,No.2012-68003-19679
文摘Campylobacter jejuni(C. jejuni),a Gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium,is a predominant cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Despite its importance as a major foodborne pathogen,our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying C. jejuni stress survival and pathogenesis is limited. Inorganic polyphosphate(poly P) has been shown to play significant roles in bacterial resistance to stress and virulence in many pathogenic bacteria. C. jejuni contains the complete repertoire of enzymes required for poly P metabolism. Recent work in our laboratory and others have demonstrated that poly P controls a plethora of C. jejuni properties that impact its ability to survive in the environment as well as to colonize/infect mammalian hosts. This review article summarizes the current literature on the role of poly P in C. jejuni stress survival and virulence and discusses on how poly P-related enzymes can be exploited for therapeutic/prevention purposes. Additionally,the review article identifies potential areas for future investigation that would enhance our understanding of the role of poly P in C. jejuni and other bacteria,which ultimately would facilitate design of effective therapeutic/preventive strategies to reduce not only the burden of C. jejuni-caused foodborne infections but also of other bacterial infections in humans.
文摘AIM: To evaluate the in vitro immunomodulation capacity of various non-pathogenic yeast strains and to investigate the ability of some of these food grade yeasts to prevent experimental colitis in mice.METHODS: In vitro immunomodulation was assessed by measuring cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12p70,IL-10,tumor necrosis factor and interferon γ] released by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after 24 h stimulation with 6 live yeast strains (Saccharomyces ssp.) and with bacterial reference strains.A murine model of acute 2-4-6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis was next used to evaluate the distinct prophylactic protective capacities of three yeast strains compared with the performance of prednisolone treatment.RESULTS: The six yeast strains all showed similar non-discriminating anti-inflammatory potential when tested on immunocompetent cells in vitro .However,although they exhibited similar colonization patterns in vivo ,some yeast strains showed significant anti-inflammatory activities in the TNBS-induced colitis model,whereas others had weaker or no preventive effect at all,as evidenced by colitis markers (body-weight loss,macroscopic and histological scores,myeloperoxidase activities and blood inflammatory markers).CONCLUSION: A careful selection of strains is required among the biodiversity of yeasts for specific clinical studies,including applications in inflammatory bowel disease and other therapeutic uses.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1001500)Key Program of Technology and Science in Fujian province(2020NZ08016).
文摘Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase OsBSK1-2 was reported to play an important role in regulation of response to rice blast,but the signaling pathway remained unknown.In this study,we identified OsMAPKKK18 and previously uncharacterized MAPKKKs OsMAPKKK16 and OsMAPKKK19 that interact with OsBSK1-2.Expression of all three MAPKKKs was induced by Magnaporthe oryzae infection,and all three induced cell death when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Knockout of OsMAPKKK16 and OsMAPKKK18 compromised blast resistance and overexpression of OsMAPKKK19 increased blast resistance,indicating that all three MAPKKKs are involved in regulation of rice blast response.Furthermore,both OsMAPKKK16 and OsMAPKKK19 interacted with and phosphorylated OsMKK4 and OsMKK5,and chitin-induced MAPK activation was suppressed in osmapkkk16 and osbsk1-2 mutants.OsMAPKKK18 was earlier reported to interact with and phosphorylate OsMKK4 and affect chitin-induced MAPK activation,suggesting that OsBSK1-2 is involved in regulation of immunity through multiple MAPK signaling pathways.Unlike BSK1 in Arabidopsis,OsBSK1-2 was not involved in response to avirulent M.oryzae strains.Taken together,our results revealed important roles of OsMAPKKK16/18/19 and a OsBSK1-2-OsMAPKKK16/18/19-OsMKK4/5 module in regulating response to rice blast.
基金supported by the Central Special Project for Fujian Local Science and Technology Development(2020L3025)the Fujian Natural Science Foundation(2020J01410)+4 种基金a Fujian Education and Scientific Research Project(JAT190789)the Talent-Recruiting Program of Wuyi University(YJ201503)the Open Fund of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology(WYKF2019-2)a Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Project(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0322)the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJQN202101246).
文摘Gray blight disease(GBD)causes significant losses in tea production in China.Although genes and biological processes involved in resistance to fungal disease in tea plants have been identified,specific mechanisms of the GBD infection process remain unknown.In this study,morphological and multi-gene(TEF-TUB-ITS)phylogenetic characteristics were used to identify isolate CLBB1 of Pseudopestalotiopsis vietnamensis.Pathogenicity tests confirmed that isolate CLBB1 from tea leaves caused GBD in the susceptible tea cultivar Wuyi Rock(Camellia sinensis var.sinensis cv.Shuixian).Spores began to germinate 24 h after infection(hai),and after 48 h,elongated fungal hyphae formed from a single conidium.Transcriptome analysis revealed that 482,517,and 369 genes were differentially expressed at 24,48,and 72 hai,respectively,in Wuyi Rock tea leaves.Isolate CLBB1 infection elicited phenotype-related responses and activated defense-related pathways,including plant–pathogen interaction,MAPK signaling,and plant hormone signal transduction,suggesting a possible mechanism underlying phenotype-based susceptibility to CLBB1.Thus,a new Ps.vietnamensis strain causing GBD in the tea cultivar‘Shuixian’was discovered in this study.Transcriptome analysis indicated that pathogen invasion activated chitin-related MAPK pathways and that tea plants required a hormone to restrict CLBB1.
基金Supported by Educational Research in 2014(the Project of Intramural Research Supporting Program,No.201400950001)from Daejeon UniversityStudy of Acupuncture Therapy in Traditional Korean Medicine(Theory of the Acupuncture Lecture in South Korea,No.2014-001A)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To investigate beneficial effects of manual acupuncture on common cold periods and its symptoms depended on the difference onset time of common cold, within 36 h or over than that. To prove effects of manual acupuncture on common cold, a retrospective chart review was conducted.METHODS: Chart data for patients with commoncold who were treated with only manual acupuncture with fulfilling Jackson scales and satisfaction at the end of each treatment were collected via multi-centers of Oriental hospitals,Oriental medicine clinics and covalent hospital in South Korea. Totally 187 patients were divided into two groups, Group Ⅰ(115 patients, within 36 h)and Group Ⅱ(72 patients, onset time of cold over than 36 h). Finally 120 patients were observed until entire resolution of cold symptoms.RESULTS: GroupⅠ showed significant decreases themediandurationsofcompletelyrecovery(3 days;95% CI 3.0-4.0) as compared with Group Ⅱ(6 days;95% CI 4.0-7.0, P < 0.001). The manual acupuncture beneficially worked for reduction rate of common cold symptoms by 50% after initial treatment,decreased cold symptoms, and reduced cold duration.CONCLUSION: Manual acupuncture beneficially affected common cold and its symptoms.Moreover it is more susceptibility on the early time of onset cold.
文摘Background: Herbal medicinal preparations are used as dietary supplements for disease prevention and as alternative/complementary medicine. The growing interest in herbal medicine raises the question of its safety and efficacy. Numerous recorded cases of intoxication and toxicological studies reveal that medicinal plants can be toxic, which hinders their safe use. Plant intoxications related to a variety of factors include plant organs and many extraction solvents. Little toxicological data on medicinal plants is available. The need to investigate is important for safe use. Imperata cylindrica, a poaceae, is one of the medicinal plants for which few toxicological data are available. Materials & Methods: To expand toxicological data, water, 70% ethanol, and 30% acetone extracts of the leaves and roots, obtained by maceration and reflux methods, were used for phytochemicals molecules qualitative detection and toxicity test by the brine shrimp lethality assay. Results: The qualitative analysis of the different extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenolic compounds, saponins, and polyterpenoids. The toxicity endpoint was lethal concentration 50 (LC<sub>50</sub>). The leaves’ extracts LC<sub>50</sub> was between 489.78 μg/mL and 1066.6 μg/mL. As for the root extracts, the LC<sub>50</sub> was between 341.98 μg/mL and 1530 μg/mL. Discussion: The different compounds’ presence justifies the use of Imperata cylindrica as a medicinal plant. According to Clarkson classification the root extracts are moderately toxic (LC<sub>50</sub>: 168.47 μg/mL), and leaf extracts are weakly toxic (LC<sub>50</sub>: 527.25 μg/mL). The extrapolation made in relation to the Gosselin, Smith, and Hodge scale, allows us to characterize the Imperata cylindrica root and leaf extracts as non-toxic to humans by oral route. Conclusion: This result can be a base for more precise toxicological studies.
基金the support National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(Projects No.2017R1D1A1B03035487 and No.2019R1I1A1A01060721,Basic Science Research Program and Project No.2018R1A5A1023599,SRC).C.S.was supported by the Creative-Pioneering Researchers Program through Seoul National University.
文摘Pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)includes the different transcriptional and physiological responses that enable plants to ward off microbial invasion.Surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors(PRRs)recognize conserved microbeassociated molecular patterns(MAMPs)and initiate a branched signaling cascade that culminate in an effective restriction of pathogen growth.In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana,early PTI events triggered by different PRRs are broadly conserved although their nature or intensity is dependent on the origin and features of the detected MAMP.In order to provide a functional basis for disease resistance in leafy vegetable crops,we surveyed the conservation of PTI events in Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis.We identified the PRR homologs present in B.rapa genome and found that only one of the two copies of the bacterial Elongation factor-Tu receptor(EFR)might function.We also characterized the extent and unexpected specificity of the transcriptional changes occurring when B.rapa seedlings are treated with two unrelated MAMPs,the bacterial flagellin flg22 peptide and the fungal cell wall component chitin.Finally,using a MAMP-induced protection assay,we could show that bacterial and fungal MAMPs elicit a robust immunity in B.rapa,despite significant differences in the kinetic and amplitude of the early signaling events.Our data support the relevance of PTI for crop protection and highlight specific functional target for disease resistance breeding in Brassica crops.
文摘<span style="line-height:1.5;">Natural plant products have been used by the population of the south-eastern part of C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:1.5;">ô</span><span style="line-height:1.5;">te d’Ivoire in the management of sickle cell anemia. </span><span style="line-height:1.5;">This study was aimed at investigating the antisickling activity of the hydro-ethanolic extract </span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;"><span>of a combination of the leaves of </span><i><span>J</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>secunda</span></i><span>, </span><i><span>J</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>gossypiifolia</span></i></span><span style="line-height:1.5;"> a</span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;"><span>nd </span><i><span>P</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>nigrescens</span></i><span>.</span></span><span style="line-height:1.5;"> These three plants species were used in the Ivorian traditional herbal medicine. Preliminary phytochemistry was carried out using standard methods. As for the sickling reversal test, the Hb SS blood sickling was induced with 2% sodium metabisulfite. After 120 minutes of incubation, the plant extract was added. Every 30 minutes for a period of 120 minutes, a drop of the prepared solution was observed at (40</span><span style="line-height:1.5;">×</span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;"><span>) magnification and the percentage of reversion calculated. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Catechic Tannins, Sterols and Polyterpenes. The results of the reversal test showed that the percentage of sickling reversal effect of the combination of the plants (75.00 ± 4.33</span><sup><span>b,c</span></sup><span>) was highly superior than the negative control (10.17 ± 0.55</span><sup><span>d</span></sup><span>) but was significantly (p < 0.05) the same as the percentage of the individual plant (</span><i><span>J</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>secunda</span></i><span>: 83.50 ± 2.33</span><sup><span>a</span></sup><span>;</span><i><span>J</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>gossypiifolia</span></i><span>: 78.00 ± 3.67</span><sup><span>b,c</span></sup><span> and </span><i><span>P</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>nigrescens</span></i><span>: 77.83 ± 2.89</span><sup><span>b,c</span></sup><span>) and the positive control (80.66 ± 2.22</span><sup><span>a,b</span></sup><span>). From the results, the extracts </span><i><span>J. secunda</span></i><span>, </span><i><span>J</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>gossypiifolia</span></i><span> and </span><i><span>P</span></i><span>. </span><i><span>nigrescens</span></i><span> have shown to be therapeutically beneficial to the population. Their use is also justified in the management of sickle cell disease in the south-eastern part of C</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:1.5;">ô</span><span style="line-height:1.5;">te d’Ivoire.
基金Supported by Education Foundation of Peking Union Medical College(WH10022021145)Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(OPP1216666).
文摘Summary What is already known on this topic?Pneumococcal diseases(PDs)are serious threats to child health.Although vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent these diseases,the pneumococcal vaccination coverage rate is still relatively low in China.What is added by this report?This study investigated the factors associated with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine(PCV13)vaccine hesitancy in parents under an innovative immunization strategy.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(grant no.2024J09022)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32370302)the Open Fund of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology(grant no.WYKF-EIGT2022-6).
文摘In nature,plants are under attack by a range of pathogens.To cope with these pathogens,plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system,including pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)initiated by pattern recognition receptors on the cell surface and effector-triggered immunity(ETI)activated by intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors.In recent years,increasing evidence has demonstrated that organelles such as the chloroplast play crucial roles in complete activation of plant immunity.In this review,we focus on the chloroplast and summarize its role in regulating the activation of immune events,including influx of calcium(Ca^(2+)),accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),biosynthesis of phytohormones,and expression of defense-related genes.Because information exchange between the chloroplast and the nucleus is very important during plant immunity,we also highlight the importance of chloroplast-nucleus communication via stromules in plant immunity.This review reveals the function of the chloroplast in maintaining the trade-off between plant growth and immunity,and expands our understanding of how chloroplasts enable complete activation of plant immunity.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(NRF-RS-2025-00512558NRF-RS-2024-00333777 to D.C.and NRF-RS-2024-00333225 to S.O.).
文摘Plants encounter numerous microorganisms in the environment.However,only a few microbes are pathogenic to a plant species.To colonize plants,pathogens should be able to bypass or suppress multiple layers of the plant defense system,composed of pre-formed physico-chemical barriers and post-invasive immune systems.Thus,each plant pathogenic microorganism has its own host range,depending on the direction in which it is specialized or adapted.But,simultaneously,this specialization results in a lack of adaptation to most other plants,which have different immune components compared to the host plant species of a given pathogen.
基金supported by grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31830077 and 31761133017) to D.T
文摘Plants have evolved multiple defense strategies to cope with pathogens, among which plant immune signaling that relies on cell-surface localized and intracellular receptors takes fundamental roles. Exciting breakthroughs were made recently on the signaling mechanisms of pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding site(NBS) and leucine-rich repeat(LRR)domain receptors(NLRs). This review summarizes the current view of PRRs activation, emphasizing the most recent discoveries about PRRs’ dynamic regulation and signaling mechanisms directly leading to downstream molecular events including mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) activation and calcium(Ca2+) burst. Plants also have evolved intracellular NLRs to perceive the presence of specific pathogen effectors and trigger more robust immune responses. We also discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms of NLR activation, which has been greatly advanced by recent breakthroughs including structures of the first full-length plant NLR complex, findings of NLR sensor-helper pairs and novel biochemical activity of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor(TIR) domain.
基金This work was funded by The Max Planck Society, an Alexander von Hum-boldt Foundation postdoctoral fellowship, and the National Nature Science Foundation of China （Grant 31770277） （HC）, a Chinese Scholarship Council PhD fellowship （CSC） （JQ） and Deutsche Forschungsgemein- schaft SFB 670 grant （JEP, DB）.
文摘In plant immunity, pathogen-activated intracellular nucleotide binding/leucine rich repeat （NLR） receptors mobilize disease resistance pathways, but the downstream signaling mechanisms remain obscure. Enhanced disease susceptibility 1 （EDS1） controls transcriptional reprogramming in resistance triggered by Toll-lnterleukinl-Receptor domain （TIR）-family NLRs （TNLs）. Transcriptional induction of the salicylic acid （SA） hormone defense sector provides one crucial barrier against biotrophic pathogens. Here, we present genetic and molecular evidence that in Arabidopsis an EDS1 complex with its partner PAD4 inhibits MYC2, a master regulator of SA-antagonizing jasmonic acid （JA） hormone pathways. In the TNL immune response, EDSl/PAD4 interference with MYC2 boosts the SA defense sector independently of EDS1-induced SA synthesis, thereby effectively blocking actions of a potent bacterial JA mimic, coronatine （COR）. We show that antagonism of MYC2 occurs after COR has been sensed inside the nucleus but before or coincident with MYC2 binding to a target promoter, pANAC019. The stable interaction of PAD4 with MYC2 in planta is competed by EDS1-PAD4 complexes. However, suppression of MYC2-promoted genes requires EDS1 together with PAD4, pointing to an essential EDS1-PAD4 heterodimer activity in MYC2 inhibition. Taken together, these results uncover an immune receptor signaling circuit that intersects with hormone pathway crosstalk to reduce bacterial pathogen growth.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31761133017 and 31525019) to D.T。
文摘Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules that regulate plant immune responses. The Arabidopsis thaliana Raf-like MAPK kinase kinase ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE1(EDR1) is a key negative regulator of plant immunity that affects the protein levels of MKK4 and MKK5, two important MAPK cascade members, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, genome-wide phosphorylation analysis demonstrated that the E3 ligase KEEP ON GOING(KEG) is phosphorylated in the edr1 mutant but not the wild type, suggesting that EDR1 negatively affects KEG phosphorylation. The identified phosphorylation sites in KEG appear to be important for its accumulation. The keg-4 mutant, a previously identified edr1 suppressor, enhances susceptibility to the powdery mildew pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. In addition, MKK4 and MKK5 protein levels are reduced in the keg-4 mutant. Furthermore,we demonstrate that MKK4 and MKK5 associate with full-length KEG, but not with truncated KEG-RK or KEG-RKA, and that KEG ubiquitinates and mediates the degradation of MKK4 and MKK5. Taken together, these results indicate that MKK4 and MKK5 protein levels are regulated by KEG via ubiquitination, uncovering a mechanism by which plants finetune immune responses by regulating the homeostasis of key MAPK cascade members via ubiquitination and degradation.
