Accurate seasonal precipitation forecasts,especially for extreme events,are crucial to preventing meteorological hazards and their potential impacts on national development,social activity,and security.However,the int...Accurate seasonal precipitation forecasts,especially for extreme events,are crucial to preventing meteorological hazards and their potential impacts on national development,social activity,and security.However,the intensity of summer precipitation is often largely underestimated in many current dynamic models.This study uses a deep learning method called Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Networks(CycleGAN)to improve the seasonal forecasts for June-JulyAugust precipitation in southeastern China by the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Climate Forecast System(NUIST-CFS 1.0).The results suggest that the CycleGAN-based model significantly improves the accuracy in predicting the spatiotemporal distribution of summer precipitation compared to the traditional quantile mapping(QM)method.Using the unpaired bias-correction model,we can also obtain advanced forecasts of the frequency,intensity,and duration of extreme precipitation events over the dynamic model predictions.This study expands the potential applications of deep learning models toward improving seasonal precipitation forecasts.展开更多
A remarkable marine heatwave,known as the“Blob”,occurred in the Northeast Pacific Ocean from late 2013 to early 2016,which displayed strong warm anomalies extending from the surface to a depth of 300 m.This study em...A remarkable marine heatwave,known as the“Blob”,occurred in the Northeast Pacific Ocean from late 2013 to early 2016,which displayed strong warm anomalies extending from the surface to a depth of 300 m.This study employed two assimilation schemes based on the global Climate Forecast System of Nanjing University of Information Science(NUIST-CFS 1.0)to investigate the impact of ocean data assimilation on the seasonal prediction of this extreme marine heatwave.The sea surface temperature(SST)nudging scheme assimilates SST only,while the deterministic ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF)scheme assimilates observations from the surface to the deep ocean.The latter notably improves the forecasting skill for subsurface temperature anomalies,especially at the depth of 100-300 m(the lower layer),outperforming the SST nudging scheme.It excels in predicting both horizontal and vertical heat transport in the lower layer,contributing to improved forecasts of the lower-layer warming during the Blob.These improvements stem from the assimilation of subsurface observational data,which are important in predicting the upper-ocean conditions.The results suggest that assimilating ocean data with the EnKF scheme significantly enhances the accuracy in predicting subsurface temperature anomalies during the Blob and offers better understanding of its underlying mechanisms.展开更多
Sulphur(S)is essential for the quality of oilseed crops,ranking as the fourth major nutrient after nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K).While crops need sulphur in slightly lower amounts than phosphorus,maintain...Sulphur(S)is essential for the quality of oilseed crops,ranking as the fourth major nutrient after nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K).While crops need sulphur in slightly lower amounts than phosphorus,maintaining optimum sulphur levels is crucial for oilseed yield and quality.Factors such as sulphur dynamics,impact of deficiency,application methods,and climate change must be addressed to improve agricultural practices.In South Asian countries like India,Pakistan,and Bangladesh,oilseeds are vital to the agricultural economy,supporting food security,livelihoods,and economic growth.However,climate change,marginal land cultivation,and a shift to more profitable crops like wheat and maize have led to a decline in oilseed productivity.Sulphur is particularly important for vital plant functions,including protein synthesis,chlorophyll formation,and resistance to abiotic stress.Proper management of sulphur can significantly enhance the yield,oil content,and seed quality.Sulphur fertilization improves crop resilience to pests,diseases,and environmental stresses,resulting in healthier plants.To optimize oilseed production,best practices for sulphur management like integrated nutrient management,regular soil testing,and the strategic application of sulphur-enriched fertilizers must be adopted.Despite its significance,many South Asian soils suffer from sulphur deficiency due to inadequate replenishment and reliance on high-analysis fertilizers.By enhancing sulphur availability,oilseed producers can significantly increase crop yields,improve oil content,and promote overall plant health,contributing to the agricultural economy and food security in the region.This manuscript aims to evaluate the critical role of sulphur in enhancing the yield,oil quality,and stress resilience of oilseed crops in South Asia.展开更多
Integrating sprinkler with deficit irrigation system is a new approach to improve crop water productivity and ensure water and food security in arid areas of India.This study undertook a field experiment of sprinkler-...Integrating sprinkler with deficit irrigation system is a new approach to improve crop water productivity and ensure water and food security in arid areas of India.This study undertook a field experiment of sprinkler-irrigated cumin(variety GC-4)with a mini-lysimeter setup at an experimental research farm in Jodhpur,India during 2019-2022.Four irrigation treatments T_(1),T_(2),T_(3),and T4 were designed at irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation(IW/CPE)of 1.0,0.8,0.6,and 0.4,respectively,with three replications.Daily actual crop evapotranspiration(ETc)was recorded and weekly soil moisture was monitored over the crop growth period.Quantities of applied water and drainage from mini-lysimeters were also measured at every irrigation event.Yield of cumin was recorded at crop maturity.Furthermore,change in farmer's net income from 1-hm2 land was computed based on the cost of applying irrigation water and considering yield variations among the treatments.Results indicated the highest mean seasonal actual ETc(371.7 mm)and cumin yield(952.47 kg/hm2)under T_(1)(with full irrigation).Under T_(2),T_(3),and T4,the seasonal actual ETc decreased by 10.4%,27.6%,and 41.3%,respectively,while yield declined by 5.0%,28.4%,and 50.8%,respectively,as compared to the values under T_(1).Furthermore,crop water productivity of 0.272(±0.068)kg/m3 under T_(2)was found relatively higher in comparison to other irrigation treatments,indicating that T_(2)can achieve improved water productivity of cumin in arid areas at an optimum level of deficit irrigation.The results of cost-economics indicated that positive change in farmer's net income from 1-hm2 land was 108.82 USD under T_(2),while T_(3)and T4 showed net losses of 5.33 and 209.67 USD,respectively.Moreover,value of yield response factor and ratio of relative yield reductions to relative ETc deficits were found to be less than 1.00 under T_(2)(0.48),and more than 1.00 under T_(3)(1.07)and T4(1.23).This finding further supports that T_(2)shows the optimized level of deficit irrigation that saves 20.0%of water with sacrificing 5.0%yield in the arid areas of India.Findings of this study provide useful strategies to save irrigation water,bring additional area under irrigation,and improve crop water productivity in India and other similar arid areas in the world.展开更多
Understanding how different vegetation-based restoration practices alter soil chemical and microbial characteristics is crucial,as restoration practices influence phosphorus(P)transformation and fractions and modify P...Understanding how different vegetation-based restoration practices alter soil chemical and microbial characteristics is crucial,as restoration practices influence phosphorus(P)transformation and fractions and modify P adsorption behavior during the restoration process of degraded land.This study investigated the impacts of vegetation-based restoration practices on soil chemical and microbial parameters,P fractions,and patterns of P adsorption and desorption,and highlighted the combined influence on P availability.To evaluate the impact of vegetation-based restoration practices on P fractions and adsorption behavior in the semi-arid degraded land in India,this study compared three distinct tree-based restoration systems,including Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.)de Wit-based silviculture system(SCS),Acacia nilotica(L.)Willd.ex Delile-based silvopasture system(SPS),and Emblica officinalis Gaertn-based hortipasture system(HPS),with a natural grassland system(NGS)and a degraded fallow system(FS)as control.The soil samples across various soil depths(0-15,15-30,and 30-45 cm)were collected.The findings demonstrated that SCS,SPS,and HPS significantly improved soil organic carbon(SOC)and nutrient availability.Moreover,SCS and SPS resulted in increased microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP)content and phosphatase enzyme activity.The P fractionation analysis revealed that ferrum-associated phosphorus(Fe-P)was the major P fraction,followed by aluminum-associated phosphorus(Al-P),reflecting the dominance of ferrum(Fe)and aluminum(Al)oxides in the semi-arid degraded land.Compared with FS,vegetation-based restoration practices significantly increased various P fractions across soil depths.Additionally,P adsorption and desorption analysis indicated a lower adsorption capacity in tree-based restoration systems than in FS,with FS soils adsorbing higher P quantities in the adsorption phase but releasing less P during the desorption phase.This study revealed that degraded soils responded positively to ecological restoration in terms of P fraction and desorption behavior,influencing the resupply of P in restoration systems.Consequently,litter rich N-fixing tree-based restoration systems(i.e.,SCS and SPS)increased total phosphorus(TP)stock for plants and sustained the potential for long-term P supply in semi-arid ecosystems.With the widespread adoption of restoration practices across degraded landscapes,SCS and SPS would significantly contribute to soil restoration and improve productivity by maintaining the soil P supply in semi-arid ecosystems in India.展开更多
Dopamine β-monooxygenase N-terminal(DOMON)domain-containing genes are present across all taxa and are critical in cell signaling and redox transport.Despite their significance,these genes remain understudied in plant...Dopamine β-monooxygenase N-terminal(DOMON)domain-containing genes are present across all taxa and are critical in cell signaling and redox transport.Despite their significance,these genes remain understudied in plant species.In this study,we identified 15 DOMON genes in rice and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships,conserved motifs,and cis-regulatory elements.Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct clustering of OsDOMON genes in rice and other monocots,compared with Arabidopsis thaliana.Promoter analysis showed a higher abundance of stress-related regulatory elements in Tetep,a well-known blast and abiotic stress-tolerant cultivar,compared with Nipponbare and HP2216.OsDOMON genes displayed differential expression under biotic stress(Magnaporthe oryzae infection)and abiotic stresses(drought,heat,and salinity)in contrasting cultivars.Tetep exhibited significantly higher expression levels of specific OsDOMON genes during early blast infection stages,particularly OsDOMON6.1 and OsDOMON9.2,suggesting their roles in cell wall fortification and reactive oxygen species signaling.Under abiotic stress,genes like OsDOMON3.3,OsDOMON8.1,and OsDOMON9.2 showed higher expression in Tetep,indicating their involvement in stress tolerance mechanisms.This study provides a foundation for future functional studies of OsDOMON genes,paving the way for developing rice cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.展开更多
Chak-hao,the Forbidden Rice from Manipur,India,is an aromatic,purplish-black rice variety that has been awarded a geographical indication tag to preserve and promote its traditional cultivation in Manipur,India.Althou...Chak-hao,the Forbidden Rice from Manipur,India,is an aromatic,purplish-black rice variety that has been awarded a geographical indication tag to preserve and promote its traditional cultivation in Manipur,India.Although Chak-hao is a hardy landrace with field tolerance to biotic stress,its grains are highly susceptible to storage pest infestations,particularly those caused by the rice weevil(Sitophilus oryzae).This severely compromises its commercial storage quality,as pest damage reduces both nutritional value and quantity.展开更多
EC-Earth3P-HR reproduces well the observed Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation(BSISO)and its impacts on tropical cyclone genesis(TCG)in the western North Pacific(WNP).Hence,the historical simulation(1950-1979)and ...EC-Earth3P-HR reproduces well the observed Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation(BSISO)and its impacts on tropical cyclone genesis(TCG)in the western North Pacific(WNP).Hence,the historical simulation(1950-1979)and future projection under the SSP5-8.5 scenario(2020-2049)in EC-Earth3P-HR are adopted to explore possible changes in the BSISO’s modification of WNP TCG under global warming to enhance the understanding of TC activities in the WNP.Results show that the BSISO circulation in the WNP shifts northeastward under global warming.This leads to enhanced convection in a northwest-southeast-oriented band crossing the WNP.Along the band,the BSISO-related TCG anomalies are enhanced.Analyses of genesis potential index show that changes in the BSISO-related mid-tropospheric relative humidity play the dominant role in modifying the BSISO’s impacts on WNP TCG under global warming.The enhanced BSISO convection in the band moistens the middle troposphere,which helps reduce the entrainment of generally dry mid-tropospheric air in the updrafts and the modification of the boundary layer by the downdraft of generally dry mid-tropospheric air,leading to enhanced TCG.展开更多
The intensification of extreme precipitation(EP)under global warming presents a substantial risk to human safety and societal progress.Studying the specific impacts of global warming on rare EP events in China not onl...The intensification of extreme precipitation(EP)under global warming presents a substantial risk to human safety and societal progress.Studying the specific impacts of global warming on rare EP events in China not only enhances the comprehension of these shifts,but also paves the way for the development of proactive strategies to alleviate associated damages.Results from large-ensemble simulation data demonstrate that global warming has led to an enhancement in once-in-a-decade EP events in parts of western and central China over the past few decades,with the strengthening of the South Asia high(SAH)caused by global warming playing a dominant role.The strengthening of the SAH corresponds to an intensification and westward extension of the western Pacific subtropical high in the lower troposphere.The region between these two systems experiences enhanced upward motion and increased southwesterly water vapor transport,leading to a rise in climatological precipitation in western and central China,thereby raising the threshold for once-in-a-decade EP events.展开更多
Marine heatwaves(MHWs),which can exert devastating socioeconomic and ecological impacts,have attracted much public interest in recent years.In this study,we evaluate the sub-seasonal forecast skill of MHWs based on th...Marine heatwaves(MHWs),which can exert devastating socioeconomic and ecological impacts,have attracted much public interest in recent years.In this study,we evaluate the sub-seasonal forecast skill of MHWs based on the Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology Climate Forecast System version 1.1(NUIST CFS1.1)and analyze the related physical processes.Our results show that the model can accurately forecast the occurrence of MHWs on a global scale out to a lead time of 25 days.Notably,even at lead times of 51–55 days,the forecast skill in most tropical regions,as well as in the northeastern and southeastern Pacific,is superior to both random forecasts and persistence forecasts.Accurate predictions of sea level pressure,zonal currents,and mixed-layer depth are important for MHW forecasting.Furthermore,we also conduct forecast skill assessments for two well-documented MHW events.Due to its ability to correctly forecast the changes in heat flux anomalies at a lead time of 25 days,the model can accurately forecast the strong MHW event that occurred in the South China Sea in May–October 2020.However,the forecasting results were less than optimal for the strong MHW event that occurred along the Australian west coast in January–April 2011.Although the model accurately forecasts its occurrence,the forecast of its intensity is poor.Additionally,when the lead time exceeds 10 days,forecasts of the relevant physical processes of this MHW event are also inaccurate.展开更多
In recent years,torrential rain events caused by extratropical cyclones(ETCs)during the boreal midsummer(July-August)in Central and Eastern China have shown an increasing trend.For instence,in August 2024,two ETCs bro...In recent years,torrential rain events caused by extratropical cyclones(ETCs)during the boreal midsummer(July-August)in Central and Eastern China have shown an increasing trend.For instence,in August 2024,two ETCs brought large-scale heavy rainfall to North China,with daily precipitation exceeding 100 mm.Using reanalysis datasets and gridded precipitation data,the ETCs that affected Central and Eastern China during the boreal midsummer from 1981 to 2020 were objectively identified and tracked.ETCs causing precipitation were classified based on maximum daily precipitation,resulting in datasets for ETCs with torrential rain(daily precipitation exceeding 100 mm,referred to as ETC_R100)and heavy rain(daily precipitation exceeding 25 mm,referred to as ETC_R25).Comparative analysis can help highlight the characteristics of ETC_R100.This study compares the spatial distribution,movement paths,weather impacts,large-scale atmospheric circulation,and environmental conditions of these two types of precipitation-related ETCs.The following findings emerged:(1)ETC_R100 is driven by the combined forcing of upper-level troughs and warm-moist airflows at lower levels,exhibiting stronger thermal forcing than ETC_R25.(2)The moisture source for ETC_R100 are the Bay of Bengal and the Northwest Pacific,with moisture transported via the South China Sea.Compared to ETCs with nonextreme rainfall,ETC_R100 is characterized by greater atmospheric instability and better moisture conditions,resulting in higher precipitation intensity.(3)Regardless of the precipitation level,ETCs affected different regions but contributed significantly to precipitation in northern China,accounting for approximately 50%of the total precipitation.The results indicate that ETC_R100 differs significantly from ETCs with varying levels of precipitation in terms of statistical characteristics,weather impact,environmental conditions,and cyclogenesis conditions.展开更多
Background The pink bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella,PBW)is a major cotton pest,causing economic losses by damaging seeds and fiber.Cotton growers typically use systemic and broad-spectrum insecticides for its manage...Background The pink bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella,PBW)is a major cotton pest,causing economic losses by damaging seeds and fiber.Cotton growers typically use systemic and broad-spectrum insecticides for its manage-ment,which pose risks to human health and the environment.Consequently,there is a need for eco-friendly alterna-tives.This study evaluates the bio-efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae strain TMBMA1 against pink bollworm and assesses its compatibility with major insecticides.Additionally,to comprehend the dynam-ics of colonization and the infection processes of entomopathogenic fungi(EPF),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)of infected larvae was carried out.Result We challenged the second instar PBW larvae to eight different concentrations(1×10^(3) to 1×10^(10) conidia mL^(-1))of an M.anisopliae strain TMBMA1.The highest mortality(100%)occurred at the higher concentrations i.e.,1×109 and 1×10^(10) spores mL^(-1),while the lowest mortality rate(46.6%)was observed at 1×10^(3) spores mL^(-1) con-centration compared to control(3.33%).TMBMA1’s biocontrol efficacy was validated by Probit analysis,exhibiting an exceptionally low median lethal concentration(LC50)value of 7.1×10^(5).The comparative evaluation revealed that the M.anisopliae strain TMBMA1 performed excellently with insecticide[Cypermethrin 10%(volume fraction)emulsifiable concentrate(EC)at 1 mL·L^(-1) water]giving 100%mortality,both being superior to a commercial prod-uct of M.anisopliae(60%).According to SEM analysis,the EPF strain was profusely colonized on both the internal and external surfaces of PBW larvae.Compatibility studies with insecticides revealed>98%and>96%reduction in the sporulation of M.anisopliae due to the treatment of Emamectin Benzoate 1.5%(mass fraction)+Profenofos 35%(mass fraction)water dispersible granules(WDG)and Profenofos 50%EC,respectively.In contrast,Cypermethrin 10%EC,Emamectin Benzoate 5%(mass fraction)Soluble Granules and Neem Seed Kernel Extract(NSKE)0.15%(volume fraction)treatments reported lower reduction(11.45%,13.79%and 21.21%respectively)in spore production.Conclusion According to the current investigations,the M.anisopliae strain TMBMA1 exhibits high virulence against PBW and offers a promising eco-friendly solution for managing this pest.It shows significant potential to pro-liferate on both external and internal surfaces of PBW.This strain can be integrated into PBW management programs with chemical insecticides,improving pest control and lessening environmental impact.展开更多
Consecutive stresses,such as initial submergence during germination followed by water deficit during the seedling stage,pose significant challenges to direct-seeded rice cultivation.By Linkage disequilibrium analysis,...Consecutive stresses,such as initial submergence during germination followed by water deficit during the seedling stage,pose significant challenges to direct-seeded rice cultivation.By Linkage disequilibrium analysis,Sub1 and Dro1(Δbp:10 Mb),as well as Sub1 and TPP7(Δbp:6 Mb)were identified to exhibit long-range linkage disequilibrium(LRLD).Meta-QTL analysis further revealed that Sub1 and TPP7 co-segregated for tolerance to submergence at the germination and seedling stages.Based on this,we hypothesized that LRLD might influence plant responses to consecutive stresses.To test this hypothesis,we developed a structured recombinant inbred line population from a cross between Bhalum 2 and Nagina 22,with alleles(Sub1 and TPP7)in linkage equilibrium.Mendelian randomization analysis validated that the parental alleles,rather than the recombinant alleles of Sub1 and TPP7,significantly influenced 13 out of 41 traits under consecutive stress conditions.Additionally,16 minor additive effect QTLs were detected between the genomic regions,spanning Sub1 and TPP7 for various traits.A single allele difference between these genomic regions enhanced crown root number,root dry weight,and specific root area by 11.45%,15.69%,and 33.15%,respectively,under flooded germination conditions.Candidate gene analysis identified WAK79 and MRLK59 as regulators of stress responses during flooded germination,recovery,and subsequent water deficit conditions.These findings highlight the critical role of parental allele combinations and genomic regions between Sub1 and TPP7 in regulating the stress responses under consecutive stresses.Favourable haplotypes derived from these alleles can be utilized to improve stress resilience in direct-seeded rice.展开更多
This paper evaluates a representation of winter stratospheric circulation in the Antarctic that is based on CRA-40, a 40-year global reanalysis dataset released by the China Meteorological Administration, and compares...This paper evaluates a representation of winter stratospheric circulation in the Antarctic that is based on CRA-40, a 40-year global reanalysis dataset released by the China Meteorological Administration, and compares it with representations based on two other state-of-the-art reanalysis datasets: the fifth-generation atmospheric reanalysis provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA-5) and the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2(MERRA-2). In terms of climatology, we find that CRA-40 portrays a stronger and colder polar vortex in the middle and lower stratosphere than ERA-5, but a weaker and warmer one than MERRA-2. However, disagreement among the three reanalyses is confined mainly to the period before1999, and is largely reduced after that time. On the interannual timescale, portrayals of the intensity and area of the 10-hPa polar vortex are quite consistent among the three reanalyses, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9 between each pair of reanalyses. In addition, the central dates of most sudden stratospheric deceleration(SSD) events at 10 hPa in the three reanalyses differ by less than one day, indicating that CRA-40 is also highly consistent with the other two reanalysis datasets regarding daily evolution. Our analyses suggest that CRA-40 performs comparably to ERA-5 and MERRA-2 in characterizing winter circulation in the Antarctic middle and lower stratosphere.展开更多
The exopolysaccharide matrix of diazotrophic cyanobacteria was used to integrate phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)solubilizing bacteria,enhancing the survival of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,and ultimately the sur...The exopolysaccharide matrix of diazotrophic cyanobacteria was used to integrate phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)solubilizing bacteria,enhancing the survival of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,and ultimately the survival of bacteria in the rhizosphere for better plant growth.A new biofilm-based formulation comprising the diazotrophic cyanobacteria Anabaena AMP2,P-solubilizing Bacillus megaterium var.phosphaticum PB1,and K-solubilizing Rhizobium pusense KRBKKM1 was tested for efficacy in rice.The growth medium with half-strength BG-11 medium supplemented with 3%glucose showed best for biofilm formation under in vitro conditions.Analysis of the methanolic extract of the cyanobacterial-bacterial biofilm(CBB)showed the activity of antioxidants,such as 2-methoxy phenol and pentadecane,which are proven to improve plant-microbe interactions and plant growth,respectively.Treatment of rice seeds with CBB extract at 100 mL/kg or 200 mL/kg showed significant enhancement in germination rate and seedling length.Therefore,a pot culture experiment with the CBB formulations was carried out,and different growth and yield parameters were recorded.Principal component analysis showed that plant growth,yield,soil dehydrogenase activity,and soil chlorophyll content were positively correlated with rice plants amended with vermiculite-based CBB at 2 kg/hm^(2) followed by a spray with aqueous CBB formulation at 5 mL/L at 15 and 30 d after rice transplanting grown with a 25%reduced level of nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium chemical fertilizers than the recommended dose.Further,Pearson correlation analysis showed that yield was positively correlated with soil dehydrogenase(r=0.92**)and soil chlorophyll content(r=0.96**).We concluded that CBB could be used as a novel biofilm-based bio-inoculant to increase rice productivity and crop fitness as a component in integrated nutrient management and sustainable organic farming strategies with reduced chemical fertilizers.展开更多
Recent studies have shown that deep learning(DL)models can skillfully forecast El Niño–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)events more than 1.5 years in advance.However,concerns regarding the reliability of predictions ma...Recent studies have shown that deep learning(DL)models can skillfully forecast El Niño–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)events more than 1.5 years in advance.However,concerns regarding the reliability of predictions made by DL methods persist,including potential overfitting issues and lack of interpretability.Here,we propose ResoNet,a DL model that combines CNN(convolutional neural network)and transformer architectures.This hybrid architecture enables our model to adequately capture local sea surface temperature anomalies as well as long-range inter-basin interactions across oceans.We show that ResoNet can robustly predict ENSO at lead times of 19 months,thus outperforming existing approaches in terms of the forecast horizon.According to an explainability method applied to ResoNet predictions of El Niño and La Niña from 1-to 18-month leads,we find that it predicts the Niño-3.4 index based on multiple physically reasonable mechanisms,such as the recharge oscillator concept,seasonal footprint mechanism,and Indian Ocean capacitor effect.Moreover,we demonstrate for the first time that the asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña development can be captured by ResoNet.Our results could help to alleviate skepticism about applying DL models for ENSO prediction and encourage more attempts to discover and predict climate phenomena using AI methods.展开更多
基于ERA5的逐小时100m风场数据,利用时间序列K-means聚类方法,将中国沿海冬季风能年际变化划分为四个区域,分别为北中国海(NorthChina Sea,NCS)、东海(East China Sea,ECS)、南海北部(Northern South China Sea,NSCS)及南海南部(Souther...基于ERA5的逐小时100m风场数据,利用时间序列K-means聚类方法,将中国沿海冬季风能年际变化划分为四个区域,分别为北中国海(NorthChina Sea,NCS)、东海(East China Sea,ECS)、南海北部(Northern South China Sea,NSCS)及南海南部(SouthernSouthChinaSea,SSCS)。四个区域风能的年际变化受不同气候模态的影响,其中NCS风能的年际变化与北极涛动(ArcticOscillation,AO)有关;ECS风能的年际变化与中部型ENSO及西伯利亚高压有关;SSCS和NSCS的年际变化则和东部型ENSO及大陆高压的南北位置存在联系。鉴于影响各区域风能年际变化的气候模态具有较高的可预测性,进一步评估了多个气候模式对中国沿海风能年际变化的预测技巧。结果表明,气候模式对南中国海的风能年际变化预测技巧更高,这与气候模式对ENSO的高预测技巧有关。气候模式对北方海域风能年际变化的预测技巧较差,这和气候模式不能较好地预测AO和西伯利亚高压有关。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0608000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42030605)+1 种基金CAAI-MindSpore Academic Fund Research Projects(CAAIXSJLJJ2023MindSpore11)the program of China Scholarships Council(No.CXXM2101180001)。
文摘Accurate seasonal precipitation forecasts,especially for extreme events,are crucial to preventing meteorological hazards and their potential impacts on national development,social activity,and security.However,the intensity of summer precipitation is often largely underestimated in many current dynamic models.This study uses a deep learning method called Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Networks(CycleGAN)to improve the seasonal forecasts for June-JulyAugust precipitation in southeastern China by the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Climate Forecast System(NUIST-CFS 1.0).The results suggest that the CycleGAN-based model significantly improves the accuracy in predicting the spatiotemporal distribution of summer precipitation compared to the traditional quantile mapping(QM)method.Using the unpaired bias-correction model,we can also obtain advanced forecasts of the frequency,intensity,and duration of extreme precipitation events over the dynamic model predictions.This study expands the potential applications of deep learning models toward improving seasonal precipitation forecasts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 42030605]the National Key R&D Program of China [grant number 2020YFA0608004]。
文摘A remarkable marine heatwave,known as the“Blob”,occurred in the Northeast Pacific Ocean from late 2013 to early 2016,which displayed strong warm anomalies extending from the surface to a depth of 300 m.This study employed two assimilation schemes based on the global Climate Forecast System of Nanjing University of Information Science(NUIST-CFS 1.0)to investigate the impact of ocean data assimilation on the seasonal prediction of this extreme marine heatwave.The sea surface temperature(SST)nudging scheme assimilates SST only,while the deterministic ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF)scheme assimilates observations from the surface to the deep ocean.The latter notably improves the forecasting skill for subsurface temperature anomalies,especially at the depth of 100-300 m(the lower layer),outperforming the SST nudging scheme.It excels in predicting both horizontal and vertical heat transport in the lower layer,contributing to improved forecasts of the lower-layer warming during the Blob.These improvements stem from the assimilation of subsurface observational data,which are important in predicting the upper-ocean conditions.The results suggest that assimilating ocean data with the EnKF scheme significantly enhances the accuracy in predicting subsurface temperature anomalies during the Blob and offers better understanding of its underlying mechanisms.
文摘Sulphur(S)is essential for the quality of oilseed crops,ranking as the fourth major nutrient after nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K).While crops need sulphur in slightly lower amounts than phosphorus,maintaining optimum sulphur levels is crucial for oilseed yield and quality.Factors such as sulphur dynamics,impact of deficiency,application methods,and climate change must be addressed to improve agricultural practices.In South Asian countries like India,Pakistan,and Bangladesh,oilseeds are vital to the agricultural economy,supporting food security,livelihoods,and economic growth.However,climate change,marginal land cultivation,and a shift to more profitable crops like wheat and maize have led to a decline in oilseed productivity.Sulphur is particularly important for vital plant functions,including protein synthesis,chlorophyll formation,and resistance to abiotic stress.Proper management of sulphur can significantly enhance the yield,oil content,and seed quality.Sulphur fertilization improves crop resilience to pests,diseases,and environmental stresses,resulting in healthier plants.To optimize oilseed production,best practices for sulphur management like integrated nutrient management,regular soil testing,and the strategic application of sulphur-enriched fertilizers must be adopted.Despite its significance,many South Asian soils suffer from sulphur deficiency due to inadequate replenishment and reliance on high-analysis fertilizers.By enhancing sulphur availability,oilseed producers can significantly increase crop yields,improve oil content,and promote overall plant health,contributing to the agricultural economy and food security in the region.This manuscript aims to evaluate the critical role of sulphur in enhancing the yield,oil quality,and stress resilience of oilseed crops in South Asia.
文摘Integrating sprinkler with deficit irrigation system is a new approach to improve crop water productivity and ensure water and food security in arid areas of India.This study undertook a field experiment of sprinkler-irrigated cumin(variety GC-4)with a mini-lysimeter setup at an experimental research farm in Jodhpur,India during 2019-2022.Four irrigation treatments T_(1),T_(2),T_(3),and T4 were designed at irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation(IW/CPE)of 1.0,0.8,0.6,and 0.4,respectively,with three replications.Daily actual crop evapotranspiration(ETc)was recorded and weekly soil moisture was monitored over the crop growth period.Quantities of applied water and drainage from mini-lysimeters were also measured at every irrigation event.Yield of cumin was recorded at crop maturity.Furthermore,change in farmer's net income from 1-hm2 land was computed based on the cost of applying irrigation water and considering yield variations among the treatments.Results indicated the highest mean seasonal actual ETc(371.7 mm)and cumin yield(952.47 kg/hm2)under T_(1)(with full irrigation).Under T_(2),T_(3),and T4,the seasonal actual ETc decreased by 10.4%,27.6%,and 41.3%,respectively,while yield declined by 5.0%,28.4%,and 50.8%,respectively,as compared to the values under T_(1).Furthermore,crop water productivity of 0.272(±0.068)kg/m3 under T_(2)was found relatively higher in comparison to other irrigation treatments,indicating that T_(2)can achieve improved water productivity of cumin in arid areas at an optimum level of deficit irrigation.The results of cost-economics indicated that positive change in farmer's net income from 1-hm2 land was 108.82 USD under T_(2),while T_(3)and T4 showed net losses of 5.33 and 209.67 USD,respectively.Moreover,value of yield response factor and ratio of relative yield reductions to relative ETc deficits were found to be less than 1.00 under T_(2)(0.48),and more than 1.00 under T_(3)(1.07)and T4(1.23).This finding further supports that T_(2)shows the optimized level of deficit irrigation that saves 20.0%of water with sacrificing 5.0%yield in the arid areas of India.Findings of this study provide useful strategies to save irrigation water,bring additional area under irrigation,and improve crop water productivity in India and other similar arid areas in the world.
基金funded by Indian Council of Agricultural Research,Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare,India(AGRIL.EDN/1/1/2022-EXAM CELL).
文摘Understanding how different vegetation-based restoration practices alter soil chemical and microbial characteristics is crucial,as restoration practices influence phosphorus(P)transformation and fractions and modify P adsorption behavior during the restoration process of degraded land.This study investigated the impacts of vegetation-based restoration practices on soil chemical and microbial parameters,P fractions,and patterns of P adsorption and desorption,and highlighted the combined influence on P availability.To evaluate the impact of vegetation-based restoration practices on P fractions and adsorption behavior in the semi-arid degraded land in India,this study compared three distinct tree-based restoration systems,including Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.)de Wit-based silviculture system(SCS),Acacia nilotica(L.)Willd.ex Delile-based silvopasture system(SPS),and Emblica officinalis Gaertn-based hortipasture system(HPS),with a natural grassland system(NGS)and a degraded fallow system(FS)as control.The soil samples across various soil depths(0-15,15-30,and 30-45 cm)were collected.The findings demonstrated that SCS,SPS,and HPS significantly improved soil organic carbon(SOC)and nutrient availability.Moreover,SCS and SPS resulted in increased microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP)content and phosphatase enzyme activity.The P fractionation analysis revealed that ferrum-associated phosphorus(Fe-P)was the major P fraction,followed by aluminum-associated phosphorus(Al-P),reflecting the dominance of ferrum(Fe)and aluminum(Al)oxides in the semi-arid degraded land.Compared with FS,vegetation-based restoration practices significantly increased various P fractions across soil depths.Additionally,P adsorption and desorption analysis indicated a lower adsorption capacity in tree-based restoration systems than in FS,with FS soils adsorbing higher P quantities in the adsorption phase but releasing less P during the desorption phase.This study revealed that degraded soils responded positively to ecological restoration in terms of P fraction and desorption behavior,influencing the resupply of P in restoration systems.Consequently,litter rich N-fixing tree-based restoration systems(i.e.,SCS and SPS)increased total phosphorus(TP)stock for plants and sustained the potential for long-term P supply in semi-arid ecosystems.With the widespread adoption of restoration practices across degraded landscapes,SCS and SPS would significantly contribute to soil restoration and improve productivity by maintaining the soil P supply in semi-arid ecosystems in India.
基金supported by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR)-Senior Research Fellowship from ICAR,India(Grant No.EDN/1/25/2015-Exam cell)ICAR-Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics and National Institute for Plant Biotechnology,India(Grant No.1006456).
文摘Dopamine β-monooxygenase N-terminal(DOMON)domain-containing genes are present across all taxa and are critical in cell signaling and redox transport.Despite their significance,these genes remain understudied in plant species.In this study,we identified 15 DOMON genes in rice and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships,conserved motifs,and cis-regulatory elements.Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct clustering of OsDOMON genes in rice and other monocots,compared with Arabidopsis thaliana.Promoter analysis showed a higher abundance of stress-related regulatory elements in Tetep,a well-known blast and abiotic stress-tolerant cultivar,compared with Nipponbare and HP2216.OsDOMON genes displayed differential expression under biotic stress(Magnaporthe oryzae infection)and abiotic stresses(drought,heat,and salinity)in contrasting cultivars.Tetep exhibited significantly higher expression levels of specific OsDOMON genes during early blast infection stages,particularly OsDOMON6.1 and OsDOMON9.2,suggesting their roles in cell wall fortification and reactive oxygen species signaling.Under abiotic stress,genes like OsDOMON3.3,OsDOMON8.1,and OsDOMON9.2 showed higher expression in Tetep,indicating their involvement in stress tolerance mechanisms.This study provides a foundation for future functional studies of OsDOMON genes,paving the way for developing rice cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
文摘Chak-hao,the Forbidden Rice from Manipur,India,is an aromatic,purplish-black rice variety that has been awarded a geographical indication tag to preserve and promote its traditional cultivation in Manipur,India.Although Chak-hao is a hardy landrace with field tolerance to biotic stress,its grains are highly susceptible to storage pest infestations,particularly those caused by the rice weevil(Sitophilus oryzae).This severely compromises its commercial storage quality,as pest damage reduces both nutritional value and quantity.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42088101]。
文摘EC-Earth3P-HR reproduces well the observed Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation(BSISO)and its impacts on tropical cyclone genesis(TCG)in the western North Pacific(WNP).Hence,the historical simulation(1950-1979)and future projection under the SSP5-8.5 scenario(2020-2049)in EC-Earth3P-HR are adopted to explore possible changes in the BSISO’s modification of WNP TCG under global warming to enhance the understanding of TC activities in the WNP.Results show that the BSISO circulation in the WNP shifts northeastward under global warming.This leads to enhanced convection in a northwest-southeast-oriented band crossing the WNP.Along the band,the BSISO-related TCG anomalies are enhanced.Analyses of genesis potential index show that changes in the BSISO-related mid-tropospheric relative humidity play the dominant role in modifying the BSISO’s impacts on WNP TCG under global warming.The enhanced BSISO convection in the band moistens the middle troposphere,which helps reduce the entrainment of generally dry mid-tropospheric air in the updrafts and the modification of the boundary layer by the downdraft of generally dry mid-tropospheric air,leading to enhanced TCG.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42088101]the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number 2022YFF0801702]。
文摘The intensification of extreme precipitation(EP)under global warming presents a substantial risk to human safety and societal progress.Studying the specific impacts of global warming on rare EP events in China not only enhances the comprehension of these shifts,but also paves the way for the development of proactive strategies to alleviate associated damages.Results from large-ensemble simulation data demonstrate that global warming has led to an enhancement in once-in-a-decade EP events in parts of western and central China over the past few decades,with the strengthening of the South Asia high(SAH)caused by global warming playing a dominant role.The strengthening of the SAH corresponds to an intensification and westward extension of the western Pacific subtropical high in the lower troposphere.The region between these two systems experiences enhanced upward motion and increased southwesterly water vapor transport,leading to a rise in climatological precipitation in western and central China,thereby raising the threshold for once-in-a-decade EP events.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42030605 and 42088101)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0608004)High Performance Computing of Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology for their support of this work。
文摘Marine heatwaves(MHWs),which can exert devastating socioeconomic and ecological impacts,have attracted much public interest in recent years.In this study,we evaluate the sub-seasonal forecast skill of MHWs based on the Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology Climate Forecast System version 1.1(NUIST CFS1.1)and analyze the related physical processes.Our results show that the model can accurately forecast the occurrence of MHWs on a global scale out to a lead time of 25 days.Notably,even at lead times of 51–55 days,the forecast skill in most tropical regions,as well as in the northeastern and southeastern Pacific,is superior to both random forecasts and persistence forecasts.Accurate predictions of sea level pressure,zonal currents,and mixed-layer depth are important for MHW forecasting.Furthermore,we also conduct forecast skill assessments for two well-documented MHW events.Due to its ability to correctly forecast the changes in heat flux anomalies at a lead time of 25 days,the model can accurately forecast the strong MHW event that occurred in the South China Sea in May–October 2020.However,the forecasting results were less than optimal for the strong MHW event that occurred along the Australian west coast in January–April 2011.Although the model accurately forecasts its occurrence,the forecast of its intensity is poor.Additionally,when the lead time exceeds 10 days,forecasts of the relevant physical processes of this MHW event are also inaccurate.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42375014,42088101,42030605)Joint Research Project for Meteorological Capacity Improvement(24NLTSZ010)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by BAST(BYESS2023205)。
文摘In recent years,torrential rain events caused by extratropical cyclones(ETCs)during the boreal midsummer(July-August)in Central and Eastern China have shown an increasing trend.For instence,in August 2024,two ETCs brought large-scale heavy rainfall to North China,with daily precipitation exceeding 100 mm.Using reanalysis datasets and gridded precipitation data,the ETCs that affected Central and Eastern China during the boreal midsummer from 1981 to 2020 were objectively identified and tracked.ETCs causing precipitation were classified based on maximum daily precipitation,resulting in datasets for ETCs with torrential rain(daily precipitation exceeding 100 mm,referred to as ETC_R100)and heavy rain(daily precipitation exceeding 25 mm,referred to as ETC_R25).Comparative analysis can help highlight the characteristics of ETC_R100.This study compares the spatial distribution,movement paths,weather impacts,large-scale atmospheric circulation,and environmental conditions of these two types of precipitation-related ETCs.The following findings emerged:(1)ETC_R100 is driven by the combined forcing of upper-level troughs and warm-moist airflows at lower levels,exhibiting stronger thermal forcing than ETC_R25.(2)The moisture source for ETC_R100 are the Bay of Bengal and the Northwest Pacific,with moisture transported via the South China Sea.Compared to ETCs with nonextreme rainfall,ETC_R100 is characterized by greater atmospheric instability and better moisture conditions,resulting in higher precipitation intensity.(3)Regardless of the precipitation level,ETCs affected different regions but contributed significantly to precipitation in northern China,accounting for approximately 50%of the total precipitation.The results indicate that ETC_R100 differs significantly from ETCs with varying levels of precipitation in terms of statistical characteristics,weather impact,environmental conditions,and cyclogenesis conditions.
文摘Background The pink bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella,PBW)is a major cotton pest,causing economic losses by damaging seeds and fiber.Cotton growers typically use systemic and broad-spectrum insecticides for its manage-ment,which pose risks to human health and the environment.Consequently,there is a need for eco-friendly alterna-tives.This study evaluates the bio-efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae strain TMBMA1 against pink bollworm and assesses its compatibility with major insecticides.Additionally,to comprehend the dynam-ics of colonization and the infection processes of entomopathogenic fungi(EPF),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)of infected larvae was carried out.Result We challenged the second instar PBW larvae to eight different concentrations(1×10^(3) to 1×10^(10) conidia mL^(-1))of an M.anisopliae strain TMBMA1.The highest mortality(100%)occurred at the higher concentrations i.e.,1×109 and 1×10^(10) spores mL^(-1),while the lowest mortality rate(46.6%)was observed at 1×10^(3) spores mL^(-1) con-centration compared to control(3.33%).TMBMA1’s biocontrol efficacy was validated by Probit analysis,exhibiting an exceptionally low median lethal concentration(LC50)value of 7.1×10^(5).The comparative evaluation revealed that the M.anisopliae strain TMBMA1 performed excellently with insecticide[Cypermethrin 10%(volume fraction)emulsifiable concentrate(EC)at 1 mL·L^(-1) water]giving 100%mortality,both being superior to a commercial prod-uct of M.anisopliae(60%).According to SEM analysis,the EPF strain was profusely colonized on both the internal and external surfaces of PBW larvae.Compatibility studies with insecticides revealed>98%and>96%reduction in the sporulation of M.anisopliae due to the treatment of Emamectin Benzoate 1.5%(mass fraction)+Profenofos 35%(mass fraction)water dispersible granules(WDG)and Profenofos 50%EC,respectively.In contrast,Cypermethrin 10%EC,Emamectin Benzoate 5%(mass fraction)Soluble Granules and Neem Seed Kernel Extract(NSKE)0.15%(volume fraction)treatments reported lower reduction(11.45%,13.79%and 21.21%respectively)in spore production.Conclusion According to the current investigations,the M.anisopliae strain TMBMA1 exhibits high virulence against PBW and offers a promising eco-friendly solution for managing this pest.It shows significant potential to pro-liferate on both external and internal surfaces of PBW.This strain can be integrated into PBW management programs with chemical insecticides,improving pest control and lessening environmental impact.
基金supported by the Director General,Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR),New Delhithe Director,ICAR-National Rice Research Institute,Cuttack.
文摘Consecutive stresses,such as initial submergence during germination followed by water deficit during the seedling stage,pose significant challenges to direct-seeded rice cultivation.By Linkage disequilibrium analysis,Sub1 and Dro1(Δbp:10 Mb),as well as Sub1 and TPP7(Δbp:6 Mb)were identified to exhibit long-range linkage disequilibrium(LRLD).Meta-QTL analysis further revealed that Sub1 and TPP7 co-segregated for tolerance to submergence at the germination and seedling stages.Based on this,we hypothesized that LRLD might influence plant responses to consecutive stresses.To test this hypothesis,we developed a structured recombinant inbred line population from a cross between Bhalum 2 and Nagina 22,with alleles(Sub1 and TPP7)in linkage equilibrium.Mendelian randomization analysis validated that the parental alleles,rather than the recombinant alleles of Sub1 and TPP7,significantly influenced 13 out of 41 traits under consecutive stress conditions.Additionally,16 minor additive effect QTLs were detected between the genomic regions,spanning Sub1 and TPP7 for various traits.A single allele difference between these genomic regions enhanced crown root number,root dry weight,and specific root area by 11.45%,15.69%,and 33.15%,respectively,under flooded germination conditions.Candidate gene analysis identified WAK79 and MRLK59 as regulators of stress responses during flooded germination,recovery,and subsequent water deficit conditions.These findings highlight the critical role of parental allele combinations and genomic regions between Sub1 and TPP7 in regulating the stress responses under consecutive stresses.Favourable haplotypes derived from these alleles can be utilized to improve stress resilience in direct-seeded rice.
基金jointly supported by the NSFC project (42088101, 41975048, 42361144843, 42175069)。
文摘This paper evaluates a representation of winter stratospheric circulation in the Antarctic that is based on CRA-40, a 40-year global reanalysis dataset released by the China Meteorological Administration, and compares it with representations based on two other state-of-the-art reanalysis datasets: the fifth-generation atmospheric reanalysis provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA-5) and the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2(MERRA-2). In terms of climatology, we find that CRA-40 portrays a stronger and colder polar vortex in the middle and lower stratosphere than ERA-5, but a weaker and warmer one than MERRA-2. However, disagreement among the three reanalyses is confined mainly to the period before1999, and is largely reduced after that time. On the interannual timescale, portrayals of the intensity and area of the 10-hPa polar vortex are quite consistent among the three reanalyses, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9 between each pair of reanalyses. In addition, the central dates of most sudden stratospheric deceleration(SSD) events at 10 hPa in the three reanalyses differ by less than one day, indicating that CRA-40 is also highly consistent with the other two reanalysis datasets regarding daily evolution. Our analyses suggest that CRA-40 performs comparably to ERA-5 and MERRA-2 in characterizing winter circulation in the Antarctic middle and lower stratosphere.
基金supported by the Researchers Supporting Project of King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia(Grant No.RSP2025R358)Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,Coimbatore,India(Grant No.NRM-MDU-AGM-14-006).
文摘The exopolysaccharide matrix of diazotrophic cyanobacteria was used to integrate phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)solubilizing bacteria,enhancing the survival of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,and ultimately the survival of bacteria in the rhizosphere for better plant growth.A new biofilm-based formulation comprising the diazotrophic cyanobacteria Anabaena AMP2,P-solubilizing Bacillus megaterium var.phosphaticum PB1,and K-solubilizing Rhizobium pusense KRBKKM1 was tested for efficacy in rice.The growth medium with half-strength BG-11 medium supplemented with 3%glucose showed best for biofilm formation under in vitro conditions.Analysis of the methanolic extract of the cyanobacterial-bacterial biofilm(CBB)showed the activity of antioxidants,such as 2-methoxy phenol and pentadecane,which are proven to improve plant-microbe interactions and plant growth,respectively.Treatment of rice seeds with CBB extract at 100 mL/kg or 200 mL/kg showed significant enhancement in germination rate and seedling length.Therefore,a pot culture experiment with the CBB formulations was carried out,and different growth and yield parameters were recorded.Principal component analysis showed that plant growth,yield,soil dehydrogenase activity,and soil chlorophyll content were positively correlated with rice plants amended with vermiculite-based CBB at 2 kg/hm^(2) followed by a spray with aqueous CBB formulation at 5 mL/L at 15 and 30 d after rice transplanting grown with a 25%reduced level of nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium chemical fertilizers than the recommended dose.Further,Pearson correlation analysis showed that yield was positively correlated with soil dehydrogenase(r=0.92**)and soil chlorophyll content(r=0.96**).We concluded that CBB could be used as a novel biofilm-based bio-inoculant to increase rice productivity and crop fitness as a component in integrated nutrient management and sustainable organic farming strategies with reduced chemical fertilizers.
基金supported by the Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42088101 and 42030605).
文摘Recent studies have shown that deep learning(DL)models can skillfully forecast El Niño–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)events more than 1.5 years in advance.However,concerns regarding the reliability of predictions made by DL methods persist,including potential overfitting issues and lack of interpretability.Here,we propose ResoNet,a DL model that combines CNN(convolutional neural network)and transformer architectures.This hybrid architecture enables our model to adequately capture local sea surface temperature anomalies as well as long-range inter-basin interactions across oceans.We show that ResoNet can robustly predict ENSO at lead times of 19 months,thus outperforming existing approaches in terms of the forecast horizon.According to an explainability method applied to ResoNet predictions of El Niño and La Niña from 1-to 18-month leads,we find that it predicts the Niño-3.4 index based on multiple physically reasonable mechanisms,such as the recharge oscillator concept,seasonal footprint mechanism,and Indian Ocean capacitor effect.Moreover,we demonstrate for the first time that the asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña development can be captured by ResoNet.Our results could help to alleviate skepticism about applying DL models for ENSO prediction and encourage more attempts to discover and predict climate phenomena using AI methods.
文摘基于ERA5的逐小时100m风场数据,利用时间序列K-means聚类方法,将中国沿海冬季风能年际变化划分为四个区域,分别为北中国海(NorthChina Sea,NCS)、东海(East China Sea,ECS)、南海北部(Northern South China Sea,NSCS)及南海南部(SouthernSouthChinaSea,SSCS)。四个区域风能的年际变化受不同气候模态的影响,其中NCS风能的年际变化与北极涛动(ArcticOscillation,AO)有关;ECS风能的年际变化与中部型ENSO及西伯利亚高压有关;SSCS和NSCS的年际变化则和东部型ENSO及大陆高压的南北位置存在联系。鉴于影响各区域风能年际变化的气候模态具有较高的可预测性,进一步评估了多个气候模式对中国沿海风能年际变化的预测技巧。结果表明,气候模式对南中国海的风能年际变化预测技巧更高,这与气候模式对ENSO的高预测技巧有关。气候模式对北方海域风能年际变化的预测技巧较差,这和气候模式不能较好地预测AO和西伯利亚高压有关。
