In this paper, we assess the existing seven local pilot carbon emission trading schemes in China and analyse the factors determining whether China’s carbon market is successful in terms of handling substantial amount...In this paper, we assess the existing seven local pilot carbon emission trading schemes in China and analyse the factors determining whether China’s carbon market is successful in terms of handling substantial amounts of CO2 emissions rights, regulating the market and trading them at a reasonable price. The emission trading system is developing slowly in most of the participating provinces and cities. Prices tend to decline, while volumes trading slowly increase. The volatility is partially the result of regulation (the rights need to be renewed before a certain date) and partially due to government interventions in the market. Based on the assessment, recommendations are provided for China implementing a national carbon market, based on the experiences and lessons learnt from the seven local carbon emission trading schemes. Conditions for China to roll out the system and later improve the national emission trading scheme to replace the existing local emission trading schemes are formulated.展开更多
The amount of waste heat in a space facility became larger, because of increase in the space platform size and its power consumption. It requires development of high-performance space thermal management systems handli...The amount of waste heat in a space facility became larger, because of increase in the space platform size and its power consumption. It requires development of high-performance space thermal management systems handling a large amount of waste. Boiling two-phase flow could become powerful means for this system because a boiling and condensation system is one of the most efficient modes of heat transfer due to phase change （liquid-vapor）. However, gravity effects on boiling two-phase flow phenomena and the corresponding heat transfer characteristics are not clear. Therefore, we prepare the experiments of boiling two-phase flow utilizing a long-term microgravity environment onboard a Japanese Experimental Module ＂KIBO＂ in the International Space Station （ISS） as one of the JAXA official projects. In this paper, recent progress of the preparation for the project is reported.展开更多
This investigation focuses on the under-damped Brownian transport of a dimer characterized by two harmonically interacting components.The friction coefficients between the dimer components are different;thus the dynam...This investigation focuses on the under-damped Brownian transport of a dimer characterized by two harmonically interacting components.The friction coefficients between the dimer components are different;thus the dynamic symmetry of the system is broken.In addition,the inertial ratchets are synchronously modulated by the feedback control protocol in time.Here,we analyze the transport performance by studying the average velocity and energy conversion efficiency of the dimer induced by friction symmetry breaking and external forces.Furthermore,we can also identify the enhancement of the centre-of-mass mean velocity and energy conversion efficiency of inertial frictional ratchets for intermediate values of the driving amplitude,coupling strength and damping force.Remarkably,in the weak bias case,the directed transport of inertial Brownian particles can be reversed twice by modulating the suitable friction of the dimer.In particular,the frictional ratchets can acquire a series of resonant steps under the influence of harmonic force.These conclusions of reliable transport in noisy environments are expected to provide insights into the performance of natural molecular motors.展开更多
Optical transmittance and reflectance on ferroelectric BaTi2O5 glasses prepared recently by a containerless synthesis technique are measured at room temperature in the wavelength range 190-800nm. The fundamental absor...Optical transmittance and reflectance on ferroelectric BaTi2O5 glasses prepared recently by a containerless synthesis technique are measured at room temperature in the wavelength range 190-800nm. The fundamental absorption edge located around 340nm demonstrates the coloudess and transparent character of the glass. The optical band gap of 3.32eV has been estimated. The tail of the optical absorption near the fundamental absorption edge is found to follow the Urbach rule. Our analysis of the experimental spectra supports an indirect allowed interband transition between the valence band formed by O-2p orbitals and the conduction band formed by Ti-3d orbitals.展开更多
AIM: To assess the prevalence of bowel dysfunction in hemiplegic patients, and its relationship with the site of neurological lesion, physical immobilization and pharmacotherapy. METHODS: Ninety consecutive hemiplegic...AIM: To assess the prevalence of bowel dysfunction in hemiplegic patients, and its relationship with the site of neurological lesion, physical immobilization and pharmacotherapy. METHODS: Ninety consecutive hemiplegic patients and 81 consecutive orthopedic patients were investigated during physical motor rehabilitation in the same period, in the same center and on the same diet. All subjects were interviewed ≥ 3 mo after injury using a questionnaire inquiring about bowel habits before injury and at the time of the interview. Patients’ mobility was evaluated by the Adapted Patient Evaluation Conference System. Drugs considered for the analysis were nitrates, angiogenic converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium antagonists, anticoagulants, antithrombotics, antidepressants, anti-epileptics. RESULTS: Mobility scores were similar in the two groups. De novo constipation (OR = 5.36) was a frequent outcome of the neurological accident. Hemiplegics showed an increased risk of straining at stool (OR: 4.33), reduced call to evacuate (OR: 4.13), sensation of incomplete evacuation (OR: 3.69), use of laxatives (OR: 3.75). Logistic regression model showed that constipation was significantly and independently associated with hemiplegia. A positive association was found between constipation and use of nitrates and antithrombotics in both groups. Constipation was not related to the site of brain injury. CONCLUSION: Chronic constipation is a possible outcome of cerebrovascular accidents occurring in 30% of neurologically stabilized hemiplegic patients. Its onset after a cerebrovascular accident appears to be independent from the injured brain hemisphere, and unrelated to physical inactivity. Pharmacological treatment with nitrates and antithrombotics may represent an independent risk factor for developing chronic constipation.展开更多
Thermal vacuum test is widely used for the ground validation of spacecraft thermal control system. However, the conduction and convection can be simulated in normal ground pressure environment completely. By the emplo...Thermal vacuum test is widely used for the ground validation of spacecraft thermal control system. However, the conduction and convection can be simulated in normal ground pressure environment completely. By the employment of pumped fluid loops＇ thermal control technology on spacecraft, conduction and convection become the main heat transfer behavior between radiator and inside cabin. As long as the heat transfer behavior between radiator and outer space can be equivalently simulated in normal pressure, the thermal vacuum test can be substituted by the normal ground pressure thermal test. In this paper, an equivalent normal pressure thermal test method for the spacecraft single-phase fluid loop radiator is proposed. The heat radiation between radiator and outer space has been equivalently simulated by combination of a group of refrigerators and thermal electrical cooler（TEC） array. By adjusting the heat rejection of each device, the relationship between heat flux and surface temperature of the radiator can be maintained. To verify this method,a validating system has been built up and the experiments have been carried out. The results indicate that the proposed equivalent ground thermal test method can simulate the heat rejection performance of radiator correctly and the temperature error between in-orbit theory value and experiment result of the radiator is less than 0.5 C, except for the equipment startup period. This provides a potential method for the thermal test of space systems especially for extra-large spacecraft which employs single-phase fluid loop radiator as thermal control approach.展开更多
To understand the nature and behavior of rare earth metals in their liquid phases, accurate values of their physical properties are essential. However, to measure their physical properties, the samples should be maint...To understand the nature and behavior of rare earth metals in their liquid phases, accurate values of their physical properties are essential. However, to measure their physical properties, the samples should be maintained in liquid phases for prolonged time, and this raises a formidable challenge. This is mainly explained by their high melting temperatures （e.g., 1629 K for Tb）, high vapor pressure, and the risk of melt contamination with a crucible or support. An electrostatic levitation furnace alleviated these difficulties and allowed the determination of density, surface tension, and viscosity of several metals above their melting temperature. Here, first, the levitation furnace facility and the noncontact diagnostic procedures were briefly discussed, followed by the explanation of their thermophysical property measurements over wide temperature ranges. The density was obtained using an ultraviolet-based imaging technique that allowed excellent illumination, even at elevated temperatures. Over the 1615 to 1880 K temperature span, the density measurements could be expressed as p（T） =7.84 × 10^3 -0.47 （T - Tm） （kg · m^-3） with Tm = 1629 K, yielding a volume expansion coefficient a（T） = 6.0 × 10^-5 （K^-1）. In addition, the surface tension and the viscosity could be determined by inducing a drop oscillation to a molten sample. Using this technique, the surface tension data could be expressed as σ（T） = 8.93 × 10^2 - 0.10 （T - Tm）（mN· m^-1） and those for viscosity as η（T） =0.583 exp [4.1 × 10^4/（RT）] （MPa·s） over the 1690 to 1980 K temperature range展开更多
A direct enantio-,diastereo-,and chemo-selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for determining the content,enantiomeric purity,and related substances of the chiral antidepressant drug se...A direct enantio-,diastereo-,and chemo-selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for determining the content,enantiomeric purity,and related substances of the chiral antidepressant drug sertraline HCl in a single chromatographic run.The separation was achieved on a chiral stationary phase based on amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate)under reversed-phase conditions.The method was optimized by evaluating the influence of the temperature and mobile phase composition on the retention and selectivity.The application of the single-run approach allowed to baseline resolve all investigated species in less than 15 min,without using buffers or tandem-coupled columns.The chromatographic method was validated according to the guidelines of the Official Medicines Control Laboratory and applied to control the content of sertraline HCl and related chiral substances in a generic antidepressant formulation.展开更多
The fluorescence lifetime of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH),a key endogenous coenzyme and metabolic biomarker,can reflect the metabolic state of cells.To implement metabolic imaging of brain tissue at high re...The fluorescence lifetime of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH),a key endogenous coenzyme and metabolic biomarker,can reflect the metabolic state of cells.To implement metabolic imaging of brain tissue at high resolution,we assembled a two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy(FLIM)platform and verified the feasibility and stability of NADH-based two-photon FLIM in paraformaldehydefixed mouse cerebral slices.Furthermore,NADH based metabolic state oscillation was observed in cerebral nuclei suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN).The free NADH fraction displayed a relatively lower level in the daytime than at the onset of night,and an ultradian oscillation at night was observed.Through the combination of high-resolution imaging and immunostaining data,the metabolic tendency of different cell types was detected after the first two hours of the day and at night.Thus,two-photon FLIM analysis of NADH in paraformaldehyde-fixed cerebral slices provides a high-resolution and label-free method to explore the metabolic state of deep brain regions.展开更多
文摘In this paper, we assess the existing seven local pilot carbon emission trading schemes in China and analyse the factors determining whether China’s carbon market is successful in terms of handling substantial amounts of CO2 emissions rights, regulating the market and trading them at a reasonable price. The emission trading system is developing slowly in most of the participating provinces and cities. Prices tend to decline, while volumes trading slowly increase. The volatility is partially the result of regulation (the rights need to be renewed before a certain date) and partially due to government interventions in the market. Based on the assessment, recommendations are provided for China implementing a national carbon market, based on the experiences and lessons learnt from the seven local carbon emission trading schemes. Conditions for China to roll out the system and later improve the national emission trading scheme to replace the existing local emission trading schemes are formulated.
文摘The amount of waste heat in a space facility became larger, because of increase in the space platform size and its power consumption. It requires development of high-performance space thermal management systems handling a large amount of waste. Boiling two-phase flow could become powerful means for this system because a boiling and condensation system is one of the most efficient modes of heat transfer due to phase change （liquid-vapor）. However, gravity effects on boiling two-phase flow phenomena and the corresponding heat transfer characteristics are not clear. Therefore, we prepare the experiments of boiling two-phase flow utilizing a long-term microgravity environment onboard a Japanese Experimental Module ＂KIBO＂ in the International Space Station （ISS） as one of the JAXA official projects. In this paper, recent progress of the preparation for the project is reported.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12375031)the Basic Scientific Research Project of Colleges in Liaoning Province,China(Grant No.LJKMZ20221478)Shenyang Normal University Doctoral Program(Grant No.BS202214)。
文摘This investigation focuses on the under-damped Brownian transport of a dimer characterized by two harmonically interacting components.The friction coefficients between the dimer components are different;thus the dynamic symmetry of the system is broken.In addition,the inertial ratchets are synchronously modulated by the feedback control protocol in time.Here,we analyze the transport performance by studying the average velocity and energy conversion efficiency of the dimer induced by friction symmetry breaking and external forces.Furthermore,we can also identify the enhancement of the centre-of-mass mean velocity and energy conversion efficiency of inertial frictional ratchets for intermediate values of the driving amplitude,coupling strength and damping force.Remarkably,in the weak bias case,the directed transport of inertial Brownian particles can be reversed twice by modulating the suitable friction of the dimer.In particular,the frictional ratchets can acquire a series of resonant steps under the influence of harmonic force.These conclusions of reliable transport in noisy environments are expected to provide insights into the performance of natural molecular motors.
文摘Optical transmittance and reflectance on ferroelectric BaTi2O5 glasses prepared recently by a containerless synthesis technique are measured at room temperature in the wavelength range 190-800nm. The fundamental absorption edge located around 340nm demonstrates the coloudess and transparent character of the glass. The optical band gap of 3.32eV has been estimated. The tail of the optical absorption near the fundamental absorption edge is found to follow the Urbach rule. Our analysis of the experimental spectra supports an indirect allowed interband transition between the valence band formed by O-2p orbitals and the conduction band formed by Ti-3d orbitals.
文摘AIM: To assess the prevalence of bowel dysfunction in hemiplegic patients, and its relationship with the site of neurological lesion, physical immobilization and pharmacotherapy. METHODS: Ninety consecutive hemiplegic patients and 81 consecutive orthopedic patients were investigated during physical motor rehabilitation in the same period, in the same center and on the same diet. All subjects were interviewed ≥ 3 mo after injury using a questionnaire inquiring about bowel habits before injury and at the time of the interview. Patients’ mobility was evaluated by the Adapted Patient Evaluation Conference System. Drugs considered for the analysis were nitrates, angiogenic converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium antagonists, anticoagulants, antithrombotics, antidepressants, anti-epileptics. RESULTS: Mobility scores were similar in the two groups. De novo constipation (OR = 5.36) was a frequent outcome of the neurological accident. Hemiplegics showed an increased risk of straining at stool (OR: 4.33), reduced call to evacuate (OR: 4.13), sensation of incomplete evacuation (OR: 3.69), use of laxatives (OR: 3.75). Logistic regression model showed that constipation was significantly and independently associated with hemiplegia. A positive association was found between constipation and use of nitrates and antithrombotics in both groups. Constipation was not related to the site of brain injury. CONCLUSION: Chronic constipation is a possible outcome of cerebrovascular accidents occurring in 30% of neurologically stabilized hemiplegic patients. Its onset after a cerebrovascular accident appears to be independent from the injured brain hemisphere, and unrelated to physical inactivity. Pharmacological treatment with nitrates and antithrombotics may represent an independent risk factor for developing chronic constipation.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11472040)
文摘Thermal vacuum test is widely used for the ground validation of spacecraft thermal control system. However, the conduction and convection can be simulated in normal ground pressure environment completely. By the employment of pumped fluid loops＇ thermal control technology on spacecraft, conduction and convection become the main heat transfer behavior between radiator and inside cabin. As long as the heat transfer behavior between radiator and outer space can be equivalently simulated in normal pressure, the thermal vacuum test can be substituted by the normal ground pressure thermal test. In this paper, an equivalent normal pressure thermal test method for the spacecraft single-phase fluid loop radiator is proposed. The heat radiation between radiator and outer space has been equivalently simulated by combination of a group of refrigerators and thermal electrical cooler（TEC） array. By adjusting the heat rejection of each device, the relationship between heat flux and surface temperature of the radiator can be maintained. To verify this method,a validating system has been built up and the experiments have been carried out. The results indicate that the proposed equivalent ground thermal test method can simulate the heat rejection performance of radiator correctly and the temperature error between in-orbit theory value and experiment result of the radiator is less than 0.5 C, except for the equipment startup period. This provides a potential method for the thermal test of space systems especially for extra-large spacecraft which employs single-phase fluid loop radiator as thermal control approach.
文摘To understand the nature and behavior of rare earth metals in their liquid phases, accurate values of their physical properties are essential. However, to measure their physical properties, the samples should be maintained in liquid phases for prolonged time, and this raises a formidable challenge. This is mainly explained by their high melting temperatures （e.g., 1629 K for Tb）, high vapor pressure, and the risk of melt contamination with a crucible or support. An electrostatic levitation furnace alleviated these difficulties and allowed the determination of density, surface tension, and viscosity of several metals above their melting temperature. Here, first, the levitation furnace facility and the noncontact diagnostic procedures were briefly discussed, followed by the explanation of their thermophysical property measurements over wide temperature ranges. The density was obtained using an ultraviolet-based imaging technique that allowed excellent illumination, even at elevated temperatures. Over the 1615 to 1880 K temperature span, the density measurements could be expressed as p（T） =7.84 × 10^3 -0.47 （T - Tm） （kg · m^-3） with Tm = 1629 K, yielding a volume expansion coefficient a（T） = 6.0 × 10^-5 （K^-1）. In addition, the surface tension and the viscosity could be determined by inducing a drop oscillation to a molten sample. Using this technique, the surface tension data could be expressed as σ（T） = 8.93 × 10^2 - 0.10 （T - Tm）（mN· m^-1） and those for viscosity as η（T） =0.583 exp [4.1 × 10^4/（RT）] （MPa·s） over the 1690 to 1980 K temperature range
文摘A direct enantio-,diastereo-,and chemo-selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for determining the content,enantiomeric purity,and related substances of the chiral antidepressant drug sertraline HCl in a single chromatographic run.The separation was achieved on a chiral stationary phase based on amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate)under reversed-phase conditions.The method was optimized by evaluating the influence of the temperature and mobile phase composition on the retention and selectivity.The application of the single-run approach allowed to baseline resolve all investigated species in less than 15 min,without using buffers or tandem-coupled columns.The chromatographic method was validated according to the guidelines of the Official Medicines Control Laboratory and applied to control the content of sertraline HCl and related chiral substances in a generic antidepressant formulation.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2016YFA0400900 and 2017YFA0505301)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1832181)。
文摘The fluorescence lifetime of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH),a key endogenous coenzyme and metabolic biomarker,can reflect the metabolic state of cells.To implement metabolic imaging of brain tissue at high resolution,we assembled a two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy(FLIM)platform and verified the feasibility and stability of NADH-based two-photon FLIM in paraformaldehydefixed mouse cerebral slices.Furthermore,NADH based metabolic state oscillation was observed in cerebral nuclei suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN).The free NADH fraction displayed a relatively lower level in the daytime than at the onset of night,and an ultradian oscillation at night was observed.Through the combination of high-resolution imaging and immunostaining data,the metabolic tendency of different cell types was detected after the first two hours of the day and at night.Thus,two-photon FLIM analysis of NADH in paraformaldehyde-fixed cerebral slices provides a high-resolution and label-free method to explore the metabolic state of deep brain regions.
