The integration of Digital Twin(DT)technology in hydraulic engineering has the potential to address critical challenges in real-time monitoring,risk prediction,and system optimisation.Existing hydraulic systems face l...The integration of Digital Twin(DT)technology in hydraulic engineering has the potential to address critical challenges in real-time monitoring,risk prediction,and system optimisation.Existing hydraulic systems face limitations in terms of data integration,predictive capabilities,and operational efficiency.This study aims to develop a comprehensive Digital Twin framework for hydraulic engineering that facilitates enhanced decision-making through real-time virtual-physical interaction.A five-dimensional DT architecture is proposed,incorporating multi-source data fusion,GIS-BIM integration,and real-time monitoring.The system was applied to the Danjiangkou Project,demonstrating improvements in deformation monitoring accuracy,water quality simulations,and geological hazard prediction.The results indicate that the DT framework provides significant advancements over traditional methods in terms of operational efficiency,safety management,and predictive capabilities.This research highlights the potential of Digital Twin technology to transform hydraulic engineering practices by enabling more intelligent,data-driven decision-making and operational optimisation.Future work should focus on refining predictive models,enhancing data synchronisation,and exploring the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain.展开更多
The present study investigates the engineering properties of submerged organic silt(orSi)stabilized with F-class fly ash(FA),with and without the addition of an activator(CaO).The utilization of F-class FA for soil im...The present study investigates the engineering properties of submerged organic silt(orSi)stabilized with F-class fly ash(FA),with and without the addition of an activator(CaO).The utilization of F-class FA for soil improvement is an important aspect of sustainable and environmentally-conscious geotechnical engineering when marginal usage of lime and concrete is of great interest to engineers and societies.Currently,discussion is predominantly focused on the positive aspects of using the F-class FA,with a paucity of emphasis on the negative aspects.To explore these features more thoroughly,a series of strength and compressibility tests was conducted.The sample preparation and curing methodology were chosen to replicate the in situ conditions where soil is surcharged and submerged in water.It was found that the incorporation of F-class FA without an activator reduces the undrained shear strength of submerged orSi by about 20%–25%and permanently prevents any thixotropic strength restoration.An increase in undrained shear strength is observed when lime(3%–6%)is added to the soil–FA mixture or when only lime(in the same amount of 3%–6%)is used.Consequently,F-class FA can be successfully used as a filler for slurries with minimum lime content in soil mixing methods.The F-class FA(with or without an activator)shifts the so-called“creep delay”in time,consequently reducing the total creep settlements.The shift of“creep delay”is more considerable for orSi stabilized with lime or with FA and lime as an activator,than for orSi stabilized with pure F-class FA.展开更多
In this study,the hydraulic behavior and sand transport efficiency of the siphon automatic sand discharge device were studied by software simulation tests.By simulating the actual situation,this study analyzed how fac...In this study,the hydraulic behavior and sand transport efficiency of the siphon automatic sand discharge device were studied by software simulation tests.By simulating the actual situation,this study analyzed how factors such as the difference in water level,sediment concentration,and pipeline layout affected the sediment discharge effect.The results show that the sediment discharge device can effectively discharge sediment under diverse operating conditions and show adaptability to different environmental conditions,which indicates that it is suitable for various types of reservoir environments.展开更多
Rock is geometrically and mechanically multiscale in nature,and the traditional phenomenological laws at the macroscale cannot render a quantitative relationship between microscopic damage of rocks and overall rock st...Rock is geometrically and mechanically multiscale in nature,and the traditional phenomenological laws at the macroscale cannot render a quantitative relationship between microscopic damage of rocks and overall rock structural degradation.This may lead to problems in the evaluation of rock structure stability and safe life.Multiscale numerical modeling is regarded as an effective way to gain insight into factors affecting rock properties from a cross-scale view.This study compiles the history of theoretical developments and numerical techniques related to rock multiscale issues according to different modeling architectures,that is,the homogenization theory,the hierarchical approach,and the concurrent approach.For these approaches,their benefits,drawbacks,and application scope are underlined.Despite the considerable attempts that have been made,some key issues still result in multiple challenges.Therefore,this study points out the perspectives of rock multiscale issues so as to provide a research direction for the future.The review results show that,in addition to numerical techniques,for example,high-performance computing,more attention should be paid to the development of an advanced constitutive model with consideration of fine geometrical descriptions of rock to facilitate solutions to multiscale problems in rock mechanics and rock engineering.展开更多
Deep rock is under a complex geological environment with high geo-stress, high pore pressure, and strong dynamic disturbance. Understanding the dynamic response of rocks under coupled hydraulic-mechanical loading is t...Deep rock is under a complex geological environment with high geo-stress, high pore pressure, and strong dynamic disturbance. Understanding the dynamic response of rocks under coupled hydraulic-mechanical loading is thus essential in evaluating the stability and safety of subterranean engineering structures. Nevertheless, the constraints in experimental techniques have led to limited prior investigations into the dynamic compression behavior of rocks subjected to simultaneous high in-situ stress and pore pressure conditions. This study utilizes a triaxial split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system in conjunction with a pore pressure loading cell to conduct dynamic experiments on rocks subjected to hydraulic-mechanical loading. A porous green sandstone (GS) was adopted as the testing rock material. The findings reveal that the dynamic behavior of rock specimens is significantly influenced by multiple factors, including the loading rate, confining stress, and pore pressure. Specifically, the dynamic compressive strength of GS exhibits an increase with higher loading rates and greater confining pressures, while it decreases with elevated pore pressure. Moreover, the classical Ashby-Sammis micromechanical model was augmented to account for dynamic loading and pore pressure considerations. By deducing the connection between crack length and damage evolution, the resulting law of crack expansion rate is related to the strain rate. In addition, the influence of hydraulic factors on the stress intensity factor at the crack tip is introduced. Thereby, a dynamic constitutive model for deep rocks under coupled hydraulic-mechanical loading was established and then validated against the experimental results. Subsequently, the characteristics of introduced parameter for quantifying the water-induced effects were carefully discussed.展开更多
Lost circulation of drilling fluid is one of the most common and costly problems in drilling operations.This highlights the importance of wellbore strengthening treatment sthat can utilize lost circulation materials(L...Lost circulation of drilling fluid is one of the most common and costly problems in drilling operations.This highlights the importance of wellbore strengthening treatment sthat can utilize lost circulation materials(LCMs)to seal fractures associated with the wellbore.In this work,a numerical model accounting for the deformation of surrounding rock,fluid flow in the fracture,fracture propagation,and the transport of LCMs is presented to investigate the wellbore strengthening,from the fracture initiation to the fracture arrest,due to plugs formed by LCMs.The equations governing the rock deformation and fluid flow are solved by the dual boundary element method and the finite volume method,respectively.The transport of LCMs is solved based on an empirical constitutive model in suspension flow,and several characteristic quantities are derived by dimensional analysis.It is found that two dimensionless parameters,dimensionless toughness and normalized initial particle concentration,control the migration of LCM particles.The numerical results show that the dimensionless toughness influences the entrance and bridging of LCMs while the initial concentration controls the location of the particle bridging.When the initial concentration is larger than 0.8,the particle bridging tends to occur near the fracture entry.Conversely,when the initial concentration is less than 0.8,the particle bridging occurs near the fracture tip.This work provides an effective tool to predict the LCM transport and plugging in the wellbore strengthening process.展开更多
Drains play an important role in seepage control in geotechnical engineering.The enormous number and one-dimensional(1D)geometry of drainage holes make their nature difficult to be accurately modeled in groundwater fl...Drains play an important role in seepage control in geotechnical engineering.The enormous number and one-dimensional(1D)geometry of drainage holes make their nature difficult to be accurately modeled in groundwater flow simulation.It has been well understood that drains function by presenting discharge boundaries,which can be characterized by water head,no-flux,unilateral or mixed water head-unilateral boundary condition.It has been found after years of practices that the flow simulation may become erroneous if the transitions among the drain boundary conditions are not properly considered.For this,a rigorous algorithm is proposed in this study to detect the onset of transitions among the water head,noflux and mixed water head-unilateral boundary conditions for downwards-drilled drainage holes,which theoretically completes the description of drain boundary conditions.After verification against a numerical example,the proposed algorithm is applied to numerical modeling of groundwater flow through a gravity dam foundation.The simulation shows that for hundreds of downwards-drilled drainage holes used to be prescribed with water head boundary condition,56%and 2%of them are transitioned to mixed water head-unilateral and no-flux boundary conditions,respectively.The phreatic surface around the drains will be overestimated by 25e33 m without the use of the mixed boundary condition.For the first time,this study underscores the importance of the mixed water head-unilateral boundary condition and the proposed transition algorithm in drain modeling,which may become more essential for simulation of transient flow because of groundwater dynamics.展开更多
Monocolumn composite bucket foundation is a new type of offshore wind energy foundation.Its bearing characteristics under shallow bedrock conditions and complex geological conditions have not been extensively studied....Monocolumn composite bucket foundation is a new type of offshore wind energy foundation.Its bearing characteristics under shallow bedrock conditions and complex geological conditions have not been extensively studied.Therefore,to analyze its bearing characteristics under complex conditions-such as silty soil,chalky soil,and shallow bedrock-this paper employs finite element software to establish various soil combination scenarios.The load-displacement curves of the foundations under these scenarios are calculated to subsequently evaluate the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity.This study investigates the effects of shallow bedrock depth,the type of soil above the bedrock,the thickness of layered soil,and the quality of layered soil on the bearing characteristics of the monocolumn composite bucket foundation.Based on the principle of single-variable control,the ultimate bearing capacity characteristics of the foundation under different conditions are compared.The distribution of soil pressure inside and outside the bucket wall on the compressed side of the foundation,along with the plastic strain of the soil at the base of the foundation,is also analyzed.In conclusion,shallow bedrock somewhat reduces foundation bearing capacity.Under shallow bedrock conditions,the degree of influence on foundation bearing capacity characteristics can considerably vary on different upper soils.The thickness of each soil layer and the depth to bedrock in stratified soils also affect the bearing capacity of the foundation.The findings of this paper provide a theoretical reference for related foundation design and construction.In practice,the bearing performance of the foundation can be enhanced by improvingthe soil quality in the bucket,adjusting the penetration depth,adjusting the percentage of different types of soil layers in the bucket,and applying other technical construction methods.展开更多
Installing internal bulkheads in a composite bucket foundation alters the rotational symmetry characteristic of a single-compartment bucket foundation,consequently influencing the stress distribution within the bucket...Installing internal bulkheads in a composite bucket foundation alters the rotational symmetry characteristic of a single-compartment bucket foundation,consequently influencing the stress distribution within the bucket and surrounding soil.During the seabed penetration of a spudcan from a jack-up wind turbine installation vessel,an angle may form between the spudcan’s axis and the axis of symmetry of the adjacent composite bucket foundation in the horizontal plane.Such a misalignment may affect load distribution and the non-uniform interaction between the foundation,soil,and spudcan,ultimately influencing the foundation’s stability.This study employs physical model tests to ascertain the trends in end resistance during spudcan penetration in sand,the extent of soil disturbance,and the backflow condition.The finite element coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method is validated and utilized to determine the range of penetration angles that induce alterations in the maximum vertical displacement and tilt rate of the composite bucket foundation in sand.The differential contact stress distribution at the base of the bucket is analyzed,with qualitative criteria for sand backflow provided.Findings demonstrate that the maximum vertical displacement and tilt rate of the composite bucket foundation display a“wave-like”variation with the increasing spudcan penetration angle,peaking when the angle between the spudcan and bulkhead is the smallest.Stress distribution is predominantly concentrated at the base and apex of the bucket,becoming increasingly uneven as the penetration angle deviates from the foundation’s symmetry axis.The maximum stress gradually shifts to the junction of the bulkhead and bucket bottom on the side with the shortest net distance from the spudcan.Considering the in-place stability and stress state of the composite bucket foundation is therefore imperative,and particular attention should be paid to the foundation’s state when the angle between the spudcan and bulkhead is small.展开更多
During the hoisting process of the offshore substation,changes in the hoisting speed can affect the hoisting system.Therefore,this study set four different speed conditions for the lifting and lowering stages of the i...During the hoisting process of the offshore substation,changes in the hoisting speed can affect the hoisting system.Therefore,this study set four different speed conditions for the lifting and lowering stages of the installation process,and studied the impact of different lifting and lowering speeds on the hoisting system under the same environmental conditions through numerical simulation.The results show that during the lifting operation,as the lifting speed increases,the swing motion of the substation and the installation vessel tends to decrease,and the faster the hoisting speed,the more obvious the swing suppression of the substation and the installation vessel,and the smaller the fluctuation in the tension amplitude of the slings and mooring lines.In contrast,during the lowering operation,as the lowering speed increases,the swing motion of the substation and the installation vessel tends to increase,and the faster the lowering speed,the more obvious the swing amplification effect of the substation and the installation vessel.Therefore,during hoisting operations,increasing the lifting speed and reducing the lowering speed can mitigate the motion performance of the hoisting coupling system,reduce the tension amplitude variation of the sling and mooring,and ensure the smooth progress of the hoisting operation.展开更多
Targeting Chang'E-8 mission'in-situ resource utilization(ISRU)for sustainable lunar habitats,laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)provides a viable pathway for in-situ additive manufacturing of lunar regolith.To eluci...Targeting Chang'E-8 mission'in-situ resource utilization(ISRU)for sustainable lunar habitats,laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)provides a viable pathway for in-situ additive manufacturing of lunar regolith.To elucidate mission relevant mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of LPBF fabricated lunar regolith simulants,mare type and highland type simulant specimens were produced.Microstructural characterization,mechanical test coupled with three-dimensional digital image correlation(3D-DIC),and an energy-dissipation framework were employed for comprehensive analysis.The pristine highland specimens achieved 5.79 MPa and a peak strain of 0.13(50 mm×50 mm×30 mm),significantly outperforming their mare counterparts.Wire-cutting to 20 mm×20 mm×20 mm lowered strength by~20%and peak strain to 0.04,indicating cutting-induced defects reduce ductility.All specimens displayed multipeaked stress–strain curves.3D-DIC revealed band-type strain localization in pristine highland samples,diffuse strain patterns in cut highland samples,and highly tortuous,network-type bands in mare samples;the anisotropy index was also quantified.Fragmented particles exhibited fractal dimensions ranging from 1.6 to 2.0(size 1.25–9 mm).Energy evolution progressed through three distinct stages:elastic energy storage,progressive energy dissipation delaying crack propagation,and final unstable collapse.An energy-based damage model was established and validated.The data and methods developed support Chang'E-8 missions'ISRU demonstrations and establish a transferable framework toward sustainable lunar habitats.展开更多
The negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)bolt is an innovative support element distinguished by its high strength,elongation,and a slightly negative Poisson’s ratio.Unlike conventional prestressed(PR)bolts with a positive P...The negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)bolt is an innovative support element distinguished by its high strength,elongation,and a slightly negative Poisson’s ratio.Unlike conventional prestressed(PR)bolts with a positive Poisson’s ratio,the NPR bolt exhibits a quasi-ideal plastic response without a prominent yield platform,enabling it to sustain high prestress with a substantial safety margin,which is particularly advantageous for jointed rock masses.However,investigations into the shear resistance mechanisms of NPR bolts under varying prestress levels remain limited.This study conducted full-scale double shear tests to assess the shear strength,deformation behavior,energy absorption,and failure mechanisms of NPR bolts under different prestress conditions.To ensure a fair comparison with PR bolts,a prestress utilization coefficient(PUC)was introduced.The results reveal that at a PUC of 0.25,the NPR bolt achieved peak axial force,shear displacement,and peak shear force values that are 2.41,1.88,and 2.13 times greater than those of the PR bolt,respectively.Shear performance was optimized at a prestress level of 100 kN,with energy absorption reaching 47.1 kJ,which is 2.8 times that of the PR bolt.Furthermore,the necking ratio was significantly reduced,indicating more distributed plastic deformation and delayed failure.Field applications verified the superior performance,resulting in a 27.4%reduction in roof settlement and enhanced structural integrity.These findings confirm that NPR bolts possess excellent shear resistance,energy absorption,and deformation adaptability,and optimizing prestress significantly enhances their support performance,providing a strong basis for geotechnical engineering applications.展开更多
Vulnerability to natural disasters falls into three categories： exposure, resistance, and resilience, where resilience mainly refers to the capability of a pressure-bearing system to recover by returning to its initi...Vulnerability to natural disasters falls into three categories： exposure, resistance, and resilience, where resilience mainly refers to the capability of a pressure-bearing system to recover by returning to its initial state, that is, the ability to adapt to disaster pressure. Resilience is a major subject of research on disaster prevention and mitigation. This research mainly focuses on the ability of the hydraulic structure to recover from the significant impacts of typhoons. According to the load/unload response ratio theory, the degree of instability by which nonlinear systems can be identified according to the difference between load and unload responses was analyzed. This analysis was used as a basis to study the resilience of a hydraulic structure. Taking the Yangtze River embankments under the impact of Typhoon Matsa as an example, the ability of the typical sections of different types of embankments to adapt to the significant impact of the typhoon, i.e., the resilience of the hydraulic structure, is described with the help of the load/unload response ratio （L）. The results of the calculated resilience reflect the actual conditions of the structure and can be used to determine the applicability of the embankment section. The load/unload response ratio theory is one of the effective tools for calculating the resilience of hydraulic structures under the significant impacts of typhoons.展开更多
To study the durability of concrete in harsh environments in Northwest China,concrete was prepared with various durability-improving materials such as concrete anti-erosion inhibitor(SBT-TIA),acrylate polymer(AP),supe...To study the durability of concrete in harsh environments in Northwest China,concrete was prepared with various durability-improving materials such as concrete anti-erosion inhibitor(SBT-TIA),acrylate polymer(AP),super absorbent resin(SAP).The erosion mode and internal deterioration mechanism under salt freeze-thaw cycle and dry-wet cycle were explored.The results show that the addition of enhancing materials can effectively improve the resistance of concrete to salt freezing and sulfate erosion:the relevant indexes of concrete added with X-AP and T-AP are improved after salt freeze-thaw cycles;concrete added with SBTTIA shows optimal sulfate corrosion resistance;and concrete added with AP displays the best resistance to salt freezing.Microanalysis shows that the increase in the number of cycles decreases the generation of internal hydration products and defects in concrete mixed with enhancing materials and improves the related indexes.Based on the Wiener model analysis,the reliability of concrete with different lithologies and enhancing materials is improved,which may provide a reference for the application of manufactured sand concrete and enhancing materials in Northwest China,especially for the study of the improvement effects and mechanism of enhancing materials on the performance of concrete.展开更多
To investigate the impact of temporary structures on the mechanical behavior of shaped bridge towers during the construction process,the Dianbu River Special Bridge was selected as the engineering background.A finite ...To investigate the impact of temporary structures on the mechanical behavior of shaped bridge towers during the construction process,the Dianbu River Special Bridge was selected as the engineering background.A finite element model of the middle tower column during the construction stage was established using ABAQUS to analyze the effects of key parameters,including the angle and pretension of temporary cables,as well as the wall thickness and diameter of temporary diagonal braces.The study examines how these parameters influence the stresses at the towergirder consolidation.The results indicate that the angle of temporary cables significantly affects the tensile stresses at the tower-girder consolidation,while its impact on compressive stresses is minimal.Among all parameters,the pretension of temporary cables has the most pronounced effect on the stresses at the tower-girder consolidation.In contrast,the wall thickness of temporary diagonal braces has only a minor influence,whereas the diameter of temporary diagonal braces has an almost negligible impact.These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the design and arrangement of temporary support structures in similar bridge construction projects.展开更多
This study introduces superabsorbent polymers(SAP)into recycled concrete and,through freeze-thaw cycle tests,unconfined compressive strength tests,and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)analysis,evaluates the freeze-thaw ...This study introduces superabsorbent polymers(SAP)into recycled concrete and,through freeze-thaw cycle tests,unconfined compressive strength tests,and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)analysis,evaluates the freeze-thaw resistance and durability of recycled concrete samples under varying freeze-thaw cycles.The results indicate that an appropriate addition of SAP significantly enhances the freeze-thaw resistance of recycled concrete.After 200 freeze-thaw cycles,the RS0.6 sample retained good surface integrity,demonstrating the best performance.Compared to NAC,its mass loss decreased by 1.16%,the relative dynamic modulus improved by 7.01%,and the compressive strength loss rate decreased by 5.41%.Additionally,T2 spectrum analysis revealed that adding SAP optimized the pore structure of recycled concrete and mitigated pore development during freeze-thaw cycles.As the number of freeze-thaw cycles increased,the RS0.3 and RS0.6 samples demonstrated superior frost resistance compared to NAC.However,an excessive amount of SAP increased pore expansion during subsequent freeze-thaw cycles,ultimately weakening frost resistance.展开更多
This study investigates the influence of the elastic modulus(E)of the composite strata on the trough width coefficient(i).It is hypothesized that,in composite strata,the relationship between the trough width coefficie...This study investigates the influence of the elastic modulus(E)of the composite strata on the trough width coefficient(i).It is hypothesized that,in composite strata,the relationship between the trough width coefficient(i)and the stratum thickness(H)follows a piecewise linear trend.Specifically,within strata of identical elastic modulus(E),i exhibits a linear correlation with H,while variations in E affect the slope of this correlation.Building upon the non-iterative analytical method(NIAM)for evaluating tunnel excavation responses in composite strata,this study proposes two novel approaches:the crucial point method(CPM)and the standard curve method(SCM).These methods incorporate the elastic modulus into the estimation of i.The values of i obtained via NIAM and refined through CPM and SCM are validated against field data using the parameter K.The results are consistent with existing research findings,thereby confirming the reliability of the proposed methodology.Furthermore,the study investigates the relationship between tunnel depth(h0)and tunnel radius(R),and explores the interactions among the layer number of stratum(n),elastic modulus(E),and layer thickness(H).A reduction coefficient(η)is introduced to improve the model's accuracy.The proposed approach is applied to nine tunnel engineering cases,and comparisons with measured data demonstrate its accuracy and practical applicability.展开更多
To improve the accuracy of rockburst risk evaluation in mining and tunnelling engineering,the influence of intermediate principal stress σ_(2) deserves further consideration,which has been neglected in general predic...To improve the accuracy of rockburst risk evaluation in mining and tunnelling engineering,the influence of intermediate principal stress σ_(2) deserves further consideration,which has been neglected in general prediction frameworks.This study employs an integrated approach that combines true-triaxial unloading experiments with three-dimensional grain-based discrete element modeling(PFC3D-GBM)to examine the effects of σ_(2) on strain systematically burst and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Through this dual experimental–numerical methodology,the strainburst characteristics under varying σ_(2) are analyzed in detail regarding mechanical responses,failure evolution and patterns,microscope fracture mechanisms,and energy partitioning.The results indicate that elevated σ_(2) can enhance the bearing capacity of rock,thereby necessitating a higher stress condition required for strainburst.However,it also enlarges the potential strainburst intensity,manifesting as deeper rockburst pits and more violent ejection of rock fragments.An increasing σ_(2) facilitates the microscope transgranular fractures,inhibits intergranular tensile fractures,and raises the kinetic energy conversion ratio slightly.It affects the intensity of strainburst through the following mechanisms,including the increase of energy storage limit,the intensification of Poisson effect for lateral expansion,and the enhancement of the transgranular fracturing mechanism.In practical engineering,the depth and range of support needs to be ensured under high σ_(2) conditions,and it is recommended to use prestressing techniques to control the development of significant slabbing.展开更多
Polymer-modified bentonite(PMB)is much more effective at containing chemically aggressive liquids than conventional bentonite.The PMB manufacturing process typically utilizes natural,high-quality sodium bentonite(NaB)...Polymer-modified bentonite(PMB)is much more effective at containing chemically aggressive liquids than conventional bentonite.The PMB manufacturing process typically utilizes natural,high-quality sodium bentonite(NaB)owing to its excellent hydrophilicity and swelling capacity.However,calcium bentonite(CaB),which is much more abundant worldwide,is rarely used for containment applications owing to its poor hydrophilicity.This study proposed a polymerization method that transforms sodium-activated calcium bentonite(NCB)into PMB to achieve low hydraulic conductivity(k)to aggressive liquids.The mechanism for its low k was revealed through characterization techniques and analyses(e.g.X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)).The results showed that the PMB had a small amount of polymer elution(indicating better interface stability)and thus exhibited excellent barrier properties under chemically aggressive conditions,with the k of<10^(-11) m/s for 0.6 mol/L NaCl solution,which is four orders of magnitude lower than that of the NCB(k=3×10^(-7) m/s).Various microscopic analyses indicated that the selected monomers were successfully polymerized,and intercalated into and grafted onto the montmorillonite layers of bentonite.The formed polymer network increased the swelling capability of PMB granules,decreased the pore size,and created narrow and tortuous flow pathways leading to a very low k to aggressive liquids.展开更多
The capillary pressure curve provides fundamental insights into the dynamics of fluid-fluid displacement and phase distributions.Capillary scaling is crucial for extrapolating capillary pressure-saturation data from l...The capillary pressure curve provides fundamental insights into the dynamics of fluid-fluid displacement and phase distributions.Capillary scaling is crucial for extrapolating capillary pressure-saturation data from laboratory tests to field applications.However,the classic scaling method fails to capture the effect of wettability as the pore surface approaches neutral wetting.Here,inspired by the role of pore-filling events in controlling fluid-fluid displacement,we perform a theoretical analysis of the burst events occurring during drainage processes.We find that the median threshold capillary pressure,which corresponds to the occurrence of burst events for the median pore throat,is closely correlated with the capillary pressure curve across various contact angles.Using this concept,we propose a new scaling method for capillary pressure curves under various wetting conditions.We conduct microfluidic experiments and pore-network modeling across different contact angles,porosities,and disorders to evaluate the new scaling methods,indicating that the new scaling method performs better than the Leverett J-function as the contact angle approaches 90°.We further perform geometry analysis on the critical radius of curvature for burst events in an ideal tetrahedral arrangement and extend the new scaling method to 3D(three-dimensional)porous media.Model evaluation shows that the 3D version of the scaling method also performs well but requires fewer parameters compared to the Leverett J-function.Our work enhances the prediction and interpretation of experimental data for capillary pressure curves under various wet conditions,and more importantly,establishes a methodology that relates Darcy-scale flow behavior to pore-scale fluid displacements.展开更多
文摘The integration of Digital Twin(DT)technology in hydraulic engineering has the potential to address critical challenges in real-time monitoring,risk prediction,and system optimisation.Existing hydraulic systems face limitations in terms of data integration,predictive capabilities,and operational efficiency.This study aims to develop a comprehensive Digital Twin framework for hydraulic engineering that facilitates enhanced decision-making through real-time virtual-physical interaction.A five-dimensional DT architecture is proposed,incorporating multi-source data fusion,GIS-BIM integration,and real-time monitoring.The system was applied to the Danjiangkou Project,demonstrating improvements in deformation monitoring accuracy,water quality simulations,and geological hazard prediction.The results indicate that the DT framework provides significant advancements over traditional methods in terms of operational efficiency,safety management,and predictive capabilities.This research highlights the potential of Digital Twin technology to transform hydraulic engineering practices by enabling more intelligent,data-driven decision-making and operational optimisation.Future work should focus on refining predictive models,enhancing data synchronisation,and exploring the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain.
基金supported by the Polish National Science Center(Grant No.2022/06/X/ST10/00320)received by Witold Tisler.
文摘The present study investigates the engineering properties of submerged organic silt(orSi)stabilized with F-class fly ash(FA),with and without the addition of an activator(CaO).The utilization of F-class FA for soil improvement is an important aspect of sustainable and environmentally-conscious geotechnical engineering when marginal usage of lime and concrete is of great interest to engineers and societies.Currently,discussion is predominantly focused on the positive aspects of using the F-class FA,with a paucity of emphasis on the negative aspects.To explore these features more thoroughly,a series of strength and compressibility tests was conducted.The sample preparation and curing methodology were chosen to replicate the in situ conditions where soil is surcharged and submerged in water.It was found that the incorporation of F-class FA without an activator reduces the undrained shear strength of submerged orSi by about 20%–25%and permanently prevents any thixotropic strength restoration.An increase in undrained shear strength is observed when lime(3%–6%)is added to the soil–FA mixture or when only lime(in the same amount of 3%–6%)is used.Consequently,F-class FA can be successfully used as a filler for slurries with minimum lime content in soil mixing methods.The F-class FA(with or without an activator)shifts the so-called“creep delay”in time,consequently reducing the total creep settlements.The shift of“creep delay”is more considerable for orSi stabilized with lime or with FA and lime as an activator,than for orSi stabilized with pure F-class FA.
基金Supported by the National Undergraduate Innovation Training Program(Project No.202211437036).
文摘In this study,the hydraulic behavior and sand transport efficiency of the siphon automatic sand discharge device were studied by software simulation tests.By simulating the actual situation,this study analyzed how factors such as the difference in water level,sediment concentration,and pipeline layout affected the sediment discharge effect.The results show that the sediment discharge device can effectively discharge sediment under diverse operating conditions and show adaptability to different environmental conditions,which indicates that it is suitable for various types of reservoir environments.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:52192691,52192690。
文摘Rock is geometrically and mechanically multiscale in nature,and the traditional phenomenological laws at the macroscale cannot render a quantitative relationship between microscopic damage of rocks and overall rock structural degradation.This may lead to problems in the evaluation of rock structure stability and safe life.Multiscale numerical modeling is regarded as an effective way to gain insight into factors affecting rock properties from a cross-scale view.This study compiles the history of theoretical developments and numerical techniques related to rock multiscale issues according to different modeling architectures,that is,the homogenization theory,the hierarchical approach,and the concurrent approach.For these approaches,their benefits,drawbacks,and application scope are underlined.Despite the considerable attempts that have been made,some key issues still result in multiple challenges.Therefore,this study points out the perspectives of rock multiscale issues so as to provide a research direction for the future.The review results show that,in addition to numerical techniques,for example,high-performance computing,more attention should be paid to the development of an advanced constitutive model with consideration of fine geometrical descriptions of rock to facilitate solutions to multiscale problems in rock mechanics and rock engineering.
基金the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52079091,42141010,and 42377147).
文摘Deep rock is under a complex geological environment with high geo-stress, high pore pressure, and strong dynamic disturbance. Understanding the dynamic response of rocks under coupled hydraulic-mechanical loading is thus essential in evaluating the stability and safety of subterranean engineering structures. Nevertheless, the constraints in experimental techniques have led to limited prior investigations into the dynamic compression behavior of rocks subjected to simultaneous high in-situ stress and pore pressure conditions. This study utilizes a triaxial split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system in conjunction with a pore pressure loading cell to conduct dynamic experiments on rocks subjected to hydraulic-mechanical loading. A porous green sandstone (GS) was adopted as the testing rock material. The findings reveal that the dynamic behavior of rock specimens is significantly influenced by multiple factors, including the loading rate, confining stress, and pore pressure. Specifically, the dynamic compressive strength of GS exhibits an increase with higher loading rates and greater confining pressures, while it decreases with elevated pore pressure. Moreover, the classical Ashby-Sammis micromechanical model was augmented to account for dynamic loading and pore pressure considerations. By deducing the connection between crack length and damage evolution, the resulting law of crack expansion rate is related to the strain rate. In addition, the influence of hydraulic factors on the stress intensity factor at the crack tip is introduced. Thereby, a dynamic constitutive model for deep rocks under coupled hydraulic-mechanical loading was established and then validated against the experimental results. Subsequently, the characteristics of introduced parameter for quantifying the water-induced effects were carefully discussed.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52371279)the Program for International Exchange and Cooperation in Education by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China(Grant No.57220500123).
文摘Lost circulation of drilling fluid is one of the most common and costly problems in drilling operations.This highlights the importance of wellbore strengthening treatment sthat can utilize lost circulation materials(LCMs)to seal fractures associated with the wellbore.In this work,a numerical model accounting for the deformation of surrounding rock,fluid flow in the fracture,fracture propagation,and the transport of LCMs is presented to investigate the wellbore strengthening,from the fracture initiation to the fracture arrest,due to plugs formed by LCMs.The equations governing the rock deformation and fluid flow are solved by the dual boundary element method and the finite volume method,respectively.The transport of LCMs is solved based on an empirical constitutive model in suspension flow,and several characteristic quantities are derived by dimensional analysis.It is found that two dimensionless parameters,dimensionless toughness and normalized initial particle concentration,control the migration of LCM particles.The numerical results show that the dimensionless toughness influences the entrance and bridging of LCMs while the initial concentration controls the location of the particle bridging.When the initial concentration is larger than 0.8,the particle bridging tends to occur near the fracture entry.Conversely,when the initial concentration is less than 0.8,the particle bridging occurs near the fracture tip.This work provides an effective tool to predict the LCM transport and plugging in the wellbore strengthening process.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51925906 and U2340228)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2022CFA028)is acknowledged.
文摘Drains play an important role in seepage control in geotechnical engineering.The enormous number and one-dimensional(1D)geometry of drainage holes make their nature difficult to be accurately modeled in groundwater flow simulation.It has been well understood that drains function by presenting discharge boundaries,which can be characterized by water head,no-flux,unilateral or mixed water head-unilateral boundary condition.It has been found after years of practices that the flow simulation may become erroneous if the transitions among the drain boundary conditions are not properly considered.For this,a rigorous algorithm is proposed in this study to detect the onset of transitions among the water head,noflux and mixed water head-unilateral boundary conditions for downwards-drilled drainage holes,which theoretically completes the description of drain boundary conditions.After verification against a numerical example,the proposed algorithm is applied to numerical modeling of groundwater flow through a gravity dam foundation.The simulation shows that for hundreds of downwards-drilled drainage holes used to be prescribed with water head boundary condition,56%and 2%of them are transitioned to mixed water head-unilateral and no-flux boundary conditions,respectively.The phreatic surface around the drains will be overestimated by 25e33 m without the use of the mixed boundary condition.For the first time,this study underscores the importance of the mixed water head-unilateral boundary condition and the proposed transition algorithm in drain modeling,which may become more essential for simulation of transient flow because of groundwater dynamics.
文摘Monocolumn composite bucket foundation is a new type of offshore wind energy foundation.Its bearing characteristics under shallow bedrock conditions and complex geological conditions have not been extensively studied.Therefore,to analyze its bearing characteristics under complex conditions-such as silty soil,chalky soil,and shallow bedrock-this paper employs finite element software to establish various soil combination scenarios.The load-displacement curves of the foundations under these scenarios are calculated to subsequently evaluate the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity.This study investigates the effects of shallow bedrock depth,the type of soil above the bedrock,the thickness of layered soil,and the quality of layered soil on the bearing characteristics of the monocolumn composite bucket foundation.Based on the principle of single-variable control,the ultimate bearing capacity characteristics of the foundation under different conditions are compared.The distribution of soil pressure inside and outside the bucket wall on the compressed side of the foundation,along with the plastic strain of the soil at the base of the foundation,is also analyzed.In conclusion,shallow bedrock somewhat reduces foundation bearing capacity.Under shallow bedrock conditions,the degree of influence on foundation bearing capacity characteristics can considerably vary on different upper soils.The thickness of each soil layer and the depth to bedrock in stratified soils also affect the bearing capacity of the foundation.The findings of this paper provide a theoretical reference for related foundation design and construction.In practice,the bearing performance of the foundation can be enhanced by improvingthe soil quality in the bucket,adjusting the penetration depth,adjusting the percentage of different types of soil layers in the bucket,and applying other technical construction methods.
文摘Installing internal bulkheads in a composite bucket foundation alters the rotational symmetry characteristic of a single-compartment bucket foundation,consequently influencing the stress distribution within the bucket and surrounding soil.During the seabed penetration of a spudcan from a jack-up wind turbine installation vessel,an angle may form between the spudcan’s axis and the axis of symmetry of the adjacent composite bucket foundation in the horizontal plane.Such a misalignment may affect load distribution and the non-uniform interaction between the foundation,soil,and spudcan,ultimately influencing the foundation’s stability.This study employs physical model tests to ascertain the trends in end resistance during spudcan penetration in sand,the extent of soil disturbance,and the backflow condition.The finite element coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method is validated and utilized to determine the range of penetration angles that induce alterations in the maximum vertical displacement and tilt rate of the composite bucket foundation in sand.The differential contact stress distribution at the base of the bucket is analyzed,with qualitative criteria for sand backflow provided.Findings demonstrate that the maximum vertical displacement and tilt rate of the composite bucket foundation display a“wave-like”variation with the increasing spudcan penetration angle,peaking when the angle between the spudcan and bulkhead is the smallest.Stress distribution is predominantly concentrated at the base and apex of the bucket,becoming increasingly uneven as the penetration angle deviates from the foundation’s symmetry axis.The maximum stress gradually shifts to the junction of the bulkhead and bucket bottom on the side with the shortest net distance from the spudcan.Considering the in-place stability and stress state of the composite bucket foundation is therefore imperative,and particular attention should be paid to the foundation’s state when the angle between the spudcan and bulkhead is small.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52271287)funding from the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation,Tianjin University。
文摘During the hoisting process of the offshore substation,changes in the hoisting speed can affect the hoisting system.Therefore,this study set four different speed conditions for the lifting and lowering stages of the installation process,and studied the impact of different lifting and lowering speeds on the hoisting system under the same environmental conditions through numerical simulation.The results show that during the lifting operation,as the lifting speed increases,the swing motion of the substation and the installation vessel tends to decrease,and the faster the hoisting speed,the more obvious the swing suppression of the substation and the installation vessel,and the smaller the fluctuation in the tension amplitude of the slings and mooring lines.In contrast,during the lowering operation,as the lowering speed increases,the swing motion of the substation and the installation vessel tends to increase,and the faster the lowering speed,the more obvious the swing amplification effect of the substation and the installation vessel.Therefore,during hoisting operations,increasing the lifting speed and reducing the lowering speed can mitigate the motion performance of the hoisting coupling system,reduce the tension amplitude variation of the sling and mooring,and ensure the smooth progress of the hoisting operation.
基金supported by the Young Student Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.525B2139)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFB3711300 and 2021YFF0500301)the Space Application System of China Manned Space Program(No.KJZ-YYWCL404)。
文摘Targeting Chang'E-8 mission'in-situ resource utilization(ISRU)for sustainable lunar habitats,laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)provides a viable pathway for in-situ additive manufacturing of lunar regolith.To elucidate mission relevant mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of LPBF fabricated lunar regolith simulants,mare type and highland type simulant specimens were produced.Microstructural characterization,mechanical test coupled with three-dimensional digital image correlation(3D-DIC),and an energy-dissipation framework were employed for comprehensive analysis.The pristine highland specimens achieved 5.79 MPa and a peak strain of 0.13(50 mm×50 mm×30 mm),significantly outperforming their mare counterparts.Wire-cutting to 20 mm×20 mm×20 mm lowered strength by~20%and peak strain to 0.04,indicating cutting-induced defects reduce ductility.All specimens displayed multipeaked stress–strain curves.3D-DIC revealed band-type strain localization in pristine highland samples,diffuse strain patterns in cut highland samples,and highly tortuous,network-type bands in mare samples;the anisotropy index was also quantified.Fragmented particles exhibited fractal dimensions ranging from 1.6 to 2.0(size 1.25–9 mm).Energy evolution progressed through three distinct stages:elastic energy storage,progressive energy dissipation delaying crack propagation,and final unstable collapse.An energy-based damage model was established and validated.The data and methods developed support Chang'E-8 missions'ISRU demonstrations and establish a transferable framework toward sustainable lunar habitats.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering(Grant No.SDGZ2505)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.GZB20250742)the General Program of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2025M773213).
文摘The negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)bolt is an innovative support element distinguished by its high strength,elongation,and a slightly negative Poisson’s ratio.Unlike conventional prestressed(PR)bolts with a positive Poisson’s ratio,the NPR bolt exhibits a quasi-ideal plastic response without a prominent yield platform,enabling it to sustain high prestress with a substantial safety margin,which is particularly advantageous for jointed rock masses.However,investigations into the shear resistance mechanisms of NPR bolts under varying prestress levels remain limited.This study conducted full-scale double shear tests to assess the shear strength,deformation behavior,energy absorption,and failure mechanisms of NPR bolts under different prestress conditions.To ensure a fair comparison with PR bolts,a prestress utilization coefficient(PUC)was introduced.The results reveal that at a PUC of 0.25,the NPR bolt achieved peak axial force,shear displacement,and peak shear force values that are 2.41,1.88,and 2.13 times greater than those of the PR bolt,respectively.Shear performance was optimized at a prestress level of 100 kN,with energy absorption reaching 47.1 kJ,which is 2.8 times that of the PR bolt.Furthermore,the necking ratio was significantly reduced,indicating more distributed plastic deformation and delayed failure.Field applications verified the superior performance,resulting in a 27.4%reduction in roof settlement and enhanced structural integrity.These findings confirm that NPR bolts possess excellent shear resistance,energy absorption,and deformation adaptability,and optimizing prestress significantly enhances their support performance,providing a strong basis for geotechnical engineering applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No.50909066 and51179108)
文摘Vulnerability to natural disasters falls into three categories： exposure, resistance, and resilience, where resilience mainly refers to the capability of a pressure-bearing system to recover by returning to its initial state, that is, the ability to adapt to disaster pressure. Resilience is a major subject of research on disaster prevention and mitigation. This research mainly focuses on the ability of the hydraulic structure to recover from the significant impacts of typhoons. According to the load/unload response ratio theory, the degree of instability by which nonlinear systems can be identified according to the difference between load and unload responses was analyzed. This analysis was used as a basis to study the resilience of a hydraulic structure. Taking the Yangtze River embankments under the impact of Typhoon Matsa as an example, the ability of the typical sections of different types of embankments to adapt to the significant impact of the typhoon, i.e., the resilience of the hydraulic structure, is described with the help of the load/unload response ratio （L）. The results of the calculated resilience reflect the actual conditions of the structure and can be used to determine the applicability of the embankment section. The load/unload response ratio theory is one of the effective tools for calculating the resilience of hydraulic structures under the significant impacts of typhoons.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52178216)the Research on the Durability and Application of High-performance Concrete for Highway Engineering in the Cold and Arid Salt Areas of Northwest China(No.2022-24)the Construction Project of the Scientific Research Platform of Provincial Enterprises Supported by the Capital Operating Budget of Gansu Province(No.2023GZ018)。
文摘To study the durability of concrete in harsh environments in Northwest China,concrete was prepared with various durability-improving materials such as concrete anti-erosion inhibitor(SBT-TIA),acrylate polymer(AP),super absorbent resin(SAP).The erosion mode and internal deterioration mechanism under salt freeze-thaw cycle and dry-wet cycle were explored.The results show that the addition of enhancing materials can effectively improve the resistance of concrete to salt freezing and sulfate erosion:the relevant indexes of concrete added with X-AP and T-AP are improved after salt freeze-thaw cycles;concrete added with SBTTIA shows optimal sulfate corrosion resistance;and concrete added with AP displays the best resistance to salt freezing.Microanalysis shows that the increase in the number of cycles decreases the generation of internal hydration products and defects in concrete mixed with enhancing materials and improves the related indexes.Based on the Wiener model analysis,the reliability of concrete with different lithologies and enhancing materials is improved,which may provide a reference for the application of manufactured sand concrete and enhancing materials in Northwest China,especially for the study of the improvement effects and mechanism of enhancing materials on the performance of concrete.
文摘To investigate the impact of temporary structures on the mechanical behavior of shaped bridge towers during the construction process,the Dianbu River Special Bridge was selected as the engineering background.A finite element model of the middle tower column during the construction stage was established using ABAQUS to analyze the effects of key parameters,including the angle and pretension of temporary cables,as well as the wall thickness and diameter of temporary diagonal braces.The study examines how these parameters influence the stresses at the towergirder consolidation.The results indicate that the angle of temporary cables significantly affects the tensile stresses at the tower-girder consolidation,while its impact on compressive stresses is minimal.Among all parameters,the pretension of temporary cables has the most pronounced effect on the stresses at the tower-girder consolidation.In contrast,the wall thickness of temporary diagonal braces has only a minor influence,whereas the diameter of temporary diagonal braces has an almost negligible impact.These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the design and arrangement of temporary support structures in similar bridge construction projects.
基金Funded by the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(Nos.25JRRA497,23ZDFA017)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0950000)High-level Talent Funding of Kashi。
文摘This study introduces superabsorbent polymers(SAP)into recycled concrete and,through freeze-thaw cycle tests,unconfined compressive strength tests,and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)analysis,evaluates the freeze-thaw resistance and durability of recycled concrete samples under varying freeze-thaw cycles.The results indicate that an appropriate addition of SAP significantly enhances the freeze-thaw resistance of recycled concrete.After 200 freeze-thaw cycles,the RS0.6 sample retained good surface integrity,demonstrating the best performance.Compared to NAC,its mass loss decreased by 1.16%,the relative dynamic modulus improved by 7.01%,and the compressive strength loss rate decreased by 5.41%.Additionally,T2 spectrum analysis revealed that adding SAP optimized the pore structure of recycled concrete and mitigated pore development during freeze-thaw cycles.As the number of freeze-thaw cycles increased,the RS0.3 and RS0.6 samples demonstrated superior frost resistance compared to NAC.However,an excessive amount of SAP increased pore expansion during subsequent freeze-thaw cycles,ultimately weakening frost resistance.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52278387).
文摘This study investigates the influence of the elastic modulus(E)of the composite strata on the trough width coefficient(i).It is hypothesized that,in composite strata,the relationship between the trough width coefficient(i)and the stratum thickness(H)follows a piecewise linear trend.Specifically,within strata of identical elastic modulus(E),i exhibits a linear correlation with H,while variations in E affect the slope of this correlation.Building upon the non-iterative analytical method(NIAM)for evaluating tunnel excavation responses in composite strata,this study proposes two novel approaches:the crucial point method(CPM)and the standard curve method(SCM).These methods incorporate the elastic modulus into the estimation of i.The values of i obtained via NIAM and refined through CPM and SCM are validated against field data using the parameter K.The results are consistent with existing research findings,thereby confirming the reliability of the proposed methodology.Furthermore,the study investigates the relationship between tunnel depth(h0)and tunnel radius(R),and explores the interactions among the layer number of stratum(n),elastic modulus(E),and layer thickness(H).A reduction coefficient(η)is introduced to improve the model's accuracy.The proposed approach is applied to nine tunnel engineering cases,and comparisons with measured data demonstrate its accuracy and practical applicability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42507210)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2025XJSB01)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory for Tunnel Engineering(No.SKLTEK202421)the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Deep Coal Resource Mining(China University of Mining and Technology),Ministry of Education(No.KLDCRMMOE24KF11).
文摘To improve the accuracy of rockburst risk evaluation in mining and tunnelling engineering,the influence of intermediate principal stress σ_(2) deserves further consideration,which has been neglected in general prediction frameworks.This study employs an integrated approach that combines true-triaxial unloading experiments with three-dimensional grain-based discrete element modeling(PFC3D-GBM)to examine the effects of σ_(2) on strain systematically burst and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Through this dual experimental–numerical methodology,the strainburst characteristics under varying σ_(2) are analyzed in detail regarding mechanical responses,failure evolution and patterns,microscope fracture mechanisms,and energy partitioning.The results indicate that elevated σ_(2) can enhance the bearing capacity of rock,thereby necessitating a higher stress condition required for strainburst.However,it also enlarges the potential strainburst intensity,manifesting as deeper rockburst pits and more violent ejection of rock fragments.An increasing σ_(2) facilitates the microscope transgranular fractures,inhibits intergranular tensile fractures,and raises the kinetic energy conversion ratio slightly.It affects the intensity of strainburst through the following mechanisms,including the increase of energy storage limit,the intensification of Poisson effect for lateral expansion,and the enhancement of the transgranular fracturing mechanism.In practical engineering,the depth and range of support needs to be ensured under high σ_(2) conditions,and it is recommended to use prestressing techniques to control the development of significant slabbing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52478351,52208329)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(Grant No.JCYJ20240813143306009)support is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Polymer-modified bentonite(PMB)is much more effective at containing chemically aggressive liquids than conventional bentonite.The PMB manufacturing process typically utilizes natural,high-quality sodium bentonite(NaB)owing to its excellent hydrophilicity and swelling capacity.However,calcium bentonite(CaB),which is much more abundant worldwide,is rarely used for containment applications owing to its poor hydrophilicity.This study proposed a polymerization method that transforms sodium-activated calcium bentonite(NCB)into PMB to achieve low hydraulic conductivity(k)to aggressive liquids.The mechanism for its low k was revealed through characterization techniques and analyses(e.g.X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)).The results showed that the PMB had a small amount of polymer elution(indicating better interface stability)and thus exhibited excellent barrier properties under chemically aggressive conditions,with the k of<10^(-11) m/s for 0.6 mol/L NaCl solution,which is four orders of magnitude lower than that of the NCB(k=3×10^(-7) m/s).Various microscopic analyses indicated that the selected monomers were successfully polymerized,and intercalated into and grafted onto the montmorillonite layers of bentonite.The formed polymer network increased the swelling capability of PMB granules,decreased the pore size,and created narrow and tortuous flow pathways leading to a very low k to aggressive liquids.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52379107 and 52309141).
文摘The capillary pressure curve provides fundamental insights into the dynamics of fluid-fluid displacement and phase distributions.Capillary scaling is crucial for extrapolating capillary pressure-saturation data from laboratory tests to field applications.However,the classic scaling method fails to capture the effect of wettability as the pore surface approaches neutral wetting.Here,inspired by the role of pore-filling events in controlling fluid-fluid displacement,we perform a theoretical analysis of the burst events occurring during drainage processes.We find that the median threshold capillary pressure,which corresponds to the occurrence of burst events for the median pore throat,is closely correlated with the capillary pressure curve across various contact angles.Using this concept,we propose a new scaling method for capillary pressure curves under various wetting conditions.We conduct microfluidic experiments and pore-network modeling across different contact angles,porosities,and disorders to evaluate the new scaling methods,indicating that the new scaling method performs better than the Leverett J-function as the contact angle approaches 90°.We further perform geometry analysis on the critical radius of curvature for burst events in an ideal tetrahedral arrangement and extend the new scaling method to 3D(three-dimensional)porous media.Model evaluation shows that the 3D version of the scaling method also performs well but requires fewer parameters compared to the Leverett J-function.Our work enhances the prediction and interpretation of experimental data for capillary pressure curves under various wet conditions,and more importantly,establishes a methodology that relates Darcy-scale flow behavior to pore-scale fluid displacements.
