Ruscogenin,a steroidal sapogenin,is primarily derived from the genus Ruscus.It demonstrates a wide range of pharmacological actions that hold substantial promise for therapeutic use.By conducting a comprehensive exami...Ruscogenin,a steroidal sapogenin,is primarily derived from the genus Ruscus.It demonstrates a wide range of pharmacological actions that hold substantial promise for therapeutic use.By conducting a comprehensive examination of electronic databases including PubMed,ScienceDirect,and SciFinder,we identified studies on ruscogenin to date.This review aims at emphasizing the findings related to the bioactivities of ruscogenin,particularly its protective activities in neurological and inflammatory disorders,hemorrhoids,and cancer.Ruscogenin has been demonstrated to possess anti-ulcer,anti-osteoporotic,and skin-lightening properties as a therapeutic agent.It has also been proven effective in managing metabolic disorders by reducing inflammation and improving lipid metabolism,particularly in conditions such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetic nephropathy.Reports indicate that it can prevent acute lung injury by protecting pulmonary endothelial cells from apoptosis and modulating inflammatory cytokines.Additionally,ruscogenin promotes neurological recovery by mitigating oxidative stress.It also shows anti-cancer properties,leading to apoptosis and hindering metastasis,particularly in pancreatic and hepatocellular carcinoma.This review summarizes the potential medical applications of ruscogenin and underscores the need for further research on its mechanisms of action.展开更多
Background:The European rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus L.1758)was introduced into different regions of the world,generating significant trade‑offs that critically impacted native vegetation.Here,we evaluate the rabbit’...Background:The European rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus L.1758)was introduced into different regions of the world,generating significant trade‑offs that critically impacted native vegetation.Here,we evaluate the rabbit’s forage intakes in three vegetation types(forests,shrublands,and grasslands)along the four seasons in a temperate forest landscape in Southern Patagonia and discuss the potential threats over native vegetation.We formulated the following questions:(i)what is the forage offer at each vegetation type?(ii)what is the rabbit’s forage intake and how it varied across the seasons along the year?and(iii)which vegetation types and plant life forms were more used according to the rabbit’s forage intakes?Methods:We censused understory vegetation to characterize the forage offer at each vegetation type and determined seasonal dietary intakes using microhistological analysis of pellets.The plant species identified in the field were grouped according to life form classes(tree regeneration,shrubs,forbs,graminoids,orchids,ferns,bryophytes,and hemiparasites).Data were analysed through uni‑and multi‑variate analyses,determining relationships between forage offer and the rabbit’s forage intakes.Results:Forage intakes revealed changes in plant life form consumption across vegetation types,where intake pressure was considerably different for tree regeneration(p=0.001),graminoids(p=0.001),and hemiparasites(p=0.001).Besides,significant changes in consumption among seasons were detected for shrubs(p=0.001),ferns(p=0.030),and hemiparasites(p=0.002).Although many species play an important role in the rabbit’s forage intake networks(e.g.,Chiliotrichum diffusum,Holcus lanatus),the strongest intake linkages were found in exotic grasses(e.g.,Poa pratensis and Festuca sp.),native hemiparasites(e.g.,Misodendrum sp.),native shrubs(e.g.,Empetrum rubrum),and native trees(e.g.,Nothofagus sp.).The summer and autumn seasons presented higher intake compared to the winter and spring seasons.Furthermore,hemiparasites intake(e.g.,Misodendrum sp.)suggests that rabbits utilize different forage sources depending on the vegetation types.Conclusions:Rabbits regularly inhabit the forest,even though it is not their preferred vegetation type to live.Rabbit management entails isolating regions that are more favourable to intake and emphasizing the year’s season for rabbit control efforts.展开更多
Multiparent advanced generation inter-cross(MAGIC)populations improve the accuracy of quantitative trait loci mapping compared to biparental populations by increasing diversity and reducing linkage disequilibrium betw...Multiparent advanced generation inter-cross(MAGIC)populations improve the accuracy of quantitative trait loci mapping compared to biparental populations by increasing diversity and reducing linkage disequilibrium between variants.Here we describe the development of two MAGIC populations derived from a cross of 11 founder lines from the INTA(National Institute for Agricultural Technology in Argentina)sunflower breeding program.The founder lines are fertility maintainer inbred lines that exhibit genetic diversity in several traits,including flowering cycle,plant architecture,disease resistance,oil content and oil quality.The crossing scheme applied follows the design of two-way,four-way and eight-way crosses with a modification to increase the number of recombinations and shorten the linkage disequilibrium.Phenotyping a subset of F_(2)families and F_5 lines for different traits shows an increase in the diversity of the analyzed traits compared to the parental lines.In addition,we identified lines with transgressive segregation for Sunflower Verticillium Wilt resistance.These results confirm that the MAGIC populations will serve as unique genetic and genomic resources to better characterize the genetics of complex traits and identify potentially superior alleles for sunflower breeding.It will also enrich the gene pool of fertility maintainers(A/B line)of the sunflower germplasm and facilitate the introduction of new breeding methods to select female parents for use in AxR combinations to obtain superior sunflower hybrids.展开更多
To improve crop yields,global food production needs sustainable agronomic tools like Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR).Region-adapted PGPR strains are crucial to increasing peanut production.Argentina is the ...To improve crop yields,global food production needs sustainable agronomic tools like Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR).Region-adapted PGPR strains are crucial to increasing peanut production.Argentina is the seventh-largest peanut producer,and Cordoba is the main region with 250,000 ha(75%of the total sowing area).This study aimed to isolate,identify,and characterize the biocontrol and growth promotion capacity of PGPR strains belonging to the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera.The strains were tested against Sclerotinia minor,Sclerotium rolfsii,Fusarium verticillioides,and Aspergillus flavus for biocontrol assays.For growth promotion,pot trials used two peanut cultivars,ASEM 400 INTA and Granoleico,under 40%and 60%field capacity under two water regimes.The isolated strains were Bacillus velezensis,B.subtilis,B.tequilensis,B.safensis,B.altitudinis,and Pseudomonas psychrophila.These strains demonstrated in-vitro phosphorus solubilization,nitrogen fixation,ammonification,nitrification,enzyme releasing,phytohormones production,and high biocontrol capacity of over 75%.SC6 and RI3(both B.velezensis)and P10(P.psychrophila)exhibited outstanding performance.They significantly promoted peanut root biomass by more than 50%and leaf area by 30%,with increased chlorophyll content index and leaf relative water content,particularly under water stress conditions(40%field capacity).According to the results,RI3,SC6,and P10 could be classified as PGPR,which supports the results obtained in other field studies with these same microorganisms.Future investigations should prioritize the development of industrial formulations to assess their effectiveness in alternative crops and to incorporate them into other agricultural practices.展开更多
Anaerobic digestion is a process that is widely used for the treatment of organic wastes. The digestate can be used as a soil amendment or crop fertiliser. The aims of our work were to evaluate 1) the physicochemical ...Anaerobic digestion is a process that is widely used for the treatment of organic wastes. The digestate can be used as a soil amendment or crop fertiliser. The aims of our work were to evaluate 1) the physicochemical composition and pathogen content in a digestate from poultry manure, according to international regulations, and 2) the effect of its soil application on the major chemical and biological soil properties and on the growth of Lactuca sativa. The experiment consisted of two groups of pots(with and without crop). Treatments applied to each group were as follows: low and high doses of digestate and inorganic fertiliser, and no application(control)(low dose: 70 kg nitrogen(N) ha^(-1) and 21 kg phosphorus(P) ha^(-1); high dose: 210 kg N ha^(-1) and 63 kg P ha^(-1)). Soil samples were taken 7 and 34 d(harvest) after treatment applications. Heavy metal and pathogen contents in the digestate were below the upper limit values. Despite the high pH and electrical conductivity values of the digestate, both soil parameters presented acceptable values for crop growth. Although there were no initial increases in total inorganic N and available P in soil with digestate application, an increase in the fresh weight of crop was observed with the high dose application. This is probably associated with the slow nutrient release from the digestate during the development of the crop. Changes in the microbial community were temporary and occurred at the initial sampling stage of the experiment.展开更多
Rapid emergence and a vigorous growth prevent the seed tubers from infections by soil microbes and allow a rapid interception of solar radiation. In this work, the effect of the potassium phosphites (KPhi) applied to ...Rapid emergence and a vigorous growth prevent the seed tubers from infections by soil microbes and allow a rapid interception of solar radiation. In this work, the effect of the potassium phosphites (KPhi) applied to seed tubers of two potato cultivars on crop emergence and early growth was studied. Two experiments were performed under greenhouse and field conditions. Emergence of plants, leaf area, dry matter and the number of primary stems were measured in both experiments. Furthermore, mycorrhizal colonization was also measured on roots under field conditions. The application of KPhi reduced the period between planting and emergence, and increased leaf area and dry matter. The ratio between dry matter of aerials and underground organs was not affected by KPhi. Indigenous mycorrhizal colonization increased after KPhi application to seed tubers. These results confirm the benefit of the application of KPhi to seed tubers on early plant growth and suggest that their application in crop production would be advantageous.展开更多
Forty multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation (66 ± 19 days) were assigned to one of four treatments that consisted in different ratios of total mixed rations (TMR) and pasture at 100% TMR (T0), 75:25 (T1) 5...Forty multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation (66 ± 19 days) were assigned to one of four treatments that consisted in different ratios of total mixed rations (TMR) and pasture at 100% TMR (T0), 75:25 (T1) 50:50 (T2) and 25:75 (T3) over 9 weeks in autumn-winter. Measures of rumen parameters and digestion were performed on 4 additional Holstein cows in late lactation (287 days postpartum) fitted with permanent ruminal fistulae and producing 22.6 (±5.4) kg milk in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design. In T1 to T3 cows were taken to the grazing plot once they finished the pre-planned TMR intake and pasture was offered at 2 times the expected forage DM intake. Milk was analyzed for chemical composition, milk fatty acid (FA) profile and antioxidant compounds. The cows were individually weighed and body condition score (BCS) was determined. After the morning milking, blood samples were taken every 2 weeks and plasma was analyzed for glucose, urea, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I). Herbage mass in pre grazing strips of pasture averaged 2540 ± 343 kg DM/ha. As TMR intake increased, production variables increased linearly excepting milk fat (3.88 g/100g) and milk protein (3.43 g/100g) contents that were not affected. Milk yield (kg/cow/d) resulted maximal in T0 (34.2) and linearly decreased (p 3-N concentration resulted higher in treatments with higher proportion of pasture. Kinetic parameters of DM and NDF digestion from pasture or corn silage were not affected. Milk FA profile and milk antioxidant quality showed unfavorably changes as TMR increased by a decrease in rumenic and linolenic acids and content of antioxidant vitamins, without effect on the atherogenicity index. Results suggested a depressing effect of the pasture on total DM and energy intake probably explained by qualitative deficiencies chemical composition of the forage and/or factors that affect animal behavior that may induce losses in body condition of high yielding dairy cows.展开更多
Rapid and sensitive reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) method with UV detection has been developed and validated for quantification of...Rapid and sensitive reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) method with UV detection has been developed and validated for quantification of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in presence of meta-cresol as a stabilizer in a pharmaceutical formulation.Chromatography was performed with mobile phase containing 0.1% Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in MilliQ water and 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile with gradient program and flow rate at 0.3 mL/min for HPLC and 0.4 mL/min for UPLC.Quantification was accomplished with internal reference standard (qualified against innovator product and National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) standard).The methods were validated for linearity (correlation coefficient 0.99),range,accuracy,precision and robustness.Robustness was confirmed by considering three factors;mobile phase composition,column temperature and flow rate/age of mobile phase.Intermediate precision was confirmed on different equipments,different columns and on different days.The relative standard deviation (RSD) (<2% for RP-HPLC and <1% for UPLC,n=30) indicated a good precision.Retention time was found about 17 min and 2 min by HPLC and UPLC methods,respectively.Both methods are simple,highly sensitive,precise and accurate and have the potential of being useful for routine quality control.展开更多
This paper describes a method for mesh adaptation in the presence of intersections, such as wing-fuselage. Automatic optimization tools, using Computational Fluid Dynamics（CFD） simulations, face the problem to adapt...This paper describes a method for mesh adaptation in the presence of intersections, such as wing-fuselage. Automatic optimization tools, using Computational Fluid Dynamics（CFD） simulations, face the problem to adapt the computational grid upon deformations of the boundary surface. When mesh regeneration is not feasible, due to the high cost to build up the computational grid, mesh deformation techniques are considered a cheap approach to adapt the mesh to changes on the geometry. Mesh adaptation is a well-known subject in the literature; however, there is very little work which deals with moving intersections. Without a proper treatment of the intersections,the use of automatic optimization methods for aircraft design is limited to individual components.The proposed method takes advantage of the CAD description, which usually comes in the form of Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines（NURBS） patches. This paper describes an algorithm to recalculate the intersection line between two parametric surfaces. Then, the surface mesh is adapted to the moving intersection in parametric coordinates. Finally, the deformation is propagated through the volumetric mesh. The proposed method is tested with the DLR F6 wing-body configuration.展开更多
Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in Argentina, accounting for 62% of the commercialized pesticides on the market. It is used as a weed controller in no-till systems, and it is also applied to various genetically ...Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in Argentina, accounting for 62% of the commercialized pesticides on the market. It is used as a weed controller in no-till systems, and it is also applied to various genetically modified crops ( e.g., soybean, corn, and cotton). Although it has a high solubility in water, it tends to adsorb and accumulate in agricultural soils. The main objectives of this work were to compare the dissipation of glyphosate and the accumulation of its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) over time in three soils from agricultural areas of Argentina under long-term management with no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) practices. There were no differences in dissipation between NT and CT, indicating that the glyphosate-degrading microflora was not modified by the different tillage managements. Moreover, tillage practices did not alter the general soil properties;therefore, glyphosate bioavailability was not affected by NT or CT practice. Forty percent of the applied glyphosate was degraded within the first three days in all soils, indicating a fast initial dissipation rate. However, the dissipation rate considerably decreased over time, and the degradation kinetics followed a bi-exponential (or two-compartment) kinetic model. No differences were found between tillage practices. Dissipation was not related to the microbial activity measured as soil respiration. The fast decrease in the concentration of glyphosate at the beginning of the dissipation study was not reflected in an increase in the concentration of AMPA. The estimated half-lives for glyphosate ranged between 9 and 38 d. However, glyphosate bioavailability decreases over time, as it is strongly adsorbed to the soil matrix. This increases its residence time, which may lead to its accumulation in agricultural soils.展开更多
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of three levels of energy concentrate intake on dry matter (DM) and energy intake, milk yield and composition, rumen environment and pasture neutral detergent fiber (ND...The aim of the study was to determine the effect of three levels of energy concentrate intake on dry matter (DM) and energy intake, milk yield and composition, rumen environment and pasture neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestion. Twelve Holstein multiparous cows in early lactation (69.0 ± 5 days postpartum) producing 32.8 (±4.0) kg milk were assigned to three treatments at (kg/cow day) 3.5 (T3.5), 7.0 (T7.0) and 10.5 (T10.5) kg concentrate in a 3 × 3 Latin Square design. Parameters of ruminal environment and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestion were obtained using 3 additional rumen cannulated cows. Concentrate was composed (as fed) by corn grain (68%), soybean meal (22%), wheat bran (8%) and a vitamin-mineral premix including monensin and thoroughly consumed. Yields (kg/cow day-1) of milk, 4% fat corrected milk (4% FCM 4%) and energy corrected milk (ECM) resulted higher (p p -1 without effects on yield of milk fat. Concentrations (g/100 g) of milk fat (3.19), protein (2.97), total solids (11.75), non-fat solids (8.60) and casein (2.40) did not differ. Milk lactose content (g/100 g) was linearly increased (p p p p p < 0.05) in T3.5 due to the increase in acetate and butyrate while the acetate: Propionate ratio remained unchanged. Pasture NDF digestion was affected as concentrate intake increased. To increase milk protein yield and reduce concentrations of N-NH3 in rumen and milk, feeding an energy concentrate at 41% of total DM intake resulted an effective tool.展开更多
Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease virus（IBDV）causes infectious bursal disease,a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease that affects young chickens and causes economic losses in the poultry industry worldwid...Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease virus（IBDV）causes infectious bursal disease,a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease that affects young chickens and causes economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide.IBDV replicates mainly in actively dividing B lymphocytes within the bursa of Fabricius（BF）,leading to immunosuppression in affected flocks（Mahgoub et al.,2012）.Viral protein 2（VP2）,展开更多
The objective was to reduce saturated fatty acids (SFA) and increase conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis-9, trans-11 C18:2), α-linolenic (cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 C18:3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, C22:6) contents in milk ...The objective was to reduce saturated fatty acids (SFA) and increase conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis-9, trans-11 C18:2), α-linolenic (cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 C18:3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, C22:6) contents in milk from confined dairy cows in order to promote a healthier option. The work was carried out in a commercial farm (Talar) located in Laguna del Sauce, Maldonado (Uruguay). Twenty four cows were assigned to one of two treatments (12 cows per treatment) over a 6 weeks experimental period. Treatments consisted in a control total mixed ration (C-TMR) without supplementary lipids (L) or the same TMR with the addition of 0.144 kg/cow·day of algae and 0.72 kg/cow·day of soybean oil (L-TMR). Chemical composition of the TMR (44.27% DM) averaged 15.94% for crude protein (CP), 38.20% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 20.36% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 5.56% fat, 5.30% ash and 28.6% nonstructural carbohydrate (NSCH) with 1.81 Mcal/kg of net energy for lactation (NEL). After 39 days of feeding, individual milk samples were collected during three consecutive days. From the total milk collected, 20 ml were immediately used for chemical composition (Milko Scan) and 80 ml for analysis for milk FA profile. From week 3 onwards, milk production (kg/cow·day) resulted higher (P P P = 0.43) on milk protein content (C-TMR = 3.20;L-TMR = 3.07 g/100g). Milk lactose (C-TMR = 4.86, L-TMR = 4.69 g/100g) and urea nitrogen contents (C-TMR = 21.18, L-TMR = 17.33 g/100g) tended (P cow·day, P 12:0 to C16:0 FA averaging 45.19 in C-TMR and 34.74 g/100g in L-TMR (P P 18:1 trans-9) (0.23) and C18:1 trans-10 (0.44) FA increased (P trans-11 C18:1, VA) increased from 1.08 in C-TMR to 2.56 g/100g of FA in L-TMR (P cis-9, trans-11 C18:2) increased (127%) from 0.62 in C-TMR to 1.41 g/100g FA in L-TMR milk. Content of α-linolenic acid resulted 20% higher (P P cis-9 C18:1) resulted higher (P α-linolenic).展开更多
Increased levels of stress hormones in the muscle could lead to post mortem metabolic/structural modiifcations that could be relfected on meat quality. The present study investigated the metabolic effect of either adr...Increased levels of stress hormones in the muscle could lead to post mortem metabolic/structural modiifcations that could be relfected on meat quality. The present study investigated the metabolic effect of either adrenaline or cortisol injected into lambs in order to obtain an animal model of acute stress. Results showed that adrenaline or cortisol injection lead to glucose metabolism and muscle temperature increase. Muscle pH immediately post mortem was affected by adrenaline treatment. Water holding capacity （WHC） of fresh muscle, ifnal muscle pH and temperature registered at 24 h post mortem were not affected by injected hormones. Hardness and adhesiveness of LD muscle evaluated 3 d post mortem tended to increase as a result of adrenaline or cortisol injection. Results demonstrated that injected hormones were able to affect the post mortem muscle biochemistry and the pH/T curve independently of ifnal muscle pH.展开更多
Agro-food and agro-industrial systems in Latin America must anticipate future trends and ensure permanent adjustment ofresearch priorities to the evolving global needs. Innovations should follow the logic of productiv...Agro-food and agro-industrial systems in Latin America must anticipate future trends and ensure permanent adjustment ofresearch priorities to the evolving global needs. Innovations should follow the logic of productive chains, which are highly dependentupon knowledge and technology. Agribusiness sector needs to reinvent itself for efficiently providing new products based on stricterquality controls, traceability, and greater diversification. In the region, alfalfa has an enormous potential to be cultivated for multiplepurposes other than just animal products, going from pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry to human consumption. No singleorganization or isolated group of scientists hold alone the capacity to deal with increasingly complex and dynamic productionsystems in order to efficiently compete in a globalized market. These challenges require an interdisciplinary approach, not only to adomestic level but also to an international one. The present paper proposed the constitution of a virtual alfalfa network platform forarticulating and guiding alfalfa research efforts in Latin America. The network will focus on identifying the most important needs forLatin America, promoting an active interaction among educational and scientific institutions through collaborative research projects.The platform comprises four main research axes: (1) efficient production (agronomy);(2) animal production (diversified feeds);(3)quality and innocuousness applied (human feeding);(4) novel products (pharmaceutical and cosmetics). During the initial phase, theBrazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA, Brazil) and National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA,Argentina) will jointly coordinate the network.展开更多
The quantification of carbon storage in vegetation biomass is a crucial factor in the estimation and mitigation of CO2 emissions.Globally,arid and semi-arid regions are considered an important carbon sink.However,they...The quantification of carbon storage in vegetation biomass is a crucial factor in the estimation and mitigation of CO2 emissions.Globally,arid and semi-arid regions are considered an important carbon sink.However,they have received limited attention and,therefore,it should be a priority to develop tools to quantify biomass at the local and regional scales.Individual plant variables,such as stem diameter and crown area,were reported to be good predictors of individual plant weight.Stand-level variables,such as plant cover and mean height,are also easy-to-measure estimators of above-ground biomass(AGB)in dry regions.In this study,we estimated the AGB in semi-arid woody vegetation in Northeast Patagonia,Argentina.We evaluated whether the AGB at the stand level can be estimated based on plant cover and to what extent the estimation accuracy can be improved by the inclusion of other field-measured structure variables.We also evaluated whether remote sensing technologies can be used to reliably estimate and map the regional mean biomass.For this purpose,we analyzed the relationships between field-measured woody vegetation structure variables and AGB as well as LANDSAT TM-derived variables.We obtained a model-based ratio estimate of regional mean AGB and its standard error.Total plant cover allowed us to obtain a reliable estimation of local AGB,and no better fit was attained by the inclusion of other structure variables.The stand-level plant cover ranged between 18.7%and 95.2%and AGB between about 2.0 and 70.8 Mg/hm^(2).AGB based on total plant cover was well estimated from LANDSAT TM bands 2 and 3,which facilitated a model-based ratio estimate of the regional mean AGB(approximately 12.0 Mg/hm^(2))and its sampling error(about 30.0%).The mean AGB of woody vegetation can greatly contribute to carbon storage in semi-arid lands.Thus,plant cover estimation by remote sensing images could be used to obtain regional estimates and map biomass,as well as to assess and monitor the impact of land-use change on the carbon balance,for arid and semi-arid regions.展开更多
J. curcas and J. macrocarpa are useful for restoring degraded areas and their seeds contain oils for biodiesel production. The aim of the work was to determine the reserve substances in the endosperm and the embryo of...J. curcas and J. macrocarpa are useful for restoring degraded areas and their seeds contain oils for biodiesel production. The aim of the work was to determine the reserve substances in the endosperm and the embryo of J. curcas and J. macrocarpa which is important in understanding the germination process, the establishment of these species and its industrial employment. Seeds were imbibed in distilled water for 24 h, to facilitate removal of seed coat with the aim to separate the embryo and nutritive tissues. In both species, the endosperm contained aleurone grains consisting of a crystalloid and globoid, lipids of red color and the starch was not observed. Four major fatty acids were determined in J. curcas seed: oleic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic and oleic fatty acid represents about 70% oil content. Oleic acid was the most abundant in J. macrocarpa seeds, while, there was not palmitoleic acid. Seed with predominantly unsaturated fatty acids is ideal for biodiesel industry. The means of the sugar content were: 14.3 μg/mg in endosperm and 104.76 μg/mg in embryo of J. curcas and 6.48 μg/mg in endosperm and 59.20 μg/mg in embryo of J. macrocarpa. The means of the protein content were: 4.2 μg/mg in endosperm and 45.02 μg/mg in embryo of J. curcas and 3.26 μg/mg in endosperm and 31.08 μg/mg in embryo of J. macrocarpa. Sugar and protein contents of Jatropha seeds were significantly higher in embryo in both species (p 0.1), which suggests early mobilization towards the embryo during imbibition period.展开更多
The aim of the work was to improve the healthy value of milk and cheese fatty acids (FA) by feeding a mix of crude soybean oil sediment (CSOS) combined with fish oil (FO) to grazing dairy cows. The CSOS is a by-produc...The aim of the work was to improve the healthy value of milk and cheese fatty acids (FA) by feeding a mix of crude soybean oil sediment (CSOS) combined with fish oil (FO) to grazing dairy cows. The CSOS is a by-product commonly discarded after oil extraction containing 3.3% moisture, 6% total ash and 70.7% oil, locally available, comparatively economic and easy to mix with other feed ingredients. The experiment lasted 55 days from September 30th to November 23th 2018 and was carried out at the dairy farm “Gacef” provider of milk to the dairy industrial plant “Capilla Del Se<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ñ</span>or” (CDS) located at the Villa María City, Córdoba Province, Argentine. A herd of 80 multiparous Holstein cows producing 24 kg<sup>-1</sup> milk·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> was used. The cows grazed an alfalfa and an oat pasture that represented about 47% of total dry matter (DM) intake supplemented at 8.5 kg DM·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> with a total mixed ration (TMR) composed (DM basis) by cracked corn grain (35.18%), whole plant corn silage (31.98%), pelletized soyben meal (17.99%), the CSOS supplement (13.85%) and FO (0.99%). The TMR was supplied by halves after each milking time in groupal feeders yielding 1.4 kg·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> of the CSOS and 0.1 kg·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> of FO. Before the start of lipid supplementation, milk samples (5) were obtained from the farm-tank representing the standar or reference milk (Ref-Milk). After 21 days of supplementary lipid supply, additional milk samples (5) were obtained representing the modified milk (Mod-Milk). Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition and milk FA profile. At each time, sufficient quantities of both (Ref- and Mod-Milk) were collected for manufacturing six types of cheeses. The results were analyzed through the Student-T test for independent observations. Oil supplementation did not modify (P > 0.05) the chemical composition of milk. Concentration of butyric acid (C<sub>4:0</sub>) in milk was not affected (P < 0.858). Concentration of total saturated FA (SFAs) in Ref-Milk averaged 58.83 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA and was decreased to 49.67 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA in Mod-Milk (P < 0.0001). Monounsaturated FA (MUFAs) increased (P < 0.001) from 32.03 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA in Ref-Milk to 38.13 g 100 g-1 FA in Mod-Milk (+19.07%) whereas polyunsaturated FA (PUFAs) increased (+36.1%) from 4.71 to 6.41 (P < 0.004). The Mod-Milk showed a significant (P < 0.002) reduction (-15.3% or 5.9 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA) for the total concentration of the potentially atherogenic fraction of milk FA (C<sub>12:0</sub> to C<sub>16:0</sub>). The atherogenic index (AI) also decreased (P < 0.012) from 1.98 in Ref-Milk to 1.42 in Mod-Milk (-28.4%). Concentration of vaccenic acid (VA, <em>trans</em>-11 C<sub>18:1</sub>) in Mod-Milk averaged 7.77 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA which represented a 162 % increase (P < 0.0001) over that observed in Ref-Milk (2.95 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup>). Concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, <em>cis</em>-9, <em>trans</em>-11 C<sub>18:2</sub>) in Ref-Milk averaged 1.47 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA and showed an important increase (P < 0.002) in the Mod-Milk (3.86 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA, +163%). The omega 6/3 ratio resulted lower (P < 0.012) in the Ref-Milk (2.28) compared to the Mod-Milk (2.83). Milk and cheese FA composition were highly correlated (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.0001). The Mod-Cheeses showed similar results in AI, total concentration of SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs compared to the milk of origin. Differences in FA composition between the cheeses made with the Ref- and Mod-Milk were equivalent to those described for milks. It is concluded that supplementation with a blend of CSOS supplement and FO was an effective way to improve the healthy value of dairy products by reducing contents of SFAs, atherogenic FAs and the atherogenicity index with a concomitant increase in VA and CLA. Modifications induced in the Mod-Milk were recovered in the Mod-Cheeses. The results obtained may help to reduce saturated fat intake and fight or prevent incidence of non-communicable, cardiovascular and chronic diseases.展开更多
Consumption of onion has been associated with reduced incidence of chronic diseases. Phenolic, organosulfur and carbohydrate compounds present are largely responsible for these effects. This study examined composition...Consumption of onion has been associated with reduced incidence of chronic diseases. Phenolic, organosulfur and carbohydrate compounds present are largely responsible for these effects. This study examined compositional variation for health-enhancing compounds in a genetically diverse collection of onion cultivars. Total antioxidant activity and aroma profiles were characterized. Significant variation in bulb concentration for total and individual phenolic compounds, thiosulfinates, carbohydrates, and total and soluble solids was found. The range of variation was particularly large (>50-fold difference between the cultivars with the highest and lowest content) for fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and the polyphenols quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate. Amino acid profiles varied significantly as well with substantial variation (~10 fold) observed in both total and essential amino acids. Total antioxidant activity was positively correlated with polyphenols content, and quercetin in particular (r = 0.83), suggesting a major contribution from phenolic compounds to onion antioxidant properties. Significant positive correlation was also found between solids and thiosulfinates content (r = 0.74) and between solids and FOS (r = 0.81), suggesting a dilution/concentration effect for organosulfur compounds and FOS in onion bulbs. The present study revealed broad variation for health-enhancing compounds content in onion germplasm, which can be exploited in breeding programs aiming at increasing onion nutraceutical value.展开更多
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplying calcium salts of linseed oil (Ca-FA) rich in omega-3 (α-linolenic acid) on the production and chemical composition of milk and its nutraceutical va...The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplying calcium salts of linseed oil (Ca-FA) rich in omega-3 (α-linolenic acid) on the production and chemical composition of milk and its nutraceutical value in dairy cows in early lactation. The trial lasted 12 weeks (2 weeks for adaptation to lipids and 10 weeks of data collection). A total of 36 Holstein dairy cows with 58.0 ± 17.0 days in milk (DIM), 594.1 ± 92.4 kg BW, 2.6 ± 1.5 parity and 38.9 ± 9.3 kg milk day<sup>-1</sup> were used in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were: 1) Omega-3 (O3): 5.2 kg DM day<span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup>-1</sup></span> of concentrate including 0.7 kg DM of Ca-FA + 13.5 kg DM <span style="white-space:normal;">day</span><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup>-1</sup></span> of partial mixed ration (PMR) + 12 kg DM <span style="white-space:normal;">day</span><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup>-1</sup></span> of alfalfa pasture (Medicago sativa) and 2) Control (C): diet similar to O3 but lipid supplementation was replaced by cracked corn grain so that the diets were isoenergetic. No treatment effect was detected (P > 0.05) for any milk production and composition variables, except for urea in milk that was slightly higher in O3 (P = 0.02). The treatment × week interaction was significant (P < 0.05) for fat yield and content, with differences (P < 0.01) only in the 3rd week of the data collection period in favor of group C (1.39 vs. 1.13 kg<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">·</span><span style="white-space:normal;">day</span><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup>-1</sup></span> and 3.86% vs. 3.23% for fat yield and content, respectively). Total DMI and PMR were similar (P > 0.05) between treatments. Concentrate intake was higher (P < 0.01) in C compared with O3. Pasture DMI tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for cows that received the O3 treatment compared with C. Total metabolizable energy (ME) intake was similar (P = 0.44) between treatments. No treatment effect was detected (P > 0.05) in rumen environment parameters. Supplementation with Ca-FA reduced (P < 0.05) the hypercholesterolemic fraction of milk (C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0, -13.6%, -7.4% and -9.0%, respectively). The concentration of α-linolenic acid (C<sub>18:3n-3</sub>) increased (108%, P < 0.01) in O3 group compared with group C. The absence of negative effects of lipids on the fat content of milk and ruminal fermentation suggests that protection by saponification was effective. The supplementation with Ca-FA (0.85 <span style="white-space:normal;">kg</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;background-color:#FFFFFF;">·</span><span style="white-space:normal;">day</span><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup>-1</sup></span>) improved the healthy value of the milk.展开更多
文摘Ruscogenin,a steroidal sapogenin,is primarily derived from the genus Ruscus.It demonstrates a wide range of pharmacological actions that hold substantial promise for therapeutic use.By conducting a comprehensive examination of electronic databases including PubMed,ScienceDirect,and SciFinder,we identified studies on ruscogenin to date.This review aims at emphasizing the findings related to the bioactivities of ruscogenin,particularly its protective activities in neurological and inflammatory disorders,hemorrhoids,and cancer.Ruscogenin has been demonstrated to possess anti-ulcer,anti-osteoporotic,and skin-lightening properties as a therapeutic agent.It has also been proven effective in managing metabolic disorders by reducing inflammation and improving lipid metabolism,particularly in conditions such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetic nephropathy.Reports indicate that it can prevent acute lung injury by protecting pulmonary endothelial cells from apoptosis and modulating inflammatory cytokines.Additionally,ruscogenin promotes neurological recovery by mitigating oxidative stress.It also shows anti-cancer properties,leading to apoptosis and hindering metastasis,particularly in pancreatic and hepatocellular carcinoma.This review summarizes the potential medical applications of ruscogenin and underscores the need for further research on its mechanisms of action.
文摘Background:The European rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus L.1758)was introduced into different regions of the world,generating significant trade‑offs that critically impacted native vegetation.Here,we evaluate the rabbit’s forage intakes in three vegetation types(forests,shrublands,and grasslands)along the four seasons in a temperate forest landscape in Southern Patagonia and discuss the potential threats over native vegetation.We formulated the following questions:(i)what is the forage offer at each vegetation type?(ii)what is the rabbit’s forage intake and how it varied across the seasons along the year?and(iii)which vegetation types and plant life forms were more used according to the rabbit’s forage intakes?Methods:We censused understory vegetation to characterize the forage offer at each vegetation type and determined seasonal dietary intakes using microhistological analysis of pellets.The plant species identified in the field were grouped according to life form classes(tree regeneration,shrubs,forbs,graminoids,orchids,ferns,bryophytes,and hemiparasites).Data were analysed through uni‑and multi‑variate analyses,determining relationships between forage offer and the rabbit’s forage intakes.Results:Forage intakes revealed changes in plant life form consumption across vegetation types,where intake pressure was considerably different for tree regeneration(p=0.001),graminoids(p=0.001),and hemiparasites(p=0.001).Besides,significant changes in consumption among seasons were detected for shrubs(p=0.001),ferns(p=0.030),and hemiparasites(p=0.002).Although many species play an important role in the rabbit’s forage intake networks(e.g.,Chiliotrichum diffusum,Holcus lanatus),the strongest intake linkages were found in exotic grasses(e.g.,Poa pratensis and Festuca sp.),native hemiparasites(e.g.,Misodendrum sp.),native shrubs(e.g.,Empetrum rubrum),and native trees(e.g.,Nothofagus sp.).The summer and autumn seasons presented higher intake compared to the winter and spring seasons.Furthermore,hemiparasites intake(e.g.,Misodendrum sp.)suggests that rabbits utilize different forage sources depending on the vegetation types.Conclusions:Rabbits regularly inhabit the forest,even though it is not their preferred vegetation type to live.Rabbit management entails isolating regions that are more favourable to intake and emphasizing the year’s season for rabbit control efforts.
基金supported by a doctoral grant from the National Scientific and Technical Research Council(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y T ecnicas,CONICET)the National Institute of Agricultural Technology(INTA)+1 种基金by projects funded by INTA(CP_2019–2023 I-114,I-127,I-090/2023–2025 I-111,I-87)Agencia Nacional de Promocio n Científica y T ecnica(PICT 2017N?2523)。
文摘Multiparent advanced generation inter-cross(MAGIC)populations improve the accuracy of quantitative trait loci mapping compared to biparental populations by increasing diversity and reducing linkage disequilibrium between variants.Here we describe the development of two MAGIC populations derived from a cross of 11 founder lines from the INTA(National Institute for Agricultural Technology in Argentina)sunflower breeding program.The founder lines are fertility maintainer inbred lines that exhibit genetic diversity in several traits,including flowering cycle,plant architecture,disease resistance,oil content and oil quality.The crossing scheme applied follows the design of two-way,four-way and eight-way crosses with a modification to increase the number of recombinations and shorten the linkage disequilibrium.Phenotyping a subset of F_(2)families and F_5 lines for different traits shows an increase in the diversity of the analyzed traits compared to the parental lines.In addition,we identified lines with transgressive segregation for Sunflower Verticillium Wilt resistance.These results confirm that the MAGIC populations will serve as unique genetic and genomic resources to better characterize the genetics of complex traits and identify potentially superior alleles for sunflower breeding.It will also enrich the gene pool of fertility maintainers(A/B line)of the sunflower germplasm and facilitate the introduction of new breeding methods to select female parents for use in AxR combinations to obtain superior sunflower hybrids.
基金the Universidad Nacional de Co rdoba,Argentina,and the Secretaría de Cienciay Tecnología (UNC,SECyT) for the financial support of the CONSOLIDAR 2018–2022 project‘EFECTO DE LOS MICROORGANISMOS PROMOTORES DEL CRECIMIENTO SOBRE LA ECOFISIOLOGíA Y EL CONTROL DE ENFERMEDADES EN EL CULTIVO DE MANí.'the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET) for the doctoral fellowshipthe University of Córdoba (Spain) for the support provided through the “Plan Propio de Investigación” 2020–2024。
文摘To improve crop yields,global food production needs sustainable agronomic tools like Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR).Region-adapted PGPR strains are crucial to increasing peanut production.Argentina is the seventh-largest peanut producer,and Cordoba is the main region with 250,000 ha(75%of the total sowing area).This study aimed to isolate,identify,and characterize the biocontrol and growth promotion capacity of PGPR strains belonging to the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera.The strains were tested against Sclerotinia minor,Sclerotium rolfsii,Fusarium verticillioides,and Aspergillus flavus for biocontrol assays.For growth promotion,pot trials used two peanut cultivars,ASEM 400 INTA and Granoleico,under 40%and 60%field capacity under two water regimes.The isolated strains were Bacillus velezensis,B.subtilis,B.tequilensis,B.safensis,B.altitudinis,and Pseudomonas psychrophila.These strains demonstrated in-vitro phosphorus solubilization,nitrogen fixation,ammonification,nitrification,enzyme releasing,phytohormones production,and high biocontrol capacity of over 75%.SC6 and RI3(both B.velezensis)and P10(P.psychrophila)exhibited outstanding performance.They significantly promoted peanut root biomass by more than 50%and leaf area by 30%,with increased chlorophyll content index and leaf relative water content,particularly under water stress conditions(40%field capacity).According to the results,RI3,SC6,and P10 could be classified as PGPR,which supports the results obtained in other field studies with these same microorganisms.Future investigations should prioritize the development of industrial formulations to assess their effectiveness in alternative crops and to incorporate them into other agricultural practices.
文摘Anaerobic digestion is a process that is widely used for the treatment of organic wastes. The digestate can be used as a soil amendment or crop fertiliser. The aims of our work were to evaluate 1) the physicochemical composition and pathogen content in a digestate from poultry manure, according to international regulations, and 2) the effect of its soil application on the major chemical and biological soil properties and on the growth of Lactuca sativa. The experiment consisted of two groups of pots(with and without crop). Treatments applied to each group were as follows: low and high doses of digestate and inorganic fertiliser, and no application(control)(low dose: 70 kg nitrogen(N) ha^(-1) and 21 kg phosphorus(P) ha^(-1); high dose: 210 kg N ha^(-1) and 63 kg P ha^(-1)). Soil samples were taken 7 and 34 d(harvest) after treatment applications. Heavy metal and pathogen contents in the digestate were below the upper limit values. Despite the high pH and electrical conductivity values of the digestate, both soil parameters presented acceptable values for crop growth. Although there were no initial increases in total inorganic N and available P in soil with digestate application, an increase in the fresh weight of crop was observed with the high dose application. This is probably associated with the slow nutrient release from the digestate during the development of the crop. Changes in the microbial community were temporary and occurred at the initial sampling stage of the experiment.
文摘Rapid emergence and a vigorous growth prevent the seed tubers from infections by soil microbes and allow a rapid interception of solar radiation. In this work, the effect of the potassium phosphites (KPhi) applied to seed tubers of two potato cultivars on crop emergence and early growth was studied. Two experiments were performed under greenhouse and field conditions. Emergence of plants, leaf area, dry matter and the number of primary stems were measured in both experiments. Furthermore, mycorrhizal colonization was also measured on roots under field conditions. The application of KPhi reduced the period between planting and emergence, and increased leaf area and dry matter. The ratio between dry matter of aerials and underground organs was not affected by KPhi. Indigenous mycorrhizal colonization increased after KPhi application to seed tubers. These results confirm the benefit of the application of KPhi to seed tubers on early plant growth and suggest that their application in crop production would be advantageous.
文摘Forty multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation (66 ± 19 days) were assigned to one of four treatments that consisted in different ratios of total mixed rations (TMR) and pasture at 100% TMR (T0), 75:25 (T1) 50:50 (T2) and 25:75 (T3) over 9 weeks in autumn-winter. Measures of rumen parameters and digestion were performed on 4 additional Holstein cows in late lactation (287 days postpartum) fitted with permanent ruminal fistulae and producing 22.6 (±5.4) kg milk in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design. In T1 to T3 cows were taken to the grazing plot once they finished the pre-planned TMR intake and pasture was offered at 2 times the expected forage DM intake. Milk was analyzed for chemical composition, milk fatty acid (FA) profile and antioxidant compounds. The cows were individually weighed and body condition score (BCS) was determined. After the morning milking, blood samples were taken every 2 weeks and plasma was analyzed for glucose, urea, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I). Herbage mass in pre grazing strips of pasture averaged 2540 ± 343 kg DM/ha. As TMR intake increased, production variables increased linearly excepting milk fat (3.88 g/100g) and milk protein (3.43 g/100g) contents that were not affected. Milk yield (kg/cow/d) resulted maximal in T0 (34.2) and linearly decreased (p 3-N concentration resulted higher in treatments with higher proportion of pasture. Kinetic parameters of DM and NDF digestion from pasture or corn silage were not affected. Milk FA profile and milk antioxidant quality showed unfavorably changes as TMR increased by a decrease in rumenic and linolenic acids and content of antioxidant vitamins, without effect on the atherogenicity index. Results suggested a depressing effect of the pasture on total DM and energy intake probably explained by qualitative deficiencies chemical composition of the forage and/or factors that affect animal behavior that may induce losses in body condition of high yielding dairy cows.
文摘Rapid and sensitive reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) method with UV detection has been developed and validated for quantification of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in presence of meta-cresol as a stabilizer in a pharmaceutical formulation.Chromatography was performed with mobile phase containing 0.1% Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in MilliQ water and 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile with gradient program and flow rate at 0.3 mL/min for HPLC and 0.4 mL/min for UPLC.Quantification was accomplished with internal reference standard (qualified against innovator product and National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) standard).The methods were validated for linearity (correlation coefficient 0.99),range,accuracy,precision and robustness.Robustness was confirmed by considering three factors;mobile phase composition,column temperature and flow rate/age of mobile phase.Intermediate precision was confirmed on different equipments,different columns and on different days.The relative standard deviation (RSD) (<2% for RP-HPLC and <1% for UPLC,n=30) indicated a good precision.Retention time was found about 17 min and 2 min by HPLC and UPLC methods,respectively.Both methods are simple,highly sensitive,precise and accurate and have the potential of being useful for routine quality control.
文摘This paper describes a method for mesh adaptation in the presence of intersections, such as wing-fuselage. Automatic optimization tools, using Computational Fluid Dynamics（CFD） simulations, face the problem to adapt the computational grid upon deformations of the boundary surface. When mesh regeneration is not feasible, due to the high cost to build up the computational grid, mesh deformation techniques are considered a cheap approach to adapt the mesh to changes on the geometry. Mesh adaptation is a well-known subject in the literature; however, there is very little work which deals with moving intersections. Without a proper treatment of the intersections,the use of automatic optimization methods for aircraft design is limited to individual components.The proposed method takes advantage of the CAD description, which usually comes in the form of Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines（NURBS） patches. This paper describes an algorithm to recalculate the intersection line between two parametric surfaces. Then, the surface mesh is adapted to the moving intersection in parametric coordinates. Finally, the deformation is propagated through the volumetric mesh. The proposed method is tested with the DLR F6 wing-body configuration.
基金supported by the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologa Agropecuaria of Argentina(INTA PNSUELO 1134044)the Fondo Para la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnologica of Argentina(PICT 448)
文摘Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in Argentina, accounting for 62% of the commercialized pesticides on the market. It is used as a weed controller in no-till systems, and it is also applied to various genetically modified crops ( e.g., soybean, corn, and cotton). Although it has a high solubility in water, it tends to adsorb and accumulate in agricultural soils. The main objectives of this work were to compare the dissipation of glyphosate and the accumulation of its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) over time in three soils from agricultural areas of Argentina under long-term management with no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) practices. There were no differences in dissipation between NT and CT, indicating that the glyphosate-degrading microflora was not modified by the different tillage managements. Moreover, tillage practices did not alter the general soil properties;therefore, glyphosate bioavailability was not affected by NT or CT practice. Forty percent of the applied glyphosate was degraded within the first three days in all soils, indicating a fast initial dissipation rate. However, the dissipation rate considerably decreased over time, and the degradation kinetics followed a bi-exponential (or two-compartment) kinetic model. No differences were found between tillage practices. Dissipation was not related to the microbial activity measured as soil respiration. The fast decrease in the concentration of glyphosate at the beginning of the dissipation study was not reflected in an increase in the concentration of AMPA. The estimated half-lives for glyphosate ranged between 9 and 38 d. However, glyphosate bioavailability decreases over time, as it is strongly adsorbed to the soil matrix. This increases its residence time, which may lead to its accumulation in agricultural soils.
文摘The aim of the study was to determine the effect of three levels of energy concentrate intake on dry matter (DM) and energy intake, milk yield and composition, rumen environment and pasture neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestion. Twelve Holstein multiparous cows in early lactation (69.0 ± 5 days postpartum) producing 32.8 (±4.0) kg milk were assigned to three treatments at (kg/cow day) 3.5 (T3.5), 7.0 (T7.0) and 10.5 (T10.5) kg concentrate in a 3 × 3 Latin Square design. Parameters of ruminal environment and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestion were obtained using 3 additional rumen cannulated cows. Concentrate was composed (as fed) by corn grain (68%), soybean meal (22%), wheat bran (8%) and a vitamin-mineral premix including monensin and thoroughly consumed. Yields (kg/cow day-1) of milk, 4% fat corrected milk (4% FCM 4%) and energy corrected milk (ECM) resulted higher (p p -1 without effects on yield of milk fat. Concentrations (g/100 g) of milk fat (3.19), protein (2.97), total solids (11.75), non-fat solids (8.60) and casein (2.40) did not differ. Milk lactose content (g/100 g) was linearly increased (p p p p p < 0.05) in T3.5 due to the increase in acetate and butyrate while the acetate: Propionate ratio remained unchanged. Pasture NDF digestion was affected as concentrate intake increased. To increase milk protein yield and reduce concentrations of N-NH3 in rumen and milk, feeding an energy concentrate at 41% of total DM intake resulted an effective tool.
基金supported by grants AERG 232141/PNBIO 1131032 from the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria(INTA)PICT 2008-0400 from the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica(ANPCyT),Argentina
文摘Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease virus（IBDV）causes infectious bursal disease,a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease that affects young chickens and causes economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide.IBDV replicates mainly in actively dividing B lymphocytes within the bursa of Fabricius（BF）,leading to immunosuppression in affected flocks（Mahgoub et al.,2012）.Viral protein 2（VP2）,
文摘The objective was to reduce saturated fatty acids (SFA) and increase conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis-9, trans-11 C18:2), α-linolenic (cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 C18:3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, C22:6) contents in milk from confined dairy cows in order to promote a healthier option. The work was carried out in a commercial farm (Talar) located in Laguna del Sauce, Maldonado (Uruguay). Twenty four cows were assigned to one of two treatments (12 cows per treatment) over a 6 weeks experimental period. Treatments consisted in a control total mixed ration (C-TMR) without supplementary lipids (L) or the same TMR with the addition of 0.144 kg/cow·day of algae and 0.72 kg/cow·day of soybean oil (L-TMR). Chemical composition of the TMR (44.27% DM) averaged 15.94% for crude protein (CP), 38.20% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 20.36% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 5.56% fat, 5.30% ash and 28.6% nonstructural carbohydrate (NSCH) with 1.81 Mcal/kg of net energy for lactation (NEL). After 39 days of feeding, individual milk samples were collected during three consecutive days. From the total milk collected, 20 ml were immediately used for chemical composition (Milko Scan) and 80 ml for analysis for milk FA profile. From week 3 onwards, milk production (kg/cow·day) resulted higher (P P P = 0.43) on milk protein content (C-TMR = 3.20;L-TMR = 3.07 g/100g). Milk lactose (C-TMR = 4.86, L-TMR = 4.69 g/100g) and urea nitrogen contents (C-TMR = 21.18, L-TMR = 17.33 g/100g) tended (P cow·day, P 12:0 to C16:0 FA averaging 45.19 in C-TMR and 34.74 g/100g in L-TMR (P P 18:1 trans-9) (0.23) and C18:1 trans-10 (0.44) FA increased (P trans-11 C18:1, VA) increased from 1.08 in C-TMR to 2.56 g/100g of FA in L-TMR (P cis-9, trans-11 C18:2) increased (127%) from 0.62 in C-TMR to 1.41 g/100g FA in L-TMR milk. Content of α-linolenic acid resulted 20% higher (P P cis-9 C18:1) resulted higher (P α-linolenic).
文摘Increased levels of stress hormones in the muscle could lead to post mortem metabolic/structural modiifcations that could be relfected on meat quality. The present study investigated the metabolic effect of either adrenaline or cortisol injected into lambs in order to obtain an animal model of acute stress. Results showed that adrenaline or cortisol injection lead to glucose metabolism and muscle temperature increase. Muscle pH immediately post mortem was affected by adrenaline treatment. Water holding capacity （WHC） of fresh muscle, ifnal muscle pH and temperature registered at 24 h post mortem were not affected by injected hormones. Hardness and adhesiveness of LD muscle evaluated 3 d post mortem tended to increase as a result of adrenaline or cortisol injection. Results demonstrated that injected hormones were able to affect the post mortem muscle biochemistry and the pH/T curve independently of ifnal muscle pH.
文摘Agro-food and agro-industrial systems in Latin America must anticipate future trends and ensure permanent adjustment ofresearch priorities to the evolving global needs. Innovations should follow the logic of productive chains, which are highly dependentupon knowledge and technology. Agribusiness sector needs to reinvent itself for efficiently providing new products based on stricterquality controls, traceability, and greater diversification. In the region, alfalfa has an enormous potential to be cultivated for multiplepurposes other than just animal products, going from pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry to human consumption. No singleorganization or isolated group of scientists hold alone the capacity to deal with increasingly complex and dynamic productionsystems in order to efficiently compete in a globalized market. These challenges require an interdisciplinary approach, not only to adomestic level but also to an international one. The present paper proposed the constitution of a virtual alfalfa network platform forarticulating and guiding alfalfa research efforts in Latin America. The network will focus on identifying the most important needs forLatin America, promoting an active interaction among educational and scientific institutions through collaborative research projects.The platform comprises four main research axes: (1) efficient production (agronomy);(2) animal production (diversified feeds);(3)quality and innocuousness applied (human feeding);(4) novel products (pharmaceutical and cosmetics). During the initial phase, theBrazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA, Brazil) and National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA,Argentina) will jointly coordinate the network.
基金This research was funded by the National University of Río Negro Research Project(40-C-658)the Research Project National Institute of Agricultural Technology,University Association of Higher Agricultural Education and National Council of Veterinary Deans(Proyect 940175).
文摘The quantification of carbon storage in vegetation biomass is a crucial factor in the estimation and mitigation of CO2 emissions.Globally,arid and semi-arid regions are considered an important carbon sink.However,they have received limited attention and,therefore,it should be a priority to develop tools to quantify biomass at the local and regional scales.Individual plant variables,such as stem diameter and crown area,were reported to be good predictors of individual plant weight.Stand-level variables,such as plant cover and mean height,are also easy-to-measure estimators of above-ground biomass(AGB)in dry regions.In this study,we estimated the AGB in semi-arid woody vegetation in Northeast Patagonia,Argentina.We evaluated whether the AGB at the stand level can be estimated based on plant cover and to what extent the estimation accuracy can be improved by the inclusion of other field-measured structure variables.We also evaluated whether remote sensing technologies can be used to reliably estimate and map the regional mean biomass.For this purpose,we analyzed the relationships between field-measured woody vegetation structure variables and AGB as well as LANDSAT TM-derived variables.We obtained a model-based ratio estimate of regional mean AGB and its standard error.Total plant cover allowed us to obtain a reliable estimation of local AGB,and no better fit was attained by the inclusion of other structure variables.The stand-level plant cover ranged between 18.7%and 95.2%and AGB between about 2.0 and 70.8 Mg/hm^(2).AGB based on total plant cover was well estimated from LANDSAT TM bands 2 and 3,which facilitated a model-based ratio estimate of the regional mean AGB(approximately 12.0 Mg/hm^(2))and its sampling error(about 30.0%).The mean AGB of woody vegetation can greatly contribute to carbon storage in semi-arid lands.Thus,plant cover estimation by remote sensing images could be used to obtain regional estimates and map biomass,as well as to assess and monitor the impact of land-use change on the carbon balance,for arid and semi-arid regions.
文摘J. curcas and J. macrocarpa are useful for restoring degraded areas and their seeds contain oils for biodiesel production. The aim of the work was to determine the reserve substances in the endosperm and the embryo of J. curcas and J. macrocarpa which is important in understanding the germination process, the establishment of these species and its industrial employment. Seeds were imbibed in distilled water for 24 h, to facilitate removal of seed coat with the aim to separate the embryo and nutritive tissues. In both species, the endosperm contained aleurone grains consisting of a crystalloid and globoid, lipids of red color and the starch was not observed. Four major fatty acids were determined in J. curcas seed: oleic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic and oleic fatty acid represents about 70% oil content. Oleic acid was the most abundant in J. macrocarpa seeds, while, there was not palmitoleic acid. Seed with predominantly unsaturated fatty acids is ideal for biodiesel industry. The means of the sugar content were: 14.3 μg/mg in endosperm and 104.76 μg/mg in embryo of J. curcas and 6.48 μg/mg in endosperm and 59.20 μg/mg in embryo of J. macrocarpa. The means of the protein content were: 4.2 μg/mg in endosperm and 45.02 μg/mg in embryo of J. curcas and 3.26 μg/mg in endosperm and 31.08 μg/mg in embryo of J. macrocarpa. Sugar and protein contents of Jatropha seeds were significantly higher in embryo in both species (p 0.1), which suggests early mobilization towards the embryo during imbibition period.
文摘The aim of the work was to improve the healthy value of milk and cheese fatty acids (FA) by feeding a mix of crude soybean oil sediment (CSOS) combined with fish oil (FO) to grazing dairy cows. The CSOS is a by-product commonly discarded after oil extraction containing 3.3% moisture, 6% total ash and 70.7% oil, locally available, comparatively economic and easy to mix with other feed ingredients. The experiment lasted 55 days from September 30th to November 23th 2018 and was carried out at the dairy farm “Gacef” provider of milk to the dairy industrial plant “Capilla Del Se<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ñ</span>or” (CDS) located at the Villa María City, Córdoba Province, Argentine. A herd of 80 multiparous Holstein cows producing 24 kg<sup>-1</sup> milk·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> was used. The cows grazed an alfalfa and an oat pasture that represented about 47% of total dry matter (DM) intake supplemented at 8.5 kg DM·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> with a total mixed ration (TMR) composed (DM basis) by cracked corn grain (35.18%), whole plant corn silage (31.98%), pelletized soyben meal (17.99%), the CSOS supplement (13.85%) and FO (0.99%). The TMR was supplied by halves after each milking time in groupal feeders yielding 1.4 kg·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> of the CSOS and 0.1 kg·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> of FO. Before the start of lipid supplementation, milk samples (5) were obtained from the farm-tank representing the standar or reference milk (Ref-Milk). After 21 days of supplementary lipid supply, additional milk samples (5) were obtained representing the modified milk (Mod-Milk). Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition and milk FA profile. At each time, sufficient quantities of both (Ref- and Mod-Milk) were collected for manufacturing six types of cheeses. The results were analyzed through the Student-T test for independent observations. Oil supplementation did not modify (P > 0.05) the chemical composition of milk. Concentration of butyric acid (C<sub>4:0</sub>) in milk was not affected (P < 0.858). Concentration of total saturated FA (SFAs) in Ref-Milk averaged 58.83 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA and was decreased to 49.67 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA in Mod-Milk (P < 0.0001). Monounsaturated FA (MUFAs) increased (P < 0.001) from 32.03 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA in Ref-Milk to 38.13 g 100 g-1 FA in Mod-Milk (+19.07%) whereas polyunsaturated FA (PUFAs) increased (+36.1%) from 4.71 to 6.41 (P < 0.004). The Mod-Milk showed a significant (P < 0.002) reduction (-15.3% or 5.9 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA) for the total concentration of the potentially atherogenic fraction of milk FA (C<sub>12:0</sub> to C<sub>16:0</sub>). The atherogenic index (AI) also decreased (P < 0.012) from 1.98 in Ref-Milk to 1.42 in Mod-Milk (-28.4%). Concentration of vaccenic acid (VA, <em>trans</em>-11 C<sub>18:1</sub>) in Mod-Milk averaged 7.77 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA which represented a 162 % increase (P < 0.0001) over that observed in Ref-Milk (2.95 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup>). Concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, <em>cis</em>-9, <em>trans</em>-11 C<sub>18:2</sub>) in Ref-Milk averaged 1.47 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA and showed an important increase (P < 0.002) in the Mod-Milk (3.86 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA, +163%). The omega 6/3 ratio resulted lower (P < 0.012) in the Ref-Milk (2.28) compared to the Mod-Milk (2.83). Milk and cheese FA composition were highly correlated (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.0001). The Mod-Cheeses showed similar results in AI, total concentration of SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs compared to the milk of origin. Differences in FA composition between the cheeses made with the Ref- and Mod-Milk were equivalent to those described for milks. It is concluded that supplementation with a blend of CSOS supplement and FO was an effective way to improve the healthy value of dairy products by reducing contents of SFAs, atherogenic FAs and the atherogenicity index with a concomitant increase in VA and CLA. Modifications induced in the Mod-Milk were recovered in the Mod-Cheeses. The results obtained may help to reduce saturated fat intake and fight or prevent incidence of non-communicable, cardiovascular and chronic diseases.
文摘Consumption of onion has been associated with reduced incidence of chronic diseases. Phenolic, organosulfur and carbohydrate compounds present are largely responsible for these effects. This study examined compositional variation for health-enhancing compounds in a genetically diverse collection of onion cultivars. Total antioxidant activity and aroma profiles were characterized. Significant variation in bulb concentration for total and individual phenolic compounds, thiosulfinates, carbohydrates, and total and soluble solids was found. The range of variation was particularly large (>50-fold difference between the cultivars with the highest and lowest content) for fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and the polyphenols quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate. Amino acid profiles varied significantly as well with substantial variation (~10 fold) observed in both total and essential amino acids. Total antioxidant activity was positively correlated with polyphenols content, and quercetin in particular (r = 0.83), suggesting a major contribution from phenolic compounds to onion antioxidant properties. Significant positive correlation was also found between solids and thiosulfinates content (r = 0.74) and between solids and FOS (r = 0.81), suggesting a dilution/concentration effect for organosulfur compounds and FOS in onion bulbs. The present study revealed broad variation for health-enhancing compounds content in onion germplasm, which can be exploited in breeding programs aiming at increasing onion nutraceutical value.
文摘The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplying calcium salts of linseed oil (Ca-FA) rich in omega-3 (α-linolenic acid) on the production and chemical composition of milk and its nutraceutical value in dairy cows in early lactation. The trial lasted 12 weeks (2 weeks for adaptation to lipids and 10 weeks of data collection). A total of 36 Holstein dairy cows with 58.0 ± 17.0 days in milk (DIM), 594.1 ± 92.4 kg BW, 2.6 ± 1.5 parity and 38.9 ± 9.3 kg milk day<sup>-1</sup> were used in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were: 1) Omega-3 (O3): 5.2 kg DM day<span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup>-1</sup></span> of concentrate including 0.7 kg DM of Ca-FA + 13.5 kg DM <span style="white-space:normal;">day</span><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup>-1</sup></span> of partial mixed ration (PMR) + 12 kg DM <span style="white-space:normal;">day</span><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup>-1</sup></span> of alfalfa pasture (Medicago sativa) and 2) Control (C): diet similar to O3 but lipid supplementation was replaced by cracked corn grain so that the diets were isoenergetic. No treatment effect was detected (P > 0.05) for any milk production and composition variables, except for urea in milk that was slightly higher in O3 (P = 0.02). The treatment × week interaction was significant (P < 0.05) for fat yield and content, with differences (P < 0.01) only in the 3rd week of the data collection period in favor of group C (1.39 vs. 1.13 kg<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">·</span><span style="white-space:normal;">day</span><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup>-1</sup></span> and 3.86% vs. 3.23% for fat yield and content, respectively). Total DMI and PMR were similar (P > 0.05) between treatments. Concentrate intake was higher (P < 0.01) in C compared with O3. Pasture DMI tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for cows that received the O3 treatment compared with C. Total metabolizable energy (ME) intake was similar (P = 0.44) between treatments. No treatment effect was detected (P > 0.05) in rumen environment parameters. Supplementation with Ca-FA reduced (P < 0.05) the hypercholesterolemic fraction of milk (C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0, -13.6%, -7.4% and -9.0%, respectively). The concentration of α-linolenic acid (C<sub>18:3n-3</sub>) increased (108%, P < 0.01) in O3 group compared with group C. The absence of negative effects of lipids on the fat content of milk and ruminal fermentation suggests that protection by saponification was effective. The supplementation with Ca-FA (0.85 <span style="white-space:normal;">kg</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;background-color:#FFFFFF;">·</span><span style="white-space:normal;">day</span><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup>-1</sup></span>) improved the healthy value of the milk.
