Invasive rats （Rattus spp.） are known to have pervasive impacts on island birds, particularly on their nesting success. To conserve or restore bird populations, numerous invasive rat control or eradication projects ...Invasive rats （Rattus spp.） are known to have pervasive impacts on island birds, particularly on their nesting success. To conserve or restore bird populations, numerous invasive rat control or eradication projects are undertaken on islands worldwide. However, such projects represent a huge investment and the decision-making process requires proper assessment of rat impacts. Here, we assessed the influence of two sympatric invasive rats （Rattus rattus and R. exulans） on native bird eggs in a New Caledonian rainforest, using artificial bird-nest monitoring. A total of 178 artificial nests containing two eggs of three different sizes were placed either on the ground or 1.5 m high and monitored at the start of the birds＇ breeding season. Overall, 12.4% of the nests were depredated during the first 7 days. At site 1, where nests were monitored during 16 days, 41.8% of the nests were depredated. The main predator was the native crow Corvus moneduloides, responsible for 62.9% of the overall predation events. Rats were responsible for only 22.9% of the events, and ate only small and medium eggs at both heights. Our experiment suggests that in New Caledonia, predation pressure by rats strengthens overall bird-nest predation, adding to that by native predators, Experimental rat control operations may allow reduced predation pressure on nests as well as the recording of biodiversity responses after rat population reduction.展开更多
The conversion of forest land to other types of land cover is one of the major issues in the global fight against climate change. Understanding the direct and indirect factors of these conversions from local studies i...The conversion of forest land to other types of land cover is one of the major issues in the global fight against climate change. Understanding the direct and indirect factors of these conversions from local studies in the tropics is essential to project the future impact of human activities on the preservation of tropical forests in general and the forests of the Republic of Congo in particular. This study, conducted in five localities with different socioeconomic contexts in the Republic of Congo, aims to analyze the variability of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation linked to urbanization in the Congo Basin. Using a series of land cover maps from the years 1986, 2003 and 2019 for the cities of Ouesso, Pokola, Ngombe, Impfondo and Dongou, as well as field data and socio-economic information collected from local and central administrations, a unique model has been developed to understand the explanatory patterns of forest loss. Deforestation around urban centers is mainly due to urban agriculture due to population growth, as well as the spatial expansion of cities, which have a major impact on the stability and integrity of forests. Shifting agriculture is the main direct cause of deforestation and forest degradation, representing 48% of the total sample, followed by the collection of wood fuel (22%), the collection of construction wood (19%), illegal logging (6%) and urban expansion (5%). Forecasts indicate that forest loss around major cities will increase by 487, 20 ha to 5266, 73 ha by 2050 compared to the base year of 2019. This study highlights the need for a new system of land management and poverty alleviation of local populations to ensure the stability of the Congo Basin tropical forests around large and small African cities.展开更多
Several physical mechanisms of earthquake nucleation,such as pre-slip,cascade triggering,aseismic slip,and fluid-driven models,have been proposed.However,it is still not clear which model plays the most important role...Several physical mechanisms of earthquake nucleation,such as pre-slip,cascade triggering,aseismic slip,and fluid-driven models,have been proposed.However,it is still not clear which model plays the most important role in driving foreshocks and mainshock nucleation for given cases.In this study,we focus on the relationship between an intensive earthquake swarm that started beneath the Noto Peninsula in Central Japan since November 2020 and the nucleation of the 2024 M 7.6 Noto Hanto earthquake.We relocate earthquakes listed in the standard Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA)catalog since 2018 with the double-different relocation method.Relocated seismicity revealed that the 2024 M 7.6 mainshock likely ruptured a thrust fault above a parallel fault where the M 6.5 Suzu earthquake occurred in May 2023.We find possible along-strike and along-dip expansion of seismicity in the first few months at the beginning of the swarm sequence,while no obvious migration pattern in the last few days before the M 7.6 mainshock was observed.Several smaller events occurred in between the M 5.5 and M 4.6 foreshocks that occurred about 4min and 2 min before the M 7.6 mainshock.The Coulomb stress changes from the M 5.5 foreshock were negative at the hypocenter of the M 7.6 mainshock,which is inconsistent with a simple cascade triggering model.Moreover,an M 5.9 foreshock was identified in the JMA catalog 14 s before the mainshock.Results from backprojection of high-frequency teleseismic P waves show a prolonged initial rupture process near the mainshock hypocenter lasting for~25 s,before propagating bilaterally outward.Our results suggest a complex evolution process linking the earthquake swarm to the nucleation of the M 7.6 mainshock at a region of complex structures associated with the bend of a mapped large-scale reverse fault.A combination of fluid migration,aseismic slip and elastic stress triggering likely work in concert to drive both the prolonged earthquake swarm and the nucleation of the M 7.6 mainshock.展开更多
Numerous hypotheses predict associations between phenotype-associated breeder traits and reproductive success.In secondary cavity-nesting passerine birds,which have been investigated most,up to more than 90parental ch...Numerous hypotheses predict associations between phenotype-associated breeder traits and reproductive success.In secondary cavity-nesting passerine birds,which have been investigated most,up to more than 90parental characteristics have been linked to at least one field measure of breeding performance.However,within study populations,different parental traits,such as clutch size,first-egg date,egg size,nest architecture,plumage colour,adult morphometry,or song performance,are often weakly correlated across female and/or male breeders.Furthermore,many of these studies have been conducted outside the theoretical framework of the'Individual Optimisation Hypothesis' of clutch size(IOH).IOH predicts that:(i) females with larger clutches will have larger broods at hatching and fledging compared to those with smaller clutches;and(ii) clutch size,which is adaptively adjusted to the parents' ability to rear nestlings,should always maximize the percentage of eggs producing fledglings so that variation in clutch size becomes disconnected from variation in breeding success.In this paper,we present the first detailed review of implications of IOH for parental characters other than clutch size.Our review covered 188 non-experimental studies and 1074 statistical results that examined how parental traits influence breeding success in Western Palearctic Great Tits(Parus major),Blue Tits(Cyanistes spp.),and flycatchers(Ficedula spp.).Clutch size explained one third of the variation in brood size at hatching and fledging within study populations.However,most parental characteristics associated weakly with the number of hatchlings or fledglings,likely because they did not correlate with clutch size.Overall,parental traits were poorly correlated with the proportion of hatchlings and fledglings per egg.We discuss why intraspecific variation in phenotype-associated breeder traits is often disconnected from interindividual differences in breeding success,and highlight the importance of underexplored research problems in avian breeding biology.展开更多
Decision support systems(DSS)based on physically based numerical models are standard tools used by water services and utilities.However,few DSS based on holistic approaches combining distributed hydrological,hydraulic...Decision support systems(DSS)based on physically based numerical models are standard tools used by water services and utilities.However,few DSS based on holistic approaches combining distributed hydrological,hydraulic,and hydrogeological models are operationally exploited.This holistic approach was adopted for the development of the AquaVar DSS,used for water resource management in the French Mediterranean Var watershed.The year 2019 marked the initial use of the DSS in its operational environment.Over the next 5 years,multiple hydrological events allowed to test the performance of the DSS.The results show that the tool is capable of simulating peak flows associated with two extreme rainfall events(storms Alex and Aline).For a moderate flood,the real-time functionality was able to simulate forecast discharges 26 h before the flood peak,with a maximum local error of 30%.Finally,simulations for the drought period 2022-2023 highlighted the essential need for DSS to evolve in line with changing climatic conditions,which give rise to unprecedented hydrological processes.The lessons learned from these first 5 years of AquaVar use under operational conditions are synthesized,addressing various topics such as DSS modularity,evolution,data positioning,technology,and governance.展开更多
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of baobab seed washing and origin on the chemical composition of the oil extracted by pressing. Six (6) oil samples were obtained from seeds of three (3) geogra...The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of baobab seed washing and origin on the chemical composition of the oil extracted by pressing. Six (6) oil samples were obtained from seeds of three (3) geographical origins. The identification and quantification of fatty acids and the polyphenolic profile were carried out by GC-MS and HPLC-UV, respectively. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters allowed the identification and quantification of 18 fatty acids. Oils from unwashed seeds were richer in palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and arachidic (C20:0) acids. In addition, HPLC-UV analysis at 279 nm shows that oils from unwashed seeds are richer in tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and caffeic acid. With regard to the polyphenolic profile, gallic acid and quercetin were not detected in these baobab oils. Principal component analysis of fatty acid and phenolic compound content showed that oils from unwashed seeds would best preserve their chemical and associated potential bioactive characteristics.展开更多
The insect order Thysanoptera is used as an indicator of the vulnerability to foreign insect invasions of New Caledonian ecosystems—both the unique natural systems, and the agricultural and horticultural systems on w...The insect order Thysanoptera is used as an indicator of the vulnerability to foreign insect invasions of New Caledonian ecosystems—both the unique natural systems, and the agricultural and horticultural systems on which the economy is dependent. A total of 103 species in 67 genera of Thysanoptera are here listed from New Caledonia, in contrast to the 68 species in 44 genera that were recorded 23 years ago. Of the 103 species, 22 are not known from anywhere else in the world. Thus, up to 80% of these insect species have arrived in New Caledonia from other countries, with a very high proportion likely to have been introduced through modern trading patterns, despite vigorous efforts by quarantine services.展开更多
How ecological and evolutionary factors affect small mammal diversity in arid regions remains largely unknown.Here,we combined the largest phylogeny and occurrence dataset of Gerbillinae desert rodents to explore the ...How ecological and evolutionary factors affect small mammal diversity in arid regions remains largely unknown.Here,we combined the largest phylogeny and occurrence dataset of Gerbillinae desert rodents to explore the underlying factors shaping present-day distribution patterns.In particular,we analyzed the relative contributions of ecological and evolutionary factors on their species diversity using a variety of models.Additionally,we inferred the ancestral range and possible dispersal scenarios and estimated the diversification rate of Gerbillinae.We found that Gerbillinae likely originated in the Horn of Africa in the Middle Miocene and then dispersed and diversified across arid regions in northern and southern Africa and western and central Asia,forming their current distribution pattern.Multiple ecological and evolutionary factors jointly determine the spatial pattern of Gerbillinae diversity,but evolutionary factors(evolutionary time and speciation rate)and habitat filtering were the most important in explaining the spatial variation in species richness.Our study enhances the understanding of the diversity patterns of small mammals in arid regions and highlights the importance of including evolutionary factors when interpreting the mechanisms underlying large-scale species diversity patterns.展开更多
Biochar application to soil is commonly recognized to improve soil fertility and consequently biomass and food production sustainably.We re-examined the robustness of the underlying data and found that,of the 12000+ p...Biochar application to soil is commonly recognized to improve soil fertility and consequently biomass and food production sustainably.We re-examined the robustness of the underlying data and found that,of the 12000+ publications on“biochar and agriculture”used in meta-studies,only 109 Institute for Scientific Information(ISI)papers(or 0.9%)provide experimental data on the impacts on crop yield and/or biomass production.展开更多
Reactive oxygen species are essential in photocatalytic water treatment.In this paper,Gd doped carbon nitride(CN)photocatalysts were prepared by simple thermal polymerization for the photocatalytic degradation of tetr...Reactive oxygen species are essential in photocatalytic water treatment.In this paper,Gd doped carbon nitride(CN)photocatalysts were prepared by simple thermal polymerization for the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light irradiation.The photodegradation rate of 1.OGdCN is as high as 95%in 18 min,and the photocatalytic performance is much higher than that of CN.The improvement of photocatalytic performance is mainly attributed to the fact that Gd ion implantation directly provides active sites for oxygen activation and induces the formation of N vacancies.The results of characterizations show that the introduction of Gd in CN can improve the conversion ability of activated oxygen,carrier separation and energy band structure adjustment.Therefore,1.0GdCN photocatalyst can be employed for efficient photocatalytic synthesis of tetracycline.Furthermore,three ways of photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline were revealed by high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry.This work provides insights into the doping strategy of CN to improve the production of reactive oxygen species for environmental remediation.展开更多
To guarantee the blue skies for the 2022 Winter Olympics held in Beijing and Zhangjiakou from February 4 to 20,Beijing and its surrounding areas adopted a series of emission control measures.This provides an opportuni...To guarantee the blue skies for the 2022 Winter Olympics held in Beijing and Zhangjiakou from February 4 to 20,Beijing and its surrounding areas adopted a series of emission control measures.This provides an opportunity to determine the impacts of large-scale temporary control measures on the air quality in Beijing during this special period.Here,we applied the WRF-CMAQ model to quantify the contributions of emission reduction measures and meteorological conditions.Results show that meteorological conditions in 2022 decreased PM_(2.5)in Beijing by 6.9 and 11.8μg/m^(3)relative to 2021 under the scenarios with and without emission reductions,respectively.Strict emission reduction measures implemented in Beijing and seven neighboring provinces resulted in an average decrease of 13.0μg/m^(3)(-41.2%)in PM_(2.5)in Beijing.Over the entire period,local emission reductions contributed more to good air quality in Beijing than nonlocal emission reductions.Under the emission reduction scenario,local,controlled regions,other regions,and boundary conditions contributed 47.7%,42.0%,5.3%,and 5.0%to the PM_(2.5)concentrations in Beijing,respectively.The results indicate that during the cleaning period with the air masses from the northwest,the abatements of PM_(2.5)were mainly caused by local emission reductions.However,during the potential pollution period with the air masses from the east-northeast and west-southwest,the abatements of PM_(2.5)were caused by both local and nonlocal emission reductions almost equally.This implies that regional coordinated prevention and control strategies need to be arranged scientifically and rationally when heavy pollution events are forecasted.展开更多
Variations in ice mass deform the Earth and modify its gravity field,a process known as Glacial Isostatic Adjustment(GIA).GIA in Antarctica remains poorly constrained due to the cumulative effect of past and present i...Variations in ice mass deform the Earth and modify its gravity field,a process known as Glacial Isostatic Adjustment(GIA).GIA in Antarctica remains poorly constrained due to the cumulative effect of past and present ice-mass changes,the unknown history of the past ice-mass change,and the uncertainties on the mechanical properties of the Earth.This paper investigates the effect of using Andrade and Burgers viscoelastic rheologies,rather than the commonly used Maxwell rheology,to model GIA-induced deformation in Antarctica.The Love number and Green's function formalism are used to compute the radial surface displacements and the gravity changes induced by the past and present ice-mass changes.We consider an Earth model whose elastic properties and radial structure are averaged from the Preliminary Reference Earth Model and two viscosity profiles to account for the recently published results on the present ice-mass changes.Using the three rheological laws affects the temporal response of the Earth differently,leading to smaller discrepancies than those induced by the two viscosity structures.The differences are the largest between Maxwell and Burgers rheologies during the 100-1000 years following the beginning of the surface-mass change.Results show that using the Andrade and Burgers rheologies allows the Earth to respond on decennial to centennial time scales,up to 10 m more than Maxwell.Considering only the recent ice-mass changes,the deformation rates derived from Burgers and Andrade rheologies are several times larger than those estimated by Maxwell rheology.展开更多
Evaluating the fitness of hybrids can provide important insights into genetic differences between species or diverging populations.We focused on surface-and cave-ecotypes of the widespread Atlantic molly Poecilia mexi...Evaluating the fitness of hybrids can provide important insights into genetic differences between species or diverging populations.We focused on surface-and cave-ecotypes of the widespread Atlantic molly Poecilia mexicana and raised F1 hybrids of reciprocal crosses to sexual maturity in a common-garden experiment.Hybrids were reared in a fully factorial 2 x 2 design consisting of lighting(light vs.darkness)and resource availability(high vs.low food).We quantified survival,ability to realize their full reproductive potential(i.e.,completed maturation for males and 3 consecutive births for females)and essential life-history traits.Compared to the performance of pure cave and surface fish from a previous experiment,F1s had the highest death rate and the lowest proportion of fish that reached their full reproductive potential.We also uncovered an intriguing pattern of sex-specific phenotype expression,because male hybrids expressed cave molly life histories,while female hybrids expressed surface molly life histories.Our results provide evidence for strong selection against hybrids in the cave molly system,but also sug-gest a complex pattern of sex-specific(opposing)dominance,with certain surface molly genes being dominant in female hybrids and certain cavemollygenes beingdominant in malehybrids.展开更多
文摘Invasive rats （Rattus spp.） are known to have pervasive impacts on island birds, particularly on their nesting success. To conserve or restore bird populations, numerous invasive rat control or eradication projects are undertaken on islands worldwide. However, such projects represent a huge investment and the decision-making process requires proper assessment of rat impacts. Here, we assessed the influence of two sympatric invasive rats （Rattus rattus and R. exulans） on native bird eggs in a New Caledonian rainforest, using artificial bird-nest monitoring. A total of 178 artificial nests containing two eggs of three different sizes were placed either on the ground or 1.5 m high and monitored at the start of the birds＇ breeding season. Overall, 12.4% of the nests were depredated during the first 7 days. At site 1, where nests were monitored during 16 days, 41.8% of the nests were depredated. The main predator was the native crow Corvus moneduloides, responsible for 62.9% of the overall predation events. Rats were responsible for only 22.9% of the events, and ate only small and medium eggs at both heights. Our experiment suggests that in New Caledonia, predation pressure by rats strengthens overall bird-nest predation, adding to that by native predators, Experimental rat control operations may allow reduced predation pressure on nests as well as the recording of biodiversity responses after rat population reduction.
文摘The conversion of forest land to other types of land cover is one of the major issues in the global fight against climate change. Understanding the direct and indirect factors of these conversions from local studies in the tropics is essential to project the future impact of human activities on the preservation of tropical forests in general and the forests of the Republic of Congo in particular. This study, conducted in five localities with different socioeconomic contexts in the Republic of Congo, aims to analyze the variability of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation linked to urbanization in the Congo Basin. Using a series of land cover maps from the years 1986, 2003 and 2019 for the cities of Ouesso, Pokola, Ngombe, Impfondo and Dongou, as well as field data and socio-economic information collected from local and central administrations, a unique model has been developed to understand the explanatory patterns of forest loss. Deforestation around urban centers is mainly due to urban agriculture due to population growth, as well as the spatial expansion of cities, which have a major impact on the stability and integrity of forests. Shifting agriculture is the main direct cause of deforestation and forest degradation, representing 48% of the total sample, followed by the collection of wood fuel (22%), the collection of construction wood (19%), illegal logging (6%) and urban expansion (5%). Forecasts indicate that forest loss around major cities will increase by 487, 20 ha to 5266, 73 ha by 2050 compared to the base year of 2019. This study highlights the need for a new system of land management and poverty alleviation of local populations to ensure the stability of the Congo Basin tropical forests around large and small African cities.
基金partially supported by U.S.National Science Foundation grants EAR1925965 and RISE-2425889support from the European Research Council under the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(grant agreement no.742335,FIMAGE)。
文摘Several physical mechanisms of earthquake nucleation,such as pre-slip,cascade triggering,aseismic slip,and fluid-driven models,have been proposed.However,it is still not clear which model plays the most important role in driving foreshocks and mainshock nucleation for given cases.In this study,we focus on the relationship between an intensive earthquake swarm that started beneath the Noto Peninsula in Central Japan since November 2020 and the nucleation of the 2024 M 7.6 Noto Hanto earthquake.We relocate earthquakes listed in the standard Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA)catalog since 2018 with the double-different relocation method.Relocated seismicity revealed that the 2024 M 7.6 mainshock likely ruptured a thrust fault above a parallel fault where the M 6.5 Suzu earthquake occurred in May 2023.We find possible along-strike and along-dip expansion of seismicity in the first few months at the beginning of the swarm sequence,while no obvious migration pattern in the last few days before the M 7.6 mainshock was observed.Several smaller events occurred in between the M 5.5 and M 4.6 foreshocks that occurred about 4min and 2 min before the M 7.6 mainshock.The Coulomb stress changes from the M 5.5 foreshock were negative at the hypocenter of the M 7.6 mainshock,which is inconsistent with a simple cascade triggering model.Moreover,an M 5.9 foreshock was identified in the JMA catalog 14 s before the mainshock.Results from backprojection of high-frequency teleseismic P waves show a prolonged initial rupture process near the mainshock hypocenter lasting for~25 s,before propagating bilaterally outward.Our results suggest a complex evolution process linking the earthquake swarm to the nucleation of the M 7.6 mainshock at a region of complex structures associated with the bend of a mapped large-scale reverse fault.A combination of fluid migration,aseismic slip and elastic stress triggering likely work in concert to drive both the prolonged earthquake swarm and the nucleation of the M 7.6 mainshock.
文摘Numerous hypotheses predict associations between phenotype-associated breeder traits and reproductive success.In secondary cavity-nesting passerine birds,which have been investigated most,up to more than 90parental characteristics have been linked to at least one field measure of breeding performance.However,within study populations,different parental traits,such as clutch size,first-egg date,egg size,nest architecture,plumage colour,adult morphometry,or song performance,are often weakly correlated across female and/or male breeders.Furthermore,many of these studies have been conducted outside the theoretical framework of the'Individual Optimisation Hypothesis' of clutch size(IOH).IOH predicts that:(i) females with larger clutches will have larger broods at hatching and fledging compared to those with smaller clutches;and(ii) clutch size,which is adaptively adjusted to the parents' ability to rear nestlings,should always maximize the percentage of eggs producing fledglings so that variation in clutch size becomes disconnected from variation in breeding success.In this paper,we present the first detailed review of implications of IOH for parental characters other than clutch size.Our review covered 188 non-experimental studies and 1074 statistical results that examined how parental traits influence breeding success in Western Palearctic Great Tits(Parus major),Blue Tits(Cyanistes spp.),and flycatchers(Ficedula spp.).Clutch size explained one third of the variation in brood size at hatching and fledging within study populations.However,most parental characteristics associated weakly with the number of hatchlings or fledglings,likely because they did not correlate with clutch size.Overall,parental traits were poorly correlated with the proportion of hatchlings and fledglings per egg.We discuss why intraspecific variation in phenotype-associated breeder traits is often disconnected from interindividual differences in breeding success,and highlight the importance of underexplored research problems in avian breeding biology.
文摘Decision support systems(DSS)based on physically based numerical models are standard tools used by water services and utilities.However,few DSS based on holistic approaches combining distributed hydrological,hydraulic,and hydrogeological models are operationally exploited.This holistic approach was adopted for the development of the AquaVar DSS,used for water resource management in the French Mediterranean Var watershed.The year 2019 marked the initial use of the DSS in its operational environment.Over the next 5 years,multiple hydrological events allowed to test the performance of the DSS.The results show that the tool is capable of simulating peak flows associated with two extreme rainfall events(storms Alex and Aline).For a moderate flood,the real-time functionality was able to simulate forecast discharges 26 h before the flood peak,with a maximum local error of 30%.Finally,simulations for the drought period 2022-2023 highlighted the essential need for DSS to evolve in line with changing climatic conditions,which give rise to unprecedented hydrological processes.The lessons learned from these first 5 years of AquaVar use under operational conditions are synthesized,addressing various topics such as DSS modularity,evolution,data positioning,technology,and governance.
文摘The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of baobab seed washing and origin on the chemical composition of the oil extracted by pressing. Six (6) oil samples were obtained from seeds of three (3) geographical origins. The identification and quantification of fatty acids and the polyphenolic profile were carried out by GC-MS and HPLC-UV, respectively. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters allowed the identification and quantification of 18 fatty acids. Oils from unwashed seeds were richer in palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and arachidic (C20:0) acids. In addition, HPLC-UV analysis at 279 nm shows that oils from unwashed seeds are richer in tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and caffeic acid. With regard to the polyphenolic profile, gallic acid and quercetin were not detected in these baobab oils. Principal component analysis of fatty acid and phenolic compound content showed that oils from unwashed seeds would best preserve their chemical and associated potential bioactive characteristics.
文摘The insect order Thysanoptera is used as an indicator of the vulnerability to foreign insect invasions of New Caledonian ecosystems—both the unique natural systems, and the agricultural and horticultural systems on which the economy is dependent. A total of 103 species in 67 genera of Thysanoptera are here listed from New Caledonia, in contrast to the 68 species in 44 genera that were recorded 23 years ago. Of the 103 species, 22 are not known from anywhere else in the world. Thus, up to 80% of these insect species have arrived in New Caledonia from other countries, with a very high proportion likely to have been introduced through modern trading patterns, despite vigorous efforts by quarantine services.
基金supported by grants from the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(Grant No.2022xjkk0205 to Lin Xia,No.2021xjkk0604 to Jilong Cheng)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170416 to Qisen Yang,31900325 to Jilong Cheng)+1 种基金the Joint Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2003203 to Lin Xia)the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y229YX5105 to Qisen Yang).
文摘How ecological and evolutionary factors affect small mammal diversity in arid regions remains largely unknown.Here,we combined the largest phylogeny and occurrence dataset of Gerbillinae desert rodents to explore the underlying factors shaping present-day distribution patterns.In particular,we analyzed the relative contributions of ecological and evolutionary factors on their species diversity using a variety of models.Additionally,we inferred the ancestral range and possible dispersal scenarios and estimated the diversification rate of Gerbillinae.We found that Gerbillinae likely originated in the Horn of Africa in the Middle Miocene and then dispersed and diversified across arid regions in northern and southern Africa and western and central Asia,forming their current distribution pattern.Multiple ecological and evolutionary factors jointly determine the spatial pattern of Gerbillinae diversity,but evolutionary factors(evolutionary time and speciation rate)and habitat filtering were the most important in explaining the spatial variation in species richness.Our study enhances the understanding of the diversity patterns of small mammals in arid regions and highlights the importance of including evolutionary factors when interpreting the mechanisms underlying large-scale species diversity patterns.
文摘Biochar application to soil is commonly recognized to improve soil fertility and consequently biomass and food production sustainably.We re-examined the robustness of the underlying data and found that,of the 12000+ publications on“biochar and agriculture”used in meta-studies,only 109 Institute for Scientific Information(ISI)papers(or 0.9%)provide experimental data on the impacts on crop yield and/or biomass production.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1100804)Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Auonomous Region(2022D01C456)+3 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515011736,2021A1515010671)Guangdong Province Scientific Research Platform Project(2022ZDZX4046,2023ZDZX4052,2020KTSCX135)Guangdong Province Specialized Scientific Research Fund Projects(20192019B121201004)High Level Talents Introduction Project of"Pearl River Talent Plan"in Guangdong Province(2019CX01L308)。
文摘Reactive oxygen species are essential in photocatalytic water treatment.In this paper,Gd doped carbon nitride(CN)photocatalysts were prepared by simple thermal polymerization for the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light irradiation.The photodegradation rate of 1.OGdCN is as high as 95%in 18 min,and the photocatalytic performance is much higher than that of CN.The improvement of photocatalytic performance is mainly attributed to the fact that Gd ion implantation directly provides active sites for oxygen activation and induces the formation of N vacancies.The results of characterizations show that the introduction of Gd in CN can improve the conversion ability of activated oxygen,carrier separation and energy band structure adjustment.Therefore,1.0GdCN photocatalyst can be employed for efficient photocatalytic synthesis of tetracycline.Furthermore,three ways of photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline were revealed by high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry.This work provides insights into the doping strategy of CN to improve the production of reactive oxygen species for environmental remediation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.42175084,21577126,and 41561144004)the Department of Science and Technology of China (Nos.2018YFC0213506,2018YFC0213503,and 2016YFC0202702)+4 种基金the National Research Program for Key Issues in Air Pollution Control in China (No.DQGG0107)supported by the“Zhejiang 1000 Talent Plan”and Research Center for Air Pollution and Health in Zhejiang UniversityPengfei Li is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.22006030)the Initiation Fund for Introducing Talents of Hebei Agricultural University (No.412201904)the Hebei Youth Top Q15 Fund (No.BJ2020032)。
文摘To guarantee the blue skies for the 2022 Winter Olympics held in Beijing and Zhangjiakou from February 4 to 20,Beijing and its surrounding areas adopted a series of emission control measures.This provides an opportunity to determine the impacts of large-scale temporary control measures on the air quality in Beijing during this special period.Here,we applied the WRF-CMAQ model to quantify the contributions of emission reduction measures and meteorological conditions.Results show that meteorological conditions in 2022 decreased PM_(2.5)in Beijing by 6.9 and 11.8μg/m^(3)relative to 2021 under the scenarios with and without emission reductions,respectively.Strict emission reduction measures implemented in Beijing and seven neighboring provinces resulted in an average decrease of 13.0μg/m^(3)(-41.2%)in PM_(2.5)in Beijing.Over the entire period,local emission reductions contributed more to good air quality in Beijing than nonlocal emission reductions.Under the emission reduction scenario,local,controlled regions,other regions,and boundary conditions contributed 47.7%,42.0%,5.3%,and 5.0%to the PM_(2.5)concentrations in Beijing,respectively.The results indicate that during the cleaning period with the air masses from the northwest,the abatements of PM_(2.5)were mainly caused by local emission reductions.However,during the potential pollution period with the air masses from the east-northeast and west-southwest,the abatements of PM_(2.5)were caused by both local and nonlocal emission reductions almost equally.This implies that regional coordinated prevention and control strategies need to be arranged scientifically and rationally when heavy pollution events are forecasted.
基金partly funded by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales(CNES)through the TOSCA program。
文摘Variations in ice mass deform the Earth and modify its gravity field,a process known as Glacial Isostatic Adjustment(GIA).GIA in Antarctica remains poorly constrained due to the cumulative effect of past and present ice-mass changes,the unknown history of the past ice-mass change,and the uncertainties on the mechanical properties of the Earth.This paper investigates the effect of using Andrade and Burgers viscoelastic rheologies,rather than the commonly used Maxwell rheology,to model GIA-induced deformation in Antarctica.The Love number and Green's function formalism are used to compute the radial surface displacements and the gravity changes induced by the past and present ice-mass changes.We consider an Earth model whose elastic properties and radial structure are averaged from the Preliminary Reference Earth Model and two viscosity profiles to account for the recently published results on the present ice-mass changes.Using the three rheological laws affects the temporal response of the Earth differently,leading to smaller discrepancies than those induced by the two viscosity structures.The differences are the largest between Maxwell and Burgers rheologies during the 100-1000 years following the beginning of the surface-mass change.Results show that using the Andrade and Burgers rheologies allows the Earth to respond on decennial to centennial time scales,up to 10 m more than Maxwell.Considering only the recent ice-mass changes,the deformation rates derived from Burgers and Andrade rheologies are several times larger than those estimated by Maxwell rheology.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of America(DEB-0743406)the OU VP for Research Faculty Investment Program.
文摘Evaluating the fitness of hybrids can provide important insights into genetic differences between species or diverging populations.We focused on surface-and cave-ecotypes of the widespread Atlantic molly Poecilia mexicana and raised F1 hybrids of reciprocal crosses to sexual maturity in a common-garden experiment.Hybrids were reared in a fully factorial 2 x 2 design consisting of lighting(light vs.darkness)and resource availability(high vs.low food).We quantified survival,ability to realize their full reproductive potential(i.e.,completed maturation for males and 3 consecutive births for females)and essential life-history traits.Compared to the performance of pure cave and surface fish from a previous experiment,F1s had the highest death rate and the lowest proportion of fish that reached their full reproductive potential.We also uncovered an intriguing pattern of sex-specific phenotype expression,because male hybrids expressed cave molly life histories,while female hybrids expressed surface molly life histories.Our results provide evidence for strong selection against hybrids in the cave molly system,but also sug-gest a complex pattern of sex-specific(opposing)dominance,with certain surface molly genes being dominant in female hybrids and certain cavemollygenes beingdominant in malehybrids.
