Scintillator-mediated indirect X-ray detectors,which transduce high-energy X-ray photons into detectable visible light,underpin critical applications in medical diagnostics,non-destructive imaging,and high-energy phys...Scintillator-mediated indirect X-ray detectors,which transduce high-energy X-ray photons into detectable visible light,underpin critical applications in medical diagnostics,non-destructive imaging,and high-energy physics.Flexible scintillator films represent a transformative advancement for next-generation X-ray imaging,enabling conformal integration biological tissues and complex geometries.The pursuit of solution-processed scintillators with benchmark light yield,ultralow detection limit,and superior mechanical robustness constitutes the primary objective in this field.This review comprehensively analyzes emerging high-performance scintillators,including lanthanide-doped nanocrystals,organic emitters,perovskites,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),atomically metal clusters,and metal-organic complexes,focusing on strategies to enhance radioluminescence yield,minimize detection limits,and achieve mechanical robustness.We elucidate carrier dynamics from exciton formation to radiative recombination,alongside advanced fabrication paradigms for flexible/stretchable films via polymer encapsulation and intrinsically flexible designs.The resulting devices demonstrate exceptional capabilities in static,dynamic,and multifunctional imaging under ultralow doses.Critical frontiers in radiation stability,artificial intelligence(AI)-accelerated material discovery,and light propagation engineering are outlined to guide future detector development.展开更多
This paper presents the application of iterated function system (IFS) based three-dimensional (3D) fractal interpolation to elevation data compression. The parameters of contractive transformations are simplified by a...This paper presents the application of iterated function system (IFS) based three-dimensional (3D) fractal interpolation to elevation data compression. The parameters of contractive transformations are simplified by a concise fractal iteration form with geometric meaning. A local iteration algorithm is proposed, which can solve the non-separation problem when Collage theorem is applied to find the appropriate fractal parameters. The elevation data compression is proved experimentally to be effective in. reconstruction quality and time-saving.展开更多
Fluoride-based electrolyte exhibits extraordinarily high oxidative stability in high-voltage lithium metal batteries(h-LMBs) due to the inherent low highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) of fiuorinated solvents. Ho...Fluoride-based electrolyte exhibits extraordinarily high oxidative stability in high-voltage lithium metal batteries(h-LMBs) due to the inherent low highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) of fiuorinated solvents. However, such fascinating properties do not bring long-term cyclability of h-LMBs. One of critical challenges is the interface instability in contacting with the Li metal anode, as fiuorinated solvents are highly susceptible to exceptionally reductive metallic Li attributed to its low lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO), which leads to significant consumption of the fiuorinated components upon cycling.Herein, attenuating reductive decomposition of fiuorinated electrolytes is proposed to circumvent rapid electrolyte consumption. Specifically, the vinylene carbonate(VC) is selected to tame the reduction decomposition by preferentially forming protective layer on the Li anode. This work, experimentally and computationally, demonstrates the importance of pre-passivation of Li metal anodes at high voltage to attenuate the decomposition of fiuoroethylene carbonate(FEC). It is expected to enrich the understanding of how VC attenuate the reactivity of FEC, thereby extending the cycle life of fiuorinated electrolytes in high-voltage Li-metal batteries.展开更多
Two tetrasubstituted carbazole derivatives TBICz and TOXDCz have been designed and synthesized,which possess the twist skeletons and exhibit excellent thermal and morphological stabilities.Utilizing these novel compou...Two tetrasubstituted carbazole derivatives TBICz and TOXDCz have been designed and synthesized,which possess the twist skeletons and exhibit excellent thermal and morphological stabilities.Utilizing these novel compounds as host material,high efficiency solution-processed green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes(PhOLEDs)have been achieved.The high triplet energies of TBICz and TOXDCz ensure efficient energy transfer from the host to the phosphor and triplet exciton confinement on the phosphor.Solution-processable green phospho⁃rescent devices employing Ir(ppy)3 as vip and the two tetrasubstituted carbazole derivatives as hosts exhibit high ef⁃ficiencies.The best EL performance is achieved for the TBICz-based device,with a maximum current efficiency of 27.3 cd/A,a maximum power efficiency of 15.9 lm/W,and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 7.8%,which provides more host material options for solution-processed OLEDs.展开更多
Theoretically,blue phosphorescent materials are capable of achieving 100%internal quantum effi-ciency.Nevertheless,the mutual constraints among efficiency,color purity,and stability remain one of the key bottlenecks i...Theoretically,blue phosphorescent materials are capable of achieving 100%internal quantum effi-ciency.Nevertheless,the mutual constraints among efficiency,color purity,and stability remain one of the key bottlenecks in the industrialization of organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs).In addition,the design and application of host materials also exert a significant impact on the overall performance of blue light-emitting de-vices.To address this issue,this study constructs a series of host materials with high triplet energy levels by designing different connection modes,based on 9-phenylcarbazole and benzimidazole units.Through a combi-nation of theoretical and experimental approaches,the correlation between the chemical structure and perfor-mance has been unraveled.It is found that the designed and synthesized blue phosphorescent bipolar host ma-terials based on different biphenyl linking sites,i.e.,9-(3'-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-bi-phenyl]-3-yl)-9H-carbazole(mCzmBI),9-(2'-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-9H-carbazole(mCzoBI)and 9-(3'-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-9H-carbazole(oCzmBI).The three compounds have a similar triplet energy level of 2.70 eV,accompanied with the glass transition temperatures of 92℃,103℃,and 93℃respectively.mCzmBI,mCzoBI and oCzmBI are regioiso-mers,but differ in the linking sites of carbazole and benzimidazole on the biphenyl linker.This difference in linking positions enables effective regulation of the host materials’properties.Constructed with the blue phos-phorescent material bis(4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato-N,C2)picolinatoiridium(Ⅲ)(FIrpic)as the vip,the influence of the three hosts on device performance is clarified.Overall,the device using mCzmBI,a host linked by biphenyl at double meta-positions,achieved a maximum current efficiency of 24.9 cd·A^(-1)and a max-imum external quantum efficiency exceeding 12.8%,it also demonstrates low efficiency roll-off under highbrightness conditions.This work offers an effective strategy to the development of high-efficiency blue phospho-rescent hosts.展开更多
4D-printable shape memory polymers(SMPs)hold great promise for fabricating shape morphing biomedical devices,but most existing printed polymers either require harsh activation conditions or lack sufficient mechanical ...4D-printable shape memory polymers(SMPs)hold great promise for fabricating shape morphing biomedical devices,but most existing printed polymers either require harsh activation conditions or lack sufficient mechanical strength for vascular implantation.Here,we report a dual-stimuli-responsive shape memory polymer system enhanced by acrylated Pluronic F127(PF127-DA)micelles,which can be fabricated using digital light processing(DLP)based 3D printing.The PF127-DA based nanoscale micelles,which are formed via self-assembly in the hydrogel ink for 3D printing,act as crosslinkers to improve mechanical strength,fatigue resistance and elastic recovery.After drying the printed hydrogel,the obtained SMPs exhibit excellent shape recovery behaviour under mild physiological conditions—specifically body temperature(37℃)and aqueous swelling—resulting in recovery stress up to about 150?k Pa.This swelling-assisted actuation enables effective radial support,making the printed constructs suitable for vascular use.In vitro cytocompatibility assays with NIH/3T3 fibroblasts confirmed the suitable biocompatibility.Furthermore,the self-expanding behavior of the printed stents was validated in an occluded vessel model under physiological conditions.These results demonstrate the feasibility of 4D printed micelle-enhanced SMP for patient-specific,minimally invasive vascular stents and other soft implantable devices requiring high recovery force under physiological stimulation.展开更多
This study explores the epistemic imperative to decolonize African education systems by centering indigenous philosophies such as Ubuntu and introducing the Ubuntu Pedagogy as a pedagogical model.Ubuntu pedagogy trans...This study explores the epistemic imperative to decolonize African education systems by centering indigenous philosophies such as Ubuntu and introducing the Ubuntu Pedagogy as a pedagogical model.Ubuntu pedagogy transforms teacher-learner relationships,it provides a replicable model for relational learning,community partnerships,and reassert the dignity of indigenous epistemologies.The paper examines how language,knowledge production,and pedagogy can be restructured to reflect African epistemologies and educational sovereignty.This research also explores the relationship between mother tongue instruction and cognitive access to learning.Through a qualitative literature analysis of case studies and African scholarly discourse,this paper highlights the continued marginalization of indigenous knowledge systems and the need to embed culturally relevant teaching methodologies.The findings support the broader question of whether there exists an epistemological base for knowledge independence or production within African and Afro-Diasporic contexts,revealing culturally coherent frameworks of learning that resist colonial dominance and an exploration of reclaiming African indigenous knowledge systems for educational and cultural sovereignty.展开更多
Purpose:This paper focuses on scientific journals’policies on open access and open science.The subject has gained increasing relevance,driven by the need for more-democratic access to knowledge and improved research ...Purpose:This paper focuses on scientific journals’policies on open access and open science.The subject has gained increasing relevance,driven by the need for more-democratic access to knowledge and improved research visibility,which require eliminating the financial,legal,and technical barriers that restrict access to scientific output.Design/methodology/approach:This paper uses the findings of FECYT’s 2023 Assessment of the Editorial and Scientific Quality of Spanish Scientific Journals,with 254 participating journals,as its case study.Open science indicators assess the transparency of policies on content access,reuse,openness,and reproducibility.Nonparametric tests analyse the relationship between the indicators and the dimensions of publisher type and subject area.Findings:High compliance rates are found for indicators related to publication licences and intellectual property rights.Only 37%of the journals examined post their editorial policy on Sherpa Romeo.Ninety-four percent publish open access.However,open peer review is rarely applied(0.38%of the journals).Journals in Communication,Information and Scientific Documentation,Fine Arts,Education Science,and Biomedical Sciences have high compliance percentages.Most journals(83%)are institutional,with universities and associations generally exhibiting better results.Research limitations:This study is based on specific indicators that do not cover all the factors that influence the transition toward open science;for example,editorial culture and technological infrastructure are not envisaged.Furthermore,differences in open science implementation are identified between disciplinary areas and between publisher types,but the underlying causes of these differences are not thoroughly investigated.Future research could address these points for a fuller understanding.Practical implications:This study highlights the need for journals to improve transparency by adopting open peer review and clear policies.These changes enhance accessibility and credibility,fostering inclusive knowledge dissemination.Institutions and policymakers should support these efforts to boost research impact.Originality/value:This study offers insights into open science practices in Spanish journals,a growing academic topic.Its originality lies in examining open science indicators across disciplines and publishers.By identifying strengths and gaps,the study helps journals enhance transparency.展开更多
Strong multi-kilotesla magnetic fields have various applications in high-energy density science and laboratory astrophysics, but they are not readily available. In our previous work [Y. Shi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 13...Strong multi-kilotesla magnetic fields have various applications in high-energy density science and laboratory astrophysics, but they are not readily available. In our previous work [Y. Shi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 155101(2023)], we developed a novel approach for generating such fields using multiple conventional laser beams with a twist in the pointing direction. This method is particularly well-suited for multi-kilojoule petawatt-class laser systems like SG-Ⅱ UP, which are designed with multiple linearly polarized beamlets. Utilizing three-dimensional kinetic particle-in-cell simulations, we examine critical factors for a proof-of-principle experiment, such as laser polarization, relative pulse delay,phase offset, pointing stability, and target configuration, and their impact on magnetic field generation. Our general conclusion is that the approach is very robust and can be realized under a wide range of laser parameters and plasma conditions. We also provide an in-depth analysis of the axial magnetic field configuration, azimuthal electron current, and electron and ion orbital angular momentum densities.Supported by a simple model, our analysis shows that the axial magnetic field decays owing to the expansion of hot electrons.展开更多
Fluorophores emitting in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 900–1700nm) allow for high-resolution deep-tissue bioimaging owing to minimal tissue scattering. Although J-aggregation offers a promising approach to...Fluorophores emitting in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 900–1700nm) allow for high-resolution deep-tissue bioimaging owing to minimal tissue scattering. Although J-aggregation offers a promising approach to developing long-wavelength emitters, the scarcity of J-type backbones and reliable design principles limits their application in biological imaging. Here, we introduce a strategy for engineering high-brightness NIR-II J-aggregated fluorophores by incorporating electron-withdrawing substituents into a fused-ring backbone. These substituents modulate the electrostatic potential (ESP) distribution across the conjugated backbone, reducing both electrostatic repulsion and intermolecular distance, which promotes ordered J-aggregation. As a result, Y8 aggregate (Y8 nanoparticles) exhibits an outstanding fluorescence quantum yield of up to 12.9% and strong near-infrared absorption in aqueous solution for high-performance NIR-II fluorescence imaging in vivo. This work not only presents a novel J-type backbone but also advances the understanding of the structure–property relationship critical to designing NIR-II J-aggregates.展开更多
Solar water splitting is an emerging technology for producing clean and renewable hydrogen fuel from sunlight and water.Among various photoelectrode materials,bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))has attracted considerable atten...Solar water splitting is an emerging technology for producing clean and renewable hydrogen fuel from sunlight and water.Among various photoelectrode materials,bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))has attracted considerable attention due to its visible light absorption,favorable band edge positions,good chemical stability,and low cost.However,the solar water splitting efficiency of BiVO_(4) photoanodes is still far from satisfactory,mainly because of the low charge carrier mobility,high recombination rate,and slow water oxidation kinetics.In this review,we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis,modification,and application of BiVO_(4)-based photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting.The working principle of PEC water splitting and the fundamental properties of BiVO_(4) are introduced.Then,the synthesis methods of BiVO_(4) films are reviewed,and the strategies to enhance the PEC properties of BiVO_(4) are critically discussed.Furthermore,the applications of BiVO_(4)-based photoelectrodes in different scenarios are highlighted.Finally,the summary and outlook for the future development of BiVO_(4)-based photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting are presented.展开更多
Organic additives with multiple functional groups have shown great promise in improving the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells.The functional groups can passivate undercoordinated ions to reduce nonra...Organic additives with multiple functional groups have shown great promise in improving the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells.The functional groups can passivate undercoordinated ions to reduce nonradiative recombination losses.However,how these groups synergistically affect the enhancement beyond passivation is still unclear.Specifically,isomeric molecules with different substitution patterns or molecular shapes remain elusive in designing new organic additives.Here,we report two isomeric carbazolyl bisphosphonate additives,2,7-Cz BP and 3,6-Cz BP.The isomerism effect on passivation and charge transport process was studied.The two molecules have similar passivation effects through multiple interactions,e.g.,P=O···Pb,P=O···H–N and N–H···I.2,7-CzBP can further bridge the perovskite crystallites to facilitates charge transport.Power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 25.88%and 21.04%were achieved for 0.09 cm^(2)devices and 14 cm^(2)modules after 2,7-Cz BP treatment,respectively.The devices exhibited enhanced operational stability maintaining 95%of initial PCE after 1000 h of continuous maximum power point tracking.This study of isomerism effect hints at the importance of tuning substitution positions and molecular shapes for organic additives,which paves the way for innovation of next-generation multifunctional aromatic additives.展开更多
Platinum group alloys have an excellent electronic structure for oxidation of alcohols,but the active sites are more susceptible to deactivation by CO adsorbates(CO_(ads)).The precise integration of single-atom and al...Platinum group alloys have an excellent electronic structure for oxidation of alcohols,but the active sites are more susceptible to deactivation by CO adsorbates(CO_(ads)).The precise integration of single-atom and alloy structures is highly attractive for energy conversion but still a challenge.Here,we report an ionexchange coupled in situ reduction strategy to fabricate hollow PtPdTe alloy nanoreactors loaded with atomically dispersed Cu sites(Cu_(SA)/h-PtPdTe NRs).The planted oxyphilic Cu single sites and resulted compressive strains are conductive to modulating the electronic structure of the active sites,which changes the rate-determining step of the reaction while inhibiting the formation of CO_(ads)and modulating the adsorption of intermediates,resulting in the improved activity and stability.Specifically,the obtained Cu_(SA)/h-PtPdTe NRs exhibit an excellent oxidation performance of multiple alcohols,especially for methanol and ethanol,with 8.0 and 10.3 times of the mass activity higher than Pt/C,and the activity could be recovered by refreshing the electrolyte and could be sustained for 72,000 and 36,000 s,respectively.Meanwhile,Cu_(SA)/h-PtPdTe NRs show superior oxidation performance and durability to ethylene glycol and glycerol.This work pioneers the realization of precise modulation of catalytic sites using single atoms and provides an encouraging pathway for the design of efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the oxidation of multiple alcohols,which could broaden the range of options and sources of fuel cells.展开更多
Neuroinflammation is the primary driver and signature of many neurodevelopmental disorders.However,because neurodevelopmental disorders caused by neuroinflammation are difficult to detect at the early stage,their prog...Neuroinflammation is the primary driver and signature of many neurodevelopmental disorders.However,because neurodevelopmental disorders caused by neuroinflammation are difficult to detect at the early stage,their progression remains unclear.To date,neither animal experiments nor in vitro models have uncovered their early developmental characteristics caused by neuroinflammation.In this study,we developed a neurovascular-unit-on-a-chip(NVU-on-a-chip)to model inflammation-induced neurodevelopmental disorders.With the chip,dynamic visualization of the progression caused by neuroinflammation was clearly demonstrated,and the changes in angiogenesis and neural differentiation under neuroinflammation were replicated.In addition,the activation of astrocytes and damage to neurons and capillaries at the early stage of neurodevelopmental disorders were observed.The results revealed for the first time the structural disruption of the neurovascular units and the neurovascular coupling failure caused by neuroinflammation.Furthermore,the outcomes of anti-inflammatory intervention using ibuprofen were preliminarily demonstrated.This work provides insights into the early progression of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by neuroinflammation and offers a platform for the development of therapeutic strategies for neuroinflammation.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries are essential for renewable energy storage,necessitating efficient battery management systems(BMS)for optimal performance and longevity.Accurate estimation of the state of health(SOH)is crucial f...Lithium-ion batteries are essential for renewable energy storage,necessitating efficient battery management systems(BMS)for optimal performance and longevity.Accurate estimation of the state of health(SOH)is crucial for BMS safety,yet current machine learning-based SOH estimation relying on global aging features often overlooks localized degradation patterns.In this study,we introduce a novel SOH estimation pipeline that integrates voltage-range-specific segmentation with a multi-stage,crossvalidation-driven localized feature-selection framework and a feature-augmented dual-stream fusion network.Our methodology partitions full-range voltage into localized intervals to construct a degradation-sensitive feature library,from which 4 optimal features are identified from a set of 336 candidates.These selected features are combined with raw voltage signals via a dual-stream architecture that employs a dynamic gating mechanism to recalibrate feature contributions during training.Crossvalidation-based evaluation on datasets encompassing different chemistries and charge/discharge protocols demonstrate that our approach can achieve lower average root-mean-square-error(Oxford dataset:0.7201%,Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)dataset:0.7184%)compared to baseline models.An in-depth analysis of the physical significance of the screened features improves the interpretability of the features.This work underscores the significant potential of leveraging localized feature enhancement in SOH estimation by systematically integrating degradation-sensitive features,thereby offering precise estimation.展开更多
Atomically precise palladium(Pd)clusters are emerging as versatile nanomaterials with applications in catalysis and biomedicine.This study explores the synthesis,structure evolution,and catalytic properties of Pd clus...Atomically precise palladium(Pd)clusters are emerging as versatile nanomaterials with applications in catalysis and biomedicine.This study explores the synthesis,structure evolution,and catalytic properties of Pd clusters stabilized by cyclohexanethiol(HSC_(6)H_(11))ligands.Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS)and single-crystal X-ray diffraction(SXRD),structures of the Pd clusters ranging from Pd4(SC_(6)H_(11))8 to Pd18(SC_(6)H_(11))36 were determined.This analysis revealed a structure evolution from polygonal to elliptical geometries of the PdnS2n frameworks as the cluster size increased.UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy,combined with quantum chemical calculations,elucidated changes in the electronic structure of the clusters.Catalytic studies on the Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions demonstrated a size-dependent decline in activity attributed to variations in structural arrangements and electronic properties.Mechanistic insights proposed a distinctive Pd(Ⅱ)-Pd(Ⅳ)catalytic cycle.This research underscores how ligands and cluster size influence the structures and properties of Pd clusters,offering valuable insights for the future design and application of Pd clusters in advanced catalysis and beyond.展开更多
Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin disorders affecting millions of patients worldwide,its long-lasting inflammation greatly reduces life quality and causes negative psychosocial impacts.Conventional treatmen...Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin disorders affecting millions of patients worldwide,its long-lasting inflammation greatly reduces life quality and causes negative psychosocial impacts.Conventional treatments often along with side effects and issues of patient compliance,and ineffective in treating severe conditions.In recent years,microneedle(MN)has emerged as a versatile therapeutic technology,owing to its minimally invasive,effective,and reduced side effects.However,there are few review articles that systematically summarize the progress of microneedles for the treatment of acne.Here conclude the material,function,and application of microneedle technology in the treatment of acne,with a particular focus on two types of anti-acne microneedle:drug-loaded microneedle(DMN)and radio-frequency microneedle(RMN).DMN facilitates targeted drug delivery to the skin's deeper layers,while RMN utilizes radio-frequency currents to stimulate collagen regeneration,thus addressing acne scarring.Additionally,future directions for advanced acne-treating microneedle technology are envisioned,such as diversified drug loading,multi-functionality,production process optimization,and personalized treatment.These different directions are expected to further enhance the safety,efficacy,and patient satisfaction of microneedle acne treatments.展开更多
Lead-tin(Pb-Sn)perovskites with an ideal bandgap of 1.34-1.40 eV show great promise in perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Recently,to address the environmental pollution and Sn^(2+)oxidation problems of dimethyl sulfoxide,m...Lead-tin(Pb-Sn)perovskites with an ideal bandgap of 1.34-1.40 eV show great promise in perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Recently,to address the environmental pollution and Sn^(2+)oxidation problems of dimethyl sulfoxide,methylammonium acetate(MAAc)ionic liquid has been developed as an alternative to fabricate ideal bandgap MAPb_(0.7)Sn_(0.3)I_(3)(1.36 eV)film via hot-casting in air.However,the spontaneous crystallization of Pb-Sn perovskite initiated by heat-induced supersaturation is fast and random,setting critical challenges in regulating crystal growth during the film-forming process.Herein,a lattice activation strategy is developed to control the crystallization dynamics of MAPb_(0.7)Sn_(0.3)I_(3)in MAAc to produce films with micrometer-sized grains in air.FA is shown to activate the crystal lattice that facilitates the formation of intermediates and balances the crystal growth of MAPb_(0.7)Sn_(0.3)I_(3),producing films with a grain size of 2.78±0.17μm.Furthermore,4-fluoro-phenethylammonium and phenethylammonium are adopted to passivate the defects in the film and promote the energy level alignment at the top interface,respectively.The optimized PSC device achieved an efficiency of 18.24%with a short-circuit current of 29.84 mA/cm^(2),which are both the highest values in 1.36 eV Pb-Sn PSCs to date.Notably,the unencapsulated devices show excellent storage and air stability under various conditions.展开更多
基金The presented single-cylinder hydrogen engine study forms part of an international research project(FVV project No.1446)performed by the Institute of Automotive Engineering(IFS)at University of Stuttgart under the direction of Prof.AndréCasal Kulzer and by the Automotive Powertrain Technologies Group of Dr.Patrik Soltic at Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology(EMPA)financially supported by Swiss Federal Office of Energy(SI/502205-01)FVV e.V.(funding No.6014462)。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52533008,22205104,22305127,and 21835003)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2024YFB3612500,2024YFB3612600,and 2023YFB3608900)+2 种基金Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20243057)Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Nos.NY222078 and NY222079)Project of State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays(Nos.GZR2023010031 and GZR2023010053).
文摘Scintillator-mediated indirect X-ray detectors,which transduce high-energy X-ray photons into detectable visible light,underpin critical applications in medical diagnostics,non-destructive imaging,and high-energy physics.Flexible scintillator films represent a transformative advancement for next-generation X-ray imaging,enabling conformal integration biological tissues and complex geometries.The pursuit of solution-processed scintillators with benchmark light yield,ultralow detection limit,and superior mechanical robustness constitutes the primary objective in this field.This review comprehensively analyzes emerging high-performance scintillators,including lanthanide-doped nanocrystals,organic emitters,perovskites,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),atomically metal clusters,and metal-organic complexes,focusing on strategies to enhance radioluminescence yield,minimize detection limits,and achieve mechanical robustness.We elucidate carrier dynamics from exciton formation to radiative recombination,alongside advanced fabrication paradigms for flexible/stretchable films via polymer encapsulation and intrinsically flexible designs.The resulting devices demonstrate exceptional capabilities in static,dynamic,and multifunctional imaging under ultralow doses.Critical frontiers in radiation stability,artificial intelligence(AI)-accelerated material discovery,and light propagation engineering are outlined to guide future detector development.
文摘This paper presents the application of iterated function system (IFS) based three-dimensional (3D) fractal interpolation to elevation data compression. The parameters of contractive transformations are simplified by a concise fractal iteration form with geometric meaning. A local iteration algorithm is proposed, which can solve the non-separation problem when Collage theorem is applied to find the appropriate fractal parameters. The elevation data compression is proved experimentally to be effective in. reconstruction quality and time-saving.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22379121, 62005216)Basic Public Welfare Research Program of Zhejiang (No. LQ22F050013)+1 种基金Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Open Fund (2023FE005)Shenzhen Foundation Research Program (No. JCYJ20220530112812028)。
文摘Fluoride-based electrolyte exhibits extraordinarily high oxidative stability in high-voltage lithium metal batteries(h-LMBs) due to the inherent low highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) of fiuorinated solvents. However, such fascinating properties do not bring long-term cyclability of h-LMBs. One of critical challenges is the interface instability in contacting with the Li metal anode, as fiuorinated solvents are highly susceptible to exceptionally reductive metallic Li attributed to its low lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO), which leads to significant consumption of the fiuorinated components upon cycling.Herein, attenuating reductive decomposition of fiuorinated electrolytes is proposed to circumvent rapid electrolyte consumption. Specifically, the vinylene carbonate(VC) is selected to tame the reduction decomposition by preferentially forming protective layer on the Li anode. This work, experimentally and computationally, demonstrates the importance of pre-passivation of Li metal anodes at high voltage to attenuate the decomposition of fiuoroethylene carbonate(FEC). It is expected to enrich the understanding of how VC attenuate the reactivity of FEC, thereby extending the cycle life of fiuorinated electrolytes in high-voltage Li-metal batteries.
文摘Two tetrasubstituted carbazole derivatives TBICz and TOXDCz have been designed and synthesized,which possess the twist skeletons and exhibit excellent thermal and morphological stabilities.Utilizing these novel compounds as host material,high efficiency solution-processed green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes(PhOLEDs)have been achieved.The high triplet energies of TBICz and TOXDCz ensure efficient energy transfer from the host to the phosphor and triplet exciton confinement on the phosphor.Solution-processable green phospho⁃rescent devices employing Ir(ppy)3 as vip and the two tetrasubstituted carbazole derivatives as hosts exhibit high ef⁃ficiencies.The best EL performance is achieved for the TBICz-based device,with a maximum current efficiency of 27.3 cd/A,a maximum power efficiency of 15.9 lm/W,and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 7.8%,which provides more host material options for solution-processed OLEDs.
文摘Theoretically,blue phosphorescent materials are capable of achieving 100%internal quantum effi-ciency.Nevertheless,the mutual constraints among efficiency,color purity,and stability remain one of the key bottlenecks in the industrialization of organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs).In addition,the design and application of host materials also exert a significant impact on the overall performance of blue light-emitting de-vices.To address this issue,this study constructs a series of host materials with high triplet energy levels by designing different connection modes,based on 9-phenylcarbazole and benzimidazole units.Through a combi-nation of theoretical and experimental approaches,the correlation between the chemical structure and perfor-mance has been unraveled.It is found that the designed and synthesized blue phosphorescent bipolar host ma-terials based on different biphenyl linking sites,i.e.,9-(3'-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-bi-phenyl]-3-yl)-9H-carbazole(mCzmBI),9-(2'-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-9H-carbazole(mCzoBI)and 9-(3'-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-9H-carbazole(oCzmBI).The three compounds have a similar triplet energy level of 2.70 eV,accompanied with the glass transition temperatures of 92℃,103℃,and 93℃respectively.mCzmBI,mCzoBI and oCzmBI are regioiso-mers,but differ in the linking sites of carbazole and benzimidazole on the biphenyl linker.This difference in linking positions enables effective regulation of the host materials’properties.Constructed with the blue phos-phorescent material bis(4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato-N,C2)picolinatoiridium(Ⅲ)(FIrpic)as the vip,the influence of the three hosts on device performance is clarified.Overall,the device using mCzmBI,a host linked by biphenyl at double meta-positions,achieved a maximum current efficiency of 24.9 cd·A^(-1)and a max-imum external quantum efficiency exceeding 12.8%,it also demonstrates low efficiency roll-off under highbrightness conditions.This work offers an effective strategy to the development of high-efficiency blue phospho-rescent hosts.
基金Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(No.2025JC-YBMS-358)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.D5000250307)。
文摘4D-printable shape memory polymers(SMPs)hold great promise for fabricating shape morphing biomedical devices,but most existing printed polymers either require harsh activation conditions or lack sufficient mechanical strength for vascular implantation.Here,we report a dual-stimuli-responsive shape memory polymer system enhanced by acrylated Pluronic F127(PF127-DA)micelles,which can be fabricated using digital light processing(DLP)based 3D printing.The PF127-DA based nanoscale micelles,which are formed via self-assembly in the hydrogel ink for 3D printing,act as crosslinkers to improve mechanical strength,fatigue resistance and elastic recovery.After drying the printed hydrogel,the obtained SMPs exhibit excellent shape recovery behaviour under mild physiological conditions—specifically body temperature(37℃)and aqueous swelling—resulting in recovery stress up to about 150?k Pa.This swelling-assisted actuation enables effective radial support,making the printed constructs suitable for vascular use.In vitro cytocompatibility assays with NIH/3T3 fibroblasts confirmed the suitable biocompatibility.Furthermore,the self-expanding behavior of the printed stents was validated in an occluded vessel model under physiological conditions.These results demonstrate the feasibility of 4D printed micelle-enhanced SMP for patient-specific,minimally invasive vascular stents and other soft implantable devices requiring high recovery force under physiological stimulation.
文摘This study explores the epistemic imperative to decolonize African education systems by centering indigenous philosophies such as Ubuntu and introducing the Ubuntu Pedagogy as a pedagogical model.Ubuntu pedagogy transforms teacher-learner relationships,it provides a replicable model for relational learning,community partnerships,and reassert the dignity of indigenous epistemologies.The paper examines how language,knowledge production,and pedagogy can be restructured to reflect African epistemologies and educational sovereignty.This research also explores the relationship between mother tongue instruction and cognitive access to learning.Through a qualitative literature analysis of case studies and African scholarly discourse,this paper highlights the continued marginalization of indigenous knowledge systems and the need to embed culturally relevant teaching methodologies.The findings support the broader question of whether there exists an epistemological base for knowledge independence or production within African and Afro-Diasporic contexts,revealing culturally coherent frameworks of learning that resist colonial dominance and an exploration of reclaiming African indigenous knowledge systems for educational and cultural sovereignty.
基金funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for project PID2023-149340OB-I00, “Ciencia abierta y ciencia ciudadana para una sociedad más sostenible e inclusiva: aportaciones del Sistema Universitario Espanol”
文摘Purpose:This paper focuses on scientific journals’policies on open access and open science.The subject has gained increasing relevance,driven by the need for more-democratic access to knowledge and improved research visibility,which require eliminating the financial,legal,and technical barriers that restrict access to scientific output.Design/methodology/approach:This paper uses the findings of FECYT’s 2023 Assessment of the Editorial and Scientific Quality of Spanish Scientific Journals,with 254 participating journals,as its case study.Open science indicators assess the transparency of policies on content access,reuse,openness,and reproducibility.Nonparametric tests analyse the relationship between the indicators and the dimensions of publisher type and subject area.Findings:High compliance rates are found for indicators related to publication licences and intellectual property rights.Only 37%of the journals examined post their editorial policy on Sherpa Romeo.Ninety-four percent publish open access.However,open peer review is rarely applied(0.38%of the journals).Journals in Communication,Information and Scientific Documentation,Fine Arts,Education Science,and Biomedical Sciences have high compliance percentages.Most journals(83%)are institutional,with universities and associations generally exhibiting better results.Research limitations:This study is based on specific indicators that do not cover all the factors that influence the transition toward open science;for example,editorial culture and technological infrastructure are not envisaged.Furthermore,differences in open science implementation are identified between disciplinary areas and between publisher types,but the underlying causes of these differences are not thoroughly investigated.Future research could address these points for a fuller understanding.Practical implications:This study highlights the need for journals to improve transparency by adopting open peer review and clear policies.These changes enhance accessibility and credibility,fostering inclusive knowledge dissemination.Institutions and policymakers should support these efforts to boost research impact.Originality/value:This study offers insights into open science practices in Spanish journals,a growing academic topic.Its originality lies in examining open science indicators across disciplines and publishers.By identifying strengths and gaps,the study helps journals enhance transparency.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12322513)USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative+1 种基金CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR060)supported by the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences under Award No.DE-SC0023423。
文摘Strong multi-kilotesla magnetic fields have various applications in high-energy density science and laboratory astrophysics, but they are not readily available. In our previous work [Y. Shi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 155101(2023)], we developed a novel approach for generating such fields using multiple conventional laser beams with a twist in the pointing direction. This method is particularly well-suited for multi-kilojoule petawatt-class laser systems like SG-Ⅱ UP, which are designed with multiple linearly polarized beamlets. Utilizing three-dimensional kinetic particle-in-cell simulations, we examine critical factors for a proof-of-principle experiment, such as laser polarization, relative pulse delay,phase offset, pointing stability, and target configuration, and their impact on magnetic field generation. Our general conclusion is that the approach is very robust and can be realized under a wide range of laser parameters and plasma conditions. We also provide an in-depth analysis of the axial magnetic field configuration, azimuthal electron current, and electron and ion orbital angular momentum densities.Supported by a simple model, our analysis shows that the axial magnetic field decays owing to the expansion of hot electrons.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 62175201 and 52373142)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No. BK20220404)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe open research fund of State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays.
文摘Fluorophores emitting in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 900–1700nm) allow for high-resolution deep-tissue bioimaging owing to minimal tissue scattering. Although J-aggregation offers a promising approach to developing long-wavelength emitters, the scarcity of J-type backbones and reliable design principles limits their application in biological imaging. Here, we introduce a strategy for engineering high-brightness NIR-II J-aggregated fluorophores by incorporating electron-withdrawing substituents into a fused-ring backbone. These substituents modulate the electrostatic potential (ESP) distribution across the conjugated backbone, reducing both electrostatic repulsion and intermolecular distance, which promotes ordered J-aggregation. As a result, Y8 aggregate (Y8 nanoparticles) exhibits an outstanding fluorescence quantum yield of up to 12.9% and strong near-infrared absorption in aqueous solution for high-performance NIR-II fluorescence imaging in vivo. This work not only presents a novel J-type backbone but also advances the understanding of the structure–property relationship critical to designing NIR-II J-aggregates.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52372292)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JCYJ20220530161615035)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Henan Province(No.232102520018).
文摘Solar water splitting is an emerging technology for producing clean and renewable hydrogen fuel from sunlight and water.Among various photoelectrode materials,bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))has attracted considerable attention due to its visible light absorption,favorable band edge positions,good chemical stability,and low cost.However,the solar water splitting efficiency of BiVO_(4) photoanodes is still far from satisfactory,mainly because of the low charge carrier mobility,high recombination rate,and slow water oxidation kinetics.In this review,we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis,modification,and application of BiVO_(4)-based photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting.The working principle of PEC water splitting and the fundamental properties of BiVO_(4) are introduced.Then,the synthesis methods of BiVO_(4) films are reviewed,and the strategies to enhance the PEC properties of BiVO_(4) are critically discussed.Furthermore,the applications of BiVO_(4)-based photoelectrodes in different scenarios are highlighted.Finally,the summary and outlook for the future development of BiVO_(4)-based photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting are presented.
基金financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China(62474142)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2024YQ070)。
文摘Organic additives with multiple functional groups have shown great promise in improving the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells.The functional groups can passivate undercoordinated ions to reduce nonradiative recombination losses.However,how these groups synergistically affect the enhancement beyond passivation is still unclear.Specifically,isomeric molecules with different substitution patterns or molecular shapes remain elusive in designing new organic additives.Here,we report two isomeric carbazolyl bisphosphonate additives,2,7-Cz BP and 3,6-Cz BP.The isomerism effect on passivation and charge transport process was studied.The two molecules have similar passivation effects through multiple interactions,e.g.,P=O···Pb,P=O···H–N and N–H···I.2,7-CzBP can further bridge the perovskite crystallites to facilitates charge transport.Power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 25.88%and 21.04%were achieved for 0.09 cm^(2)devices and 14 cm^(2)modules after 2,7-Cz BP treatment,respectively.The devices exhibited enhanced operational stability maintaining 95%of initial PCE after 1000 h of continuous maximum power point tracking.This study of isomerism effect hints at the importance of tuning substitution positions and molecular shapes for organic additives,which paves the way for innovation of next-generation multifunctional aromatic additives.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22102132)the Funds for Basic Scientific Research in Central Universities+2 种基金the Scientific Research Foundation of Qingdao UniversityTaishan Scholar Program(NO.tsqnz20231213)sponsored by the Innovation Foundation for Doctor Dissertation of Northwestern Polytechnical University(CX2024101)。
文摘Platinum group alloys have an excellent electronic structure for oxidation of alcohols,but the active sites are more susceptible to deactivation by CO adsorbates(CO_(ads)).The precise integration of single-atom and alloy structures is highly attractive for energy conversion but still a challenge.Here,we report an ionexchange coupled in situ reduction strategy to fabricate hollow PtPdTe alloy nanoreactors loaded with atomically dispersed Cu sites(Cu_(SA)/h-PtPdTe NRs).The planted oxyphilic Cu single sites and resulted compressive strains are conductive to modulating the electronic structure of the active sites,which changes the rate-determining step of the reaction while inhibiting the formation of CO_(ads)and modulating the adsorption of intermediates,resulting in the improved activity and stability.Specifically,the obtained Cu_(SA)/h-PtPdTe NRs exhibit an excellent oxidation performance of multiple alcohols,especially for methanol and ethanol,with 8.0 and 10.3 times of the mass activity higher than Pt/C,and the activity could be recovered by refreshing the electrolyte and could be sustained for 72,000 and 36,000 s,respectively.Meanwhile,Cu_(SA)/h-PtPdTe NRs show superior oxidation performance and durability to ethylene glycol and glycerol.This work pioneers the realization of precise modulation of catalytic sites using single atoms and provides an encouraging pathway for the design of efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the oxidation of multiple alcohols,which could broaden the range of options and sources of fuel cells.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018AAA0100300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82072018,82274375,and 82402490)+5 种基金the Anhui Provincial Science and Technology Major Project(No.202203a07020006)the Strategic Priority Research Program(C)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(No.XDC07040200)the Key R&D Program of Anhui Province(No.2022e07020012)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(No.2208085QH256)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.WK2100000042)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M713055).
文摘Neuroinflammation is the primary driver and signature of many neurodevelopmental disorders.However,because neurodevelopmental disorders caused by neuroinflammation are difficult to detect at the early stage,their progression remains unclear.To date,neither animal experiments nor in vitro models have uncovered their early developmental characteristics caused by neuroinflammation.In this study,we developed a neurovascular-unit-on-a-chip(NVU-on-a-chip)to model inflammation-induced neurodevelopmental disorders.With the chip,dynamic visualization of the progression caused by neuroinflammation was clearly demonstrated,and the changes in angiogenesis and neural differentiation under neuroinflammation were replicated.In addition,the activation of astrocytes and damage to neurons and capillaries at the early stage of neurodevelopmental disorders were observed.The results revealed for the first time the structural disruption of the neurovascular units and the neurovascular coupling failure caused by neuroinflammation.Furthermore,the outcomes of anti-inflammatory intervention using ibuprofen were preliminarily demonstrated.This work provides insights into the early progression of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by neuroinflammation and offers a platform for the development of therapeutic strategies for neuroinflammation.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22273096)the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program between Helmholtz and OCPC(ZD2023019)+1 种基金the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22409139)the Sichuan Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists(24NSFSC607)。
文摘Lithium-ion batteries are essential for renewable energy storage,necessitating efficient battery management systems(BMS)for optimal performance and longevity.Accurate estimation of the state of health(SOH)is crucial for BMS safety,yet current machine learning-based SOH estimation relying on global aging features often overlooks localized degradation patterns.In this study,we introduce a novel SOH estimation pipeline that integrates voltage-range-specific segmentation with a multi-stage,crossvalidation-driven localized feature-selection framework and a feature-augmented dual-stream fusion network.Our methodology partitions full-range voltage into localized intervals to construct a degradation-sensitive feature library,from which 4 optimal features are identified from a set of 336 candidates.These selected features are combined with raw voltage signals via a dual-stream architecture that employs a dynamic gating mechanism to recalibrate feature contributions during training.Crossvalidation-based evaluation on datasets encompassing different chemistries and charge/discharge protocols demonstrate that our approach can achieve lower average root-mean-square-error(Oxford dataset:0.7201%,Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)dataset:0.7184%)compared to baseline models.An in-depth analysis of the physical significance of the screened features improves the interpretability of the features.This work underscores the significant potential of leveraging localized feature enhancement in SOH estimation by systematically integrating degradation-sensitive features,thereby offering precise estimation.
基金supported by the Start-Up Research Funding of Fujian Normal University(No.Y0720326K13)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22103035 and 22033005)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFA1503900)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.RCYX20231211090357078)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis(No.2020B121201002).
文摘Atomically precise palladium(Pd)clusters are emerging as versatile nanomaterials with applications in catalysis and biomedicine.This study explores the synthesis,structure evolution,and catalytic properties of Pd clusters stabilized by cyclohexanethiol(HSC_(6)H_(11))ligands.Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS)and single-crystal X-ray diffraction(SXRD),structures of the Pd clusters ranging from Pd4(SC_(6)H_(11))8 to Pd18(SC_(6)H_(11))36 were determined.This analysis revealed a structure evolution from polygonal to elliptical geometries of the PdnS2n frameworks as the cluster size increased.UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy,combined with quantum chemical calculations,elucidated changes in the electronic structure of the clusters.Catalytic studies on the Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions demonstrated a size-dependent decline in activity attributed to variations in structural arrangements and electronic properties.Mechanistic insights proposed a distinctive Pd(Ⅱ)-Pd(Ⅳ)catalytic cycle.This research underscores how ligands and cluster size influence the structures and properties of Pd clusters,offering valuable insights for the future design and application of Pd clusters in advanced catalysis and beyond.
基金support from the College Students’Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program(Northwestern Polytechnical University),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52473265)the Shaanxi Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.2023-JC-JQ-32).
文摘Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin disorders affecting millions of patients worldwide,its long-lasting inflammation greatly reduces life quality and causes negative psychosocial impacts.Conventional treatments often along with side effects and issues of patient compliance,and ineffective in treating severe conditions.In recent years,microneedle(MN)has emerged as a versatile therapeutic technology,owing to its minimally invasive,effective,and reduced side effects.However,there are few review articles that systematically summarize the progress of microneedles for the treatment of acne.Here conclude the material,function,and application of microneedle technology in the treatment of acne,with a particular focus on two types of anti-acne microneedle:drug-loaded microneedle(DMN)and radio-frequency microneedle(RMN).DMN facilitates targeted drug delivery to the skin's deeper layers,while RMN utilizes radio-frequency currents to stimulate collagen regeneration,thus addressing acne scarring.Additionally,future directions for advanced acne-treating microneedle technology are envisioned,such as diversified drug loading,multi-functionality,production process optimization,and personalized treatment.These different directions are expected to further enhance the safety,efficacy,and patient satisfaction of microneedle acne treatments.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(52372226,52202300,62288102,62350013,52303325)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3608900)+5 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program ofthe China postdoctoral Science Foundation(CPSF)(Grant GZC20233506)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant2024M764252)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing China(2023NSCQ-MSX0097)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515010918)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant JCYJ20240813150819026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Lead-tin(Pb-Sn)perovskites with an ideal bandgap of 1.34-1.40 eV show great promise in perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Recently,to address the environmental pollution and Sn^(2+)oxidation problems of dimethyl sulfoxide,methylammonium acetate(MAAc)ionic liquid has been developed as an alternative to fabricate ideal bandgap MAPb_(0.7)Sn_(0.3)I_(3)(1.36 eV)film via hot-casting in air.However,the spontaneous crystallization of Pb-Sn perovskite initiated by heat-induced supersaturation is fast and random,setting critical challenges in regulating crystal growth during the film-forming process.Herein,a lattice activation strategy is developed to control the crystallization dynamics of MAPb_(0.7)Sn_(0.3)I_(3)in MAAc to produce films with micrometer-sized grains in air.FA is shown to activate the crystal lattice that facilitates the formation of intermediates and balances the crystal growth of MAPb_(0.7)Sn_(0.3)I_(3),producing films with a grain size of 2.78±0.17μm.Furthermore,4-fluoro-phenethylammonium and phenethylammonium are adopted to passivate the defects in the film and promote the energy level alignment at the top interface,respectively.The optimized PSC device achieved an efficiency of 18.24%with a short-circuit current of 29.84 mA/cm^(2),which are both the highest values in 1.36 eV Pb-Sn PSCs to date.Notably,the unencapsulated devices show excellent storage and air stability under various conditions.
