Background:With the rapid development of modern emerging technologies,the ethical dilemmas and social controversies triggered by scientific and technological activities have become increasingly prominent.How to guide ...Background:With the rapid development of modern emerging technologies,the ethical dilemmas and social controversies triggered by scientific and technological activities have become increasingly prominent.How to guide technology for good and prevent and control technological risks has become an important issue of global concern.Research on science and technology ethics is dedicated to integrating ethical theories into governance practices and constructing ethical models that adapt to the development of the times.Methods:This article systematically reviews the six core approaches of scientific and technological ethics thought,including technological autonomy and political philosophy criticism,responsibility ethics and intergenerational obligations,technological intermediation and the integration of life and the world,ethical principles and normative frameworks,participatory governance and ethical practice innovation,as well as domain-specific ethical norms,thereby constructing an ethical analysis framework applicable to medical technology risks.And cross-analysis was conducted by taking medical events such as gene editing and xenotransplantation as examples.Results:Research shows that a single ethical approach has limitations in addressing complex medical ethical challenges,while the six approaches are complementary and synergistic.By criticizing technological autonomy,establishing a responsibility ethics orientation,setting the bottom line of ethical principles,promoting participatory governance,formulating domain norms,and continuously reflecting on the intermediary nature of technology,a multi-level and dynamically adaptive governance system for scientific and technological ethics can be constructed.Conclusion:The key to addressing contemporary medical ethics challenges lies in the comprehensive application of science and technology ethics theories and the integration of ethical considerations throughout the entire process of scientific and technological research and development.In the future,a governance framework that adapts to the development of new technologies should be established to promote cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary ethical dialogue and public participation,ensuring that scientific and technological innovation always serves the dignity of human life and overall well-being.展开更多
Background:The advent of the self-media age,digital humanities,and artificial intelligence(AI)technologies is gradually reshaping the narrative frameworks of the history of science and technology in general and the hi...Background:The advent of the self-media age,digital humanities,and artificial intelligence(AI)technologies is gradually reshaping the narrative frameworks of the history of science and technology in general and the history of medicine in particular,as it transforms the specific shape of contemporary medical science and health communication practice with the help of interactive,scenario-based communication ecosystems.Methods:This paper focuses on the interactive relationship between the history of science and science communication,employing historical tracing and case study comparison as research methods to explore the pathways and innovative models for reintegrating the history of science and technology including the history of medicine into contemporary scientific discourse.Results:The study finds that in the Chinese context,three key pathways facilitate the engagement of the history of science and technology including the history of medicine in science communication:administrative intervention,value reconstruction,and personalized adaptation.Specifically,administrative intervention promotes the integration of the history of science education into talent development through policy design;value reconstruction,centered on the scientific spirit,enhances societal cultural recognition of technological progress;and personalized adaptation leverages big data and social media technologies to enable precise and tailored knowledge dissemination.Conclusion:The rise of the“web-based knowledge brokering model”in the era of social media has introduced professional knowledge brokers,ensuring the accuracy and accessibility of science communication.These innovations not only serve as decision-making simulation tools for medical science and health communication,linking historical insights with contemporary practice,but also provide theoretical foundations and practical paradigms for realizing the value of the history of science and technology in the digital era.展开更多
From a very early period,the Chinese already vaguely sensed that the cultivation of crops required an intricate system.The third century BCE work Master Lü’s Spring and Autumn Annals(Lüshi chunqiu吕氏春秋)s...From a very early period,the Chinese already vaguely sensed that the cultivation of crops required an intricate system.The third century BCE work Master Lü’s Spring and Autumn Annals(Lüshi chunqiu吕氏春秋)states that crops were fed by heaven and raised by earth,and that harvests depended on the farmers who worked the land.Therefore,these three elements,that is,heaven,earth,and farmers,together with crops,jointly constituted a complex community.According to the ancient Chinese,moving a crop away from its native place could bring huge benefits to the new area to which the crop was moved.When writing and compiling Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture(Nongsang jiyao农桑辑要),the officials of the Agricultural Extension Bureau司农司in the Yuan dynasty(1271–1368)excitedly noted the changes brought about by non-native crops to the agriculture of the Central Plains of China中原:“Ramie(Boehmeria nivea)is a crop native to southern China,while cotton(Gossypium herbaceum)comes from the Western Regions西域.In recent years,nevertheless,ramie has been introduced to Henan,while cotton has started to be planted in Shaanxi.The two crops thrive and show no difference from local crops.Farmers in the two regions benefit a lot therefrom”(Agricultural Extension Bureau 1888,juan 2:21).展开更多
The article reviews the history and scientific contributions of the soil zoology school at Moscow Pedagogical State University,founded by Academician Mercury Sergeevich Gilyarov and led by Professor Nina Mikhailovna C...The article reviews the history and scientific contributions of the soil zoology school at Moscow Pedagogical State University,founded by Academician Mercury Sergeevich Gilyarov and led by Professor Nina Mikhailovna Chernova.A key theoretical contribution from this school was the development of succession theory,which describes changes in soil invertebrate communities during plant litter decomposition.The school’s primary research focus has been on soil microarthropods,particularly springtails(Collembola)and mites—groups that are crucial for soil fertility and bioindication yet remain understudied.We trace the school’s progress in the taxonomy,faunistic studies,and ecology of soil invertebrates,emphasizing its foundation in field studies and laboratory experiments.Though its development was further strengthened through national and international collaborations,many of N.M.Chernova’s seminal ideas are not widely known outside Russia due to language barriers and limited access to publications.Her students continue to address this issue while advancing the study of soil zoology,ecology,and its history.展开更多
Shandong province,located in the Lower Yellow River,is one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese civilization.However,the comprehensive genetic histories of this region have remained largely unknown until now due to a...Shandong province,located in the Lower Yellow River,is one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese civilization.However,the comprehensive genetic histories of this region have remained largely unknown until now due to a lack of ancient human genomes.Here,we present 21 ancient genomes from Shandong dating from the Warring States period to the Northern Dynasties.Unlike the early Neolithic samples from Shandong,the historical samples are most closely related to post-Late Neolithic populations of the Middle Yellow River Basin,suggesting a population turnover in Shandong from the Neolithic Age to the Historical era.In addition,we detect a close genetic affinity between the historical samples in Shandong and present-day Han Chinese,showing long-term genetic stability in Han Chinese,at least since the Warring States period.展开更多
This article summarizes the collaboration between two historians of medicine on Sino-European medical exchanges.Gianna Pomata researches the history of medicine in early modern Europe and Marta Hanson researches the h...This article summarizes the collaboration between two historians of medicine on Sino-European medical exchanges.Gianna Pomata researches the history of medicine in early modern Europe and Marta Hanson researches the history of medicine in early modern China.The following covers the concept of epistemic genres that Pomata first developed out of her research on the history of the genres historia,observationes,recipes,medical cases,and the commentary in Europe.She connected these genres variously to empiricism,erudition,scientific observation,norm-making,and recording practice.The paper then evaluates how Pomata and Hanson used epistemic genres as a method for doing cross-cultural research on 17th-18th-century Sino-European medical exchanges.Pomata then wrote a comparative history of the medical case in Europe and China.The article concludes with how Hanson applied the distinction of epistemic genres to analyze the history of Chinese medicine from a new perspective.展开更多
The scholarship in modern China is closely related to Western sinology in terms of school ties.Gu Jiegang’s launching of the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement centered on the"theory of the accumul...The scholarship in modern China is closely related to Western sinology in terms of school ties.Gu Jiegang’s launching of the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement centered on the"theory of the accumulated creation of Chinese ancient history"was a representative example.At the beginning of the movement Hu Shi and Gu Jiegang proposed the notion that,"there was no history before the Eastern Zhou Dynasty"which was indebted to the historical skepticism by Philip Van Ness Myers(American scholar)and Friedrich Hirth(German sinologist)of the same period.The idea that"the Shang Dynasty is still in the late Stone Age"advocated by Hu and Gu was also directly influenced by J.G.Andersson’s An Early Chinese Culture.Conversely,American sinologist Arthur W.Hummel Sr played a key role in introducing and evaluating the first volume of Discussion of Ancient History to Western academia.Paradoxically,while Swedish sinologis Bernhard Karlgren wrote On the Authenticity and Nature of the Tso Chuan to refute Kang Youwei’s reinterpretation of Confucian Classics(The Forged Classics of the Wang Mang Period),his work however became of value for Chinese historic doubt scholars to reaffirm the value of New Text Confucianism and advance the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement.If we would like to choose a saying to describe the relationship between the"Discussion of Ancien History"movement and Western Sinology,the Chinese proverb,"Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade of this one,"may be an appropriate choice.展开更多
Education is an important condition for human beings to move from barbarism to civilization. People have put forward different opinions on "what is education" from ancient times to the present. This paper co...Education is an important condition for human beings to move from barbarism to civilization. People have put forward different opinions on "what is education" from ancient times to the present. This paper considers "what is education" from the perspective of history teaching in middle schools, briefly describes the connotation and essence of education and history education, and puts forward the challenges that history education is facing and the problems that we need in history education. It provides some references for history education in promoting national identity and national identity.展开更多
On the basis of morphological observations, life history and molecular phylogeny, Grateloupia yangjiangensis, which is similar to G. filicina, G. orientalis, G. catenata, and G. ramosissima in appearance, was re-exami...On the basis of morphological observations, life history and molecular phylogeny, Grateloupia yangjiangensis, which is similar to G. filicina, G. orientalis, G. catenata, and G. ramosissima in appearance, was re-examined. The results are as follows：（1） the auxiliary-cell ampullae of G. yangjiangensis were of Grateloupia type, thalli was fleshy and gelatinous in texture, and the erect axes were compressed; the cortex was 0.25–0.30 mm thick, consisting of five to seven outer layers, and there were five inner layers of triangular or stellate cells;（2） there was no filamentous stage in the development of the carpospores;（3） the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase gene（rbcL） sequence of four G. yangjiangensis examined showed that there was no intergeneric divergence among them, and for the phylogenetic tree, four sequences of G. yangjiangensis formed a single monophyletic subclade within the large Grateloupia clade of Halymeniaceae. In conclusion, G. yangjiangensis was a single species within the genus Grateloupia. This research provided criterion for identification and cultivation of G. yangjiangensis.展开更多
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases involving carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia which results from defects in insulin secretion, or action or b...Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases involving carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia which results from defects in insulin secretion, or action or both. Diabetes mellitus has been known since antiquity. Descriptions have been found in the Egyptian papyri, in ancient Indian and Chinese medical literature, as well as, in the work of ancient Greek and Arab physicians. In the 2^(nd) century AD Aretaeus of Cappadocia provided the first accurate description of diabetes, coining the term diabetes, while in 17^(th) century Thomas Willis added the term mellitus to the disease, in an attempt to describe the extremely sweet taste of the urine. The important work of the 19^(th) century French physiologist Claude Bernard, on the glycogenic action of the liver, paved the way for further progress in the study of the disease. In 1889, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering performed their famous experiment of removing the pancreas from a dog and producing severe and fatal diabetes. In 1921, Frederick Banting and Charles Best extended Minkowski's and Mering's experiment. They isolated insulin from pancreatic islets and administrated to patients suffering from type 1 diabetes, saving thus the lives of millions and inaugurating a new era in diabetes treatment.展开更多
1 Objects and their histories: unraveling the “black box”The history of object is a burgeoning field in contemporary historical studies. An object, like a “black box,” contains rich information that holds the secr...1 Objects and their histories: unraveling the “black box”The history of object is a burgeoning field in contemporary historical studies. An object, like a “black box,” contains rich information that holds the secret code for knowledge construction. Object is a multifaceted being, consisting of aspects like technology, institution, human–object relationship, and human–nature interaction. Medicine and food inform sophisticated questions about society and ideology.展开更多
This article investigates the word Du(毒)in premodern Chinese medicine and culture.It highlights the paradoxical meaning of the word that served as a foundation for the therapeutic use of poisons in traditional Chines...This article investigates the word Du(毒)in premodern Chinese medicine and culture.It highlights the paradoxical meaning of the word that served as a foundation for the therapeutic use of poisons in traditional Chinese medicine.The article then situates the study in a comparative framework.By comparing the Chinese notion of Du with the Greek concept of pharmakon,it demonstrates significant similarities on the medical use of poisons in the two cultures.It further identifies a striking difference:While the European pharmacy started to separate poisons from medicines in the medieval era,poisons remained an integral part of healing repertoire throughout imperial China.The article ends with offering some cultural explanations for this divergence,and more broadly,a distinct worldview as revealed by the intimate relationship between poisons and medicines in traditional Chinese pharmacy.展开更多
Plague is one of the severe infectious diseases which has had a huge impact on human society throughout history.Although there is abundant research on the disease,few studies focus on the concept of plague itself.It i...Plague is one of the severe infectious diseases which has had a huge impact on human society throughout history.Although there is abundant research on the disease,few studies focus on the concept of plague itself.It is generally believed that Shu Yi was first coined by Chinese doctors in the late 19th century,and it was closely related to the introduction of new medicine.This statement is not accurate,because plague was prevalent in Yunnan and Guangdong provinces in the late Qing Dynasty.At that time,people had already recognized the relationship between the outbreak of plague and the death of rats,and gradually named the epidemic disease as Shu Yi.This name was used by literati and doctors by coincidence.As the epidemic became more and more serious,more related works were widely disseminated,and Shu Yi changed from a folk name to a formal name.Later,with the help of the government’s active introduction of modern health and epidemic prevention mechanisms and the implementation of rodent control measures,Shu Yi became more popular and gradually recognized by all walks of society.The emergence and prevalence of Shu Yi created the history of zoonosis in China,and thus formed a new paradigm of naming human epidemics after related animal names.展开更多
Urbanization brings new selection pressures to wildlife living in cities,and changes in the life-history traits of urban species can reflect their responses to such pressures.To date,most of the studies investigating ...Urbanization brings new selection pressures to wildlife living in cities,and changes in the life-history traits of urban species can reflect their responses to such pressures.To date,most of the studies investigating the impacts of urbanization on avian life-history traits are conducted in Europe and North America,while such studies are often lacking in quickly developing countries in Asia(e.g.,China).In this study,we examined the variations in reproductive life-history traits of Chinese Bulbuls(Pycnonotus sinensis)along the urbanization gradient in Hangzhou,China.We detected 234 natural nests of Chinese Bulbuls and continuously monitored them in two continuous breeding seasons from 2012 to 2013.We collected data on seven life-history traits(laying date,incubation period,nestling period,clutch size,egg volume,hatching success rate,and fledging success rate).We used infrared cameras to record the number of feedings per hour as the measure of food resources for the nestlings.We measured nest predation pressure by monitoring 148 natural breeding nests during breeding seasons and 54 artificial nests immediately after breeding seasons.We then calculated the urbanization synthetic index(USI)as a measure of the level of urbanization and examined its relationship with the seven life-history traits.We found that Chinese Bulbuls laid eggs significantly earlier with increasing USI.However,the other six life-history traits did not vary significantly with the USI.Moreover,the feeding frequency of chicks increased significantly with the USI,but the nest predation pressure of Chinese Bulbuls decreased significantly with the USI.Increased food resources and reduced nest predation pressure in cities may lead to earlier laying date of Chinese Bulbuls.Further study should test whether the earlier laying date of Chinese Bulbuls is the result of phenotypic plasticity or genetic change.展开更多
This paper offers a study of J.L.Lagrange's research on history of mathematics,aiming to clarify Lagrange's intention in carrying out historical work.To this end,I first document how Lagrange worked with and e...This paper offers a study of J.L.Lagrange's research on history of mathematics,aiming to clarify Lagrange's intention in carrying out historical work.To this end,I first document how Lagrange worked with and exerted his influence on other scholars in the translation and diffusion of ancient Greek texts.Second,investigating Lagrange's style in doing and writing history of mathematics,this paper takes a new perspective and elucidates his motivation in these activities.In particular,it focuses on Lagrange's presentation of the history of calculus while he was teaching analysis at the Ecole Polytechnique(1795-1799)so as to clarify the function of history in Lagrange's mathematical works.My thesis is that Lagrange's intention in examining the different methods employed by his predecessors was to find inspiration and useful contents in his search for the proper approach to mathematical problems.I thus argue in this paper that history served as a guide or methodology for Lagrange's mathematics.Meanwhile,through an analysis of his historical writing,this paper points to four epistemological values according to which Lagrange judged various historical methods of differential calculus:generality,simplicity,clarity,and rigor.Lagrange's move to rigorize analysis was connected to his interest in and research of Greek texts;he was attempting to introduce the rigor of the ancient Greeks'demonstration in his works of analysis.展开更多
Zoo-archaeological and genetic evidence suggest that pigs were domesticated independently in Central China and Eastern Anatolia along with the development of agricultural communities and civilizations.However,the gene...Zoo-archaeological and genetic evidence suggest that pigs were domesticated independently in Central China and Eastern Anatolia along with the development of agricultural communities and civilizations.However,the genetic history of domestic pigs,especially in China,has not been fully explored.In this study,we generate 42 complete mitochondrial DNA sequences from~7500-to 2750-year-old individuals from the Yellow River basin.Our results show that the maternal genetic continuity of East Asian domestic pigs dates back to at least the Early to Middle Neolithic.In contrast,the Near Eastern ancestry in European domestic pigs saw a near-complete genomic replacement by the European wild boar.The majority of East Asian domestic pigs share close haplotypes,and the most recent common ancestor of most branches dates back to less than 20,000 years before present,inferred using new substitution rates of whole mitogenomes or combined protein-coding regions.Two major population expansion events of East Asian domestic pigs coincided with changes in climate,widespread adoption of introduced crops,and the development of agrarian societies.These findings add to our understanding of the maternal genetic composition and help to complete the picture of domestic pig evolutionary history in East Asia.展开更多
Historical geographic information system construction echoes the call of academic development in the information era and demonstrates the in-depth advancement of history studies. In recent years, an increasing number ...Historical geographic information system construction echoes the call of academic development in the information era and demonstrates the in-depth advancement of history studies. In recent years, an increasing number of data platforms have been built to facilitate historical information storage, display, management and analysis. In such a context, the geographic information system(GIS) begins to contribute to the study of Chinese history. Its contribution is highlighted in nine areas: historical climate, fluvial landforms, town economies, rural settlements, hydraulic societies, environmental changes, ancient cities, ancient maps and HGIS-enabled research methods. The application of GIS to the study of Chinese history initiates a reform in research methods and at the same time upgrades the philosophy of history studies, facilitating the utilization of a diversity of historical data(documents, ancient maps, remote-sensing images, archaeological information, etc.) for dynamic tracing and multi-factor comprehensive research. At present, restricted by traditional disciplinary boundaries, the construction of HGIS platforms remains slow and insufficient, making it difficult to extensively apply GIS to the study of Chinese history.展开更多
Chinese science and technology have interacted with other cultural traditions,both directly and indirectly,for thousands of years.The ongoing discussions of“Silk Road,”or rather“Silk Roads”are emblematic of knowle...Chinese science and technology have interacted with other cultural traditions,both directly and indirectly,for thousands of years.The ongoing discussions of“Silk Road,”or rather“Silk Roads”are emblematic of knowledge dissemination and the global connectivity of Chinese society.Modern Chinese science and technology can be understood as the product of practical,technical and theoretical knowledge developments in China,and an exchange with Western learning and other knowledge traditions.The distinctive history of Chinese science and technology can help us to understand how science and technology emerges and evolves and how it is communicated in globalization processes.Historical sources and new archaeological discoveries in China have been intensively studied since the beginning of the twentieth century.The results of this research,however,have been published mainly in Chinese,so that the vast majority of results and historical data remain unknown to the international community.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2024YFA0917200)the Projects of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(Grant No.BB2110240093)World Medical History under the Education Innovation Plan of the University of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2024YCHX07).
文摘Background:With the rapid development of modern emerging technologies,the ethical dilemmas and social controversies triggered by scientific and technological activities have become increasingly prominent.How to guide technology for good and prevent and control technological risks has become an important issue of global concern.Research on science and technology ethics is dedicated to integrating ethical theories into governance practices and constructing ethical models that adapt to the development of the times.Methods:This article systematically reviews the six core approaches of scientific and technological ethics thought,including technological autonomy and political philosophy criticism,responsibility ethics and intergenerational obligations,technological intermediation and the integration of life and the world,ethical principles and normative frameworks,participatory governance and ethical practice innovation,as well as domain-specific ethical norms,thereby constructing an ethical analysis framework applicable to medical technology risks.And cross-analysis was conducted by taking medical events such as gene editing and xenotransplantation as examples.Results:Research shows that a single ethical approach has limitations in addressing complex medical ethical challenges,while the six approaches are complementary and synergistic.By criticizing technological autonomy,establishing a responsibility ethics orientation,setting the bottom line of ethical principles,promoting participatory governance,formulating domain norms,and continuously reflecting on the intermediary nature of technology,a multi-level and dynamically adaptive governance system for scientific and technological ethics can be constructed.Conclusion:The key to addressing contemporary medical ethics challenges lies in the comprehensive application of science and technology ethics theories and the integration of ethical considerations throughout the entire process of scientific and technological research and development.In the future,a governance framework that adapts to the development of new technologies should be established to promote cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary ethical dialogue and public participation,ensuring that scientific and technological innovation always serves the dignity of human life and overall well-being.
基金The National Key R&D project granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology(2024YFA0917200)Digital Museum Construction Project of Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention(BB2110240080)Science Communication Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CX2090000008).
文摘Background:The advent of the self-media age,digital humanities,and artificial intelligence(AI)technologies is gradually reshaping the narrative frameworks of the history of science and technology in general and the history of medicine in particular,as it transforms the specific shape of contemporary medical science and health communication practice with the help of interactive,scenario-based communication ecosystems.Methods:This paper focuses on the interactive relationship between the history of science and science communication,employing historical tracing and case study comparison as research methods to explore the pathways and innovative models for reintegrating the history of science and technology including the history of medicine into contemporary scientific discourse.Results:The study finds that in the Chinese context,three key pathways facilitate the engagement of the history of science and technology including the history of medicine in science communication:administrative intervention,value reconstruction,and personalized adaptation.Specifically,administrative intervention promotes the integration of the history of science education into talent development through policy design;value reconstruction,centered on the scientific spirit,enhances societal cultural recognition of technological progress;and personalized adaptation leverages big data and social media technologies to enable precise and tailored knowledge dissemination.Conclusion:The rise of the“web-based knowledge brokering model”in the era of social media has introduced professional knowledge brokers,ensuring the accuracy and accessibility of science communication.These innovations not only serve as decision-making simulation tools for medical science and health communication,linking historical insights with contemporary practice,but also provide theoretical foundations and practical paradigms for realizing the value of the history of science and technology in the digital era.
文摘From a very early period,the Chinese already vaguely sensed that the cultivation of crops required an intricate system.The third century BCE work Master Lü’s Spring and Autumn Annals(Lüshi chunqiu吕氏春秋)states that crops were fed by heaven and raised by earth,and that harvests depended on the farmers who worked the land.Therefore,these three elements,that is,heaven,earth,and farmers,together with crops,jointly constituted a complex community.According to the ancient Chinese,moving a crop away from its native place could bring huge benefits to the new area to which the crop was moved.When writing and compiling Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture(Nongsang jiyao农桑辑要),the officials of the Agricultural Extension Bureau司农司in the Yuan dynasty(1271–1368)excitedly noted the changes brought about by non-native crops to the agriculture of the Central Plains of China中原:“Ramie(Boehmeria nivea)is a crop native to southern China,while cotton(Gossypium herbaceum)comes from the Western Regions西域.In recent years,nevertheless,ramie has been introduced to Henan,while cotton has started to be planted in Shaanxi.The two crops thrive and show no difference from local crops.Farmers in the two regions benefit a lot therefrom”(Agricultural Extension Bureau 1888,juan 2:21).
文摘The article reviews the history and scientific contributions of the soil zoology school at Moscow Pedagogical State University,founded by Academician Mercury Sergeevich Gilyarov and led by Professor Nina Mikhailovna Chernova.A key theoretical contribution from this school was the development of succession theory,which describes changes in soil invertebrate communities during plant litter decomposition.The school’s primary research focus has been on soil microarthropods,particularly springtails(Collembola)and mites—groups that are crucial for soil fertility and bioindication yet remain understudied.We trace the school’s progress in the taxonomy,faunistic studies,and ecology of soil invertebrates,emphasizing its foundation in field studies and laboratory experiments.Though its development was further strengthened through national and international collaborations,many of N.M.Chernova’s seminal ideas are not widely known outside Russia due to language barriers and limited access to publications.Her students continue to address this issue while advancing the study of soil zoology,ecology,and its history.
基金funded by the Shandong Province Humanities and Social Sciences Project“Sorting and Research on Human Bones of Han Dynasty Excavated from the Medical Center Cemetery in Linzi”granted to Zhigang Wu(2022-JCLS-12)the National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFC3303701-02)+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270667)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2023J06013)the Major Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China granted to Chuan-Chao Wang(21&ZD285)Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at Fudan University(No.SKLGE-2310)Open Research Fund of Forensic Genetics Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Public Security(2023FGKFKT07)Major Special Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education(2022JZDZ023).
文摘Shandong province,located in the Lower Yellow River,is one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese civilization.However,the comprehensive genetic histories of this region have remained largely unknown until now due to a lack of ancient human genomes.Here,we present 21 ancient genomes from Shandong dating from the Warring States period to the Northern Dynasties.Unlike the early Neolithic samples from Shandong,the historical samples are most closely related to post-Late Neolithic populations of the Middle Yellow River Basin,suggesting a population turnover in Shandong from the Neolithic Age to the Historical era.In addition,we detect a close genetic affinity between the historical samples in Shandong and present-day Han Chinese,showing long-term genetic stability in Han Chinese,at least since the Warring States period.
基金Max Planck Institute for the History of Science,Berlin,Germany。
文摘This article summarizes the collaboration between two historians of medicine on Sino-European medical exchanges.Gianna Pomata researches the history of medicine in early modern Europe and Marta Hanson researches the history of medicine in early modern China.The following covers the concept of epistemic genres that Pomata first developed out of her research on the history of the genres historia,observationes,recipes,medical cases,and the commentary in Europe.She connected these genres variously to empiricism,erudition,scientific observation,norm-making,and recording practice.The paper then evaluates how Pomata and Hanson used epistemic genres as a method for doing cross-cultural research on 17th-18th-century Sino-European medical exchanges.Pomata then wrote a comparative history of the medical case in Europe and China.The article concludes with how Hanson applied the distinction of epistemic genres to analyze the history of Chinese medicine from a new perspective.
文摘The scholarship in modern China is closely related to Western sinology in terms of school ties.Gu Jiegang’s launching of the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement centered on the"theory of the accumulated creation of Chinese ancient history"was a representative example.At the beginning of the movement Hu Shi and Gu Jiegang proposed the notion that,"there was no history before the Eastern Zhou Dynasty"which was indebted to the historical skepticism by Philip Van Ness Myers(American scholar)and Friedrich Hirth(German sinologist)of the same period.The idea that"the Shang Dynasty is still in the late Stone Age"advocated by Hu and Gu was also directly influenced by J.G.Andersson’s An Early Chinese Culture.Conversely,American sinologist Arthur W.Hummel Sr played a key role in introducing and evaluating the first volume of Discussion of Ancient History to Western academia.Paradoxically,while Swedish sinologis Bernhard Karlgren wrote On the Authenticity and Nature of the Tso Chuan to refute Kang Youwei’s reinterpretation of Confucian Classics(The Forged Classics of the Wang Mang Period),his work however became of value for Chinese historic doubt scholars to reaffirm the value of New Text Confucianism and advance the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement.If we would like to choose a saying to describe the relationship between the"Discussion of Ancien History"movement and Western Sinology,the Chinese proverb,"Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade of this one,"may be an appropriate choice.
文摘Education is an important condition for human beings to move from barbarism to civilization. People have put forward different opinions on "what is education" from ancient times to the present. This paper considers "what is education" from the perspective of history teaching in middle schools, briefly describes the connotation and essence of education and history education, and puts forward the challenges that history education is facing and the problems that we need in history education. It provides some references for history education in promoting national identity and national identity.
基金The general program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under contract Nos 30870161 and 31270251
文摘On the basis of morphological observations, life history and molecular phylogeny, Grateloupia yangjiangensis, which is similar to G. filicina, G. orientalis, G. catenata, and G. ramosissima in appearance, was re-examined. The results are as follows：（1） the auxiliary-cell ampullae of G. yangjiangensis were of Grateloupia type, thalli was fleshy and gelatinous in texture, and the erect axes were compressed; the cortex was 0.25–0.30 mm thick, consisting of five to seven outer layers, and there were five inner layers of triangular or stellate cells;（2） there was no filamentous stage in the development of the carpospores;（3） the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase gene（rbcL） sequence of four G. yangjiangensis examined showed that there was no intergeneric divergence among them, and for the phylogenetic tree, four sequences of G. yangjiangensis formed a single monophyletic subclade within the large Grateloupia clade of Halymeniaceae. In conclusion, G. yangjiangensis was a single species within the genus Grateloupia. This research provided criterion for identification and cultivation of G. yangjiangensis.
文摘Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases involving carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia which results from defects in insulin secretion, or action or both. Diabetes mellitus has been known since antiquity. Descriptions have been found in the Egyptian papyri, in ancient Indian and Chinese medical literature, as well as, in the work of ancient Greek and Arab physicians. In the 2^(nd) century AD Aretaeus of Cappadocia provided the first accurate description of diabetes, coining the term diabetes, while in 17^(th) century Thomas Willis added the term mellitus to the disease, in an attempt to describe the extremely sweet taste of the urine. The important work of the 19^(th) century French physiologist Claude Bernard, on the glycogenic action of the liver, paved the way for further progress in the study of the disease. In 1889, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering performed their famous experiment of removing the pancreas from a dog and producing severe and fatal diabetes. In 1921, Frederick Banting and Charles Best extended Minkowski's and Mering's experiment. They isolated insulin from pancreatic islets and administrated to patients suffering from type 1 diabetes, saving thus the lives of millions and inaugurating a new era in diabetes treatment.
文摘1 Objects and their histories: unraveling the “black box”The history of object is a burgeoning field in contemporary historical studies. An object, like a “black box,” contains rich information that holds the secret code for knowledge construction. Object is a multifaceted being, consisting of aspects like technology, institution, human–object relationship, and human–nature interaction. Medicine and food inform sophisticated questions about society and ideology.
文摘This article investigates the word Du(毒)in premodern Chinese medicine and culture.It highlights the paradoxical meaning of the word that served as a foundation for the therapeutic use of poisons in traditional Chinese medicine.The article then situates the study in a comparative framework.By comparing the Chinese notion of Du with the Greek concept of pharmakon,it demonstrates significant similarities on the medical use of poisons in the two cultures.It further identifies a striking difference:While the European pharmacy started to separate poisons from medicines in the medieval era,poisons remained an integral part of healing repertoire throughout imperial China.The article ends with offering some cultural explanations for this divergence,and more broadly,a distinct worldview as revealed by the intimate relationship between poisons and medicines in traditional Chinese pharmacy.
基金funded by the National Social Science Fund of China(No.18ZDA175)。
文摘Plague is one of the severe infectious diseases which has had a huge impact on human society throughout history.Although there is abundant research on the disease,few studies focus on the concept of plague itself.It is generally believed that Shu Yi was first coined by Chinese doctors in the late 19th century,and it was closely related to the introduction of new medicine.This statement is not accurate,because plague was prevalent in Yunnan and Guangdong provinces in the late Qing Dynasty.At that time,people had already recognized the relationship between the outbreak of plague and the death of rats,and gradually named the epidemic disease as Shu Yi.This name was used by literati and doctors by coincidence.As the epidemic became more and more serious,more related works were widely disseminated,and Shu Yi changed from a folk name to a formal name.Later,with the help of the government’s active introduction of modern health and epidemic prevention mechanisms and the implementation of rodent control measures,Shu Yi became more popular and gradually recognized by all walks of society.The emergence and prevalence of Shu Yi created the history of zoonosis in China,and thus formed a new paradigm of naming human epidemics after related animal names.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271743,31971545,31071908)。
文摘Urbanization brings new selection pressures to wildlife living in cities,and changes in the life-history traits of urban species can reflect their responses to such pressures.To date,most of the studies investigating the impacts of urbanization on avian life-history traits are conducted in Europe and North America,while such studies are often lacking in quickly developing countries in Asia(e.g.,China).In this study,we examined the variations in reproductive life-history traits of Chinese Bulbuls(Pycnonotus sinensis)along the urbanization gradient in Hangzhou,China.We detected 234 natural nests of Chinese Bulbuls and continuously monitored them in two continuous breeding seasons from 2012 to 2013.We collected data on seven life-history traits(laying date,incubation period,nestling period,clutch size,egg volume,hatching success rate,and fledging success rate).We used infrared cameras to record the number of feedings per hour as the measure of food resources for the nestlings.We measured nest predation pressure by monitoring 148 natural breeding nests during breeding seasons and 54 artificial nests immediately after breeding seasons.We then calculated the urbanization synthetic index(USI)as a measure of the level of urbanization and examined its relationship with the seven life-history traits.We found that Chinese Bulbuls laid eggs significantly earlier with increasing USI.However,the other six life-history traits did not vary significantly with the USI.Moreover,the feeding frequency of chicks increased significantly with the USI,but the nest predation pressure of Chinese Bulbuls decreased significantly with the USI.Increased food resources and reduced nest predation pressure in cities may lead to earlier laying date of Chinese Bulbuls.Further study should test whether the earlier laying date of Chinese Bulbuls is the result of phenotypic plasticity or genetic change.
文摘This paper offers a study of J.L.Lagrange's research on history of mathematics,aiming to clarify Lagrange's intention in carrying out historical work.To this end,I first document how Lagrange worked with and exerted his influence on other scholars in the translation and diffusion of ancient Greek texts.Second,investigating Lagrange's style in doing and writing history of mathematics,this paper takes a new perspective and elucidates his motivation in these activities.In particular,it focuses on Lagrange's presentation of the history of calculus while he was teaching analysis at the Ecole Polytechnique(1795-1799)so as to clarify the function of history in Lagrange's mathematical works.My thesis is that Lagrange's intention in examining the different methods employed by his predecessors was to find inspiration and useful contents in his search for the proper approach to mathematical problems.I thus argue in this paper that history served as a guide or methodology for Lagrange's mathematics.Meanwhile,through an analysis of his historical writing,this paper points to four epistemological values according to which Lagrange judged various historical methods of differential calculus:generality,simplicity,clarity,and rigor.Lagrange's move to rigorize analysis was connected to his interest in and research of Greek texts;he was attempting to introduce the rigor of the ancient Greeks'demonstration in his works of analysis.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS,XDB26000000)the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China(YSBR019)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41925009)the Tencent Foundation(through the XPLORER PRIZE)the Howard Hughes Medical Institute(grant 55008731)the Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute。
文摘Zoo-archaeological and genetic evidence suggest that pigs were domesticated independently in Central China and Eastern Anatolia along with the development of agricultural communities and civilizations.However,the genetic history of domestic pigs,especially in China,has not been fully explored.In this study,we generate 42 complete mitochondrial DNA sequences from~7500-to 2750-year-old individuals from the Yellow River basin.Our results show that the maternal genetic continuity of East Asian domestic pigs dates back to at least the Early to Middle Neolithic.In contrast,the Near Eastern ancestry in European domestic pigs saw a near-complete genomic replacement by the European wild boar.The majority of East Asian domestic pigs share close haplotypes,and the most recent common ancestor of most branches dates back to less than 20,000 years before present,inferred using new substitution rates of whole mitogenomes or combined protein-coding regions.Two major population expansion events of East Asian domestic pigs coincided with changes in climate,widespread adoption of introduced crops,and the development of agrarian societies.These findings add to our understanding of the maternal genetic composition and help to complete the picture of domestic pig evolutionary history in East Asia.
基金a staged research result of “Silk Road-themed Historical Geographic Information System Construction”(14ZDB031)a major program funded by National Social Sciences Fund
文摘Historical geographic information system construction echoes the call of academic development in the information era and demonstrates the in-depth advancement of history studies. In recent years, an increasing number of data platforms have been built to facilitate historical information storage, display, management and analysis. In such a context, the geographic information system(GIS) begins to contribute to the study of Chinese history. Its contribution is highlighted in nine areas: historical climate, fluvial landforms, town economies, rural settlements, hydraulic societies, environmental changes, ancient cities, ancient maps and HGIS-enabled research methods. The application of GIS to the study of Chinese history initiates a reform in research methods and at the same time upgrades the philosophy of history studies, facilitating the utilization of a diversity of historical data(documents, ancient maps, remote-sensing images, archaeological information, etc.) for dynamic tracing and multi-factor comprehensive research. At present, restricted by traditional disciplinary boundaries, the construction of HGIS platforms remains slow and insufficient, making it difficult to extensively apply GIS to the study of Chinese history.
文摘Chinese science and technology have interacted with other cultural traditions,both directly and indirectly,for thousands of years.The ongoing discussions of“Silk Road,”or rather“Silk Roads”are emblematic of knowledge dissemination and the global connectivity of Chinese society.Modern Chinese science and technology can be understood as the product of practical,technical and theoretical knowledge developments in China,and an exchange with Western learning and other knowledge traditions.The distinctive history of Chinese science and technology can help us to understand how science and technology emerges and evolves and how it is communicated in globalization processes.Historical sources and new archaeological discoveries in China have been intensively studied since the beginning of the twentieth century.The results of this research,however,have been published mainly in Chinese,so that the vast majority of results and historical data remain unknown to the international community.
