Based on the EAST equilibrium,the effects of boron(B)and neon(Ne)injected at different locations on the target heat load,and the distributions of B and Ne particles were investigated by transport code SOLPS-ITER.It wa...Based on the EAST equilibrium,the effects of boron(B)and neon(Ne)injected at different locations on the target heat load,and the distributions of B and Ne particles were investigated by transport code SOLPS-ITER.It was found that the B injection was more sensitive to the injection location for heat flux control than impurity Ne.The high electron and ion densities near the inner target in the discharge with impurity B injected from over X-point(R_(1))led to plasma detachment only at the inner target,and the localized B ions in the cases with injection from outer target location(R_(2))and upstream location(R_(3))led to far-SOL detachment at the outer target,but not at the inner target.In contrast,for Ne,the spatial distributions of Ne ions and electrons were found to be similar in all the cases at the three injection locations,and the detached plasma was achieved at the inner target and the electron temperature was reduced at the outer target.For locations R_(2) and R_(3),impurity B showed a more pronounced effect on the heat flux at the far-SOL of the outer target.Further analysis indicated that Ne atoms came mainly from the recycling sources,whereas B atoms came mainly from injection,and that their distinct atomic distributions resulted from the difference in the ionization threshold and ionization mean free path.In addition,the radiation proportion of B in the divertor region was larger than that of Ne when the total radiation power was similar,which suggests that B has less influence on the core region.展开更多
ITER magnet gravity support （GS） has been redesigned as a structure of pre- assembled nmlti-flexible plates instead of the original welded structure. In the past several years, engineering tests of the new structure...ITER magnet gravity support （GS） has been redesigned as a structure of pre- assembled nmlti-flexible plates instead of the original welded structure. In the past several years, engineering tests of the new structure have been proposed. A prototype engineering test plat- form is being developed. In order to apply the loads/load combinations onto the test mock-up, seven hydraulic bolt tensioners in three directions have been applied to simulate various loads （forces and moments）, through which the deformation of bolts, flexible plates and clamp blocks, the stress distribution in the flexible plates, the friction between the contact surface, etc. can be monitored/tested. The measurement and control system includes seven sets of synchronization controller, a 16-channel strain gauge, 25 sets of displacement sensors, etc. Principles of EDC220 digital controller and development of multi-channel control software are also demonstrated.展开更多
The ITER Gas Injection System（GIS） plays an important role on fueling, wall conditioning and distribution for plasma operation. Besides that, to support the safety function of ITER, GIS needs to implement three nucl...The ITER Gas Injection System（GIS） plays an important role on fueling, wall conditioning and distribution for plasma operation. Besides that, to support the safety function of ITER, GIS needs to implement three nuclear safety Instrumentation and Control（I＆C） functions.In this paper, these three functions are introduced with the emphasis on their latest safety classifications. The nuclear I＆C design concept is briefly discussed at the end.展开更多
The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor （ITER） feeder procurement is now well underway. The feeder design has been improved by the feeder teams at the ITER Organization （IO） and the Institute of Plasm...The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor （ITER） feeder procurement is now well underway. The feeder design has been improved by the feeder teams at the ITER Organization （IO） and the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences （ASIPP） in the last 2 years along with analyses and qualification activities. The feeder design is being progressively finalized. In addition, the preparation of qualification and manufacturing are well scheduled at ASIPP. This paper mainly presents the design, the overview of manufacturing and the status of integration on the ITER magnet feeders.展开更多
A conceptual design review of the ITER gas injection system （GIS） function, safety, operation, and maintenance has recently been successfully completed. The GIS design can now continue to the preliminary design stag...A conceptual design review of the ITER gas injection system （GIS） function, safety, operation, and maintenance has recently been successfully completed. The GIS design can now continue to the preliminary design stage. This paper gives an overall description of the requirements and implementation at the concept design level. The designs of the sub-systems according to its breakdown structure are discussed against the corresponding requirements.展开更多
This paper develops a reduced complexity quasi-1D detector for optical storage devices and digital communication system. Superior performance of the proposed detector is evidenced by simulation results.
The ITER neutron shielding blocks are located between the outer shell and the inner shell of the vacuum vessel to provide neutron shielding. Considering the combined loads acting on the shielding blocks during ITER pl...The ITER neutron shielding blocks are located between the outer shell and the inner shell of the vacuum vessel to provide neutron shielding. Considering the combined loads acting on the shielding blocks during ITER plasma operation, the structure of the shielding blocks must be evaluated. Using the finite element method with ANSYS analysis software, static structural analysis is performed, including elastic analysis and limit analysis for one typical shielding block. The evaluated results based on RCC-MR code show that the structure of this shielding block can meet the design requirement.展开更多
The cryostat is a vacuum tight container enveloping the entire basic systems of the ITER tokamak machine,including a vacuum vessel,a superconducting magnet and thermal shield etc.It is evacuated to a pressure of 10^-4...The cryostat is a vacuum tight container enveloping the entire basic systems of the ITER tokamak machine,including a vacuum vessel,a superconducting magnet and thermal shield etc.It is evacuated to a pressure of 10^-4Pa to limit the heat transfer via gas conduction and convection to the cryogenically cooled components.Another important function of cryostat is to support all the loads from the tokamak to the concrete floor of the pit by its support system during different operational regimes and accident scenarios.This paper briefly presents the design evolution and associated analysis of the cryostat support system and the structural interface with the building.展开更多
1 Introduction According to the ITER procurement allocation, China participating team （PT）, as well as Europe, Korea, Japan, Russia and the United States participating teams, will fabricate the shield blanket modul...1 Introduction According to the ITER procurement allocation, China participating team （PT）, as well as Europe, Korea, Japan, Russia and the United States participating teams, will fabricate the shield blanket modules for ITER. Since then, two shield blanket modules near neutral beam （NB） port were studied and the relevant design tasks were finished through the cooperation of the ITER international team （IT） and CN PT.展开更多
Nuclear fusion holds great potential as a carbon-neutral means of electricity production.However,technical aspects of its implementation remain challenging.The real-time measurement of the fusion power released during...Nuclear fusion holds great potential as a carbon-neutral means of electricity production.However,technical aspects of its implementation remain challenging.The real-time measurement of the fusion power released during Deuterium-Tritium(DT)fusion is one such aspect.The use of tools from artificial intelligence may help to solve this issue.Recently,during experiments performed at the Joint European Torus,a novel method was developed to measure the fusion power in magnetic confinement fusion devices.Said method exploits the fact that gammarays released by the DT fusion reaction can be registered with a gamma-ray spectrometer.Expanding on this work,a machine learning algorithm was developed to estimate DT fusion power at ITER by use of the Radial Gamma-Ray Spectrometer(RGRS)measurements,as well as the magnetic equilibrium as an additional source of information.The algorithm was trained and tested on a set of 75 simulations of ITER DT plasma scenarios.By testing the algorithm by repeated 5-fold cross-validation,the average deviation of the estimated fusion power from the reference was found to be 0.32%,while the relative error had a standard deviation of 0.97%.When statistical fluctuations were included in the analysis,the lowest measurable fusion power resulted to be around 30MW,making the RGRS suitable for the fusion power measurement requirements at ITER.This project demonstrated that a machine learning approach leads to promising results when coupled with prior knowledge and the integration of various kinds of sensor and simulation data.This and related algorithms may eventually contribute to the development of fusion power as a reliable,carbon-neutral source of energy.展开更多
In this paper we discuss a relatively general kind of iterative functional equation G(x,f(x), ...,f n (x)) = 0 (for allx ∈J), whereJ is a connected closed subset of the real number axis ?,G∈C m (J n+1, ?) andn ≥ 2....In this paper we discuss a relatively general kind of iterative functional equation G(x,f(x), ...,f n (x)) = 0 (for allx ∈J), whereJ is a connected closed subset of the real number axis ?,G∈C m (J n+1, ?) andn ≥ 2. Using the method of approximating fixed points by small shift of maps, choosing suitable metrics on functional spaces and finding a relation between uniqueness and stability of fixed points of maps of general spaces, we prove the existence, uniqueness and stability ofCm solutions of the above equation for any integer m ≥ 0 under relatively weak conditions, and generalize related results in reference in different aspects.展开更多
This paper presents an innovative and effective control strategy tailored for a deregulated,diversified energy system involving multiple interconnected area.Each area integrates a unique mix of power generation techno...This paper presents an innovative and effective control strategy tailored for a deregulated,diversified energy system involving multiple interconnected area.Each area integrates a unique mix of power generation technologies:Area 1 combines thermal,hydro,and distributed generation;Area 2 utilizes a blend of thermal units,distributed solar technologies(DST),and hydro power;andThird control area hosts geothermal power station alongside thermal power generation unit and hydropower units.The suggested control system employs a multi-layered approach,featuring a blended methodology utilizing the Tilted Integral Derivative controller(TID)and the Fractional-Order Integral method to enhance performance and stability.The parameters of this hybrid TID-FOI controller are finely tuned using an advanced optimization method known as the Walrus Optimization Algorithm(WaOA).Performance analysis reveals that the combined TID-FOI controller significantly outperforms the TID and PID controllers when comparing their dynamic response across various system configurations.The study also incorporates investigation of redox flow batteries within the broader scope of energy storage applications to assess their impact on system performance.In addition,the research explores the controller’s effectiveness under different power exchange scenarios in a deregulated market,accounting for restrictions on generation ramp rates and governor hysteresis effects in dynamic control.To ensure the reliability and resilience of the presented methodology,the system transitions and develops across a broad range of varying parameters and stochastic load fluctuation.To wrap up,the study offers a pioneering control approach-a hybrid TID-FOI controller optimized via the Walrus Optimization Algorithm(WaOA)-designed for enhanced stability and performance in a complex,three-region hybrid energy system functioning within a deregulated framework.展开更多
This paper is concerned with initial value problems for semilinear evolution equations in Banach spaces. The abstract iterative schemes are constructed by combining the theory of semigroups of linear operators and the...This paper is concerned with initial value problems for semilinear evolution equations in Banach spaces. The abstract iterative schemes are constructed by combining the theory of semigroups of linear operators and the method of mixed monotone iterations. Some existence results on minimal and maximal (quasi)solutions are established for abstract semilinear evolution equations with mixed monotone or mixed quasimonotone nonlinear terms. To illustrate the main results, applications to ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations are also given.展开更多
A program developed with COMSOL software integrates EAST four-strap antenna coupling with the double-stub Ferrite tuners(FT)impedance matching,obtaining physical quantities crucial for predicting the overall performan...A program developed with COMSOL software integrates EAST four-strap antenna coupling with the double-stub Ferrite tuners(FT)impedance matching,obtaining physical quantities crucial for predicting the overall performance of the ion cyclotron resonance heating(ICRH)antenna and matching system.These quantities encompass S-matrix,port complex impedance,reflection coefficients,electric field and voltage distribution,and optimal matching settings.In this study,we explore the relationship between S-matrix,reflection coefficients,port complex impedance,and frequency.Then,we analyze the impact of Faraday screens placement position and transparency,the distance from the Faraday screen(FS)to the current straps(CS),the relative distance between ports,and the characteristic impedance of the transmission line on the coupling characteristic impedance of the EAST ICRH system.Finally,we simulate the electric field distribution and voltage distribution of the EAST ICRH system for plasma heating with double-stub FT impedance matching.Using optimized parameters,the coupling power of the ICRH system can be approximately doubled.The results present herein may offer guidance for the design of high-power,long-pulse operation ICRH antenna systems.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFE03030004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12275040)+1 种基金the Users with Excellence Program of Hefei Science Center CAS(Grant No.2020HSC-UE010)This research is also sponsored in part by the U.S.Department of Energy under contract DEAC02-09CH11466.
文摘Based on the EAST equilibrium,the effects of boron(B)and neon(Ne)injected at different locations on the target heat load,and the distributions of B and Ne particles were investigated by transport code SOLPS-ITER.It was found that the B injection was more sensitive to the injection location for heat flux control than impurity Ne.The high electron and ion densities near the inner target in the discharge with impurity B injected from over X-point(R_(1))led to plasma detachment only at the inner target,and the localized B ions in the cases with injection from outer target location(R_(2))and upstream location(R_(3))led to far-SOL detachment at the outer target,but not at the inner target.In contrast,for Ne,the spatial distributions of Ne ions and electrons were found to be similar in all the cases at the three injection locations,and the detached plasma was achieved at the inner target and the electron temperature was reduced at the outer target.For locations R_(2) and R_(3),impurity B showed a more pronounced effect on the heat flux at the far-SOL of the outer target.Further analysis indicated that Ne atoms came mainly from the recycling sources,whereas B atoms came mainly from injection,and that their distinct atomic distributions resulted from the difference in the ionization threshold and ionization mean free path.In addition,the radiation proportion of B in the divertor region was larger than that of Ne when the total radiation power was similar,which suggests that B has less influence on the core region.
基金supported by ITER domestic research under specific task 2008GB107001
文摘ITER magnet gravity support （GS） has been redesigned as a structure of pre- assembled nmlti-flexible plates instead of the original welded structure. In the past several years, engineering tests of the new structure have been proposed. A prototype engineering test plat- form is being developed. In order to apply the loads/load combinations onto the test mock-up, seven hydraulic bolt tensioners in three directions have been applied to simulate various loads （forces and moments）, through which the deformation of bolts, flexible plates and clamp blocks, the stress distribution in the flexible plates, the friction between the contact surface, etc. can be monitored/tested. The measurement and control system includes seven sets of synchronization controller, a 16-channel strain gauge, 25 sets of displacement sensors, etc. Principles of EDC220 digital controller and development of multi-channel control software are also demonstrated.
文摘The ITER Gas Injection System（GIS） plays an important role on fueling, wall conditioning and distribution for plasma operation. Besides that, to support the safety function of ITER, GIS needs to implement three nuclear safety Instrumentation and Control（I＆C） functions.In this paper, these three functions are introduced with the emphasis on their latest safety classifications. The nuclear I＆C design concept is briefly discussed at the end.
基金supported by the National Special Support for R&D on Science and Technology for ITER(Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China-MPS)(No.2008GB102000)
文摘The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor （ITER） feeder procurement is now well underway. The feeder design has been improved by the feeder teams at the ITER Organization （IO） and the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences （ASIPP） in the last 2 years along with analyses and qualification activities. The feeder design is being progressively finalized. In addition, the preparation of qualification and manufacturing are well scheduled at ASIPP. This paper mainly presents the design, the overview of manufacturing and the status of integration on the ITER magnet feeders.
基金undertaken within the framework of the ITER Projectsupported by the ITER Organization and/or its Members,i.e.,China,EU,India,Japan,Korea,Russia
文摘A conceptual design review of the ITER gas injection system （GIS） function, safety, operation, and maintenance has recently been successfully completed. The GIS design can now continue to the preliminary design stage. This paper gives an overall description of the requirements and implementation at the concept design level. The designs of the sub-systems according to its breakdown structure are discussed against the corresponding requirements.
文摘This paper develops a reduced complexity quasi-1D detector for optical storage devices and digital communication system. Superior performance of the proposed detector is evidenced by simulation results.
文摘The ITER neutron shielding blocks are located between the outer shell and the inner shell of the vacuum vessel to provide neutron shielding. Considering the combined loads acting on the shielding blocks during ITER plasma operation, the structure of the shielding blocks must be evaluated. Using the finite element method with ANSYS analysis software, static structural analysis is performed, including elastic analysis and limit analysis for one typical shielding block. The evaluated results based on RCC-MR code show that the structure of this shielding block can meet the design requirement.
文摘The cryostat is a vacuum tight container enveloping the entire basic systems of the ITER tokamak machine,including a vacuum vessel,a superconducting magnet and thermal shield etc.It is evacuated to a pressure of 10^-4Pa to limit the heat transfer via gas conduction and convection to the cryogenically cooled components.Another important function of cryostat is to support all the loads from the tokamak to the concrete floor of the pit by its support system during different operational regimes and accident scenarios.This paper briefly presents the design evolution and associated analysis of the cryostat support system and the structural interface with the building.
文摘1 Introduction According to the ITER procurement allocation, China participating team （PT）, as well as Europe, Korea, Japan, Russia and the United States participating teams, will fabricate the shield blanket modules for ITER. Since then, two shield blanket modules near neutral beam （NB） port were studied and the relevant design tasks were finished through the cooperation of the ITER international team （IT） and CN PT.
文摘Nuclear fusion holds great potential as a carbon-neutral means of electricity production.However,technical aspects of its implementation remain challenging.The real-time measurement of the fusion power released during Deuterium-Tritium(DT)fusion is one such aspect.The use of tools from artificial intelligence may help to solve this issue.Recently,during experiments performed at the Joint European Torus,a novel method was developed to measure the fusion power in magnetic confinement fusion devices.Said method exploits the fact that gammarays released by the DT fusion reaction can be registered with a gamma-ray spectrometer.Expanding on this work,a machine learning algorithm was developed to estimate DT fusion power at ITER by use of the Radial Gamma-Ray Spectrometer(RGRS)measurements,as well as the magnetic equilibrium as an additional source of information.The algorithm was trained and tested on a set of 75 simulations of ITER DT plasma scenarios.By testing the algorithm by repeated 5-fold cross-validation,the average deviation of the estimated fusion power from the reference was found to be 0.32%,while the relative error had a standard deviation of 0.97%.When statistical fluctuations were included in the analysis,the lowest measurable fusion power resulted to be around 30MW,making the RGRS suitable for the fusion power measurement requirements at ITER.This project demonstrated that a machine learning approach leads to promising results when coupled with prior knowledge and the integration of various kinds of sensor and simulation data.This and related algorithms may eventually contribute to the development of fusion power as a reliable,carbon-neutral source of energy.
文摘In this paper we discuss a relatively general kind of iterative functional equation G(x,f(x), ...,f n (x)) = 0 (for allx ∈J), whereJ is a connected closed subset of the real number axis ?,G∈C m (J n+1, ?) andn ≥ 2. Using the method of approximating fixed points by small shift of maps, choosing suitable metrics on functional spaces and finding a relation between uniqueness and stability of fixed points of maps of general spaces, we prove the existence, uniqueness and stability ofCm solutions of the above equation for any integer m ≥ 0 under relatively weak conditions, and generalize related results in reference in different aspects.
文摘This paper presents an innovative and effective control strategy tailored for a deregulated,diversified energy system involving multiple interconnected area.Each area integrates a unique mix of power generation technologies:Area 1 combines thermal,hydro,and distributed generation;Area 2 utilizes a blend of thermal units,distributed solar technologies(DST),and hydro power;andThird control area hosts geothermal power station alongside thermal power generation unit and hydropower units.The suggested control system employs a multi-layered approach,featuring a blended methodology utilizing the Tilted Integral Derivative controller(TID)and the Fractional-Order Integral method to enhance performance and stability.The parameters of this hybrid TID-FOI controller are finely tuned using an advanced optimization method known as the Walrus Optimization Algorithm(WaOA).Performance analysis reveals that the combined TID-FOI controller significantly outperforms the TID and PID controllers when comparing their dynamic response across various system configurations.The study also incorporates investigation of redox flow batteries within the broader scope of energy storage applications to assess their impact on system performance.In addition,the research explores the controller’s effectiveness under different power exchange scenarios in a deregulated market,accounting for restrictions on generation ramp rates and governor hysteresis effects in dynamic control.To ensure the reliability and resilience of the presented methodology,the system transitions and develops across a broad range of varying parameters and stochastic load fluctuation.To wrap up,the study offers a pioneering control approach-a hybrid TID-FOI controller optimized via the Walrus Optimization Algorithm(WaOA)-designed for enhanced stability and performance in a complex,three-region hybrid energy system functioning within a deregulated framework.
基金This work was supported by grants from NNSF of China(No:10271044)Scientific Research Fund of Educational Department of Anhui Province(NSF2003KJ005zd)Teaching Research Fund of Educational Department of Anhui Province(JYXM2003108).
文摘This paper is concerned with initial value problems for semilinear evolution equations in Banach spaces. The abstract iterative schemes are constructed by combining the theory of semigroups of linear operators and the method of mixed monotone iterations. Some existence results on minimal and maximal (quasi)solutions are established for abstract semilinear evolution equations with mixed monotone or mixed quasimonotone nonlinear terms. To illustrate the main results, applications to ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations are also given.
基金supported by National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy Development Research Project(Nos.2022YFE03070003 and 2019YFE03070000)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2020JJ4515)+6 种基金Key Projects of Hunan Provincial Department of Education(No.20A432)the Government Sponsored Study Abroad Program of the Chinese Scholarship Council(CSC)(No.202108430056)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2308085MA23)IAEA Coordinated Research Project F43026(No.26480)the National Key Research&Development Program of China(No.2018YFE0303103)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11875287 and 12275314)Anhui Provincial Key Research&Development Project(No.205258180096)。
文摘A program developed with COMSOL software integrates EAST four-strap antenna coupling with the double-stub Ferrite tuners(FT)impedance matching,obtaining physical quantities crucial for predicting the overall performance of the ion cyclotron resonance heating(ICRH)antenna and matching system.These quantities encompass S-matrix,port complex impedance,reflection coefficients,electric field and voltage distribution,and optimal matching settings.In this study,we explore the relationship between S-matrix,reflection coefficients,port complex impedance,and frequency.Then,we analyze the impact of Faraday screens placement position and transparency,the distance from the Faraday screen(FS)to the current straps(CS),the relative distance between ports,and the characteristic impedance of the transmission line on the coupling characteristic impedance of the EAST ICRH system.Finally,we simulate the electric field distribution and voltage distribution of the EAST ICRH system for plasma heating with double-stub FT impedance matching.Using optimized parameters,the coupling power of the ICRH system can be approximately doubled.The results present herein may offer guidance for the design of high-power,long-pulse operation ICRH antenna systems.
