The concept of the brain cognitive reserve is derived from the well-acknowledged notion that the degree of brain damage does not always match the severity of clinical symptoms and neurological/cognitive outcomes.It ha...The concept of the brain cognitive reserve is derived from the well-acknowledged notion that the degree of brain damage does not always match the severity of clinical symptoms and neurological/cognitive outcomes.It has been suggested that the size of the brain(brain reserve) and the extent of neural connections acquired through life(neural reserve) set a threshold beyond which noticeable impairments occur.In contrast,cognitive reserve refers to the brain's ability to adapt and reo rganize stru cturally and functionally to resist damage and maintain function,including neural reserve and brain maintenance,resilience,and compensation(Verkhratsky and Zorec,2024).展开更多
Comprehensive studies identify motor neuron spectrum disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)as globally rising fatal disorders with the highest prevalence in aging populations,influenced by ethnicity an...Comprehensive studies identify motor neuron spectrum disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)as globally rising fatal disorders with the highest prevalence in aging populations,influenced by ethnicity and ancestry(GBD 2016 Motor Neuron Disease Colla borators,2018).While~10% of diagnoses involve a family history(fALS),most cases are considered sporadic(sALS).However,population-based studies suggest that even cases without a common index mutation impart heritability(Ryan et al.,2019),indicating a crucial role of rare and as yet unknown genetic denominators.展开更多
High density polyethylene(HDPE)pyrolysis and in-line oxidative steam reforming was carried out in a two-step reaction system consisting of a conical spouted bed reactor and a fluidized bed reactor.Continuous plastic p...High density polyethylene(HDPE)pyrolysis and in-line oxidative steam reforming was carried out in a two-step reaction system consisting of a conical spouted bed reactor and a fluidized bed reactor.Continuous plastic pyrolysis was conducted at 550℃ and the volatiles formed were fed in-line to the oxidative steam reforming step(space-time 3.12 gcat min gHDPE−1;ER=0.2 and steam/plastic=3)operating at 700℃.The influence Ni based reforming catalyst support(Al_(2)O_(3),ZrO_(2),SiO_(2))and promoter(CeO_(2),La_(2)O_(3))have on HDPE pyrolysis volatiles conversion and H_(2) production was assessed.The catalysts were prepared by the wet impregnation and they were characterized by means of N_(2) adsorption-desorption,X-ray fluorescence,temperature-programmed reduction and X-ray powder diffraction.A preliminary study on coke deposition and the deterioration of catalysts properties was carried out,by analyzing the tested catalysts through temperature programmed oxidation of coke,transmission electron microscopy,and N_(2) adsorption-desorption.Among the supports tested,ZrO_(2) showed the best performance,attaining conversion and H_(2) production values of 92.2% and 12.8 wt%,respectively.Concerning promoted catalysts,they led to similar conversion values(around 90%),but significant differences were observed in H_(2) production.Thus,higher H_(2) productions were obtained on the Ni/La_(2)O_(3)-Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst(12.1 wt%)than on CeO_(2) promoted catalysts due to La_(2)O_(3) capability for enhancing water adsorption on the catalyst surface.展开更多
Over recent decades,carbon-based chemical sensor technologies have advanced significantly.Nevertheless,significant opportunities persist for enhancing analyte recognition capabilities,particularly in complex environme...Over recent decades,carbon-based chemical sensor technologies have advanced significantly.Nevertheless,significant opportunities persist for enhancing analyte recognition capabilities,particularly in complex environments.Conventional monovariable sensors exhibit inherent limitations,such as susceptibility to interference from coexisting analytes,which results in response overlap.Although sensor arrays,through modification of multiple sensing materials,offer a potential solution for analyte recognition,their practical applications are constrained by intricate material modification processes.In this context,multivariable chemical sensors have emerged as a promising alternative,enabling the generation of multiple outputs to construct a comprehensive sensing space for analyte recognition,while utilizing a single sensing material.Among various carbon-based materials,carbon nanotubes(CNTs)and graphene have emerged as ideal candidates for constructing high-performance chemical sensors,owing to their well-established batch fabrication processes,superior electrical properties,and outstanding sensing capabilities.This review examines the progress of carbon-based multivariable chemical sensors,focusing on CNTs/graphene as sensing materials and field-effect transistors as transducers for analyte recognition.The discussion encompasses fundamental aspects of these sensors,including sensing materials,sensor architectures,performance metrics,pattern recognition algorithms,and multivariable sensing mechanism.Furthermore,the review highlights innovative multivariable extraction schemes and their practical applications when integrated with advanced pattern recognition algorithms.展开更多
Alzheimer's disease(AD),the leading cause of dementia,remains a formidable challenge to neurology.Despite decades of research focused on amyloid-β(Aβ)and tau pathologies,most clinical trials targeting these mole...Alzheimer's disease(AD),the leading cause of dementia,remains a formidable challenge to neurology.Despite decades of research focused on amyloid-β(Aβ)and tau pathologies,most clinical trials targeting these molecules failed,highlighting the need for alternative strategies[1].Recent attention has turned to neuroinflammation,particularly the role of microglia,the brain's resident immune cells[1].Microglia are central to AD progression.They can degrade Aβplaques and protect neurons,but may also exacerbate neurotoxicity through chronic inflammation[1].展开更多
Apoptosis is a widespread phenomenon that occurs in the brain in both physiological and pathological conditions. Dead ceils must be quickly removed to avoid the further toxic effects they exert in the pa- renchyma, a ...Apoptosis is a widespread phenomenon that occurs in the brain in both physiological and pathological conditions. Dead ceils must be quickly removed to avoid the further toxic effects they exert in the pa- renchyma, a process executed by microglia, the brain professional phagocytes. Although phagocytosis is critical to maintain tissue homeostasis, it has long been either overlooked or indirectly assessed based on microglial morphology, expression of classical activation markers, or engulfment of artificial phagocytic targets in vitro. Nevertheless, these indirect methods present several limitations and, thus, direct obser- vation and quantification of microglial phagocytosis is still necessary to fully grasp its relevance in the diseased brain. To overcome these caveats and obtain a comprehensive, quantitative picture of microglial phagocytosis we have developed a novel set of parameters. These parameters have allowed us to identify the different strategies utilized by microglia to cope with apoptotic challenges induced by excitotoxicity or inflammation. In contrast, we discovered that in mouse and human epilepsy microglia failed to find and engulf apoptotic ceils, resulting in accumulation of debris and inflammation. Herein, we advocate that the efficiency of microglial phagocytosis should be routinely tested in neurodegenerative and neuro- logical disorders, in order to determine the extent to which it contributes to apoptosis and inflammation found in these conditions. Finally, our findings point towards enhancing microglial phagocytosis as a novel therapeutic strategy to control tissue damage and inflammation, and accelerate recovery in brain diseases.展开更多
The demand for building-integrated photovoltaics and portable energy systems based on flexible photovoltaic technology such as perovskite embedded with exceptional flexibility and a superior power-to-mass ratio is eno...The demand for building-integrated photovoltaics and portable energy systems based on flexible photovoltaic technology such as perovskite embedded with exceptional flexibility and a superior power-to-mass ratio is enormous.The photoactive layer,i.e.,the perovskite thin film,as a critical component of flexible perovskite solar cells(F-PSCs),still faces long-term stability issues when deformation occurs due to encountering temperature changes that also affect intrinsic rigidity.This literature investigation summarizes the main factors responsible for the rapid destruction of F-PSCs.We focus on long-term mechanical stability of F-PSCs together with the recent research protocols for improving this performance.Furthermore,we specify the progress in F-PSCs concerning precise design strategies of the functional layer to enhance the flexural endurance of perovskite films,such as internal stress engineering,grain boundary modification,self-healing strategy,and crystallization regulation.The existing challenges of oxygen-moisture stability and advanced encapsulation technologies of F-PSCs are also discussed.As concluding remarks,we propose our viewpoints on the large-scale commercial application of F-PSCs.展开更多
The application of commercial carbon fiber cloth(CFC) in energy storage equipment is limited by its low specific capacitance and energy density. By a simple one-step activation treatment, the specific surface area of ...The application of commercial carbon fiber cloth(CFC) in energy storage equipment is limited by its low specific capacitance and energy density. By a simple one-step activation treatment, the specific surface area of CFCs with porous structure can be increased considerably from 3.9 up to 875 m^2/g and the electrochemical properties of CFCs can be improved by three orders of magnitude(1324 mF/cm^2). Moreover,the hydrophobicity of CFCs can be transformed into superhydrophilicity. However, the electrochemical performance of CFCs does not show a positive correlation with specific surface area but have a strong relationship with the hierarchical pore distribution forged by the annealing treatment. Only moderate micropore and mesoporous ratio enables optimizing the electrochemical performance of CFCs.展开更多
Li4Ti5O(12)(LTO)has drawn great attention due to its safety and stability in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,high potential plateau at 1.5 V vs.Li reduces the cell voltage,leading to a limited use of LTO.Dual-ion ...Li4Ti5O(12)(LTO)has drawn great attention due to its safety and stability in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,high potential plateau at 1.5 V vs.Li reduces the cell voltage,leading to a limited use of LTO.Dual-ion batteries(DIBs)can achieve high working voltage due to high intercalation potential of cathode.Herein,we propose a DIB configuration in which LTO is used as anode and the working voltage was 3.5 V.This DIB achieves a maximum specific energy of 140 Wh/kg at a specific power of 35 W/kg,and the specific power of 2933 W/kg can be obtained with a remaining specific energy of 11 Wh/kg.Traditional LIB material shows greatly improved properties in the DIB configuration.Thus,reversing its disadvantage leads to upgraded performance of batteries.Our configuration has also widened the horizon of materials for DIBs.展开更多
Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO_(2) and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron...Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO_(2) and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm^(2) and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.展开更多
For designing batteries with high-rate and long-life, electronic/ionic transport and reaction must be unified for metal oxide electrodes. However, it remains challenging for effectively integrating the whole substrate...For designing batteries with high-rate and long-life, electronic/ionic transport and reaction must be unified for metal oxide electrodes. However, it remains challenging for effectively integrating the whole substrate/active materials/electrolyte interfaces. Herein by taking Li ion battery as example, we propose a semiconductor-electrochemistry model by which a general but novel insight has been gained into interfacial effect in batteries. Different from those traditional viewpoints, this derived model lies across from physics to electrochemistry. A reaction driving force can be expressed in terms of Fermi energy change,based on the tradeoff between electronic and ionic concentration at the reaction interfacial region. Therefore, at thermodynamic-controlled interface I of substrate/electrode, increasing contact areas can afford higher activity for active materials. Whereas at kinetically-governed interface II of electrode/electrolyte or inside active materials, it is crucial to guarantee high-reaction Li ionic concentration, with which some sufficient reaction degrees can reach.展开更多
MXenes have emerged as a new kind of 2D transition metal carbides,nitrides and carbonitrides.Origined from the unique 2D structure with a luxuriant combination of elements,MXenes drive a series of the investigations r...MXenes have emerged as a new kind of 2D transition metal carbides,nitrides and carbonitrides.Origined from the unique 2D structure with a luxuriant combination of elements,MXenes drive a series of the investigations related to energy storage and conversion,biometrics and sensing,lighting,purification and separation.For 2D layered MXene materials,the interspacing confined by the independent MXenes layers affords a distinct confinement space,which is similar to a nanoreactor that can be utilized for the storage of ions,nanoparticles,nanowires,and the materials with 2D or 3D structure.These fillings confined by MXene layers afford new opptunities for achieving improved properties and performance via complementary natural features,further the synergistic effect.Herein,we summarize the recent reports concerning with the confinded MXenes spacing and the fillings.The modification of interlayer distance lead by the intercalants were explored.We expect that our review may offer the route for a series of ongoing studies to address the MXenes.展开更多
Dear Editor,The pathophysiologic al mechanisms underlying mood disorders including major depressive disorder(MDD)remain to be fully characterized.Iron is a key component in the development of the central nervous syste...Dear Editor,The pathophysiologic al mechanisms underlying mood disorders including major depressive disorder(MDD)remain to be fully characterized.Iron is a key component in the development of the central nervous system and iron deficiency has been linked to impairments of mood and cognition[1].展开更多
Neuroglial cells are homeostatic neural cells. Generally, they are electrically non-excitable and their activation is associated with the generation of complex intracellular Ca^2＋ signals that define the ＂Ca^2＋ exc...Neuroglial cells are homeostatic neural cells. Generally, they are electrically non-excitable and their activation is associated with the generation of complex intracellular Ca^2＋ signals that define the ＂Ca^2＋ excitability＂ of glia. In mammalian glial cells the major source of Ca^2＋ for this excitability is the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum （ER）, which is ultimately （re）filled from the extracellular space. This occurs via store-operated Ca^2＋ entry （SOCE） which is supported by a specific signaling system connecting the ER with plasmalemmal Ca^2＋ entry. Here, emptying of the ER Ca^2＋ store is necessary and sufficient for the activation of SOCE, and without Ca^2＋ influx via SOCE the ER store cannot be refilled. The molecular arrangements underlying SOCE are relatively complex and include plasmalemmal channels, ER Ca^2＋ sensors, such as stromal interaction molecule, and possibly ER Ca^2＋ pumps （of the SERCA type）. There are at least two sets of plasmalemmal channels mediating SOCE, the Ca2＊-release activated channels, Orai, and transient receptor potential （TRP） channels. The molecular identity of neuroglial SOCE has not been yet identified unequivocally. However, it seems that Orai is predominantly expressed in microglia, whereas astrocytes and oligodendrocytes rely more on TRP channels to produce SOCE. In physiological conditions the SOCE pathway is instrumental for the sustained phase of the Ca^2＋ signal observed following stimulation of metabotropic receptors on glial cells.展开更多
Alzheimer's disease(AD) is the widespread and the most feared neurodegenerative disorder leading to dementia in the elderly.ADy by eliminating intelligence,diminishes a man to helpless body,places an unbearable st...Alzheimer's disease(AD) is the widespread and the most feared neurodegenerative disorder leading to dementia in the elderly.ADy by eliminating intelligence,diminishes a man to helpless body,places an unbearable strain on patients,families,and fuels socioeconomic healthcare crises around the world.The main histopathological hallmarks of AD are the accumulation of extracellular amyloid depositions known as senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary to ngles,together with severe dysfunctional synaptic connectivity and neuronal death leading to brain atrophy.展开更多
The crystallization kinetics of semicrystalline polymers is often studied with isothermal experiments and analyzed by fitting the data with analytical expressions of the Avrami and Lauritzen and Hoffman(LH)theories.To...The crystallization kinetics of semicrystalline polymers is often studied with isothermal experiments and analyzed by fitting the data with analytical expressions of the Avrami and Lauritzen and Hoffman(LH)theories.To correctly carry out the analysis,precautions in both experiments and data fitting should be taken.Here,we systematically discussed the factors that influence the validity of the crystallization kinetics study.The basic concepts and fundamentals of the Avrami and LH theories were introduced at first.Then,experimental protocols were discussed in detail.To clarify the impact of various experimental parameters,selected common polymers,i.e.,polypropylene and polylactide,were studied using various experimental techniques(i.e.,differential scanning calorimetry and polarized light optical microscopy).Common mistakes were simulated under conditions when non-ideal experimental parameters were applied.Furthermore,from a practical point of view,we show how to fit the experimental data to the Avrami and the LH theories,using an Origin■App developed by us.展开更多
The blood-brain barrier(BBB)(discovered and defined by Max Lewandowsky and Lina Stern,and not,as it is universally,and yet erroneously believed,by Paul Ehrlich(Verkhratsky and Pivoriunas,2023))that separates the nervo...The blood-brain barrier(BBB)(discovered and defined by Max Lewandowsky and Lina Stern,and not,as it is universally,and yet erroneously believed,by Paul Ehrlich(Verkhratsky and Pivoriunas,2023))that separates the nervous system from the circulation is evolutionarily conserved from arthropods to man.The primeval BBB of the invertebrates and some early vertebrates was made solely by glial cells and secured(in invertebrates)by septate junctions.展开更多
Schiff base metal complexes are of great importance in pharmaceutical science owing to their unique chemical properties, which enable them to exhibit diverse biological activities such as anti-bacterial,anti-oxidant, ...Schiff base metal complexes are of great importance in pharmaceutical science owing to their unique chemical properties, which enable them to exhibit diverse biological activities such as anti-bacterial,anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. Furthermore, Schiff base metal complexes can serve as reagents and catalysts in chemical reactions. This review aims to provide an overview of our recently published studies on Cu(Ⅱ) and Pd(Ⅱ) complexes derived from proline Schiff base ligands. We also discuss the potential applications of these metal complexes in the fields of antibacterial and chiral resolution.展开更多
Increasing attention has been paid to rechargeable aqueous batteries due to their high safety and low cost.However,they remain in their infancy because of the limited choice of available anode materials with high spec...Increasing attention has been paid to rechargeable aqueous batteries due to their high safety and low cost.However,they remain in their infancy because of the limited choice of available anode materials with high specific capacity and satisfying cycling performance.Bi metal with layered structure can act as an ideal anode material with high capacity;however,the energy storage mechanism has not well elucidated.Herein,we demonstrate that Bi metal enables affording ultra-high specific capacity(254.3 mAh g^-1),superior rate capability and a capacity retention of 88.8%after 1600 cycles.Different from the previously-reported redox reaction mechanisms of Bi electrode,efficient(de)alloying of K+is responsible for its excellent performance.An excellent aqueous Bi battery is fabricated by matching Bi anode with Co(OH)2 cathode in KOH(1 M)electrolyte.Its outstanding performance is quite adequate and competitive for electrochemical energy storage devices.展开更多
Glial proliferation:For the last decades,glial cells have been wrongly believed to have a mere passive supporting role for neurons.Nevertheless,this notion has clearly changed and it is now admitted that these cells a...Glial proliferation:For the last decades,glial cells have been wrongly believed to have a mere passive supporting role for neurons.Nevertheless,this notion has clearly changed and it is now admitted that these cells are essential for the correct development and regulation of the nervous system.Glia cell population are commonly subdivided in astrocytes,oligodendrocytes and microglia.During the development,neural stem cells(NSCs)(called neuroepithelial progenitor cells or NPCs)transform into radial glia,the primary progenitor cells for neurons,astrocytes and oligodendrocytes(Zuchero and Barres,2015).Microglial cells,however,derive from a mesenchymal precursor infiltration,meaning that during brain development,precursors generated in the bone narrow invade the nervous parenchyma and differentiate into microglial cells(Zuchero and Barres,2015).This proliferative capacity is preserved in the adult mammalian brain,and neurogenic NSCs are stored in two restricted regions of the central nervous system(CNS),the forebrain subventricular zone(SVZ)and the hippocampal dentate gyrus(subgranular zone).These cells continue to produce neurons and glial cells during the adulthood,being activated after certain signals and leaving the quiescent state(Urbán et al.,2019).This process,in which glial progenitor cells differentiate into mature glia during development and in the adult brain to maintain and regulate brain function,is called gliogenesis(Ardaya et al.,2020).展开更多
文摘The concept of the brain cognitive reserve is derived from the well-acknowledged notion that the degree of brain damage does not always match the severity of clinical symptoms and neurological/cognitive outcomes.It has been suggested that the size of the brain(brain reserve) and the extent of neural connections acquired through life(neural reserve) set a threshold beyond which noticeable impairments occur.In contrast,cognitive reserve refers to the brain's ability to adapt and reo rganize stru cturally and functionally to resist damage and maintain function,including neural reserve and brain maintenance,resilience,and compensation(Verkhratsky and Zorec,2024).
基金The lab of AK obtained support from the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research(IZKF)Jena(MSPProject ID:MSP09)+2 种基金DG and MJA B were supported by the Circular Vision project,which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(Grant agreement No.899417)the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovoción,Spain(Grant No.PID2020-119715GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)the Instituto de Salud CarlosⅢ,Infrastructure of Precision Medicine associated with Science and Technology(IMPaCT)of the Strategic Action in Health(iDATAMP)(to MJAB)。
文摘Comprehensive studies identify motor neuron spectrum disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)as globally rising fatal disorders with the highest prevalence in aging populations,influenced by ethnicity and ancestry(GBD 2016 Motor Neuron Disease Colla borators,2018).While~10% of diagnoses involve a family history(fALS),most cases are considered sporadic(sALS).However,population-based studies suggest that even cases without a common index mutation impart heritability(Ryan et al.,2019),indicating a crucial role of rare and as yet unknown genetic denominators.
文摘High density polyethylene(HDPE)pyrolysis and in-line oxidative steam reforming was carried out in a two-step reaction system consisting of a conical spouted bed reactor and a fluidized bed reactor.Continuous plastic pyrolysis was conducted at 550℃ and the volatiles formed were fed in-line to the oxidative steam reforming step(space-time 3.12 gcat min gHDPE−1;ER=0.2 and steam/plastic=3)operating at 700℃.The influence Ni based reforming catalyst support(Al_(2)O_(3),ZrO_(2),SiO_(2))and promoter(CeO_(2),La_(2)O_(3))have on HDPE pyrolysis volatiles conversion and H_(2) production was assessed.The catalysts were prepared by the wet impregnation and they were characterized by means of N_(2) adsorption-desorption,X-ray fluorescence,temperature-programmed reduction and X-ray powder diffraction.A preliminary study on coke deposition and the deterioration of catalysts properties was carried out,by analyzing the tested catalysts through temperature programmed oxidation of coke,transmission electron microscopy,and N_(2) adsorption-desorption.Among the supports tested,ZrO_(2) showed the best performance,attaining conversion and H_(2) production values of 92.2% and 12.8 wt%,respectively.Concerning promoted catalysts,they led to similar conversion values(around 90%),but significant differences were observed in H_(2) production.Thus,higher H_(2) productions were obtained on the Ni/La_(2)O_(3)-Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst(12.1 wt%)than on CeO_(2) promoted catalysts due to La_(2)O_(3) capability for enhancing water adsorption on the catalyst surface.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(92263109,52305607 and 61904188)the Shanghai Rising-Star Program(22QA1410400)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(23ZR1472200)the Medical Innovation Research Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(Grant No.24DX2800100)。
文摘Over recent decades,carbon-based chemical sensor technologies have advanced significantly.Nevertheless,significant opportunities persist for enhancing analyte recognition capabilities,particularly in complex environments.Conventional monovariable sensors exhibit inherent limitations,such as susceptibility to interference from coexisting analytes,which results in response overlap.Although sensor arrays,through modification of multiple sensing materials,offer a potential solution for analyte recognition,their practical applications are constrained by intricate material modification processes.In this context,multivariable chemical sensors have emerged as a promising alternative,enabling the generation of multiple outputs to construct a comprehensive sensing space for analyte recognition,while utilizing a single sensing material.Among various carbon-based materials,carbon nanotubes(CNTs)and graphene have emerged as ideal candidates for constructing high-performance chemical sensors,owing to their well-established batch fabrication processes,superior electrical properties,and outstanding sensing capabilities.This review examines the progress of carbon-based multivariable chemical sensors,focusing on CNTs/graphene as sensing materials and field-effect transistors as transducers for analyte recognition.The discussion encompasses fundamental aspects of these sensors,including sensing materials,sensor architectures,performance metrics,pattern recognition algorithms,and multivariable sensing mechanism.Furthermore,the review highlights innovative multivariable extraction schemes and their practical applications when integrated with advanced pattern recognition algorithms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170980)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022B1515020012)+7 种基金Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(RCJC20231211090018040,ZDSYS20220606100801003)the 2023 Key Support Project of the Liaoning Provincial Department of Science and Technology([2023]61-7)the Ciberned(CB06/05/0076)the Spanish MICINN grant(PID2022-143020OB-I00)the Basque Government grant(IT1551-22)the Slovenian Research Agency grant J4-60077the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province(2021B1212040006)the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen(SZSM202411023,SZSM202411013).
文摘Alzheimer's disease(AD),the leading cause of dementia,remains a formidable challenge to neurology.Despite decades of research focused on amyloid-β(Aβ)and tau pathologies,most clinical trials targeting these molecules failed,highlighting the need for alternative strategies[1].Recent attention has turned to neuroinflammation,particularly the role of microglia,the brain's resident immune cells[1].Microglia are central to AD progression.They can degrade Aβplaques and protect neurons,but may also exacerbate neurotoxicity through chronic inflammation[1].
基金supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness with FEDER funds to AS(BFU2015-66689,RYC-2013-12817)OA is recipient of a predoctoral fellowship from the Basque GovernmentIDA is recipient of a predoctoral fellowship from the University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV
文摘Apoptosis is a widespread phenomenon that occurs in the brain in both physiological and pathological conditions. Dead ceils must be quickly removed to avoid the further toxic effects they exert in the pa- renchyma, a process executed by microglia, the brain professional phagocytes. Although phagocytosis is critical to maintain tissue homeostasis, it has long been either overlooked or indirectly assessed based on microglial morphology, expression of classical activation markers, or engulfment of artificial phagocytic targets in vitro. Nevertheless, these indirect methods present several limitations and, thus, direct obser- vation and quantification of microglial phagocytosis is still necessary to fully grasp its relevance in the diseased brain. To overcome these caveats and obtain a comprehensive, quantitative picture of microglial phagocytosis we have developed a novel set of parameters. These parameters have allowed us to identify the different strategies utilized by microglia to cope with apoptotic challenges induced by excitotoxicity or inflammation. In contrast, we discovered that in mouse and human epilepsy microglia failed to find and engulf apoptotic ceils, resulting in accumulation of debris and inflammation. Herein, we advocate that the efficiency of microglial phagocytosis should be routinely tested in neurodegenerative and neuro- logical disorders, in order to determine the extent to which it contributes to apoptosis and inflammation found in these conditions. Finally, our findings point towards enhancing microglial phagocytosis as a novel therapeutic strategy to control tissue damage and inflammation, and accelerate recovery in brain diseases.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4200052)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21975088)+2 种基金the Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province(2022EHB009)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M711236)S.A.thanks European Research Council(MOLEMAT-726360)for support.
文摘The demand for building-integrated photovoltaics and portable energy systems based on flexible photovoltaic technology such as perovskite embedded with exceptional flexibility and a superior power-to-mass ratio is enormous.The photoactive layer,i.e.,the perovskite thin film,as a critical component of flexible perovskite solar cells(F-PSCs),still faces long-term stability issues when deformation occurs due to encountering temperature changes that also affect intrinsic rigidity.This literature investigation summarizes the main factors responsible for the rapid destruction of F-PSCs.We focus on long-term mechanical stability of F-PSCs together with the recent research protocols for improving this performance.Furthermore,we specify the progress in F-PSCs concerning precise design strategies of the functional layer to enhance the flexural endurance of perovskite films,such as internal stress engineering,grain boundary modification,self-healing strategy,and crystallization regulation.The existing challenges of oxygen-moisture stability and advanced encapsulation technologies of F-PSCs are also discussed.As concluding remarks,we propose our viewpoints on the large-scale commercial application of F-PSCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51932003, 51872115, and 51802110)2020 International Cooperation Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Porvince+5 种基金Program for the Development of Science & Technology of Jilin Province (Item No.20190201309JC)the Jilin Province/Jilin University co-Construction Project-Funds for New Materials (SXGJSF2017-3, Branch-2/440050316A36)the Open Project Program of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (2018WNLOKF022)the Program for JLU Science & Technology Innovative Research Team (JLUSTIRT, 2017TD-09)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities JLU“Double-First Class” Discipline for Materials Science & Engineering。
文摘The application of commercial carbon fiber cloth(CFC) in energy storage equipment is limited by its low specific capacitance and energy density. By a simple one-step activation treatment, the specific surface area of CFCs with porous structure can be increased considerably from 3.9 up to 875 m^2/g and the electrochemical properties of CFCs can be improved by three orders of magnitude(1324 mF/cm^2). Moreover,the hydrophobicity of CFCs can be transformed into superhydrophilicity. However, the electrochemical performance of CFCs does not show a positive correlation with specific surface area but have a strong relationship with the hierarchical pore distribution forged by the annealing treatment. Only moderate micropore and mesoporous ratio enables optimizing the electrochemical performance of CFCs.
基金the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51932003, 51902050, 51872115 & 51802110)Program for the Development of Science and Technology of Jilin Province (20190201309JC)+4 种基金the Open Project Program of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (2018WNLOKF022)the Jilin Province/Jilin University co-Construction Project-Funds for New Materials (SXGJSF2017-3, Branch-2/440050316A36)Program for JLU Science and Technology Innovative Research Team (JLUSTIRT, 2017TD-09)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities JLU“Double-First Class” Discipline for Materials Science & Engineering.
文摘Li4Ti5O(12)(LTO)has drawn great attention due to its safety and stability in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,high potential plateau at 1.5 V vs.Li reduces the cell voltage,leading to a limited use of LTO.Dual-ion batteries(DIBs)can achieve high working voltage due to high intercalation potential of cathode.Herein,we propose a DIB configuration in which LTO is used as anode and the working voltage was 3.5 V.This DIB achieves a maximum specific energy of 140 Wh/kg at a specific power of 35 W/kg,and the specific power of 2933 W/kg can be obtained with a remaining specific energy of 11 Wh/kg.Traditional LIB material shows greatly improved properties in the DIB configuration.Thus,reversing its disadvantage leads to upgraded performance of batteries.Our configuration has also widened the horizon of materials for DIBs.
基金funding from the European Union H2020 programme under Excellence research,ERC grant MOLEMAT(726360)PARASOL(RTI2018-102292-B-I00)from Spanish ministry of Science and Innovation。
文摘Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO_(2) and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm^(2) and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51872115)Program for the Development of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(20190201309JC)+5 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant no.531107051230)The Open Project Program of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronicsthe Jilin Province/Jilin University co-Construction Project-Funds for New Materials(SXGJSF2017-3,Branch-2/440050316A36)Program for JLU Science and Technology Innovative Research Team(JLUSTIRT,2017TD-09)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,JLU“Double-First Class”Discipline for Materials Science&Engineering。
文摘For designing batteries with high-rate and long-life, electronic/ionic transport and reaction must be unified for metal oxide electrodes. However, it remains challenging for effectively integrating the whole substrate/active materials/electrolyte interfaces. Herein by taking Li ion battery as example, we propose a semiconductor-electrochemistry model by which a general but novel insight has been gained into interfacial effect in batteries. Different from those traditional viewpoints, this derived model lies across from physics to electrochemistry. A reaction driving force can be expressed in terms of Fermi energy change,based on the tradeoff between electronic and ionic concentration at the reaction interfacial region. Therefore, at thermodynamic-controlled interface I of substrate/electrode, increasing contact areas can afford higher activity for active materials. Whereas at kinetically-governed interface II of electrode/electrolyte or inside active materials, it is crucial to guarantee high-reaction Li ionic concentration, with which some sufficient reaction degrees can reach.
基金support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51932005)Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC1807175)+6 种基金the Joint Research Fund Liaoning Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science(SYNL)(20180510047)the Research Fund of SYNL(L2019F38)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2015152)the Program for the Development of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(No.20190201309JC)the Project of Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province(No.2019C042-1)2020 International Cooperation Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Provincethe Open Project Program of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics(2018WNLOKF022)。
文摘MXenes have emerged as a new kind of 2D transition metal carbides,nitrides and carbonitrides.Origined from the unique 2D structure with a luxuriant combination of elements,MXenes drive a series of the investigations related to energy storage and conversion,biometrics and sensing,lighting,purification and separation.For 2D layered MXene materials,the interspacing confined by the independent MXenes layers affords a distinct confinement space,which is similar to a nanoreactor that can be utilized for the storage of ions,nanoparticles,nanowires,and the materials with 2D or 3D structure.These fillings confined by MXene layers afford new opptunities for achieving improved properties and performance via complementary natural features,further the synergistic effect.Herein,we summarize the recent reports concerning with the confinded MXenes spacing and the fillings.The modification of interlayer distance lead by the intercalants were explored.We expect that our review may offer the route for a series of ongoing studies to address the MXenes.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81871852,81200935,81671867 and 81971794)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC1807137)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Scholars of the Ministry of Education of China(20151098)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,China(20170541030)。
文摘Dear Editor,The pathophysiologic al mechanisms underlying mood disorders including major depressive disorder(MDD)remain to be fully characterized.Iron is a key component in the development of the central nervous system and iron deficiency has been linked to impairments of mood and cognition[1].
基金supported by an Alzheimer’s Research Trust(UK)Programme Grant(ART/PG2004A/1)to A.V.by a National Science Foundation grant(CBET 0943343)to V.P
文摘Neuroglial cells are homeostatic neural cells. Generally, they are electrically non-excitable and their activation is associated with the generation of complex intracellular Ca^2＋ signals that define the ＂Ca^2＋ excitability＂ of glia. In mammalian glial cells the major source of Ca^2＋ for this excitability is the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum （ER）, which is ultimately （re）filled from the extracellular space. This occurs via store-operated Ca^2＋ entry （SOCE） which is supported by a specific signaling system connecting the ER with plasmalemmal Ca^2＋ entry. Here, emptying of the ER Ca^2＋ store is necessary and sufficient for the activation of SOCE, and without Ca^2＋ influx via SOCE the ER store cannot be refilled. The molecular arrangements underlying SOCE are relatively complex and include plasmalemmal channels, ER Ca^2＋ sensors, such as stromal interaction molecule, and possibly ER Ca^2＋ pumps （of the SERCA type）. There are at least two sets of plasmalemmal channels mediating SOCE, the Ca2＊-release activated channels, Orai, and transient receptor potential （TRP） channels. The molecular identity of neuroglial SOCE has not been yet identified unequivocally. However, it seems that Orai is predominantly expressed in microglia, whereas astrocytes and oligodendrocytes rely more on TRP channels to produce SOCE. In physiological conditions the SOCE pathway is instrumental for the sustained phase of the Ca^2＋ signal observed following stimulation of metabotropic receptors on glial cells.
基金supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq,grant No.27724/2018-2)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES,grant No.88887.2005.00/2018-00)。
文摘Alzheimer's disease(AD) is the widespread and the most feared neurodegenerative disorder leading to dementia in the elderly.ADy by eliminating intelligence,diminishes a man to helpless body,places an unbearable strain on patients,families,and fuels socioeconomic healthcare crises around the world.The main histopathological hallmarks of AD are the accumulation of extracellular amyloid depositions known as senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary to ngles,together with severe dysfunctional synaptic connectivity and neuronal death leading to brain atrophy.
基金financially supported by the the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21922308 and 51820105005)the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2017YFE0117800)+3 种基金the financial support from the BIODEST projectfunding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No.778092The funding of MICINN (Spain) through grant PID2020-113045GB-C21 is gratefully acknowledgedthe Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.Y201908)
文摘The crystallization kinetics of semicrystalline polymers is often studied with isothermal experiments and analyzed by fitting the data with analytical expressions of the Avrami and Lauritzen and Hoffman(LH)theories.To correctly carry out the analysis,precautions in both experiments and data fitting should be taken.Here,we systematically discussed the factors that influence the validity of the crystallization kinetics study.The basic concepts and fundamentals of the Avrami and LH theories were introduced at first.Then,experimental protocols were discussed in detail.To clarify the impact of various experimental parameters,selected common polymers,i.e.,polypropylene and polylactide,were studied using various experimental techniques(i.e.,differential scanning calorimetry and polarized light optical microscopy).Common mistakes were simulated under conditions when non-ideal experimental parameters were applied.Furthermore,from a practical point of view,we show how to fit the experimental data to the Avrami and the LH theories,using an Origin■App developed by us.
基金funding from European Regional Development Fund(project No 13.1.1-LMT-K-718-05-0005)under grant agreement with the Research Council of Lithuania(LMTLT)。
文摘The blood-brain barrier(BBB)(discovered and defined by Max Lewandowsky and Lina Stern,and not,as it is universally,and yet erroneously believed,by Paul Ehrlich(Verkhratsky and Pivoriunas,2023))that separates the nervous system from the circulation is evolutionarily conserved from arthropods to man.The primeval BBB of the invertebrates and some early vertebrates was made solely by glial cells and secured(in invertebrates)by septate junctions.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFA1302900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.82130105, 92253305, 82121005, and 22177124)supported by the Lingang Laboratory (Nos.LG-GG-202204–02 and LG202103–04–01)。
文摘Schiff base metal complexes are of great importance in pharmaceutical science owing to their unique chemical properties, which enable them to exhibit diverse biological activities such as anti-bacterial,anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. Furthermore, Schiff base metal complexes can serve as reagents and catalysts in chemical reactions. This review aims to provide an overview of our recently published studies on Cu(Ⅱ) and Pd(Ⅱ) complexes derived from proline Schiff base ligands. We also discuss the potential applications of these metal complexes in the fields of antibacterial and chiral resolution.
基金financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51932003,51872115 and 51802110)2020 International Cooperation Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province,Program for the Development of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(20190201309JC)+3 种基金Jilin Province/Jilin University Co-Construction Project Funds for New Materials(SXGJSF2017-3,Branch-2/440050316A36)the Open Project Program of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics(2018WNLOKF022)Program for JLU Science and Technology Innovative Research Team(JLUSTIRT,2017TD-09)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities JLU,“Double-First Class”Discipline for Materials Science&Engineering。
文摘Increasing attention has been paid to rechargeable aqueous batteries due to their high safety and low cost.However,they remain in their infancy because of the limited choice of available anode materials with high specific capacity and satisfying cycling performance.Bi metal with layered structure can act as an ideal anode material with high capacity;however,the energy storage mechanism has not well elucidated.Herein,we demonstrate that Bi metal enables affording ultra-high specific capacity(254.3 mAh g^-1),superior rate capability and a capacity retention of 88.8%after 1600 cycles.Different from the previously-reported redox reaction mechanisms of Bi electrode,efficient(de)alloying of K+is responsible for its excellent performance.An excellent aqueous Bi battery is fabricated by matching Bi anode with Co(OH)2 cathode in KOH(1 M)electrolyte.Its outstanding performance is quite adequate and competitive for electrochemical energy storage devices.
基金supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science(RYC-2017-22412,PID2019-107989RB-I00and MDM-2017-0720)the Basque Government(BIO18/IC/006)and FundacióLa Maratóde TV3(17/C/2017).
文摘Glial proliferation:For the last decades,glial cells have been wrongly believed to have a mere passive supporting role for neurons.Nevertheless,this notion has clearly changed and it is now admitted that these cells are essential for the correct development and regulation of the nervous system.Glia cell population are commonly subdivided in astrocytes,oligodendrocytes and microglia.During the development,neural stem cells(NSCs)(called neuroepithelial progenitor cells or NPCs)transform into radial glia,the primary progenitor cells for neurons,astrocytes and oligodendrocytes(Zuchero and Barres,2015).Microglial cells,however,derive from a mesenchymal precursor infiltration,meaning that during brain development,precursors generated in the bone narrow invade the nervous parenchyma and differentiate into microglial cells(Zuchero and Barres,2015).This proliferative capacity is preserved in the adult mammalian brain,and neurogenic NSCs are stored in two restricted regions of the central nervous system(CNS),the forebrain subventricular zone(SVZ)and the hippocampal dentate gyrus(subgranular zone).These cells continue to produce neurons and glial cells during the adulthood,being activated after certain signals and leaving the quiescent state(Urbán et al.,2019).This process,in which glial progenitor cells differentiate into mature glia during development and in the adult brain to maintain and regulate brain function,is called gliogenesis(Ardaya et al.,2020).
