Intensity of tillage practices can enhance organic matter decomposition, increasing CO2 emissions from soil to the atmosphere. Conservation tillage （CT） has been proposed as a means of counteracting potential damage...Intensity of tillage practices can enhance organic matter decomposition, increasing CO2 emissions from soil to the atmosphere. Conservation tillage （CT） has been proposed as a means of counteracting potential damages to the environment. In this study the effects of two CT systems, reduced tillage in a long-term experiment （RTL） and no-tillage in a short-term experiment （NTs）, were compared to traditional tillage （TT） in the long （TTL） and short-term experiments （TTs）. CO2 fluxes, total soil organic carbon （SOC） and dehydrogenase activity （DHA） were evaluated at 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm depths throughout the three years studied （Oct. 2006 Jul. 2009）. Traditional tillage increased C02 emissions compared to CT. The CT treatments （RTL and NTs） accumulated more SOC in the surface layer （0 5 cm） than the TT treatments （TTL and TTs）. SOC accumulation was moderate but DHA consistently increased in CT in the surface soil, especially with a legume crop included in the crop rotation. Values of stratification ratio of all parameters studied were higher in the CT treatments （RTL and NTs）. The agricultural and environmental benefits derived from CT make this system recommendable for semi-arid Mediterranean rain-fed agriculture.展开更多
To assess the ecophysiological traits and the phytoremediation potential of the endemic heather Erica andevalensis, we determined the concentrations of major and trace elements in different plant parts and in rizosphe...To assess the ecophysiological traits and the phytoremediation potential of the endemic heather Erica andevalensis, we determined the concentrations of major and trace elements in different plant parts and in rizosphere soils from Riotinto mining district （Huelva, Spain）. The results showed that E. andevalensis may grow on substrates with very high As, Cu, Fe and Pb concentrations （up to 4114, 1050, 71900 and 15614μg/g dry weight, respectively）, very low availability of macro- and micronutrients and with pH values ranging from 3.3 to 4.9. In these harsh edaphic conditions E. andevalensis selectively absorbed and translocated essential nutrients and excludes potentially phytotoxic elements, which were accumulated in the root epidermis. The concentrations of major and trace elements in E. andevalensis aerial parts from the Riotinto mining district were in the normal range for plants; likewise other Erica species it accumulated Mn and only in a very polluted site we measured leaf concentrations of As and Pb within the excessive or toxic limits for plants. Differently from previous studies, which emphasized the soil pH and bioavailability of phytotoxic elements as the main stress factors, this study showed that in the Riotinto region, E. andevalensis can tolerate wide range of pH and toxic element concentrations; the harshest environments colonized by monospecific patches of this species were characterized above all by very low availability of nutrients. The extraordinary capability to adapt to these extreme habitats made E. andevalensis a priority species to promote the phytostabilization and the development of a self-sustaining vegetative cover on Riotinto mine tailings.展开更多
Background： The present work investigated the influence of lignin content and composition in the fungal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass in order to improve rumen degradability. Wheat straw and wood chips,differi...Background： The present work investigated the influence of lignin content and composition in the fungal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass in order to improve rumen degradability. Wheat straw and wood chips,differing in lignin composition, were treated with Lentinula edodes for 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 wk and the changes occurring during fungal degradation were analyzed using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and detergent fiber analysis.Results： L. edodes preferentially degraded lignin, with only limited cellulose degradation, in wheat straw and wood chips, leaving a substrate enriched in cellulose. Syringyl（S）-lignin units were preferentially degraded than guaiacyl（G）-lignin units, resulting in a decreased S/G ratio. A decreasing S/G ratio（wheat straw： r =-0.72, wood chips： r =-0.75） and selective lignin degradation（wheat straw： r =-0.69, wood chips： r =-0.88） were correlated with in vitro gas production（IVGP）, a good indicator for rumen degradability.Conclusions： L. edodes treatment increased the IVGP of wheat straw and wood chips. Effects on IVGP were similar for wheat straw and wood chips indicating that lignin content and 3D-structure of cell walls influence in vitro rumen degradability more than lignin composition.展开更多
Phosphorus(P) limitation in the coming decades calls for the utilization of alternative fertilizers in agriculture. Struvite is a promising P source, but its potential role as a fertilizer is dependent on different ph...Phosphorus(P) limitation in the coming decades calls for the utilization of alternative fertilizers in agriculture. Struvite is a promising P source, but its potential role as a fertilizer is dependent on different physical, chemical, and biological properties, which are very heterogeneous in soil, complicating the prediction of the best soil conditions for its application. Here, we evaluated the solubility of struvite in soil, its redistribution into P fractions, and its potential abiotic and biotic drivers in 62 globally distributed soils with contrasting properties through an incubation assay. We found that after 40 d, about 35% of struvite P was redistributed into soil fractions more accessible to plants and microbes. Phosphorus redistribution from struvite was driven by a complex suite of soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties as well as environmental factors that varied across soils. Soil texture played a critical role in determining the redistribution of P in struvite-amended soils in soluble(H2O extraction), labile(NaHCO3 extraction), and moderately labile(NaOH extraction) fractions.In addition, the soil solution cation concentration was one of the most important drivers of available struvite-derived P fractions. The great importance of texture and cations in determining struvite-derived P fractions in soil was contrasted with the relatively minor role of pH. At the microbial level, the number of bacterial operational taxonomic units(OTUs) from the unfertilized soils that correlated with struvite-derived P fractions was higher than that of fungi. The number of OTUs that correlated with the struvite-derived soluble P fraction was dominated by fungi, whereas the number of OTUs that correlated with the struvite-derived labile P fraction was dominated by bacteria. Overall, this study provided a predictive framework for the potential use of struvite as a P fertilizer in contrasting soils.展开更多
Propyl-propane thiosulfonate(PTSO)is an organosulfur compound found in Allium spp.,commonly used in animal nutrition and various agri-food applications.Extensive studies have demonstrated the safety of PTSO for feed u...Propyl-propane thiosulfonate(PTSO)is an organosulfur compound found in Allium spp.,commonly used in animal nutrition and various agri-food applications.Extensive studies have demonstrated the safety of PTSO for feed use,including investigations into genotoxicity,mutagenicity,and subchronic toxicity in rats.However no kinetic or metabolic study has been previously performed.This study aimed to conduct an in vivo toxicokinetic assessment of PTSO in rats.For this purpose,eighteen Sprague Dawley rats received an oral dose of 175 mg/kg via gastric gavage.Plasma and tissue samples(brain,stomach,liver,lung,kidney,spleen,and testicle)were collected at specific intervals(10 min,20 min,30 min,1h,2h,4h,6h,8h,and 24h)and analyzed using Gas Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry,Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry,and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry to detect PTSO and its metabolites.PTSO was not detected in plasma or solid tissues throughout the sampling period;however,phase Ⅰ and phase Ⅱ metabolites were identified in both matrices.The toxicokinetic profile of s-propyl mercaptocysteine(CSSP),a significant metabolite,exhibited a well-correlated model.In the stomach,CSSP reached peak concentrations of 495.63±6.53 ng/mL,while lower concentrations of 123.59±8.35 ng/mL were observed in plasma.Furthermore,CSSP demonstrated high water solubility and rapid excretion,with a plasma half-life of 0.66±0.05 h.Overall,these findings substantiate the safety profile of PTSO for specific agri-food applications under the conditions investigated.展开更多
基金Supported by the Interministerial Commission for Science and Technology(CICYT)of Spain(No.AGL2010-22050-C03-03)
文摘Intensity of tillage practices can enhance organic matter decomposition, increasing CO2 emissions from soil to the atmosphere. Conservation tillage （CT） has been proposed as a means of counteracting potential damages to the environment. In this study the effects of two CT systems, reduced tillage in a long-term experiment （RTL） and no-tillage in a short-term experiment （NTs）, were compared to traditional tillage （TT） in the long （TTL） and short-term experiments （TTs）. CO2 fluxes, total soil organic carbon （SOC） and dehydrogenase activity （DHA） were evaluated at 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm depths throughout the three years studied （Oct. 2006 Jul. 2009）. Traditional tillage increased C02 emissions compared to CT. The CT treatments （RTL and NTs） accumulated more SOC in the surface layer （0 5 cm） than the TT treatments （TTL and TTs）. SOC accumulation was moderate but DHA consistently increased in CT in the surface soil, especially with a legume crop included in the crop rotation. Values of stratification ratio of all parameters studied were higher in the CT treatments （RTL and NTs）. The agricultural and environmental benefits derived from CT make this system recommendable for semi-arid Mediterranean rain-fed agriculture.
基金supported by the MICINN (No.CGL2006/02860) and Fundación Areces
文摘To assess the ecophysiological traits and the phytoremediation potential of the endemic heather Erica andevalensis, we determined the concentrations of major and trace elements in different plant parts and in rizosphere soils from Riotinto mining district （Huelva, Spain）. The results showed that E. andevalensis may grow on substrates with very high As, Cu, Fe and Pb concentrations （up to 4114, 1050, 71900 and 15614μg/g dry weight, respectively）, very low availability of macro- and micronutrients and with pH values ranging from 3.3 to 4.9. In these harsh edaphic conditions E. andevalensis selectively absorbed and translocated essential nutrients and excludes potentially phytotoxic elements, which were accumulated in the root epidermis. The concentrations of major and trace elements in E. andevalensis aerial parts from the Riotinto mining district were in the normal range for plants; likewise other Erica species it accumulated Mn and only in a very polluted site we measured leaf concentrations of As and Pb within the excessive or toxic limits for plants. Differently from previous studies, which emphasized the soil pH and bioavailability of phytotoxic elements as the main stress factors, this study showed that in the Riotinto region, E. andevalensis can tolerate wide range of pH and toxic element concentrations; the harshest environments colonized by monospecific patches of this species were characterized above all by very low availability of nutrients. The extraordinary capability to adapt to these extreme habitats made E. andevalensis a priority species to promote the phytostabilization and the development of a self-sustaining vegetative cover on Riotinto mine tailings.
基金funded by Dutch Technology Foundation(STW),which is part of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research(NWO)partially funded by the Spanish projects AGL2011-25379,AGL2014-53730-R and CTQ2014-60764-JIN(co-financed by FEDER funds)+1 种基金the CSIC project 2014-40E-097the EU-project INDOX(KBBE-2013-7-613549)
文摘Background： The present work investigated the influence of lignin content and composition in the fungal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass in order to improve rumen degradability. Wheat straw and wood chips,differing in lignin composition, were treated with Lentinula edodes for 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 wk and the changes occurring during fungal degradation were analyzed using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and detergent fiber analysis.Results： L. edodes preferentially degraded lignin, with only limited cellulose degradation, in wheat straw and wood chips, leaving a substrate enriched in cellulose. Syringyl（S）-lignin units were preferentially degraded than guaiacyl（G）-lignin units, resulting in a decreased S/G ratio. A decreasing S/G ratio（wheat straw： r =-0.72, wood chips： r =-0.75） and selective lignin degradation（wheat straw： r =-0.69, wood chips： r =-0.88） were correlated with in vitro gas production（IVGP）, a good indicator for rumen degradability.Conclusions： L. edodes treatment increased the IVGP of wheat straw and wood chips. Effects on IVGP were similar for wheat straw and wood chips indicating that lignin content and 3D-structure of cell walls influence in vitro rumen degradability more than lignin composition.
基金the financial support by the Fundacion General CSIC, Spain (Programa ComFuturo)the project PID2020114942RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI//10.13039/5011000 11033+3 种基金supported by a project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (No. PID2020-115813RA-I00)a project of the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades of the Junta de Andalucía (FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 Objetivo temático “01— Refuerzo de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación”, ANDABIOMA, No. P20_00879)supported by a postdoctoral scholarship as part of the FCT-funded project “Soil Ecosystems in the XXI Century: Drivers, Conservation and Future Scenarios” (No. FCT-PTDC/BIACBI/2340/2020) led by IPVC, Portugal。
文摘Phosphorus(P) limitation in the coming decades calls for the utilization of alternative fertilizers in agriculture. Struvite is a promising P source, but its potential role as a fertilizer is dependent on different physical, chemical, and biological properties, which are very heterogeneous in soil, complicating the prediction of the best soil conditions for its application. Here, we evaluated the solubility of struvite in soil, its redistribution into P fractions, and its potential abiotic and biotic drivers in 62 globally distributed soils with contrasting properties through an incubation assay. We found that after 40 d, about 35% of struvite P was redistributed into soil fractions more accessible to plants and microbes. Phosphorus redistribution from struvite was driven by a complex suite of soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties as well as environmental factors that varied across soils. Soil texture played a critical role in determining the redistribution of P in struvite-amended soils in soluble(H2O extraction), labile(NaHCO3 extraction), and moderately labile(NaOH extraction) fractions.In addition, the soil solution cation concentration was one of the most important drivers of available struvite-derived P fractions. The great importance of texture and cations in determining struvite-derived P fractions in soil was contrasted with the relatively minor role of pH. At the microbial level, the number of bacterial operational taxonomic units(OTUs) from the unfertilized soils that correlated with struvite-derived P fractions was higher than that of fungi. The number of OTUs that correlated with the struvite-derived soluble P fraction was dominated by fungi, whereas the number of OTUs that correlated with the struvite-derived labile P fraction was dominated by bacteria. Overall, this study provided a predictive framework for the potential use of struvite as a P fertilizer in contrasting soils.
基金funded by Junta de Andalucía(Project P18-TP-2147)by the Spanish Ministerio de Universidades through the FPU grant(FPU2019-01247)awarded to Antonio Cascajosa-Lira+1 种基金The Spanish Ministry of Science,Innovation and University from the Spanish State Agency(AEI)is acknowledged for funding project EQC2019-005772-Pthe Ramón y Cajal research contract(RyC2021-031253-I).
文摘Propyl-propane thiosulfonate(PTSO)is an organosulfur compound found in Allium spp.,commonly used in animal nutrition and various agri-food applications.Extensive studies have demonstrated the safety of PTSO for feed use,including investigations into genotoxicity,mutagenicity,and subchronic toxicity in rats.However no kinetic or metabolic study has been previously performed.This study aimed to conduct an in vivo toxicokinetic assessment of PTSO in rats.For this purpose,eighteen Sprague Dawley rats received an oral dose of 175 mg/kg via gastric gavage.Plasma and tissue samples(brain,stomach,liver,lung,kidney,spleen,and testicle)were collected at specific intervals(10 min,20 min,30 min,1h,2h,4h,6h,8h,and 24h)and analyzed using Gas Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry,Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry,and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry to detect PTSO and its metabolites.PTSO was not detected in plasma or solid tissues throughout the sampling period;however,phase Ⅰ and phase Ⅱ metabolites were identified in both matrices.The toxicokinetic profile of s-propyl mercaptocysteine(CSSP),a significant metabolite,exhibited a well-correlated model.In the stomach,CSSP reached peak concentrations of 495.63±6.53 ng/mL,while lower concentrations of 123.59±8.35 ng/mL were observed in plasma.Furthermore,CSSP demonstrated high water solubility and rapid excretion,with a plasma half-life of 0.66±0.05 h.Overall,these findings substantiate the safety profile of PTSO for specific agri-food applications under the conditions investigated.
