Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a growing epidemic with global proportions.It is estimated that in 2019,463 million adults aged 20-79 years were living with DM.The latest evidence shows that DM continues to be a significant g...Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a growing epidemic with global proportions.It is estimated that in 2019,463 million adults aged 20-79 years were living with DM.The latest evidence shows that DM continues to be a significant global health challenge and is likely to continue to grow substantially in the next decades,which would have major implications for healthcare expenditures,particularly in developing countries.Hence,new conceptual and methodological approaches to tackle the epidemic are long overdue.Spatial epidemiology has been a successful approach to control infectious disease epidemics like malaria and human immunodeficiency virus.The implementation of this approach has been expanded to include the study of non-communicable diseases like cancer and cardiovascular diseases.In this review,we discussed the implementation and use of spatial epidemiology and Geographic Information Systems to the study of DM.We reviewed several spatial methods used to understand the spatial structure of the disease and identify the potential geographical drivers of the spatial distribution of DM.Finally,we discussed the use of spatial epidemiology on the design and implementation of geographically targeted prevention and treatment interventions against DM.展开更多
Traumatic cervical spinal cord injury （SCI）, with an annual incidence of 12,000 new cases in USA （NSCISC 2013）, causes devastating locomotor and respiratory paralysis and unfortunately compromises the human patien...Traumatic cervical spinal cord injury （SCI）, with an annual incidence of 12,000 new cases in USA （NSCISC 2013）, causes devastating locomotor and respiratory paralysis and unfortunately compromises the human patient＇s lifespan. The severity of the injury depends on the degree and the extent of the initial trauma. In fact, respiratory failure is the leading cause of mortality following upper cervical SCI. However, 80% of the injuries are incomplete, allowing some modest spontaneous recovery. To date, no effective treatment is available in order to restore the loss of function.展开更多
Transcranial magnetic stimulation-a tool used in humans：Transcranial magnetic stimulation（TMS）is a non-invasive widespread clinical tool used to stimulate cortical areas in human subjects.This technique utilizes a ...Transcranial magnetic stimulation-a tool used in humans：Transcranial magnetic stimulation（TMS）is a non-invasive widespread clinical tool used to stimulate cortical areas in human subjects.This technique utilizes a brief,highly intense magnetic field applied to cortical areas,which locally depolarized interneurons（Weber and Eisen,2002）.展开更多
The cells of origin of neurogenic heterotopic ossifications(NHOs), which develop frequently in the periarticular muscles following spinal cord injuries(SCIs) and traumatic brain injuries, remain unclear because skelet...The cells of origin of neurogenic heterotopic ossifications(NHOs), which develop frequently in the periarticular muscles following spinal cord injuries(SCIs) and traumatic brain injuries, remain unclear because skeletal muscle harbors two progenitor cell populations: satellite cells(SCs), which are myogenic, and fibroadipogenic progenitors(FAPs), which are mesenchymal. Lineage-tracing experiments using the Cre recombinase/Lox P system were performed in two mouse strains with the fluorescent protein Zs Green specifically expressed in either SCs or FAPs in skeletal muscles under the control of the Pax7 or Prrx1 gene promoter, respectively. These experiments demonstrate that following muscle injury, SCI causes the upregulation of PDGFRα expression on FAPs but not SCs and the failure of SCs to regenerate myofibers in the injured muscle, with reduced apoptosis and continued proliferation of muscle resident FAPs enabling their osteogenic differentiation into NHOs. No cells expressing Zs Green under the Prrx1 promoter were detected in the blood after injury, suggesting that the cells of origin of NHOs are locally derived from the injured muscle. We validated these findings using human NHO biopsies. PDGFRα+mesenchymal cells isolated from the muscle surrounding NHO biopsies could develop ectopic human bones when transplanted into immunocompromised mice, whereas CD56+myogenic cells had a much lower potential. Therefore, NHO is a pathology of the injured muscle in which SCI reprograms FAPs to undergo uncontrolled proliferation and differentiation into osteoblasts.展开更多
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide.It is the leading cause of death by malignant disease in women.CASE SUMMARY A female patient,73 years of age,sought care due to weakness,mild ...BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide.It is the leading cause of death by malignant disease in women.CASE SUMMARY A female patient,73 years of age,sought care due to weakness,mild abdominal pain,arthralgia,and weight loss.She was taking anastrazole as maintenance therapy for localized breast cancer and had moderate anemia and elevated acutephase markers.Upper digestive endoscopy showed isolated erosion in the gastric corpus.This lesion was compatible with signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma in anatomopathological study and was confirmed as metastasis of a breast carcinoma in immunohistochemistry,which was positive for estrogen antibody.Further imaging studies determined numerous proximal bone metastases.The patient was treated with prednisone for paraneoplastic syndrome,which improved the anemia and rheumatic disease,and with chemotherapy,which greatly improved the symptoms.She has been followed-up for 6 mo,and her anemia,arthralgias,and acute phase markers have normalized.CONCLUSION Systemic treatment strategies seem to be the best choice for gastric metastasis from breast cancer,resulting in disease control and relapse-free survival.Prospective studies with longer follow-up are needed to better understand the biological,pathological,and clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of the endoscopic features associated with metastatic gastric cancer from breast carcinoma.展开更多
文摘Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a growing epidemic with global proportions.It is estimated that in 2019,463 million adults aged 20-79 years were living with DM.The latest evidence shows that DM continues to be a significant global health challenge and is likely to continue to grow substantially in the next decades,which would have major implications for healthcare expenditures,particularly in developing countries.Hence,new conceptual and methodological approaches to tackle the epidemic are long overdue.Spatial epidemiology has been a successful approach to control infectious disease epidemics like malaria and human immunodeficiency virus.The implementation of this approach has been expanded to include the study of non-communicable diseases like cancer and cardiovascular diseases.In this review,we discussed the implementation and use of spatial epidemiology and Geographic Information Systems to the study of DM.We reviewed several spatial methods used to understand the spatial structure of the disease and identify the potential geographical drivers of the spatial distribution of DM.Finally,we discussed the use of spatial epidemiology on the design and implementation of geographically targeted prevention and treatment interventions against DM.
基金supported by funding from the European Union Seventh framework Programme(FP7/2007-2013)under grant agreement No.246556(European project RBUCEUP)HandiMedEx allocated by the French Public Investment Board,the Chancellerie des Universités de Paris(Legs Poix),theand the
文摘Traumatic cervical spinal cord injury （SCI）, with an annual incidence of 12,000 new cases in USA （NSCISC 2013）, causes devastating locomotor and respiratory paralysis and unfortunately compromises the human patient＇s lifespan. The severity of the injury depends on the degree and the extent of the initial trauma. In fact, respiratory failure is the leading cause of mortality following upper cervical SCI. However, 80% of the injuries are incomplete, allowing some modest spontaneous recovery. To date, no effective treatment is available in order to restore the loss of function.
文摘Transcranial magnetic stimulation-a tool used in humans：Transcranial magnetic stimulation（TMS）is a non-invasive widespread clinical tool used to stimulate cortical areas in human subjects.This technique utilizes a brief,highly intense magnetic field applied to cortical areas,which locally depolarized interneurons（Weber and Eisen,2002）.
基金partly supported by Project Grant 1101620 and Ideas Grant 1181053 from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC)by award W81XWH-15-1-0606 from the Congressionally Approved Spinal Cord Injury Research Program of the US Department of Defense+4 种基金by funds from the Mater Foundationsupported by Research Fellowship 1136130 from the NHMRCpartly funded by project grant 1101620 from the French Government Defense Procurement and Technology Agency (DGA – Direction Générale de l’Armement)The Translational Research Institute is partly funded by the Federal Government of Australiasupported by the Australian Government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) program
文摘The cells of origin of neurogenic heterotopic ossifications(NHOs), which develop frequently in the periarticular muscles following spinal cord injuries(SCIs) and traumatic brain injuries, remain unclear because skeletal muscle harbors two progenitor cell populations: satellite cells(SCs), which are myogenic, and fibroadipogenic progenitors(FAPs), which are mesenchymal. Lineage-tracing experiments using the Cre recombinase/Lox P system were performed in two mouse strains with the fluorescent protein Zs Green specifically expressed in either SCs or FAPs in skeletal muscles under the control of the Pax7 or Prrx1 gene promoter, respectively. These experiments demonstrate that following muscle injury, SCI causes the upregulation of PDGFRα expression on FAPs but not SCs and the failure of SCs to regenerate myofibers in the injured muscle, with reduced apoptosis and continued proliferation of muscle resident FAPs enabling their osteogenic differentiation into NHOs. No cells expressing Zs Green under the Prrx1 promoter were detected in the blood after injury, suggesting that the cells of origin of NHOs are locally derived from the injured muscle. We validated these findings using human NHO biopsies. PDGFRα+mesenchymal cells isolated from the muscle surrounding NHO biopsies could develop ectopic human bones when transplanted into immunocompromised mice, whereas CD56+myogenic cells had a much lower potential. Therefore, NHO is a pathology of the injured muscle in which SCI reprograms FAPs to undergo uncontrolled proliferation and differentiation into osteoblasts.
文摘BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide.It is the leading cause of death by malignant disease in women.CASE SUMMARY A female patient,73 years of age,sought care due to weakness,mild abdominal pain,arthralgia,and weight loss.She was taking anastrazole as maintenance therapy for localized breast cancer and had moderate anemia and elevated acutephase markers.Upper digestive endoscopy showed isolated erosion in the gastric corpus.This lesion was compatible with signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma in anatomopathological study and was confirmed as metastasis of a breast carcinoma in immunohistochemistry,which was positive for estrogen antibody.Further imaging studies determined numerous proximal bone metastases.The patient was treated with prednisone for paraneoplastic syndrome,which improved the anemia and rheumatic disease,and with chemotherapy,which greatly improved the symptoms.She has been followed-up for 6 mo,and her anemia,arthralgias,and acute phase markers have normalized.CONCLUSION Systemic treatment strategies seem to be the best choice for gastric metastasis from breast cancer,resulting in disease control and relapse-free survival.Prospective studies with longer follow-up are needed to better understand the biological,pathological,and clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of the endoscopic features associated with metastatic gastric cancer from breast carcinoma.
