The advanced infrared(IR) and microwave(MW) sounding systems have been providing atmospheric sounding information critical for nowcasting and improving weather forecasts through data assimilation in numerical weather ...The advanced infrared(IR) and microwave(MW) sounding systems have been providing atmospheric sounding information critical for nowcasting and improving weather forecasts through data assimilation in numerical weather prediction. In recent years, advanced IR and MW sounder systems are being proposed to be onboard CubeSats that are much more cost efficient than traditional satellite systems. An impact study using a regional Observing System Simulation Experiment on a local severe storm(LSS) was carried out to evaluate the alternative of using advanced MW and IR sounders for high-impact weather forecasting in mitigating the potential data gap of the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder(ATMS) and the Cross-track Infrared Sounder(CrIS) on the Suomi-NPP(SNPP) or Joint Polar Satellite System(JPSS). It was found that either MicroMAS-2 or the CubeSat Infrared Atmospheric Sounder(CIRAS) on a single CubeSat was able to provide a positive impact on the LSS forecast, and more CubeSats with increased data coverage yielded larger positive impacts.MicroMAS-2 has the potential to mitigate the loss of ATMS, and CIRAS the loss of CrIS, on SNPP or JPSS, especially when multiple CubeSats are launched. There are several approximations and limitations to the present study, but these represent efficiencies appropriate to the principal goal of the study — gauging the relative values of these sensors.展开更多
On August 8,2017,an M_(W)6.5 earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County,Sichuan Province,China,on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.This study investigates the coseismic deformation field and fault model w...On August 8,2017,an M_(W)6.5 earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County,Sichuan Province,China,on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.This study investigates the coseismic deformation field and fault model with ascending and descending Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar(SAR)images,aftershock distribution,and elastic half-space dislocation model.The regional fault slip pattern is then quantita-tively examined using the boundary element method.The results show that the ascending and descending interferometric synthetic aperture radar(InSAR)coseismic deformation fields display an overall NNW-SSE trend,with more significant deformation on the southwest side of the fault.The coseismic fault geometry is divided into NW and SE sub-faults with strikes of 162.1°and 149.3°,respectively.The coseismic fault slip is dominated by a left-lateral strike-slip movement with an average rake of-2.31°,mainly occurring at a depth of 0-13.04 km with a shape of an approximately inverted triangle.The fault slip features two peak slip zones,with a maximum of 1.39 m.The total seismic moment is 6.34×10^(18)N·m(M_(W)6.47).The boundary element calculation quantitatively indicates that the regional fault slip pattern may be mainly attributable to the changing strike and dip.The strike changes from NNWeSSE to nearly NS direction,and the dip gradually decreases from the Jiuzhaigou earthquake fault in the north to the Huya fault in the south.With these characteristics,the Huya and the Jiuzhaigou earthquake faults form the eastern boundary of the Minshan uplift zone and accommodate the accumulated deformation.展开更多
Consider performing a sequence of Bernoulli trials (each resulting in either a success, denoted S, or a failure F, with a probability of p and q := 1 - p respectively) until one of m specific strings (or patterns) of ...Consider performing a sequence of Bernoulli trials (each resulting in either a success, denoted S, or a failure F, with a probability of p and q := 1 - p respectively) until one of m specific strings (or patterns) of consecutive outcomes is generated. This can be seen as a game where m players select one such pattern each and the one whose pattern occurs first wins. We present symbolic formulas for the m probabilities of winning, and for the mean number of trials and the corresponding standard deviation to complete this game. Several numerical examples are presented, including a search for optimal strategy.展开更多
Fresh-cut lettuce is popular,but highly perishable product.Genetic studies of two bi-parental populations derived from crossing parents with rapid and slow rates of deterioration showed that the deterioration rate is ...Fresh-cut lettuce is popular,but highly perishable product.Genetic studies of two bi-parental populations derived from crossing parents with rapid and slow rates of deterioration showed that the deterioration rate is a heritable trait(broad spectrum heritability,H2 of 0.56–0.87).The major genetic determinant of the deterioration rate in both populations was the quantitative trait locus(QTL),qSL4,located on linkage group 4.This QTL explained 40–74%of the total phenotypic variation of the trait in the two populations.Saturating the qSL4 region with single-nucleotide(SNP)markers allowed detection of six haplotypes in a set of 16 lettuce accessions with different rates of deterioration.Three of the haplotypes were always associated with very rapid rates of deterioration,while the other three haplotypes were associated with slow rates of deterioration.Two SNPs located 53 bp apart were sufficient to separate the 16 accessions into two groups with different rates of deterioration.The accuracy of markers-trait association was subsequently tested on 350 plants from seven F2 families that originated from crossing parents with different rates of deterioration.The H2 of deterioration rate in these seven families ranged from 0.64 to 0.90.The SNP-based analysis accurately identified individuals with rapid,intermediate,and slow rates of deterioration in each family.Intermediate rate of deterioration was found in individuals having heterozygous alleles at qSL4,indicating an additive effect of the alleles.The assay can be used for fast,accurate,and reliable identification of deterioration rate after processing for salad.展开更多
The principal factor to determine the economical value of the products manufactured in the electronics industry is due to the productive yielding. This is important for the cost of the articles fabricated in this type...The principal factor to determine the economical value of the products manufactured in the electronics industry is due to the productive yielding. This is important for the cost of the articles fabricated in this type of industrial plants installed in Mexicali city, where around 80% of companies are, and which fabricate electronic devices and systems, or have industrial electronic systems and machines to their manufacturing process. Mexicalicity is located in theBaja CaliforniaStateof the northwest ofMexico, which is a border city with Calexico in theCaliforniaStateof the United States of America (USA). The region located in Mexicali, is a desert area. Geothermal plant is located in this area, which is an important industry and supplies electricity to this city and its valleys and some cities on southwest of United States for daily activities. This company emits hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a main air pollutant that reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere, generating sulfur oxides (SOX). This chemical is dispersed to the city of Mexicali in which industrial plants are located with electronic control systems, and penetrates to indoor rooms. Those cause the corrosion process. The presence of corrosion leads to the deterioration of electrical connectors, the connections of electronic systems and the decreasing of the lifetime of these control systems. Other air pollutants that are considered as chemical agents which cause damage to materials used in the electronics industry, are the sulfurs and nitrogen oxides (NOX), emitted from the traffic vehicle and some industries. This causes the low productive yielding of electrical and electronic devices and systems used in the companies of this city, and is a major concern to specialized people, managers and owners. To analyze the productive yielding of electronic devices and systems installed in indoor of the electronics industry. For this reason, to know the principal causes of it, a study in three industrial plants, to determine the grade level of deterioration of the electronic control systems (ECS) used in the electronics industry of this city was made. The results showed that at major air pollution concentration detected by specialized methods, the lifetime of the ECS was decreased by the generation of corrosion in their electrical connectors and connections. This was caused for the levels of air pollutants mentioned above, than exceed the air quality standards in some periods of the year, added with the levels upper of relative humidity levels (RH) and temperatures of 85% and 25°C in winter and 80% 35°C in summer, being a main factor of this electrochemical phenomenon.展开更多
As the LHC beams cannot be polarized,introducing a dense polarized gas target at the LHCb experiment at CERN,to be operated concurrently with beam-beam collisions,will facilitate fixed-target interactions to explore a...As the LHC beams cannot be polarized,introducing a dense polarized gas target at the LHCb experiment at CERN,to be operated concurrently with beam-beam collisions,will facilitate fixed-target interactions to explore a new energy regime of spin physics measurements.Unfortunately,typical surface coatings used to avoid polarization losses,such as water,Teflon,or aluminum,are prohibited due to restrictions imposed by vacuum and beam policies.The former atomic beam source for the polarized target at ANKE@COSY(Forschungszentrum Jülich),an accompanying Lamb-shift polarimeter,and a storage cell chamber inside a superconducting magnet provide a perfect test stand to investigate the properties of a storage cell coated with amorphous carbon.A significant recombination rate,ranging from 93% to 100%,and preservation of polarization during recombination surpassing 74% were observed.We successfully produced H2 molecules with a nuclear polarization of P~0.59.In addition,we could produce polarized H3+ions for the first time and observed the shift of the axis of rotation within HD molecules.展开更多
The 3D Water Chemistry Atlas is an intuitive,open source,Web-based system that enables the three-dimensional(3D)sub-surface visualization of ground water monitoring data,overlaid on the local geological model(formatio...The 3D Water Chemistry Atlas is an intuitive,open source,Web-based system that enables the three-dimensional(3D)sub-surface visualization of ground water monitoring data,overlaid on the local geological model(formation and aquifer strata).This paper firstly describes the results of evaluating existing virtual globe technologies,which led to the decision to use the Cesium open source WebGL Virtual Globe and Map Engine as the underlying platform.Next it describes the backend database and search,filtering,browse and analysis tools that were developed to enable users to interactively explore the groundwater monitoring data and interpret it spatially and temporally relative to the local geological formations and aquifers via the Cesium interface.The result is an integrated 3D visualization system that enables environmental managers and regulators to assess groundwater conditions,identify inconsistencies in the data,manage impacts and risks and make more informed decisions about coal seam gas extraction,waste water extraction,and water reuse.展开更多
Background:Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality for children below 5 years of age.The majority of these occur in poor countries with limited access to diagnosis.The World Health Organization(WHO)criterion for p...Background:Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality for children below 5 years of age.The majority of these occur in poor countries with limited access to diagnosis.The World Health Organization(WHO)criterion for pneumonia is the de facto method for diagnosis.It is designed targeting a high sensitivity and uses easy to measure parameters.The WHO criterion has poor specificity.Methods:We propose a method using common measurements(including the WHO parameters)to diagnose pneumonia at high sensitivity and specificity.Seventeen clinical features obtained from 134 subjects were used to create a series of logistic regression models.We started with one feature at a time,and continued building models with increasing number of features until we exhausted all possible combinations.We used a k-fold cross validation method to measure the performance of the models.Results:The sensitivity of our method was comparable to that of the WHO criterion but the specificity was 84%-655%higher.In the 2-11 month age group,the WHO criteria had a sensitivity and specificity of 92.0%±11.6%and 38.1%±18.5%,respectively.Our best model(using the existence of a runny nose,the number of days with runny nose,breathing rate and temperature)performed at a sensitivity of 91.3%±13.0%and specificity of 70.2%±22.80%.In the 12-60 month age group,the WHO algorithm gave a sensitivity of 95.7%±7.6%at a specificity of 9.8%±13.1%,while our corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 94.0%±12.1%and 74.0%±23.3%,respectively(using fever,number of days with cough,heart rate and chest in-drawing).Conclusions:The WHO algorithm can be improved through mathematical analysis of clinical observations and measurements routinely made in the field.The method is simple and easy to implement on a mobile phone.Our method allows the freedom to pick the best model in any arbitrary field scenario(e.g.,when an oximeter is not available).展开更多
To sustain plant growth,development,and crop yield,sucrose must be transported from leaves to distant parts of the plant,such as seeds and roots.To identify genes that regulate sucrose accumulation and transport in ma...To sustain plant growth,development,and crop yield,sucrose must be transported from leaves to distant parts of the plant,such as seeds and roots.To identify genes that regulate sucrose accumulation and transport in maize(Zea mays),we isolated carbo/iydrafe part/f/ofi/ngf defecf/Ve33(cpd33),a recessive mutant that accumulated excess starch and soluble sugars in mature leaves.The cpd33 mutants also exhibited chlorosis in the leaf blades,greatly diminished plant growth,and reduced fertility.Cpd33 encodes a protein containing multiple C2 domains and transmembrane regions.Subcellular localization experiments showed the CPD33 protein localized to plasmodesmata(PD),the plasma membrane,and the endoplasmic reticulum.We also found that a loss-of-function mutant of the CPD33 homolog in Arabidopsis,QUIRKY,had a similar carbohydrate hyperaccumulation phenotype.Radioactively labeled sucrose transport assays showed that sucrose export was significantly lower in cpd33 mutant leaves relative to wild-type leaves.However,PD transport in the adaxial-abaxial direction was unaffected in cpd33 mutant leaves.Intriguingly,transmission electron microscopy revealed fewer PD at the companion cell-sieve element interface in mutant phloem tissue,providing a possible explanation for the reduced sucrose export in mutant leaves.Collectively,our results suggest that CPD33 functions to promote symplastic transport into sieve elements.展开更多
This paper explores potential for the RAMpage memory hierarchy to use a microkernel with a small memory footprint, in a specialized cache-speed static RAM （tightly-coupled memory, TCM）. Dreamy memory is DRAM kept in...This paper explores potential for the RAMpage memory hierarchy to use a microkernel with a small memory footprint, in a specialized cache-speed static RAM （tightly-coupled memory, TCM）. Dreamy memory is DRAM kept in low-power mode, unless referenced. Simulations show that a small microkernel suits RAMpage well, in that it achieves significantly better speed and energy gains than a standard hierarchy from adding TCM. RAMpage, in its best 128KB L2 case, gained 11% speed using TCM, and reduced energy 14%. Equivalent conventional hierarchy gains were under 1%. While 1MB L2 was significantly faster against lower-energy cases for the smaller L2, the larger SRAM＇s energy does not justify the speed gain. Using a 128KB L2 cache in a conventional architecture resulted in a best-case overall run time of 2.58s, compared with the best dreamy mode run time （RAMpage without context switches on misses） of 3.34s, a speed penalty of 29%. Energy in the fastest 128KB L2 case was 2.18J vs. 1.50J, a reduction of 31%. The same RAMpage configuration without dreamy mode took 2.83s as simulated, and used 2.393, an acceptable trade-off （penalty under 10%） for being able to switch easily to a lower-energy mode.展开更多
In this paper,we propose a framework that uses localization for multi-objective optimization to simultaneously guide an evolutionary algorithm in both the decision and objective spaces.The localization is built using ...In this paper,we propose a framework that uses localization for multi-objective optimization to simultaneously guide an evolutionary algorithm in both the decision and objective spaces.The localization is built using a limited number of adaptive spheres(local models)in the decision space.These spheres axe usually guided,using some direction information,in the decision space towards the areas with non-dominated solutions.We use a second mechanism to adjust the spheres to specialize on different parts of the Paxeto front by using a guided dominance technique in the objective space.Through this interleaved guidance in both spaces,the spheres will be guided towards different parts of the Paxeto front while also exploring the decision space efficiently.The experimental results showed good performance for the local models using this dual guidance,in comparison with their original version.展开更多
基金Supported in part by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos．60723003，60505008in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China under Grant Nos．BK2007520，BK2006116in part by the Australian Research Council(ARC)Centre for Complex Systems under Grant No．CEO0348249~~
基金partly supported by the NESDIS OPPA OSSE program [grant number NA15NES4320001]
文摘The advanced infrared(IR) and microwave(MW) sounding systems have been providing atmospheric sounding information critical for nowcasting and improving weather forecasts through data assimilation in numerical weather prediction. In recent years, advanced IR and MW sounder systems are being proposed to be onboard CubeSats that are much more cost efficient than traditional satellite systems. An impact study using a regional Observing System Simulation Experiment on a local severe storm(LSS) was carried out to evaluate the alternative of using advanced MW and IR sounders for high-impact weather forecasting in mitigating the potential data gap of the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder(ATMS) and the Cross-track Infrared Sounder(CrIS) on the Suomi-NPP(SNPP) or Joint Polar Satellite System(JPSS). It was found that either MicroMAS-2 or the CubeSat Infrared Atmospheric Sounder(CIRAS) on a single CubeSat was able to provide a positive impact on the LSS forecast, and more CubeSats with increased data coverage yielded larger positive impacts.MicroMAS-2 has the potential to mitigate the loss of ATMS, and CIRAS the loss of CrIS, on SNPP or JPSS, especially when multiple CubeSats are launched. There are several approximations and limitations to the present study, but these represent efficiencies appropriate to the principal goal of the study — gauging the relative values of these sensors.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1503603,2016YFB0501405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41874011,41774011)。
文摘On August 8,2017,an M_(W)6.5 earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County,Sichuan Province,China,on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.This study investigates the coseismic deformation field and fault model with ascending and descending Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar(SAR)images,aftershock distribution,and elastic half-space dislocation model.The regional fault slip pattern is then quantita-tively examined using the boundary element method.The results show that the ascending and descending interferometric synthetic aperture radar(InSAR)coseismic deformation fields display an overall NNW-SSE trend,with more significant deformation on the southwest side of the fault.The coseismic fault geometry is divided into NW and SE sub-faults with strikes of 162.1°and 149.3°,respectively.The coseismic fault slip is dominated by a left-lateral strike-slip movement with an average rake of-2.31°,mainly occurring at a depth of 0-13.04 km with a shape of an approximately inverted triangle.The fault slip features two peak slip zones,with a maximum of 1.39 m.The total seismic moment is 6.34×10^(18)N·m(M_(W)6.47).The boundary element calculation quantitatively indicates that the regional fault slip pattern may be mainly attributable to the changing strike and dip.The strike changes from NNWeSSE to nearly NS direction,and the dip gradually decreases from the Jiuzhaigou earthquake fault in the north to the Huya fault in the south.With these characteristics,the Huya and the Jiuzhaigou earthquake faults form the eastern boundary of the Minshan uplift zone and accommodate the accumulated deformation.
文摘Consider performing a sequence of Bernoulli trials (each resulting in either a success, denoted S, or a failure F, with a probability of p and q := 1 - p respectively) until one of m specific strings (or patterns) of consecutive outcomes is generated. This can be seen as a game where m players select one such pattern each and the one whose pattern occurs first wins. We present symbolic formulas for the m probabilities of winning, and for the mean number of trials and the corresponding standard deviation to complete this game. Several numerical examples are presented, including a search for optimal strategy.
基金This work was partly supported by the California Leafy Greens Research Program and the United States Department of Agriculture,National Institute of Food and Agriculture,Specialty Crop Research Initiative program award#s 2010-51181-21631 and 2015-51181-24283.
文摘Fresh-cut lettuce is popular,but highly perishable product.Genetic studies of two bi-parental populations derived from crossing parents with rapid and slow rates of deterioration showed that the deterioration rate is a heritable trait(broad spectrum heritability,H2 of 0.56–0.87).The major genetic determinant of the deterioration rate in both populations was the quantitative trait locus(QTL),qSL4,located on linkage group 4.This QTL explained 40–74%of the total phenotypic variation of the trait in the two populations.Saturating the qSL4 region with single-nucleotide(SNP)markers allowed detection of six haplotypes in a set of 16 lettuce accessions with different rates of deterioration.Three of the haplotypes were always associated with very rapid rates of deterioration,while the other three haplotypes were associated with slow rates of deterioration.Two SNPs located 53 bp apart were sufficient to separate the 16 accessions into two groups with different rates of deterioration.The accuracy of markers-trait association was subsequently tested on 350 plants from seven F2 families that originated from crossing parents with different rates of deterioration.The H2 of deterioration rate in these seven families ranged from 0.64 to 0.90.The SNP-based analysis accurately identified individuals with rapid,intermediate,and slow rates of deterioration in each family.Intermediate rate of deterioration was found in individuals having heterozygous alleles at qSL4,indicating an additive effect of the alleles.The assay can be used for fast,accurate,and reliable identification of deterioration rate after processing for salad.
文摘The principal factor to determine the economical value of the products manufactured in the electronics industry is due to the productive yielding. This is important for the cost of the articles fabricated in this type of industrial plants installed in Mexicali city, where around 80% of companies are, and which fabricate electronic devices and systems, or have industrial electronic systems and machines to their manufacturing process. Mexicalicity is located in theBaja CaliforniaStateof the northwest ofMexico, which is a border city with Calexico in theCaliforniaStateof the United States of America (USA). The region located in Mexicali, is a desert area. Geothermal plant is located in this area, which is an important industry and supplies electricity to this city and its valleys and some cities on southwest of United States for daily activities. This company emits hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a main air pollutant that reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere, generating sulfur oxides (SOX). This chemical is dispersed to the city of Mexicali in which industrial plants are located with electronic control systems, and penetrates to indoor rooms. Those cause the corrosion process. The presence of corrosion leads to the deterioration of electrical connectors, the connections of electronic systems and the decreasing of the lifetime of these control systems. Other air pollutants that are considered as chemical agents which cause damage to materials used in the electronics industry, are the sulfurs and nitrogen oxides (NOX), emitted from the traffic vehicle and some industries. This causes the low productive yielding of electrical and electronic devices and systems used in the companies of this city, and is a major concern to specialized people, managers and owners. To analyze the productive yielding of electronic devices and systems installed in indoor of the electronics industry. For this reason, to know the principal causes of it, a study in three industrial plants, to determine the grade level of deterioration of the electronic control systems (ECS) used in the electronics industry of this city was made. The results showed that at major air pollution concentration detected by specialized methods, the lifetime of the ECS was decreased by the generation of corrosion in their electrical connectors and connections. This was caused for the levels of air pollutants mentioned above, than exceed the air quality standards in some periods of the year, added with the levels upper of relative humidity levels (RH) and temperatures of 85% and 25°C in winter and 80% 35°C in summer, being a main factor of this electrochemical phenomenon.
基金funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)-533904660。
文摘As the LHC beams cannot be polarized,introducing a dense polarized gas target at the LHCb experiment at CERN,to be operated concurrently with beam-beam collisions,will facilitate fixed-target interactions to explore a new energy regime of spin physics measurements.Unfortunately,typical surface coatings used to avoid polarization losses,such as water,Teflon,or aluminum,are prohibited due to restrictions imposed by vacuum and beam policies.The former atomic beam source for the polarized target at ANKE@COSY(Forschungszentrum Jülich),an accompanying Lamb-shift polarimeter,and a storage cell chamber inside a superconducting magnet provide a perfect test stand to investigate the properties of a storage cell coated with amorphous carbon.A significant recombination rate,ranging from 93% to 100%,and preservation of polarization during recombination surpassing 74% were observed.We successfully produced H2 molecules with a nuclear polarization of P~0.59.In addition,we could produce polarized H3+ions for the first time and observed the shift of the axis of rotation within HD molecules.
基金funding from the CCSG,as well as the valuable contributions to the project from the other team members:Chih-hao Yu(School of ITEE)Joan Esterle(School of Earth Sciences),Alex Wolhuter and Jiajia Zheng(CWIMI)and Jim Underschultz(Sustainable Minerals Institute).
文摘The 3D Water Chemistry Atlas is an intuitive,open source,Web-based system that enables the three-dimensional(3D)sub-surface visualization of ground water monitoring data,overlaid on the local geological model(formation and aquifer strata).This paper firstly describes the results of evaluating existing virtual globe technologies,which led to the decision to use the Cesium open source WebGL Virtual Globe and Map Engine as the underlying platform.Next it describes the backend database and search,filtering,browse and analysis tools that were developed to enable users to interactively explore the groundwater monitoring data and interpret it spatially and temporally relative to the local geological formations and aquifers via the Cesium interface.The result is an integrated 3D visualization system that enables environmental managers and regulators to assess groundwater conditions,identify inconsistencies in the data,manage impacts and risks and make more informed decisions about coal seam gas extraction,waste water extraction,and water reuse.
文摘Background:Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality for children below 5 years of age.The majority of these occur in poor countries with limited access to diagnosis.The World Health Organization(WHO)criterion for pneumonia is the de facto method for diagnosis.It is designed targeting a high sensitivity and uses easy to measure parameters.The WHO criterion has poor specificity.Methods:We propose a method using common measurements(including the WHO parameters)to diagnose pneumonia at high sensitivity and specificity.Seventeen clinical features obtained from 134 subjects were used to create a series of logistic regression models.We started with one feature at a time,and continued building models with increasing number of features until we exhausted all possible combinations.We used a k-fold cross validation method to measure the performance of the models.Results:The sensitivity of our method was comparable to that of the WHO criterion but the specificity was 84%-655%higher.In the 2-11 month age group,the WHO criteria had a sensitivity and specificity of 92.0%±11.6%and 38.1%±18.5%,respectively.Our best model(using the existence of a runny nose,the number of days with runny nose,breathing rate and temperature)performed at a sensitivity of 91.3%±13.0%and specificity of 70.2%±22.80%.In the 12-60 month age group,the WHO algorithm gave a sensitivity of 95.7%±7.6%at a specificity of 9.8%±13.1%,while our corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 94.0%±12.1%and 74.0%±23.3%,respectively(using fever,number of days with cough,heart rate and chest in-drawing).Conclusions:The WHO algorithm can be improved through mathematical analysis of clinical observations and measurements routinely made in the field.The method is simple and easy to implement on a mobile phone.Our method allows the freedom to pick the best model in any arbitrary field scenario(e.g.,when an oximeter is not available).
文摘To sustain plant growth,development,and crop yield,sucrose must be transported from leaves to distant parts of the plant,such as seeds and roots.To identify genes that regulate sucrose accumulation and transport in maize(Zea mays),we isolated carbo/iydrafe part/f/ofi/ngf defecf/Ve33(cpd33),a recessive mutant that accumulated excess starch and soluble sugars in mature leaves.The cpd33 mutants also exhibited chlorosis in the leaf blades,greatly diminished plant growth,and reduced fertility.Cpd33 encodes a protein containing multiple C2 domains and transmembrane regions.Subcellular localization experiments showed the CPD33 protein localized to plasmodesmata(PD),the plasma membrane,and the endoplasmic reticulum.We also found that a loss-of-function mutant of the CPD33 homolog in Arabidopsis,QUIRKY,had a similar carbohydrate hyperaccumulation phenotype.Radioactively labeled sucrose transport assays showed that sucrose export was significantly lower in cpd33 mutant leaves relative to wild-type leaves.However,PD transport in the adaxial-abaxial direction was unaffected in cpd33 mutant leaves.Intriguingly,transmission electron microscopy revealed fewer PD at the companion cell-sieve element interface in mutant phloem tissue,providing a possible explanation for the reduced sucrose export in mutant leaves.Collectively,our results suggest that CPD33 functions to promote symplastic transport into sieve elements.
文摘This paper explores potential for the RAMpage memory hierarchy to use a microkernel with a small memory footprint, in a specialized cache-speed static RAM （tightly-coupled memory, TCM）. Dreamy memory is DRAM kept in low-power mode, unless referenced. Simulations show that a small microkernel suits RAMpage well, in that it achieves significantly better speed and energy gains than a standard hierarchy from adding TCM. RAMpage, in its best 128KB L2 case, gained 11% speed using TCM, and reduced energy 14%. Equivalent conventional hierarchy gains were under 1%. While 1MB L2 was significantly faster against lower-energy cases for the smaller L2, the larger SRAM＇s energy does not justify the speed gain. Using a 128KB L2 cache in a conventional architecture resulted in a best-case overall run time of 2.58s, compared with the best dreamy mode run time （RAMpage without context switches on misses） of 3.34s, a speed penalty of 29%. Energy in the fastest 128KB L2 case was 2.18J vs. 1.50J, a reduction of 31%. The same RAMpage configuration without dreamy mode took 2.83s as simulated, and used 2.393, an acceptable trade-off （penalty under 10%） for being able to switch easily to a lower-energy mode.
基金supported by the Australian Research Council(ARC)Centre for Complex Systems under Grant No.CEO0348249the Postgraduate Research Student Overseas Grant from UNSW@ADFA,University of New South Wales.
文摘In this paper,we propose a framework that uses localization for multi-objective optimization to simultaneously guide an evolutionary algorithm in both the decision and objective spaces.The localization is built using a limited number of adaptive spheres(local models)in the decision space.These spheres axe usually guided,using some direction information,in the decision space towards the areas with non-dominated solutions.We use a second mechanism to adjust the spheres to specialize on different parts of the Paxeto front by using a guided dominance technique in the objective space.Through this interleaved guidance in both spaces,the spheres will be guided towards different parts of the Paxeto front while also exploring the decision space efficiently.The experimental results showed good performance for the local models using this dual guidance,in comparison with their original version.
