Since the introduction of monoamine oxidase and monoamine neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of major depression in the 1950s,their strengths and limitations have been fully and accurately determin...Since the introduction of monoamine oxidase and monoamine neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of major depression in the 1950s,their strengths and limitations have been fully and accurately determined.Therefore,the development of novel drugs for the treatment of depression has become a priority for researchers who aim to address treatment resistance and improve patient out-comes.Panax ginseng C.A.Mey(P.ginseng,Ren Shen)is a Chinese medicine used to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders.Numerous studies have shown that ginsenosides,the primary active constituents of P.ginseng,exert a wide range of effects on the central nervous system.Recent studies have demon-strated that ginsenosides possess significant antidepressant properties in animal models.Ginsenosides,such as Rb1 and Rg1,are steroidal molecules,and steroid derivatives have been successfully used in anesthesia,epilepsy,and more recently,postpartum depression treatment.Based on these findings,ginsenosides are promising candidates for the treatment of depression.This raises the following ques-tion:What are the prospects of using ginsenosides to treat depression?To gain a clearer understanding,this review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent research on the antidepressant potential of ginsenosides,along with insights and suggestions for future development in this field.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate whether ginsenoside Rb1(Rb1) can attenuate lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced chronic neuroinflammation in mice and to explore its relationship with glial cell polarization.Methods:Intraperitoneal i...Objective:To evaluate whether ginsenoside Rb1(Rb1) can attenuate lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced chronic neuroinflammation in mice and to explore its relationship with glial cell polarization.Methods:Intraperitoneal injection with an escalating dose of LPS was used to establish a chronic neuroinflammation model in mice.Once LPS was initiated,10 or 20 mg/kg Rbl,or sterile saline,was administered for 14 consecutive days.Open field test and beam walking test were used to monitor the changes in behavior.The concentration of cytokines in the serum and brain were used to monitor the systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation,respectively.Molecules specific to each glial cell phenotype were used to investigate glial cell polarization.Results:Mice in the LPS group had reduced spontaneous activities and impaired beam walking performance.Rbl obviously eased LPS-induced behavior distu rbances.Regarding the levels of serum cytokines,both tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) were significantly increased,while interleukin-10(IL-10) and transforming growth factor β(TGF-β) remarkably decreased after LPS treatment(all P <.001).Rb1 treatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced serum cytokine changes(all P <.05).The results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of TNF-α and complement component 3(C3) in the brain were significantly increased after LPS treatment(all P<.01).Rbl treatment significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in the brain(all P <.05).Glial cell polarization analysis showed that M1 and M2 microglia,and A1 astrocytes increased following LPS treatment,while A2 astrocytes decreased.Rb1 treatment reduced M1 and M2 microglia,and A1 astrocytes,and significantly increased A2 astrocytes.Conclusion:Rb1 can attenuate chronic neuroinflammation induced by LPS in mice,which may be partially attributable to its fine tuning of microglia and astrocyte polarization.Rb1 has potential value for treating neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
All knowledge fields are founded on universal epistemologies and philosophies.This is evident in ancient Traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic(Siddha)medical systems,which are integrated into national health systems of Ch...All knowledge fields are founded on universal epistemologies and philosophies.This is evident in ancient Traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic(Siddha)medical systems,which are integrated into national health systems of China and India respectively.African natural medicines(ANMs)are not part of national health systems on the African continent because of a lack of systematization frameworks.This article explores classical medical systems drawn from ancient African and Chinese cosmologies.A qualitative research methodology was used to conduct in-depth interviews with 20 respondents selected using a purposeful sampling technique.The data were summarized into systematization frameworks for disease theories,etiology and pathogenesis,diagnosis and prognosis,and treatment including medicines and disease classification.The study findings revealed that in antiquity,Africa had systematic medical cosmologies,remnants of which are evident in current cultural health practices.Therefore,parallels can be drawn in relation to Chinese Taoist and Indian Tantric healing arts.Ancient Africans recognized Ra or iSithunzi(uMbhilini),which correspond to qi or prana and refer to energetic life force in Asian cultures.Shu and Tefnut(Nkomo weLwandle and Dungha Manzi)correspond to yin and yang or purusha and prakriti,the natural principles of polarised duality.The jing or oojas(physiological essences)and wu xing or pancha tattvas(five ele-ments and modes of nature)and their relationships with the zang and fu(five vital organs and visceral organs,respectively)also found their application in African medical cosmologies.The data revealed that ancient and contemporary ANM systems are based on the concept of con-sciousness(saa or ntu)and life force energy,ra.These cosmological concepts are predicated upon the Paut Neteru or Amathogo(archetypal forces)that prescribe properties to everything.On this basis,an African-Kemetic Health Preservation Theory was developed,which gives rise to African theories for disease etiology,pathogenesis,differential diagnoses,comprehensive prognosis,and holistic treatment regimens.In addition,we developed an uBu-Ntu bio-innovation model for integral research,inclusive innova-tion,local technology transfer,holistic enterprising,and conscious commercialization of African natural medicines.It is the intention of the authors to influence policy in the implementation of these theories,models,and frameworks for clinical application and socio-economic development.展开更多
基金supported by the grant International Coop-eration Project of Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases with Chinese Medicine(GZYYGJ2021047)the High-end Experts Support Program from the Ministry of Science and Technology(DL 2021110001L)+2 种基金the Basic Research Funds from the Ministry of Education(1000061223731)Chinese Medicine Featured Education and Science Cooperation Project(90011662620002)the Ministry of Education of China.
文摘Since the introduction of monoamine oxidase and monoamine neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of major depression in the 1950s,their strengths and limitations have been fully and accurately determined.Therefore,the development of novel drugs for the treatment of depression has become a priority for researchers who aim to address treatment resistance and improve patient out-comes.Panax ginseng C.A.Mey(P.ginseng,Ren Shen)is a Chinese medicine used to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders.Numerous studies have shown that ginsenosides,the primary active constituents of P.ginseng,exert a wide range of effects on the central nervous system.Recent studies have demon-strated that ginsenosides possess significant antidepressant properties in animal models.Ginsenosides,such as Rb1 and Rg1,are steroidal molecules,and steroid derivatives have been successfully used in anesthesia,epilepsy,and more recently,postpartum depression treatment.Based on these findings,ginsenosides are promising candidates for the treatment of depression.This raises the following ques-tion:What are the prospects of using ginsenosides to treat depression?To gain a clearer understanding,this review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent research on the antidepressant potential of ginsenosides,along with insights and suggestions for future development in this field.
基金This research was supported by the grant“Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases with Chinese Medicine from the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(GZYYGJ2021047)”the“High-end Experts Support Program from the Ministry of Science and Technology(DL 2021110001L)”the“Basic Research Funds from the Ministry of Education 1000061223731)”。
文摘Objective:To evaluate whether ginsenoside Rb1(Rb1) can attenuate lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced chronic neuroinflammation in mice and to explore its relationship with glial cell polarization.Methods:Intraperitoneal injection with an escalating dose of LPS was used to establish a chronic neuroinflammation model in mice.Once LPS was initiated,10 or 20 mg/kg Rbl,or sterile saline,was administered for 14 consecutive days.Open field test and beam walking test were used to monitor the changes in behavior.The concentration of cytokines in the serum and brain were used to monitor the systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation,respectively.Molecules specific to each glial cell phenotype were used to investigate glial cell polarization.Results:Mice in the LPS group had reduced spontaneous activities and impaired beam walking performance.Rbl obviously eased LPS-induced behavior distu rbances.Regarding the levels of serum cytokines,both tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) were significantly increased,while interleukin-10(IL-10) and transforming growth factor β(TGF-β) remarkably decreased after LPS treatment(all P <.001).Rb1 treatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced serum cytokine changes(all P <.05).The results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of TNF-α and complement component 3(C3) in the brain were significantly increased after LPS treatment(all P<.01).Rbl treatment significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in the brain(all P <.05).Glial cell polarization analysis showed that M1 and M2 microglia,and A1 astrocytes increased following LPS treatment,while A2 astrocytes decreased.Rb1 treatment reduced M1 and M2 microglia,and A1 astrocytes,and significantly increased A2 astrocytes.Conclusion:Rb1 can attenuate chronic neuroinflammation induced by LPS in mice,which may be partially attributable to its fine tuning of microglia and astrocyte polarization.Rb1 has potential value for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
基金The authors would like to thank the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine for providing the necessary facilities and funding this project(2180071720034).
文摘All knowledge fields are founded on universal epistemologies and philosophies.This is evident in ancient Traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic(Siddha)medical systems,which are integrated into national health systems of China and India respectively.African natural medicines(ANMs)are not part of national health systems on the African continent because of a lack of systematization frameworks.This article explores classical medical systems drawn from ancient African and Chinese cosmologies.A qualitative research methodology was used to conduct in-depth interviews with 20 respondents selected using a purposeful sampling technique.The data were summarized into systematization frameworks for disease theories,etiology and pathogenesis,diagnosis and prognosis,and treatment including medicines and disease classification.The study findings revealed that in antiquity,Africa had systematic medical cosmologies,remnants of which are evident in current cultural health practices.Therefore,parallels can be drawn in relation to Chinese Taoist and Indian Tantric healing arts.Ancient Africans recognized Ra or iSithunzi(uMbhilini),which correspond to qi or prana and refer to energetic life force in Asian cultures.Shu and Tefnut(Nkomo weLwandle and Dungha Manzi)correspond to yin and yang or purusha and prakriti,the natural principles of polarised duality.The jing or oojas(physiological essences)and wu xing or pancha tattvas(five ele-ments and modes of nature)and their relationships with the zang and fu(five vital organs and visceral organs,respectively)also found their application in African medical cosmologies.The data revealed that ancient and contemporary ANM systems are based on the concept of con-sciousness(saa or ntu)and life force energy,ra.These cosmological concepts are predicated upon the Paut Neteru or Amathogo(archetypal forces)that prescribe properties to everything.On this basis,an African-Kemetic Health Preservation Theory was developed,which gives rise to African theories for disease etiology,pathogenesis,differential diagnoses,comprehensive prognosis,and holistic treatment regimens.In addition,we developed an uBu-Ntu bio-innovation model for integral research,inclusive innova-tion,local technology transfer,holistic enterprising,and conscious commercialization of African natural medicines.It is the intention of the authors to influence policy in the implementation of these theories,models,and frameworks for clinical application and socio-economic development.
