Objective: To determine the incidence, epidemiology and demography of acute animal bites referred to Abdanan health centers in the years 2009 to 2013. Methods: This study was a descriptive analytical research. Questio...Objective: To determine the incidence, epidemiology and demography of acute animal bites referred to Abdanan health centers in the years 2009 to 2013. Methods: This study was a descriptive analytical research. Questionnaires for each case of acute animal bite was completed. Data about age, gender, kind of animal, residency, site of bite, etc taken from Abdanan health centers were analyzed. Data were analyzed in SPSS by using descriptive statistics. Results: Total number of exposed persons to acute animal bites was reported 67 in 2009 and 69 in 2013. The average incidence rate was 1.2 per 1 000 population. Bites were frequent among the age group of 20-30 years. Most of the cases were self-employment. Around 83.8% of cases were bitten by dogs. Of total 309 studied patients, 73.8% were male. Feet (71.5%) and hands (22.7%) were the most common body part affected. About 53.1% of cases were in rural population. Conclusions: Dogs seems to play a very important role in the epidemiology of rabies in Abdanan, Iran. No cases of human rabies were observed in our study. This may be because of increasing public awareness and the upgrading of health and treatment centers, all of which in study region provide post-exposure anti-rabies treatment including vaccination, immunoglobulin and wound washing.展开更多
One of the basic parameters in forest management planning is detailed knowledge of growing stock,information collected by forest inventory.Sampling methods must be accurate,inexpensive,and be easy to implement in the ...One of the basic parameters in forest management planning is detailed knowledge of growing stock,information collected by forest inventory.Sampling methods must be accurate,inexpensive,and be easy to implement in the field.This study presents a new sampling method called branching transect for use in the Iranian Zagros forests and similar forests.Features of the new method include greater accuracy,easy implementation in nature,simplicity of statistical calculations,and low cost.In this method,transect is used,which includes some subtransects(side branches).The length of the main transect,side branches,number of trees measured in each side branch,and the number of sub-branches in this method are changeable based on homogeneity,heterogeneity,and density of a forest.In this study,based on the density and heterogeneity of the forest area studied,20-m transects with four and eight side branches were used.Sampling plots(Transects)in four inventory networks(100 m×100 m,100 m×150 m,150 m×150 m and 100 m×200 m)were implemented in the GIS environment.The results of this sampling method were compared to the results of total inventory(100%count)in terms of accuracy,precision(t-test),and inventory error percentage.Branching transect results were statistially similar to total inventory counts in all cases.The results show that this method of estimating density and canopy per hectare can be used in Zagros forests and similar forests.展开更多
Objective:Several factors affect the quality of care in the elderly,such as nurses'attitudes.This study aimed to assess nurses'attitude toward elderly in the city of Ilam.Method:This cross-sectional study was ...Objective:Several factors affect the quality of care in the elderly,such as nurses'attitudes.This study aimed to assess nurses'attitude toward elderly in the city of Ilam.Method:This cross-sectional study was conducted among 230 nurses working at public hospitals in the city of Ilam.Participants were selected using simple random sampling from the list of staff.The Kogan's attitude questionnaire was used to measure nurses'attitudes toward the elderly.Results:The mean age of respondents in this study was 32.65(SD=7.67),and the score of attitudes toward the elderly was 144.96(SD=51.75)in average.More than half(54.3%)of the nurses had negative attitudes toward the elderly.The results of ANOVA analysis showed significant differences(P<0.05)were observed in the attitudes toward the elderly among the nurses as their ages,marital status,work experiences,and ward types differed.Conclusion:In conclusion,nurses in this study have marginally negative attitudes toward the elderly.Therefore,promoting nurses'attitudes toward the elderly is important to provide high-quality care.展开更多
Biomarker and stable carbon isotope analyses are presented for the Garau Formation of the Cretaceous Age,an important source rock in western Iran,to reveal its potential as an oilprone source rock.The C_(28)/C_(29)ste...Biomarker and stable carbon isotope analyses are presented for the Garau Formation of the Cretaceous Age,an important source rock in western Iran,to reveal its potential as an oilprone source rock.The C_(28)/C_(29)sterane ratio value range(0.72 to 0.83)of bitumen samples from the formation suggests that they were likely formed during phytoplankton blooms.Sterane,hopane,and isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios indicate that the formation's organic matter predominantly consists of algae,and bacteria,accompanied by some reworked material derived from higher plants.Due to the predominance of anoxic conditions and the actions of sulfate-reducing bacteria,the bitumen present is enriched with sulfur compounds.The percentages of saturates,aromatics,and nitrogen-sulfuroxygen(NSO)fractions in the bitumen samples classify them as naphthenic oils.Isotope analysis reveals that biodegradation and water-washing have reduced the concentrations of some volatile saturates and low molecular weight aromatics in the bitumen samples.These actions have resulted in distinctiveδ^(13)C values for the formation's kerogen and bitumen fractions.The formation's organic matter has been subjected to high-temperature thermal regimes and has entered the oil-generation window at the sampled localities,with vitrinite reflectance(%R_(C))varying between 0.7%and 0.75%.展开更多
The morpho-physiological responses of 15 rapeseed genotypes to drought stress were assessed,revealing strong correlations among various characteristics.Under control conditions,the genotype Angelico fascinated the hig...The morpho-physiological responses of 15 rapeseed genotypes to drought stress were assessed,revealing strong correlations among various characteristics.Under control conditions,the genotype Angelico fascinated the highest chlorophyll content,while Nilofar had the highest carotenoid content,grain yield,and harvest index(HI).Talaye recorded the highest proline content.Under drought conditions,Nafis maintained the highest plant height,pod number,biomass,and grain yield.Angelico demonstrated the highest chlorophyll and relative water content(RWC).Nima showed the highest carotenoid content,Zarfam excelled in chlorophyll b,and Nafis recorded the highest proline content.Overall,drought stress resulted in a significant reduction in most morphophysiological traits.In the principal component analysis(PCA),the first two components explained a substantial portion of the variation in both control and drought conditions,facilitating the classification of the genotypes into two distinct groups.Additionally,twelve drought stress indices further categorized the genotypes,with the first two components accounting for the majority of the variation(99.45%).Notably,the Nilofar,Nima,Nafis,and Shirali cultivars were grouped together under both control and drought conditions,exhibiting the highest grain yield.These genotypes could be considered drought-tolerant varieties of this study.The research identified stable and high-performing rapeseed genotypes,which are recommended for future breeding programs.展开更多
The learning of English academic vocabulary has been the focus of numerous studies from the time Coxhead(2000)developed the academic word list to the present day.Various researchers have emphasized the importance of p...The learning of English academic vocabulary has been the focus of numerous studies from the time Coxhead(2000)developed the academic word list to the present day.Various researchers have emphasized the importance of possessing academic vocabulary knowledge for academic success.Recognizing this importance,it is crucial for researchers,teachers,and learners to understand the progress made in academic word lists.This systematic review first identifies,describes,appraises,and synthesizes the development of academic word lists from 2000 to 2020.It then examines the methods used by researchers in developing academic word lists among 56 studies that meet the pre-established criteria.The word lists were classified based on some criteria such as word counting units,corpora types/sizes,and exclusion criteria.Limitations,suggestions for further study,and implications are also discussed.Additionally,recommendations for future word list establishment are provided to help advance the field of word list development.展开更多
Forest ecosystems can be characterized by a set of catenas arranged along the slope in mountainous areas as these affect microhabitat features,which in turn influence soil properties.Heretofore,few studies have examin...Forest ecosystems can be characterized by a set of catenas arranged along the slope in mountainous areas as these affect microhabitat features,which in turn influence soil properties.Heretofore,few studies have examined how topographic variables affect soil properties and quality in semiarid regions.This study aimed to provide important insights into how catena position and shape influence soil properties,soil quality,and their interrelationships in a semiarid protected oak forest in western Iran.Basic soil properties were measured in the laboratory.In addition,the soil quality index(SQI)was calculated at different topographic positions along both convex(Λ-shaped)and concave(V-shaped)catenas at two soil depths(0-15 and 15-30 cm).The findings indicated that soil organic carbon and total nitrogen declined in the lower depth in both V-andΛ-shaped catenas and at all catena positions.The lowest porosity was observed in the lower depth at toeslope positions(TS)of both catenas.Substrate-induced respiration(SIR),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),and basal respiration(BR)were higher in the upper depths at TS positions on V-shaped catenas than onΛ-shaped catenas.These biological indices were consistently higher in the upper depths than in the lower depths across all positions of both catenas.SQI had the highest values at TS positions on both catenas and in the upper depths across all positions.Pearson correlations between soil properties indicated that SQI was most strongly and positively correlated with biological properties in both catenas.The nutrient levels,microbial activity,and soil porosity in both catena shapes and at both soil depths displayed a relatively downward trend with increasing elevation from toeslope to summit positions.The results showed that catena topographic sequence shape and position affected most of the soil properties,providing evidence of the important role of topography in creating pedodiversity in oak forest ecosystems.展开更多
Erratum to:Research Methods Used for Developing Academic Wordlists:A Systematic Review of Studies Published Between 2000 and 2020,Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics,Volume 48,Issue 3,2025,pp.425-450,doi:10.1515/CJ...Erratum to:Research Methods Used for Developing Academic Wordlists:A Systematic Review of Studies Published Between 2000 and 2020,Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics,Volume 48,Issue 3,2025,pp.425-450,doi:10.1515/CJAL-2025-0210.展开更多
The characte rization of MgFe_(2)O_(4)@CeO_(2) superparamagnetic nanocomposites was tho roughly investigated using powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),a vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),d...The characte rization of MgFe_(2)O_(4)@CeO_(2) superparamagnetic nanocomposites was tho roughly investigated using powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),a vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX),elemental mapping(MAP),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(DRS)analyses.The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized samples was evaluated as a novel magnetic nanocatalyst for degrading Congo red(CR) dye in an aqueous solution under visible light at room conditions.The results demonstrate that the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation is higher than that of absorbance and photolysis.The degradation efficiency of photodegradation is 93% within 49% of total organic carbon removal performance.The prepared MgFe_(2)O_(4)@CeO_(2) magnetic nanocomposites(MNCs)can be easily recovered and recycled for five repeated cycles,demonstrating potential extensive efficiency in magnetic nanocomposites in wastewater and water treatment.The nanoscale morphology of MgFe_(2)O_(4)@CeO_(2) MNCs was characterized as spherical,with a size range of 35-40 nm,utilizing SEM and TEM techniques.The saturation magnetization(M_(s)) of the resulting nanocomposites was analyzed by VSM,revealing a value of 3.58 emu/g.Furthermore,the surface area was determined to be 27.194 m^(2)/g using BET analysis,and the band gap was identified as 2.85 eV through DRS analysis.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the pattern of antibiotic resistance and biofilm production capabilities of clinical Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii)isolates in this study.Methods:A.baumannii isolates were collected from...Objective:To investigate the pattern of antibiotic resistance and biofilm production capabilities of clinical Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii)isolates in this study.Methods:A.baumannii isolates were collected from Tehran Imam Khomeini Hospital in this cross-sectional study,and the minimum inhibitory concentrations for 16 antibiotics were determined using Vitek2®systems.All isolates were analyzed for biofilm production,then presence of biofilm-associated genes,and class Ⅰ and Ⅱ integron genes.Results:60 non-replicate A.baumannii isolates were included in this study.The resistance rates reached 100%for aztreonam,cefepime,ceftazidime,ciprofloxacin,piperacillin-tazobactam,piperacillin,ticarcillin,and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.A.baumannii isolates were most sensitive to colistin and rifampicin being the most effective treatments.Multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant isolates accounted for 83.3%and 16.7%,respectively.Of the isolates,91.6%formed biofilms,categorized as 10%strong,31.6%moderate,and 50%weak.No correlation was found between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation.The genes csuE,abaI,and ompA were prevalent,but their distribution was similar across biofilm categories.A relationship between Int1 and biofilm production was noted.Conclusions:The high rates of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation,alongside the presence of integrons including class Ⅰ and Ⅱ,underscore the necessity for ongoing monitoring of A.baumannii.Notably,classⅠintegron presence was significantly linked to biofilm formation.Further research is needed to explore the connection between antibiotic resistance and biofilm production in A.baumannii.展开更多
7075 Al alloy and AZ31B Mg alloy were joined by diffusion welding technique at pressure 29 MPa with various welding temperatures and durations. Scanning electron microscopy examination, shear tests and microhardness e...7075 Al alloy and AZ31B Mg alloy were joined by diffusion welding technique at pressure 29 MPa with various welding temperatures and durations. Scanning electron microscopy examination, shear tests and microhardness evaluation were conducted on the samples interface to find out the effect of welding temperatures and durations on the weldability. The results demonstrate that the AZ31B Mg/7075 Al composite plates are bonded well and the intermetallic phases such as Al_（12）Mg_（17） and Al_（3）Mg_（2） within the joint zone form. It is found that due to the grain coarsening and the formation of brittle compounds, high welding temperatures and long welding durations result in a decrease of shear strength and increase of interfacial welding hardness. The minimum shear strength of 15 MPa along with the maximum microhardness of HV 176 are obtained for the diffusion couple processed at 450 °C for 120 min. It is revealed that enhancing the temperature and choosing appropriate holding time makes a remarkable increase of interfacial welding thickness. Increasing the welding temperature from 430 to 450 °C along with long welding duration（120 min） results in the increase of interfacial welding thickness by 26% where this value is 6% at the welding performed for 60 min.展开更多
The present study is concerned with the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation of turbulent dispersion of immiscible liquids,namely,water–silicone oil and water–benzene through Kenics static mixers using the Eu...The present study is concerned with the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation of turbulent dispersion of immiscible liquids,namely,water–silicone oil and water–benzene through Kenics static mixers using the Eulerian–Eulerian and Eulerian–Lagrangian approaches of the ANSYS Fluent 16.0 software.To study the droplet size distribution(DSD),the Eulerian formulation incorporating a population balance model(PBM)was employed.For the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach,a discrete phase model(DPM)in conjunction with the Eulerian approach for continuous phase simulation was used to predict the residence time distribution(RTD)of droplets.In both approaches,a shear stress transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model was used.For validation purposes,the simulated results were compared with the experimental data and theoretical values for the Fanning friction factor,Sauter mean diameter and the mean residence time.The reliability of the computational model was further assessed by comparing the results with the available empirical correlations for Fanning friction factor and Sauter mean diameter.In addition,the influence of important geometrical and operational parameters,including the number of mixing elements and Weber number,was studied.It was found that the proposed models are capable of predicting the performance of the Kenics static mixer reasonably well.展开更多
Poly(4-vinylpyridinium tribromide) is an efficient catalyst for the conversion of various alcohols to their corresponding acetate derivatives with acetic anhydride.This method has some advantages such as mild reaction...Poly(4-vinylpyridinium tribromide) is an efficient catalyst for the conversion of various alcohols to their corresponding acetate derivatives with acetic anhydride.This method has some advantages such as mild reaction conditions,good to excellent yields,and ease of work-up.展开更多
The flow and mixing behavior of two miscible liquids has been studied in an innovative static mixer by using CFD,with Reynolds numbers ranging from 20 to 160.The performance of the new mixer is compared with those of ...The flow and mixing behavior of two miscible liquids has been studied in an innovative static mixer by using CFD,with Reynolds numbers ranging from 20 to 160.The performance of the new mixer is compared with those of Kenics,SMX,and Komax static mixers.The pressure drop ratio(Z-factor),coefficient of variation(CoV),and extensional efficiency(α)features have been used to evaluate power consumption,distributive mixing,and dispersive mixing performances,respectively,in all mixers.The model is firstly validated based on experimental data measured for the pressure drop ratio and the coefficient of variation.CFD results are consistent with measured data and those obtained by available correlations in the literature.The new mixer shows a superior mixing performance compared to the other mixers.展开更多
An efficient and versatile procedure for the acetylation of alcohols and phenols using acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalytic amount of polyvinylpolypyrrolidoniume tribromide has been successfully developed.P...An efficient and versatile procedure for the acetylation of alcohols and phenols using acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalytic amount of polyvinylpolypyrrolidoniume tribromide has been successfully developed.Primary,secondary,and tertiary alcohols,as well as a selection of the phenolic compounds,have been successfully acetylated according to this procedure,with good to high yields being achieved over short reaction times.展开更多
An efficient procedure for the trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols is presented.The combination of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane and a catalytic amount of phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide(PhMe3N+Br3?) was...An efficient procedure for the trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols is presented.The combination of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane and a catalytic amount of phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide(PhMe3N+Br3?) was found to be effective for the trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols.The protection reaction is very simple and homogenously performed in dichloromethane at room temperature and mild conditions.展开更多
Fire affects the physical and chemical properties and soil biological activity of natural ecosystems. This study was conducted in the Miyan Tang region, Ilam Province in western Iran. The study site was 110 hectares, ...Fire affects the physical and chemical properties and soil biological activity of natural ecosystems. This study was conducted in the Miyan Tang region, Ilam Province in western Iran. The study site was 110 hectares, where we sampled soils in areas that were classified by fire severity： low （LS）, high （HS） and medium severity （MS）, and unburned （UB）, which served as the control. In each severity class, 25 transect points were randomly selected for measurement. Around each transect plot center, 3 soil samples were selected randomly and soils collected from the 0 to 20 cm depth were combined into a composite sample that was used in laboratory analysis to represent conditions at that point. Plots in the UB and LS fire classes had similar soil conditions and had higher values of factors such as saturated moisture, organic carbon, carbon dioxide, and silt and clay content. In contrast, plots in the HS and MS fire severity classes were clustered in the positive direction along the first axis that represented gradients in soil acidity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, accessible phosphorus, accessible potassium, bulk density, and sand. Soil attributes were similar in areas of HS and MS fire severity classes, whereas soil conditions in the LS class and UB controls were most similar. Fire in the LS areas either did not significantly alter the physicalchemical soil properties and microbial basal respiration, or soils were able to recover quickly after being burned.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the interaction between regions with different climatic conditions(arid vs. semi-arid) and management(protected vs. unprotected) on the turnover and nestedness of vegetation in relation...This study aimed to investigate the interaction between regions with different climatic conditions(arid vs. semi-arid) and management(protected vs. unprotected) on the turnover and nestedness of vegetation in relation to physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Ilam Province of Iran. In each of the two regions, we sampled 8 sites(4 managed and 4 unmanaged sites) within each of which we established 4 circular plots(1000 m^2) that were used to investigate woody species, while two micro-plots(1 m×1 m) were established in each 1000-m^2 plot to analyze herbaceous species. In each sample unit, we also extracted three soil samples(0–20 cm depth) for measuring soil properties. The results indicated that the interaction between region and conservational management significantly affected the percent of canopy cover of Persian oak(Quercus brantii Linddl), soil respiration, substrate-induced respiration, as well as beta and gamma diversities and turnover of plant species. The percent of oak canopy cover was positively correlated with soil silt, electrical conductivity, available potassium, and alpha diversity, whereas it was negatively correlated with plant turnover. In addition, plant turnover was positively related to available phosphorus, while nestedness of species was positively related to organic carbon and total nitrogen. According to these results, we concluded that physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of limited ecological niche generally influenced plant diversity. Also, this study demonstrated the major contribution of the beta diversity on gamma diversity, especially in semi-arid region, because of the higher heterogeneity of vegetation in this area.展开更多
Trimethylsilylation of alcohols was achieved using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane（HMDS） as silylating agent,in the presence of polyvinylpolypyrrolidonium tribromide in acetonitrile at room temperature.Also a varie...Trimethylsilylation of alcohols was achieved using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane（HMDS） as silylating agent,in the presence of polyvinylpolypyrrolidonium tribromide in acetonitrile at room temperature.Also a variety of alcohols were converted into alkyl formates by ethyl formate and a catalytic amount of polyvinylpolypyrrolidonium tribromide under solvent free conditions at room temperature.展开更多
文摘Objective: To determine the incidence, epidemiology and demography of acute animal bites referred to Abdanan health centers in the years 2009 to 2013. Methods: This study was a descriptive analytical research. Questionnaires for each case of acute animal bite was completed. Data about age, gender, kind of animal, residency, site of bite, etc taken from Abdanan health centers were analyzed. Data were analyzed in SPSS by using descriptive statistics. Results: Total number of exposed persons to acute animal bites was reported 67 in 2009 and 69 in 2013. The average incidence rate was 1.2 per 1 000 population. Bites were frequent among the age group of 20-30 years. Most of the cases were self-employment. Around 83.8% of cases were bitten by dogs. Of total 309 studied patients, 73.8% were male. Feet (71.5%) and hands (22.7%) were the most common body part affected. About 53.1% of cases were in rural population. Conclusions: Dogs seems to play a very important role in the epidemiology of rabies in Abdanan, Iran. No cases of human rabies were observed in our study. This may be because of increasing public awareness and the upgrading of health and treatment centers, all of which in study region provide post-exposure anti-rabies treatment including vaccination, immunoglobulin and wound washing.
文摘One of the basic parameters in forest management planning is detailed knowledge of growing stock,information collected by forest inventory.Sampling methods must be accurate,inexpensive,and be easy to implement in the field.This study presents a new sampling method called branching transect for use in the Iranian Zagros forests and similar forests.Features of the new method include greater accuracy,easy implementation in nature,simplicity of statistical calculations,and low cost.In this method,transect is used,which includes some subtransects(side branches).The length of the main transect,side branches,number of trees measured in each side branch,and the number of sub-branches in this method are changeable based on homogeneity,heterogeneity,and density of a forest.In this study,based on the density and heterogeneity of the forest area studied,20-m transects with four and eight side branches were used.Sampling plots(Transects)in four inventory networks(100 m×100 m,100 m×150 m,150 m×150 m and 100 m×200 m)were implemented in the GIS environment.The results of this sampling method were compared to the results of total inventory(100%count)in terms of accuracy,precision(t-test),and inventory error percentage.Branching transect results were statistially similar to total inventory counts in all cases.The results show that this method of estimating density and canopy per hectare can be used in Zagros forests and similar forests.
基金We would like to thank Ilam University of Medical Science for supporting this studygrant number 908961
文摘Objective:Several factors affect the quality of care in the elderly,such as nurses'attitudes.This study aimed to assess nurses'attitude toward elderly in the city of Ilam.Method:This cross-sectional study was conducted among 230 nurses working at public hospitals in the city of Ilam.Participants were selected using simple random sampling from the list of staff.The Kogan's attitude questionnaire was used to measure nurses'attitudes toward the elderly.Results:The mean age of respondents in this study was 32.65(SD=7.67),and the score of attitudes toward the elderly was 144.96(SD=51.75)in average.More than half(54.3%)of the nurses had negative attitudes toward the elderly.The results of ANOVA analysis showed significant differences(P<0.05)were observed in the attitudes toward the elderly among the nurses as their ages,marital status,work experiences,and ward types differed.Conclusion:In conclusion,nurses in this study have marginally negative attitudes toward the elderly.Therefore,promoting nurses'attitudes toward the elderly is important to provide high-quality care.
文摘Biomarker and stable carbon isotope analyses are presented for the Garau Formation of the Cretaceous Age,an important source rock in western Iran,to reveal its potential as an oilprone source rock.The C_(28)/C_(29)sterane ratio value range(0.72 to 0.83)of bitumen samples from the formation suggests that they were likely formed during phytoplankton blooms.Sterane,hopane,and isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios indicate that the formation's organic matter predominantly consists of algae,and bacteria,accompanied by some reworked material derived from higher plants.Due to the predominance of anoxic conditions and the actions of sulfate-reducing bacteria,the bitumen present is enriched with sulfur compounds.The percentages of saturates,aromatics,and nitrogen-sulfuroxygen(NSO)fractions in the bitumen samples classify them as naphthenic oils.Isotope analysis reveals that biodegradation and water-washing have reduced the concentrations of some volatile saturates and low molecular weight aromatics in the bitumen samples.These actions have resulted in distinctiveδ^(13)C values for the formation's kerogen and bitumen fractions.The formation's organic matter has been subjected to high-temperature thermal regimes and has entered the oil-generation window at the sampled localities,with vitrinite reflectance(%R_(C))varying between 0.7%and 0.75%.
文摘The morpho-physiological responses of 15 rapeseed genotypes to drought stress were assessed,revealing strong correlations among various characteristics.Under control conditions,the genotype Angelico fascinated the highest chlorophyll content,while Nilofar had the highest carotenoid content,grain yield,and harvest index(HI).Talaye recorded the highest proline content.Under drought conditions,Nafis maintained the highest plant height,pod number,biomass,and grain yield.Angelico demonstrated the highest chlorophyll and relative water content(RWC).Nima showed the highest carotenoid content,Zarfam excelled in chlorophyll b,and Nafis recorded the highest proline content.Overall,drought stress resulted in a significant reduction in most morphophysiological traits.In the principal component analysis(PCA),the first two components explained a substantial portion of the variation in both control and drought conditions,facilitating the classification of the genotypes into two distinct groups.Additionally,twelve drought stress indices further categorized the genotypes,with the first two components accounting for the majority of the variation(99.45%).Notably,the Nilofar,Nima,Nafis,and Shirali cultivars were grouped together under both control and drought conditions,exhibiting the highest grain yield.These genotypes could be considered drought-tolerant varieties of this study.The research identified stable and high-performing rapeseed genotypes,which are recommended for future breeding programs.
文摘The learning of English academic vocabulary has been the focus of numerous studies from the time Coxhead(2000)developed the academic word list to the present day.Various researchers have emphasized the importance of possessing academic vocabulary knowledge for academic success.Recognizing this importance,it is crucial for researchers,teachers,and learners to understand the progress made in academic word lists.This systematic review first identifies,describes,appraises,and synthesizes the development of academic word lists from 2000 to 2020.It then examines the methods used by researchers in developing academic word lists among 56 studies that meet the pre-established criteria.The word lists were classified based on some criteria such as word counting units,corpora types/sizes,and exclusion criteria.Limitations,suggestions for further study,and implications are also discussed.Additionally,recommendations for future word list establishment are provided to help advance the field of word list development.
文摘Forest ecosystems can be characterized by a set of catenas arranged along the slope in mountainous areas as these affect microhabitat features,which in turn influence soil properties.Heretofore,few studies have examined how topographic variables affect soil properties and quality in semiarid regions.This study aimed to provide important insights into how catena position and shape influence soil properties,soil quality,and their interrelationships in a semiarid protected oak forest in western Iran.Basic soil properties were measured in the laboratory.In addition,the soil quality index(SQI)was calculated at different topographic positions along both convex(Λ-shaped)and concave(V-shaped)catenas at two soil depths(0-15 and 15-30 cm).The findings indicated that soil organic carbon and total nitrogen declined in the lower depth in both V-andΛ-shaped catenas and at all catena positions.The lowest porosity was observed in the lower depth at toeslope positions(TS)of both catenas.Substrate-induced respiration(SIR),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),and basal respiration(BR)were higher in the upper depths at TS positions on V-shaped catenas than onΛ-shaped catenas.These biological indices were consistently higher in the upper depths than in the lower depths across all positions of both catenas.SQI had the highest values at TS positions on both catenas and in the upper depths across all positions.Pearson correlations between soil properties indicated that SQI was most strongly and positively correlated with biological properties in both catenas.The nutrient levels,microbial activity,and soil porosity in both catena shapes and at both soil depths displayed a relatively downward trend with increasing elevation from toeslope to summit positions.The results showed that catena topographic sequence shape and position affected most of the soil properties,providing evidence of the important role of topography in creating pedodiversity in oak forest ecosystems.
文摘Erratum to:Research Methods Used for Developing Academic Wordlists:A Systematic Review of Studies Published Between 2000 and 2020,Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics,Volume 48,Issue 3,2025,pp.425-450,doi:10.1515/CJAL-2025-0210.
文摘The characte rization of MgFe_(2)O_(4)@CeO_(2) superparamagnetic nanocomposites was tho roughly investigated using powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),a vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX),elemental mapping(MAP),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(DRS)analyses.The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized samples was evaluated as a novel magnetic nanocatalyst for degrading Congo red(CR) dye in an aqueous solution under visible light at room conditions.The results demonstrate that the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation is higher than that of absorbance and photolysis.The degradation efficiency of photodegradation is 93% within 49% of total organic carbon removal performance.The prepared MgFe_(2)O_(4)@CeO_(2) magnetic nanocomposites(MNCs)can be easily recovered and recycled for five repeated cycles,demonstrating potential extensive efficiency in magnetic nanocomposites in wastewater and water treatment.The nanoscale morphology of MgFe_(2)O_(4)@CeO_(2) MNCs was characterized as spherical,with a size range of 35-40 nm,utilizing SEM and TEM techniques.The saturation magnetization(M_(s)) of the resulting nanocomposites was analyzed by VSM,revealing a value of 3.58 emu/g.Furthermore,the surface area was determined to be 27.194 m^(2)/g using BET analysis,and the band gap was identified as 2.85 eV through DRS analysis.
基金This study was financially supported by the Vice Chancellor for Research Affairs,Ilam University of Medical Sciences,Ilam,Iran(Project No.1326).
文摘Objective:To investigate the pattern of antibiotic resistance and biofilm production capabilities of clinical Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii)isolates in this study.Methods:A.baumannii isolates were collected from Tehran Imam Khomeini Hospital in this cross-sectional study,and the minimum inhibitory concentrations for 16 antibiotics were determined using Vitek2®systems.All isolates were analyzed for biofilm production,then presence of biofilm-associated genes,and class Ⅰ and Ⅱ integron genes.Results:60 non-replicate A.baumannii isolates were included in this study.The resistance rates reached 100%for aztreonam,cefepime,ceftazidime,ciprofloxacin,piperacillin-tazobactam,piperacillin,ticarcillin,and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.A.baumannii isolates were most sensitive to colistin and rifampicin being the most effective treatments.Multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant isolates accounted for 83.3%and 16.7%,respectively.Of the isolates,91.6%formed biofilms,categorized as 10%strong,31.6%moderate,and 50%weak.No correlation was found between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation.The genes csuE,abaI,and ompA were prevalent,but their distribution was similar across biofilm categories.A relationship between Int1 and biofilm production was noted.Conclusions:The high rates of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation,alongside the presence of integrons including class Ⅰ and Ⅱ,underscore the necessity for ongoing monitoring of A.baumannii.Notably,classⅠintegron presence was significantly linked to biofilm formation.Further research is needed to explore the connection between antibiotic resistance and biofilm production in A.baumannii.
文摘7075 Al alloy and AZ31B Mg alloy were joined by diffusion welding technique at pressure 29 MPa with various welding temperatures and durations. Scanning electron microscopy examination, shear tests and microhardness evaluation were conducted on the samples interface to find out the effect of welding temperatures and durations on the weldability. The results demonstrate that the AZ31B Mg/7075 Al composite plates are bonded well and the intermetallic phases such as Al_（12）Mg_（17） and Al_（3）Mg_（2） within the joint zone form. It is found that due to the grain coarsening and the formation of brittle compounds, high welding temperatures and long welding durations result in a decrease of shear strength and increase of interfacial welding hardness. The minimum shear strength of 15 MPa along with the maximum microhardness of HV 176 are obtained for the diffusion couple processed at 450 °C for 120 min. It is revealed that enhancing the temperature and choosing appropriate holding time makes a remarkable increase of interfacial welding thickness. Increasing the welding temperature from 430 to 450 °C along with long welding duration（120 min） results in the increase of interfacial welding thickness by 26% where this value is 6% at the welding performed for 60 min.
文摘The present study is concerned with the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation of turbulent dispersion of immiscible liquids,namely,water–silicone oil and water–benzene through Kenics static mixers using the Eulerian–Eulerian and Eulerian–Lagrangian approaches of the ANSYS Fluent 16.0 software.To study the droplet size distribution(DSD),the Eulerian formulation incorporating a population balance model(PBM)was employed.For the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach,a discrete phase model(DPM)in conjunction with the Eulerian approach for continuous phase simulation was used to predict the residence time distribution(RTD)of droplets.In both approaches,a shear stress transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model was used.For validation purposes,the simulated results were compared with the experimental data and theoretical values for the Fanning friction factor,Sauter mean diameter and the mean residence time.The reliability of the computational model was further assessed by comparing the results with the available empirical correlations for Fanning friction factor and Sauter mean diameter.In addition,the influence of important geometrical and operational parameters,including the number of mixing elements and Weber number,was studied.It was found that the proposed models are capable of predicting the performance of the Kenics static mixer reasonably well.
基金supported by the Research Facilities of Ilam University,Iran
文摘Poly(4-vinylpyridinium tribromide) is an efficient catalyst for the conversion of various alcohols to their corresponding acetate derivatives with acetic anhydride.This method has some advantages such as mild reaction conditions,good to excellent yields,and ease of work-up.
文摘The flow and mixing behavior of two miscible liquids has been studied in an innovative static mixer by using CFD,with Reynolds numbers ranging from 20 to 160.The performance of the new mixer is compared with those of Kenics,SMX,and Komax static mixers.The pressure drop ratio(Z-factor),coefficient of variation(CoV),and extensional efficiency(α)features have been used to evaluate power consumption,distributive mixing,and dispersive mixing performances,respectively,in all mixers.The model is firstly validated based on experimental data measured for the pressure drop ratio and the coefficient of variation.CFD results are consistent with measured data and those obtained by available correlations in the literature.The new mixer shows a superior mixing performance compared to the other mixers.
基金supported by the Research Facilities of Ilam University
文摘An efficient and versatile procedure for the acetylation of alcohols and phenols using acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalytic amount of polyvinylpolypyrrolidoniume tribromide has been successfully developed.Primary,secondary,and tertiary alcohols,as well as a selection of the phenolic compounds,have been successfully acetylated according to this procedure,with good to high yields being achieved over short reaction times.
基金Supported by the research faculties of Ilam University,Ilam,Iran
文摘An efficient procedure for the trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols is presented.The combination of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane and a catalytic amount of phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide(PhMe3N+Br3?) was found to be effective for the trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols.The protection reaction is very simple and homogenously performed in dichloromethane at room temperature and mild conditions.
文摘Fire affects the physical and chemical properties and soil biological activity of natural ecosystems. This study was conducted in the Miyan Tang region, Ilam Province in western Iran. The study site was 110 hectares, where we sampled soils in areas that were classified by fire severity： low （LS）, high （HS） and medium severity （MS）, and unburned （UB）, which served as the control. In each severity class, 25 transect points were randomly selected for measurement. Around each transect plot center, 3 soil samples were selected randomly and soils collected from the 0 to 20 cm depth were combined into a composite sample that was used in laboratory analysis to represent conditions at that point. Plots in the UB and LS fire classes had similar soil conditions and had higher values of factors such as saturated moisture, organic carbon, carbon dioxide, and silt and clay content. In contrast, plots in the HS and MS fire severity classes were clustered in the positive direction along the first axis that represented gradients in soil acidity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, accessible phosphorus, accessible potassium, bulk density, and sand. Soil attributes were similar in areas of HS and MS fire severity classes, whereas soil conditions in the LS class and UB controls were most similar. Fire in the LS areas either did not significantly alter the physicalchemical soil properties and microbial basal respiration, or soils were able to recover quickly after being burned.
基金Ilam University is kindly acknowledged for its financial support for this research work
文摘This study aimed to investigate the interaction between regions with different climatic conditions(arid vs. semi-arid) and management(protected vs. unprotected) on the turnover and nestedness of vegetation in relation to physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Ilam Province of Iran. In each of the two regions, we sampled 8 sites(4 managed and 4 unmanaged sites) within each of which we established 4 circular plots(1000 m^2) that were used to investigate woody species, while two micro-plots(1 m×1 m) were established in each 1000-m^2 plot to analyze herbaceous species. In each sample unit, we also extracted three soil samples(0–20 cm depth) for measuring soil properties. The results indicated that the interaction between region and conservational management significantly affected the percent of canopy cover of Persian oak(Quercus brantii Linddl), soil respiration, substrate-induced respiration, as well as beta and gamma diversities and turnover of plant species. The percent of oak canopy cover was positively correlated with soil silt, electrical conductivity, available potassium, and alpha diversity, whereas it was negatively correlated with plant turnover. In addition, plant turnover was positively related to available phosphorus, while nestedness of species was positively related to organic carbon and total nitrogen. According to these results, we concluded that physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of limited ecological niche generally influenced plant diversity. Also, this study demonstrated the major contribution of the beta diversity on gamma diversity, especially in semi-arid region, because of the higher heterogeneity of vegetation in this area.
文摘Trimethylsilylation of alcohols was achieved using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane（HMDS） as silylating agent,in the presence of polyvinylpolypyrrolidonium tribromide in acetonitrile at room temperature.Also a variety of alcohols were converted into alkyl formates by ethyl formate and a catalytic amount of polyvinylpolypyrrolidonium tribromide under solvent free conditions at room temperature.
