In this paper, the author focuses on spaces used for personal hygiene--the bathroom. The paper begins with a description of the hygienic movement in the late 19th century. At that time, urinating took place in semi-pu...In this paper, the author focuses on spaces used for personal hygiene--the bathroom. The paper begins with a description of the hygienic movement in the late 19th century. At that time, urinating took place in semi-public spaces outside the dwelling. Today, the WC has moved well into the dwelling, and in many dwellings, the bathroom has developed as the most private space. Thus, the bathroom can be regarded as the last domain of privacy in today＇s housing, and in a number of new dwellings this quality is exploited in new ways. The development of ＂space for hygiene＂ in the 20th century will be studied by analyzing the spatial organization of dwellings.展开更多
In the new era of the 21st century in China, the quality of people's life is constantly improving. House construction refers to the construction of various buildings and related equipment, the main goal of housing...In the new era of the 21st century in China, the quality of people's life is constantly improving. House construction refers to the construction of various buildings and related equipment, the main goal of housing construction is to meet the needs of people's various life and work, and improve people's living standards. For the construction site, technical management is the key factor and main reason of construction quality. This paper introduces the content of technical management of residential construction projects, analyzes the problems of technical management in construction site, and probes into the concrete measures to solve these problems.展开更多
Abstract： The search for ＂new materials＂ to manufacture building elements for economical housing is the aim of this work. These materials are the following recycled plastics： Low-density polyethylene （LDPE）, rec...Abstract： The search for ＂new materials＂ to manufacture building elements for economical housing is the aim of this work. These materials are the following recycled plastics： Low-density polyethylene （LDPE）, recycled out of discarded soft drink packs： Polyethylene-terephthalate （PET）, recycled out of discarded soft drink bottles; and several plastics, from the printed films used like packages of candies （remainder of production plant by faults in the thickness of the films or in the inked process of themt. These conveniently grounded plastics were taken as ＂arids＂ to be mixed with Normal Portland cement, replacing heavy sand and gravel habitually used in these mixtures. These materials are used in constructive elements such as bricks, blocks and plates for economical houses closures or traditional construction. The developed constructive elements offer high thermal insulation, so they can be used in closures with a smaller thickness than conventional bricks and blocks. Besides, they have a lower specific weight than these traditiunal constructive elements. Recycling means lowering costs, making part of the environment contaminating waste useful and providing the unemployed and/or unqualified work force with jobs through uncomplicated technologies. Therefore, this recycling technology has an economic as well as an ecological purpose.展开更多
The role of inflow of overseas remittances towards the development of housing sector in Ghana, and the impact of recent financial crisis on the development process is investigated. This is achieved through a review an...The role of inflow of overseas remittances towards the development of housing sector in Ghana, and the impact of recent financial crisis on the development process is investigated. This is achieved through a review and analysis of information gathered through national and international statistical sources and targeted household and institutional interviews. As a prelude to the analysis the study assessed the importance of remittance as large and growing part of the economic underpinning of developing countries. It then assesses whether remittances have a particular relationship with housing. The research provided an estimate of the nature, level and uses of remittances and the different cyclical characters of other flows. It reveals that the successful real estate market development across Ghana during the past decade benefited from a buoyant national economy, improved financial systems and family remittances. However, the picture changed especially during 2008 attributed mainly to the global financial crisis and economic downturn. The reverberating problems of unemployment and high levels of bankruptcies in the advanced countries were felt but not as pronounced as they were in the major industrialised economies. The discussions concluded by posing a much broader question in relation to other developing countries about how remittances could be mobilised towards the development of the housing sector.展开更多
The building construction industry is a major contributor of environmental pollution, with high levels of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, all of which contribute to climate change. Housing is the sing...The building construction industry is a major contributor of environmental pollution, with high levels of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, all of which contribute to climate change. Housing is the single largest subsector of the construction industry. It is also a basic need associated with social and economic benefits, and its demand in most emerging economies is substantial. Hence it is a sector with significant potential not to mitigate just the negative impact of climate change on buildings and people, but also to reduce the impact of the construction industry on the natural environment. Green buildings technology has advanced greatly in recent years, but most “high performance” green buildings are capital intensive, often with high-tech applications that are not in easy reach of the mass housing market. In the developing country context, where huge segments of the population lack access to essential services or housing, the green buildings approach to addressing climate change is perceived to be largely unaffordable. For green technology to be adopted in poorer nations and have scalable impact, it will have to be low-cost and affordable. According to a 2010 report, buildings in the commercial, office and hospitality sectors are poised to grow at 8% annually over the next 10 years in India. While the retail sector has been growing rapidly at 8% per annum, the residential sector has seen growth of 5% per annum during this period. It is estimated that over 70 million New Urban Housing Units will be required over the next 20 Years.展开更多
Different housing provident fund businesses have different operating cycles due to their business characteristics, and each has its own operating year. The housing provident fund deposit year is an annual concept uniq...Different housing provident fund businesses have different operating cycles due to their business characteristics, and each has its own operating year. The housing provident fund deposit year is an annual concept unique to the housing provident fund industry. It is closely related to the Gregorian calendar year and other years related to the provident fund business and operate in an orderly manner.展开更多
With the continuous innovation of the construction industry, many construction enterprises lack the consideration of safety in the actual building for the immediate benefit, which leads to the occurrence of many safet...With the continuous innovation of the construction industry, many construction enterprises lack the consideration of safety in the actual building for the immediate benefit, which leads to the occurrence of many safety accidents. Therefore, the construction industry should carry out scientific housing safety management and house safety appraisal, analyze the specific reasons of the hidden dangers in the construction process, and effectively provide the safety performance of the building. The relevant state organs should constantly improve the housing safety management and housing safety appraisal related legal system to promote the strength of the housing construction industry.展开更多
The use of raw clay in housing construction dates back from ancient times and is still living on. Traditional habitat comprising various buildings all over different places of our planet, give evidence. Among any othe...The use of raw clay in housing construction dates back from ancient times and is still living on. Traditional habitat comprising various buildings all over different places of our planet, give evidence. Among any other pathologies affecting naked earthen walls, the rain water wash remains a major concern and deserves careful consideration. Which justifies the interest of this research focused on the protection means of such types of walls. This article relates the experiment conducted on low walls made out of raw clay mixed with composite protecting products （traditional and modern ones as well）, being tested to intensive water floods. The result of the tests assessed through efficiency of the protecting materials, shows that the locust bean tree （local tree） fruit husk extract added to raw clay mortar and carefully blended seems to provide better ability to protect walls against water assault. Moreover, consistency check and plasticity reveal better performance in clay material properties.展开更多
Taking four types of housing conditions of farmers in Ganyu District as the example, starting from the analysis of the current situation, this paper determines the implementation objectives and practical programs and ...Taking four types of housing conditions of farmers in Ganyu District as the example, starting from the analysis of the current situation, this paper determines the implementation objectives and practical programs and explores the road of urban-rural integrated development by optimizing urban and rural spatial layout, enhancing the urbanization level and restoring the rural vitality and charm of rural areas.展开更多
Graphite,encompassing both natural graphite and synthetic graphite,and graphene,have been extensively utilized and investigated as anode materials and additives in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In the pursuit of carbon ...Graphite,encompassing both natural graphite and synthetic graphite,and graphene,have been extensively utilized and investigated as anode materials and additives in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In the pursuit of carbon neutrality,LIBs are expected to play a pivotal role in reducing CO_(2)emissions by decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and enabling the integration of renewable energy sources.Owing to their technological maturity and exceptional electrochemical performance,the global production of graphite and graphene for LIBs is projected to continue expanding.Over the past decades,numerous researchers have concentrated on reducing the material and energy input whilst optimising the electrochemical performance of graphite and graphene,through novel synthesis methods and various modifications at the laboratory scale.This review provides a comprehensive examination of the manufacturing methods,environmental impact,research progress,and challenges associated with graphite and graphene in LIBs from an industrial perspective,with a particular focus on the carbon footprint of production processes.Additionally,it considers emerging challenges and future development directions of graphite and graphene,offering significant insights for ongoing and future research in the field of green LIBs.展开更多
A comprehensive full-sieve-hole grading correction method was used to adjust aggregate gradings.The fatigue properties of recycled concrete aggregate(RCA)asphalt mixtures were investigated using an improved indirect t...A comprehensive full-sieve-hole grading correction method was used to adjust aggregate gradings.The fatigue properties of recycled concrete aggregate(RCA)asphalt mixtures were investigated using an improved indirect tensile fatigue test under temperature-humidity coupling based on 20-year meteorological data of Beijing,and the degeneration mechanism was further explored by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy.The experimental results indicate that replacing 5-20 mm coarse limestone aggregate(LA)with RCA at a 50% substitution volume can mitigate the impact of RCA variations on the asphalt mixture proportioning design.All RCA asphalt mixtures have lower initial fatigue properties than the LA asphalt mixture.However,under temperature-humidity coupling,the long-term fatigue property of an RCA asphalt mixture with a low proportion of recycled brick exceeds that of the LA asphalt mixture,and the fatigue life decline rate of the RCA asphalt mixture during 10-year service decreases by approximately 25%.This is due to the penetration of the asphalt mortar into the RCA through the pores and cracks on the RCA surface.It forms an interfacial transition zone composed of asphalt mortar and cement mortar and further reduces the mixture damage caused by the water and freeze-thaw conditions.展开更多
Amorphous materials represent a promising platform for advancing CO_(2)electrochemical reduction due to their inherently diverse coordination environments.In this study,we demonstrate computationally the superior perf...Amorphous materials represent a promising platform for advancing CO_(2)electrochemical reduction due to their inherently diverse coordination environments.In this study,we demonstrate computationally the superior performance of amorphous CuNi alloys for CO_(2)electrochemical reduction.By integrating machine learning forcefields for efficient structure generation and density functional theory for subsequent structural refinement and property calculations,we reveal the potential of these disordered systems to outperform their crystalline counterparts.Machine learning forcefields can generate a bulk structure containing a mixture of Cu and Ni atoms,resulting in enhanced catalytic performance.Effective screening of the amorphous surfaces is used to identify undercoordinated Cu and Ni sites in the amorphous structure to synergistically promote selective CO production and favor ethanol formation over ethylene via the stabilization of the*COCHO intermediate,resulting in significantly lower Gibbs free energy changes compared to the crystalline counterpart.The varying atomic coordination environments on amorphous surfaces promote both C–C bond formation and subsequent proton-electron transfer,leading to ethanol formation.These findings demonstrate the superior catalytic performance of amorphous CuNi,highlighting its potential for efficient and selective electroreduction of CO_(2).展开更多
This paper proposes a secure,reliable and collaborative data-sharing system for China’s housing provident fund based on blockchain.Firstly,federal computingwas introduced to realize“available but invisible”sharing ...This paper proposes a secure,reliable and collaborative data-sharing system for China’s housing provident fund based on blockchain.Firstly,federal computingwas introduced to realize“available but invisible”sharing of data about housing provident fund,which reduces the data leakage risk and improves the data availability.Secondly,four data sharing modes were proposed to deal with different situations with different amount of data provider and data.Lastly,to realize individual data deep sharing on the premise of security,an enterprise and personal information query authorization mechanism was established to provide solutions to personal and institutional authorization.This system helps to realize both the internal and external data sharing of the housing provident fund system under the premise of security and privacy protection.This system improves the efficiency of housing provident fund issue,and fully taps the value of data comprehensively.展开更多
Today city planners are confronted with two global trends:on one hand,living space is getting less due to urbanization;on the other hand,demands on living space are constantly rising as for example through stricter cl...Today city planners are confronted with two global trends:on one hand,living space is getting less due to urbanization;on the other hand,demands on living space are constantly rising as for example through stricter climate and energy political objectives based on the Paris Agreement.Therefore,it will be necessary to take into account—near urban planning and social aspects—also the climate compatibility as one central aspect in the construction of buildings,settlements,districts or neighborhoods.To identify and to push successful concepts,Austria has developed a planning tool that allows planning,assessing and ensuring high quality standards of neighborhoods.As the tool has been highly successful,additional planning tools are being developed for specific topics such as“PED—Positive Energy Districts”,“NEB—New European Bauhaus”and“CND—Climate Neutral Districts”.Central quantitative and qualitative criteria—which have been elaborated in the recent years—will be presented in this paper.展开更多
Climate crises necessitate adaptive,cost-effective,and community-driven strategies to enhance urban resilience.Tactical urban design,which includes temporary and experimental interventions,is becoming increasingly vit...Climate crises necessitate adaptive,cost-effective,and community-driven strategies to enhance urban resilience.Tactical urban design,which includes temporary and experimental interventions,is becoming increasingly vital,particularly in indigenous contexts.This study explores the spatial agency approach within tactical urbanism,emphasizing low-technology techniques,indigenous knowledge,and decentralized design as active elements in transforming public spaces.It aims to review recent trends and alternative tactical strategies in indigenous settings while identifying the attributes and mechanisms that contribute to the creation of sustainable public spaces through spatial agency.Employing an interpretive qualitative methodology that includes case studies and content analysis,the research focuses on the Open-Air Lab in Dakar,Senegal(Codesign Lab,Paolo Cascone).This project,a small-scale public infrastructure initiative born from participatory design,exemplifies a hybrid model that combines traditional craftsmanship,low-tech digital fabrication,and environmentally conscious solutions.The findings indicate that framing spatial agency as an actor-network process brings marginalized actors and practices to the forefront,fostering empowerment,social synergy,and climate-responsive design.The study advocates for a shift in tactical urban design from ephemeral placemaking toward long-term,adaptive strategies grounded in local materiality,community engagement,knowledge systems,and decentralized networks.These insights reshape the understanding of urban adaptability and provide practical guidance for architects and planners aiming to create inclusive,climate-resilient public spaces in indigenous and Global South contexts.展开更多
The rapid emergence of the Internet of Things(IoT),immersive technologies,and spatial devices is transforming architecture by changing the built environment from a passive backdrop to an active participant in user act...The rapid emergence of the Internet of Things(IoT),immersive technologies,and spatial devices is transforming architecture by changing the built environment from a passive backdrop to an active participant in user activities.This shift creates complex sociotechnical networks and leads to what we call intelligent places adaptive systems that respond to user behavior,environmental signals,and interactions with architectural components.This study investigates how advanced material foundations and embedded technological objects shape human-building interactions and drive adaptive behaviors in intelligent place systems.We test the hypothesis that integrating virtual reality(VR),augmented reality(AR),and spatial sensors within smart materials creates continuous real-time feedback loops.These loops are expected to enhance user engagement,spatial adaptability,and environmental responsiveness.Employing a qualitative methodology that includes case studies and content analysis,augmented by AI-assisted image analysis,we explore recent trends in smart building design through two projects:the Spatially Intelligent Arts Centre in Geelong,Australia,and the iPortals network of interactive spatial components.The findings indicate that intelligent places are open,dynamic,and continually evolving systems.Technological objects mediate multiloop feedback among users,materials,and building automation,enabling more autonomous,energy-efficient,and responsive environments.This study contributes a conceptual framework for understanding how technological objects and their material Foundations mediate human-building interactions in intelligent places.Future research should consider scalability across different architectural contexts and explore the sociocultural impacts on diverse user groups.展开更多
This study examines the spatiotemporal evolution of Tibetan villages in western Sichuan through state transition models and predictive simulations to understand their complex dynamics and key driving factors.Using a c...This study examines the spatiotemporal evolution of Tibetan villages in western Sichuan through state transition models and predictive simulations to understand their complex dynamics and key driving factors.Using a combination of multivariate time-series analysis and chaotic attractor identification,the research identifies forest cover,economic growth,employment rates,road density,and communication network coverage as critical determinants of village trajectories.For instance,Molo Village recovers rapidly with a 10%increase in regional economic growth,while Xisuo Village becomes unstable with employment rate fluctuations above 2%.Shenzuo Village benefits from improved road density,and Minzu Village’s stability depends on forest cover.Jiangba Village relies on the growth of irrigated farmland and communication network coverage,whereas Kegeyi Village exhibits periodic dynamics and high sensitivity to employment variations.The findings underscore the inherent complexity and nonlinearity of rural systems,revealed through chaotic attractor analysis,which highlights the system’s sensitivity to initial conditions and external shocks.The article provides actionable insights into resilience mechanisms and offers practical recommendations for the sustainable development of culturally and ecologically sensitive regions.Emphasis on tailored management strategies is essential to meet the challenges faced by these unique systems in the face of modernization and environmental change.展开更多
This study investigates the load-bearing capacity of open-ended pipe piles in sandy soil, with a specific focus on the impact of soil plug constraints at four levels(no plug, 25% plug, 50% plug, and full plug). Levera...This study investigates the load-bearing capacity of open-ended pipe piles in sandy soil, with a specific focus on the impact of soil plug constraints at four levels(no plug, 25% plug, 50% plug, and full plug). Leveraging a dataset comprising open-ended pipe piles with varying geometrical and geotechnical properties, this research employs shallow neural network(SNN) and deep neural network(DNN) models to predict plugging conditions for both driven and pressed installation types. This paper underscores the importance of key parameters such as the settlement value,applied load, installation type, and soil configuration(loose, medium, and dense) in accurately predicting pile settlement. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing pile design and construction in geotechnical engineering,addressing a longstanding challenge in the field. The study demonstrates the potential of the SNN and DNN models in precisely identifying plugging conditions before pile driving, with the SNN achieving R2 values ranging from0.444 to 0.711 and RMSPE values ranging from 24.621% to 48.663%, whereas the DNN exhibits superior performance, with R2 values ranging from 0.815 to 0.942 and RMSPE values ranging from 4.419% to 10.325%. These results have significant implications for enhancing construction practices and reducing uncertainties associated with pile foundation projects in addition to leveraging artificial intelligence tools to avoid long experimental procedures.展开更多
The effects of isocyanate(IA)incorporation on the toughness and volume stability of AAFS were systematically investigated.Various IA dosages were introduced into AAFS,and their influence on mechanical properties,micro...The effects of isocyanate(IA)incorporation on the toughness and volume stability of AAFS were systematically investigated.Various IA dosages were introduced into AAFS,and their influence on mechanical properties,microstructure,and shrinkage behavior was evaluated.The experimental results indicate that,with the incorporation of 5%IA,the 28-day compressive strength reaches 48.6 MPa,the 56-day drying shrinkage decreases by 35.91%,and minimal cracking is observed in the ring test.Microstructural analyses using SEM,XRD,and FTIR reveal that IA reacts with water to form urethane and biuret,which crosslinks into a durable network structure.This network fills pores,reducing internal stresses and improving both toughness and volume stability.These findings offer new insights into optimizing alkali-activated materials for construction applications and provide a potential pathway for the development of more durable and stable geopolymers.展开更多
文摘In this paper, the author focuses on spaces used for personal hygiene--the bathroom. The paper begins with a description of the hygienic movement in the late 19th century. At that time, urinating took place in semi-public spaces outside the dwelling. Today, the WC has moved well into the dwelling, and in many dwellings, the bathroom has developed as the most private space. Thus, the bathroom can be regarded as the last domain of privacy in today＇s housing, and in a number of new dwellings this quality is exploited in new ways. The development of ＂space for hygiene＂ in the 20th century will be studied by analyzing the spatial organization of dwellings.
文摘In the new era of the 21st century in China, the quality of people's life is constantly improving. House construction refers to the construction of various buildings and related equipment, the main goal of housing construction is to meet the needs of people's various life and work, and improve people's living standards. For the construction site, technical management is the key factor and main reason of construction quality. This paper introduces the content of technical management of residential construction projects, analyzes the problems of technical management in construction site, and probes into the concrete measures to solve these problems.
文摘Abstract： The search for ＂new materials＂ to manufacture building elements for economical housing is the aim of this work. These materials are the following recycled plastics： Low-density polyethylene （LDPE）, recycled out of discarded soft drink packs： Polyethylene-terephthalate （PET）, recycled out of discarded soft drink bottles; and several plastics, from the printed films used like packages of candies （remainder of production plant by faults in the thickness of the films or in the inked process of themt. These conveniently grounded plastics were taken as ＂arids＂ to be mixed with Normal Portland cement, replacing heavy sand and gravel habitually used in these mixtures. These materials are used in constructive elements such as bricks, blocks and plates for economical houses closures or traditional construction. The developed constructive elements offer high thermal insulation, so they can be used in closures with a smaller thickness than conventional bricks and blocks. Besides, they have a lower specific weight than these traditiunal constructive elements. Recycling means lowering costs, making part of the environment contaminating waste useful and providing the unemployed and/or unqualified work force with jobs through uncomplicated technologies. Therefore, this recycling technology has an economic as well as an ecological purpose.
文摘The role of inflow of overseas remittances towards the development of housing sector in Ghana, and the impact of recent financial crisis on the development process is investigated. This is achieved through a review and analysis of information gathered through national and international statistical sources and targeted household and institutional interviews. As a prelude to the analysis the study assessed the importance of remittance as large and growing part of the economic underpinning of developing countries. It then assesses whether remittances have a particular relationship with housing. The research provided an estimate of the nature, level and uses of remittances and the different cyclical characters of other flows. It reveals that the successful real estate market development across Ghana during the past decade benefited from a buoyant national economy, improved financial systems and family remittances. However, the picture changed especially during 2008 attributed mainly to the global financial crisis and economic downturn. The reverberating problems of unemployment and high levels of bankruptcies in the advanced countries were felt but not as pronounced as they were in the major industrialised economies. The discussions concluded by posing a much broader question in relation to other developing countries about how remittances could be mobilised towards the development of the housing sector.
文摘The building construction industry is a major contributor of environmental pollution, with high levels of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, all of which contribute to climate change. Housing is the single largest subsector of the construction industry. It is also a basic need associated with social and economic benefits, and its demand in most emerging economies is substantial. Hence it is a sector with significant potential not to mitigate just the negative impact of climate change on buildings and people, but also to reduce the impact of the construction industry on the natural environment. Green buildings technology has advanced greatly in recent years, but most “high performance” green buildings are capital intensive, often with high-tech applications that are not in easy reach of the mass housing market. In the developing country context, where huge segments of the population lack access to essential services or housing, the green buildings approach to addressing climate change is perceived to be largely unaffordable. For green technology to be adopted in poorer nations and have scalable impact, it will have to be low-cost and affordable. According to a 2010 report, buildings in the commercial, office and hospitality sectors are poised to grow at 8% annually over the next 10 years in India. While the retail sector has been growing rapidly at 8% per annum, the residential sector has seen growth of 5% per annum during this period. It is estimated that over 70 million New Urban Housing Units will be required over the next 20 Years.
文摘Different housing provident fund businesses have different operating cycles due to their business characteristics, and each has its own operating year. The housing provident fund deposit year is an annual concept unique to the housing provident fund industry. It is closely related to the Gregorian calendar year and other years related to the provident fund business and operate in an orderly manner.
文摘With the continuous innovation of the construction industry, many construction enterprises lack the consideration of safety in the actual building for the immediate benefit, which leads to the occurrence of many safety accidents. Therefore, the construction industry should carry out scientific housing safety management and house safety appraisal, analyze the specific reasons of the hidden dangers in the construction process, and effectively provide the safety performance of the building. The relevant state organs should constantly improve the housing safety management and housing safety appraisal related legal system to promote the strength of the housing construction industry.
文摘The use of raw clay in housing construction dates back from ancient times and is still living on. Traditional habitat comprising various buildings all over different places of our planet, give evidence. Among any other pathologies affecting naked earthen walls, the rain water wash remains a major concern and deserves careful consideration. Which justifies the interest of this research focused on the protection means of such types of walls. This article relates the experiment conducted on low walls made out of raw clay mixed with composite protecting products （traditional and modern ones as well）, being tested to intensive water floods. The result of the tests assessed through efficiency of the protecting materials, shows that the locust bean tree （local tree） fruit husk extract added to raw clay mortar and carefully blended seems to provide better ability to protect walls against water assault. Moreover, consistency check and plasticity reveal better performance in clay material properties.
文摘Taking four types of housing conditions of farmers in Ganyu District as the example, starting from the analysis of the current situation, this paper determines the implementation objectives and practical programs and explores the road of urban-rural integrated development by optimizing urban and rural spatial layout, enhancing the urbanization level and restoring the rural vitality and charm of rural areas.
基金supported by European Union's Horizon Europe,UK Research and Innovation(UKRI).
文摘Graphite,encompassing both natural graphite and synthetic graphite,and graphene,have been extensively utilized and investigated as anode materials and additives in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In the pursuit of carbon neutrality,LIBs are expected to play a pivotal role in reducing CO_(2)emissions by decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and enabling the integration of renewable energy sources.Owing to their technological maturity and exceptional electrochemical performance,the global production of graphite and graphene for LIBs is projected to continue expanding.Over the past decades,numerous researchers have concentrated on reducing the material and energy input whilst optimising the electrochemical performance of graphite and graphene,through novel synthesis methods and various modifications at the laboratory scale.This review provides a comprehensive examination of the manufacturing methods,environmental impact,research progress,and challenges associated with graphite and graphene in LIBs from an industrial perspective,with a particular focus on the carbon footprint of production processes.Additionally,it considers emerging challenges and future development directions of graphite and graphene,offering significant insights for ongoing and future research in the field of green LIBs.
基金Funded by"Green Construction and Maintenance of Road Engineering"the Belt and Road Joint Laboratory,International(Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan)Science and Technology Cooperation Project(No.Z251100007125040)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC3803403)+3 种基金the Project of Construction and Support for High-level Innovative Teams of Beijing Municipal Institutions(No.BPHR20220109)the Cultivation Project Funds for Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture(No.X24013)the BUCEA Doctor Graduate Scientific Research Ability Improvement Project(No.DG2024016)the China Scholarship Council(No.202408110091)。
文摘A comprehensive full-sieve-hole grading correction method was used to adjust aggregate gradings.The fatigue properties of recycled concrete aggregate(RCA)asphalt mixtures were investigated using an improved indirect tensile fatigue test under temperature-humidity coupling based on 20-year meteorological data of Beijing,and the degeneration mechanism was further explored by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy.The experimental results indicate that replacing 5-20 mm coarse limestone aggregate(LA)with RCA at a 50% substitution volume can mitigate the impact of RCA variations on the asphalt mixture proportioning design.All RCA asphalt mixtures have lower initial fatigue properties than the LA asphalt mixture.However,under temperature-humidity coupling,the long-term fatigue property of an RCA asphalt mixture with a low proportion of recycled brick exceeds that of the LA asphalt mixture,and the fatigue life decline rate of the RCA asphalt mixture during 10-year service decreases by approximately 25%.This is due to the penetration of the asphalt mortar into the RCA through the pores and cracks on the RCA surface.It forms an interfacial transition zone composed of asphalt mortar and cement mortar and further reduces the mixture damage caused by the water and freeze-thaw conditions.
基金partially funded by EPSRC (EP/T022213/1, EP/W032260/1 and EP/P020194/1) via our membership of the UK’s HEC Materials Chemistry Consortium, which is funded by EPSRC (EP/L000202)part of the “Advancing Solid Interface and Lubricants by First Principles Material Design (SLIDE)” project that has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant agreement No. 865633)
文摘Amorphous materials represent a promising platform for advancing CO_(2)electrochemical reduction due to their inherently diverse coordination environments.In this study,we demonstrate computationally the superior performance of amorphous CuNi alloys for CO_(2)electrochemical reduction.By integrating machine learning forcefields for efficient structure generation and density functional theory for subsequent structural refinement and property calculations,we reveal the potential of these disordered systems to outperform their crystalline counterparts.Machine learning forcefields can generate a bulk structure containing a mixture of Cu and Ni atoms,resulting in enhanced catalytic performance.Effective screening of the amorphous surfaces is used to identify undercoordinated Cu and Ni sites in the amorphous structure to synergistically promote selective CO production and favor ethanol formation over ethylene via the stabilization of the*COCHO intermediate,resulting in significantly lower Gibbs free energy changes compared to the crystalline counterpart.The varying atomic coordination environments on amorphous surfaces promote both C–C bond formation and subsequent proton-electron transfer,leading to ethanol formation.These findings demonstrate the superior catalytic performance of amorphous CuNi,highlighting its potential for efficient and selective electroreduction of CO_(2).
基金This research was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China No.2019YFB1404903.
文摘This paper proposes a secure,reliable and collaborative data-sharing system for China’s housing provident fund based on blockchain.Firstly,federal computingwas introduced to realize“available but invisible”sharing of data about housing provident fund,which reduces the data leakage risk and improves the data availability.Secondly,four data sharing modes were proposed to deal with different situations with different amount of data provider and data.Lastly,to realize individual data deep sharing on the premise of security,an enterprise and personal information query authorization mechanism was established to provide solutions to personal and institutional authorization.This system helps to realize both the internal and external data sharing of the housing provident fund system under the premise of security and privacy protection.This system improves the efficiency of housing provident fund issue,and fully taps the value of data comprehensively.
文摘Today city planners are confronted with two global trends:on one hand,living space is getting less due to urbanization;on the other hand,demands on living space are constantly rising as for example through stricter climate and energy political objectives based on the Paris Agreement.Therefore,it will be necessary to take into account—near urban planning and social aspects—also the climate compatibility as one central aspect in the construction of buildings,settlements,districts or neighborhoods.To identify and to push successful concepts,Austria has developed a planning tool that allows planning,assessing and ensuring high quality standards of neighborhoods.As the tool has been highly successful,additional planning tools are being developed for specific topics such as“PED—Positive Energy Districts”,“NEB—New European Bauhaus”and“CND—Climate Neutral Districts”.Central quantitative and qualitative criteria—which have been elaborated in the recent years—will be presented in this paper.
文摘Climate crises necessitate adaptive,cost-effective,and community-driven strategies to enhance urban resilience.Tactical urban design,which includes temporary and experimental interventions,is becoming increasingly vital,particularly in indigenous contexts.This study explores the spatial agency approach within tactical urbanism,emphasizing low-technology techniques,indigenous knowledge,and decentralized design as active elements in transforming public spaces.It aims to review recent trends and alternative tactical strategies in indigenous settings while identifying the attributes and mechanisms that contribute to the creation of sustainable public spaces through spatial agency.Employing an interpretive qualitative methodology that includes case studies and content analysis,the research focuses on the Open-Air Lab in Dakar,Senegal(Codesign Lab,Paolo Cascone).This project,a small-scale public infrastructure initiative born from participatory design,exemplifies a hybrid model that combines traditional craftsmanship,low-tech digital fabrication,and environmentally conscious solutions.The findings indicate that framing spatial agency as an actor-network process brings marginalized actors and practices to the forefront,fostering empowerment,social synergy,and climate-responsive design.The study advocates for a shift in tactical urban design from ephemeral placemaking toward long-term,adaptive strategies grounded in local materiality,community engagement,knowledge systems,and decentralized networks.These insights reshape the understanding of urban adaptability and provide practical guidance for architects and planners aiming to create inclusive,climate-resilient public spaces in indigenous and Global South contexts.
文摘The rapid emergence of the Internet of Things(IoT),immersive technologies,and spatial devices is transforming architecture by changing the built environment from a passive backdrop to an active participant in user activities.This shift creates complex sociotechnical networks and leads to what we call intelligent places adaptive systems that respond to user behavior,environmental signals,and interactions with architectural components.This study investigates how advanced material foundations and embedded technological objects shape human-building interactions and drive adaptive behaviors in intelligent place systems.We test the hypothesis that integrating virtual reality(VR),augmented reality(AR),and spatial sensors within smart materials creates continuous real-time feedback loops.These loops are expected to enhance user engagement,spatial adaptability,and environmental responsiveness.Employing a qualitative methodology that includes case studies and content analysis,augmented by AI-assisted image analysis,we explore recent trends in smart building design through two projects:the Spatially Intelligent Arts Centre in Geelong,Australia,and the iPortals network of interactive spatial components.The findings indicate that intelligent places are open,dynamic,and continually evolving systems.Technological objects mediate multiloop feedback among users,materials,and building automation,enabling more autonomous,energy-efficient,and responsive environments.This study contributes a conceptual framework for understanding how technological objects and their material Foundations mediate human-building interactions in intelligent places.Future research should consider scalability across different architectural contexts and explore the sociocultural impacts on diverse user groups.
文摘This study examines the spatiotemporal evolution of Tibetan villages in western Sichuan through state transition models and predictive simulations to understand their complex dynamics and key driving factors.Using a combination of multivariate time-series analysis and chaotic attractor identification,the research identifies forest cover,economic growth,employment rates,road density,and communication network coverage as critical determinants of village trajectories.For instance,Molo Village recovers rapidly with a 10%increase in regional economic growth,while Xisuo Village becomes unstable with employment rate fluctuations above 2%.Shenzuo Village benefits from improved road density,and Minzu Village’s stability depends on forest cover.Jiangba Village relies on the growth of irrigated farmland and communication network coverage,whereas Kegeyi Village exhibits periodic dynamics and high sensitivity to employment variations.The findings underscore the inherent complexity and nonlinearity of rural systems,revealed through chaotic attractor analysis,which highlights the system’s sensitivity to initial conditions and external shocks.The article provides actionable insights into resilience mechanisms and offers practical recommendations for the sustainable development of culturally and ecologically sensitive regions.Emphasis on tailored management strategies is essential to meet the challenges faced by these unique systems in the face of modernization and environmental change.
文摘This study investigates the load-bearing capacity of open-ended pipe piles in sandy soil, with a specific focus on the impact of soil plug constraints at four levels(no plug, 25% plug, 50% plug, and full plug). Leveraging a dataset comprising open-ended pipe piles with varying geometrical and geotechnical properties, this research employs shallow neural network(SNN) and deep neural network(DNN) models to predict plugging conditions for both driven and pressed installation types. This paper underscores the importance of key parameters such as the settlement value,applied load, installation type, and soil configuration(loose, medium, and dense) in accurately predicting pile settlement. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing pile design and construction in geotechnical engineering,addressing a longstanding challenge in the field. The study demonstrates the potential of the SNN and DNN models in precisely identifying plugging conditions before pile driving, with the SNN achieving R2 values ranging from0.444 to 0.711 and RMSPE values ranging from 24.621% to 48.663%, whereas the DNN exhibits superior performance, with R2 values ranging from 0.815 to 0.942 and RMSPE values ranging from 4.419% to 10.325%. These results have significant implications for enhancing construction practices and reducing uncertainties associated with pile foundation projects in addition to leveraging artificial intelligence tools to avoid long experimental procedures.
基金Funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC3803400)。
文摘The effects of isocyanate(IA)incorporation on the toughness and volume stability of AAFS were systematically investigated.Various IA dosages were introduced into AAFS,and their influence on mechanical properties,microstructure,and shrinkage behavior was evaluated.The experimental results indicate that,with the incorporation of 5%IA,the 28-day compressive strength reaches 48.6 MPa,the 56-day drying shrinkage decreases by 35.91%,and minimal cracking is observed in the ring test.Microstructural analyses using SEM,XRD,and FTIR reveal that IA reacts with water to form urethane and biuret,which crosslinks into a durable network structure.This network fills pores,reducing internal stresses and improving both toughness and volume stability.These findings offer new insights into optimizing alkali-activated materials for construction applications and provide a potential pathway for the development of more durable and stable geopolymers.
