Microplastics(MPs)have garnered significant international scrutiny as an emerging environmental pollutant,constituting one of the four principal global environmental threats and posing potential health hazards to huma...Microplastics(MPs)have garnered significant international scrutiny as an emerging environmental pollutant,constituting one of the four principal global environmental threats and posing potential health hazards to humans.However,data on the impact of MPs on the early life of the commercially important fish remain limited.In this study,polystyrene microspheres(PS-MPs)(1 and 5μm)were used to investigate the effects of MPs on the growth,development,and metabolism in early life stages of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea.Results indicate that MPs were enriched in the gastrointestinal tract and gills of the fish.In addition,PS-MPs(1μm)exhibited no obvious effects on embryo hatching and heart rates,while increased the mortality rate(23.00%vs.control 14.99%)and decreased the body length(4098.61±447.03μm vs.control with 2827.04±254.75μm)of the larvae at the highest exposure concentration(5×10^(4)items/L).Metabolomics analysis revealed that PS-MPs(5μm)induced mild perturbations in phospholipid metabolism,specifically alterations in phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)levels.These changes influenced the cell membranes of juvenile fish,and consequently elicited inflammatory responses,disrupted lipid homeostasis,and affected other critical physiological processes.Ultimately,these effects may avoid the growth retardation and potential mortality.Therefore,PS-MPs could affect negatively the fish health in the early life stage,which has implications for aquatic ecosystems.展开更多
To evaluate the frequency of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)CagA antibodies in H.pylori infected subjects and to identify potential histopathological and bacterial factors related to H.pylori CagA-immune response.METHOD...To evaluate the frequency of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)CagA antibodies in H.pylori infected subjects and to identify potential histopathological and bacterial factors related to H.pylori CagA-immune response.METHODSSystematic data to H.pylori isolates,blood samples,gastric biopsies for histological and molecular analyses were available from 99 prospectively recruited subjects.Serological profile(anti-H.pylori,anti-CagA)was correlated with H.pylori isolates(cagA,EPIYA,vacA s/m genotype),histology(Sydney classification)and mucosal interleukin-8(IL-8)mRNA and protein expression.Selected H.pylori strains were assessed for H.pylori CagA protein expression and IL-8 induction in co-cultivation model with AGS cells.RESULTSThirty point three percent of microbiologically confirmed H.pylori infected patients were seropositive for CagA.Majority of H.pylori isolates were cagA gene positive(93.9%)with following vacA polymorphisms:42.4%vacA s1m1,23.2%s1m2 and 34.3%s2m2.Anti-CagA-IgG seropositivity was strongly associated with atrophic gastritis,increased mucosal inflammation according to the Sydney score,IL-8 and cagA mRNA expression.VacA s and m polymorphisms were the major determinants for positive(vacA s1m1)or negative(vacA s2m2)anti-CagA serological immune response,which also correlated with the in vitro inflammatory potential in AGS cells.In vitro co-cultivation of representative H.pylori strains with AGS cells confirmed functional CagA translocation,which showed only partial correlation with CagA seropositivity in patients,supporting vacA as major co-determinant of the immune response.CONCLUSIONSerological immune response to H.pylori cagA+strain in H.pylori infected patients is strongly associated with vacA polymorphism,suggesting the crucial role of bacterial factors in immune and clinical phenotype of the infection.展开更多
Three striking and impactful extreme cold weather events successively occurred across East Asia and North America during the mid-winter of 2020/21.These events open a new window to detect possible underlying physical ...Three striking and impactful extreme cold weather events successively occurred across East Asia and North America during the mid-winter of 2020/21.These events open a new window to detect possible underlying physical processes.The analysis here indicates that the occurrences of the three events resulted from integrated effects of a concurrence of anomalous thermal conditions in three oceans and interactive Arctic-lower latitude atmospheric circulation processes,which were linked and influenced by one major sudden stratospheric warming(SSW).The North Atlantic warm blob initiated an increased poleward transient eddy heat flux,reducing the Barents-Kara seas sea ice over a warmed ocean and disrupting the stratospheric polar vortex(SPV)to induce the major SSW.The Rossby wave trains excited by the North Atlantic warm blob and the tropical Pacific La Nina interacted with the Arctic tropospheric circulation anomalies or the tropospheric polar vortex to provide dynamic settings,steering cold polar air outbreaks.The long memory of the retreated sea ice with the underlying warm ocean and the amplified tropospheric blocking highs from the midlatitudes to the Arctic intermittently fueled the increased transient eddy heat flux to sustain the SSW over a long time period.The displaced or split SPV centers associated with the SSW played crucial roles in substantially intensifying the tropospheric circulation anomalies and moving the jet stream to the far south to cause cold air outbreaks to a rarely observed extreme state.The results have significant implications for increasing prediction skill and improving policy decision making to enhance resilience in“One Health,One Future”.展开更多
Poor recovery of neuronal functions is one of the most common healthcare challenges for patients with different types of brain injuries and/or neurodegenerative diseases.Therapeutic interventions face two major challe...Poor recovery of neuronal functions is one of the most common healthcare challenges for patients with different types of brain injuries and/or neurodegenerative diseases.Therapeutic interventions face two major challenges:(1)How to generate neurons de novo to replenish the neuronal loss caused by injuries or neurodegeneration(restorative neurogenesis)and(2)How to prevent or limit the secondary tissue damage caused by long-term accumulation of glial cells,including microglia,at injury site(glial scar).In contrast to mammals,zebrafish have extensive regenerative capacity in numerous vital organs,including the brain,thus making them a valuable model to improve the existing therapeutic approaches for human brain repair.In response to injuries to the central nervous system(CNS),zebrafish have developed specific mechanisms to promote the recovery of the lost tissue architecture and functionality of the damaged CNS.These mechanisms include the activation of a restorative neurogenic program in a specific set of glial cells(ependymoglia)and the resolution of both the glial scar and inflammation,thus enabling proper neuronal specification and survival.In this review,we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the regenerative ability in the adult zebrafish brain and conclude with the potential applicability of these mechanisms in repair of the mammalian CNS.展开更多
The organic matter (OM) preserved in Arctic Ocean sediments is of great importance to the global carbon budget. How-ever, works that apply multiple proxies to determine the distribution and concentration of organic ca...The organic matter (OM) preserved in Arctic Ocean sediments is of great importance to the global carbon budget. How-ever, works that apply multiple proxies to determine the distribution and concentration of organic carbon (OC) in the surface sedi-ments of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas remain limited. Here a multiproxy approach based on bulk OM parameters and the branched vs. isoprenoid tetraether (BIT) index was used to investigate the distribution and sources of OM in the surface sediments of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. Binary and ternary mixing models were applied to trace the contribution of different OC sources to the total OC in the study area. The δ13C values of the sediments provided by the binary model showed that the proportion of terrestrial OC fell in the range of 27.4%–79.8% (46.2% on average). The BIT index returned the lowest fraction (4.8%–27.3%, 12.0% on average). The ternary mixing model was employed to determine the plant-, soil-, and marine-derived fractions of the total OM. The ternary model showed that 11.5%±6.3%, 31.4%±9.5%, and 57.1%±12.4% of OM in the sediment of the study area was derived from soil, plants, and marine sources, respectively. The differences in OM composition between the west and east sides of the Chukchi Sea were controlled by OM inputs from key water masses (i.e., Anadyr Water and Alaska Coastal Water), river discharge, and the nutrient supply from the Pacific inflow that supports marine productivity.展开更多
Expansion of cropland involves immense land use changes,and the resulting intensified management practices have a strong influence on the functioning of the underlying soil.For instance,increased application of nitrog...Expansion of cropland involves immense land use changes,and the resulting intensified management practices have a strong influence on the functioning of the underlying soil.For instance,increased application of nitrogen(N)fertilizer is known to enhance fluxes of nitrous oxide(N2O)from the soil to the atmosphere.The emission factor(EF)proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)assumes a linear relationship between added N and N2O-N fluxes,but it does not account for environmental factors,such as soil properties or climate.Due to the high spatial and temporal variability of N2O-N fluxes,mechanistic models are preferable in terms of extrapolation to larger scales.In this study,we evaluated simulated N2O-N fluxes from soils under agricultural use in the Brazilian state,Mato Grosso,using the CANDY(Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics)model.A control tool was developed in order to enable the simulation of 1650 scenarios covering different sites(soil+climate)and management regimes(crop rotation+amount of applied fertilizer+sowing and harvesting dates).Results suggested that the sites had a very strong influence on calculated emissions,which is not accounted for by static EF.Furthermore,most fertilizer-induced N2O-N fluxes derived from the scenario simulations were best described by a non-linear function.For sounder budgeting on the federal and national scale,there is still a strong need for long-term observations of continuous crop rotations and spatial distribution of soil types and their specific characteristics.The presented results provide a valuable starting point for developing further scenario simulations and adapting experimental campaigns for N2O emission study.展开更多
In this paper,we consider the use of blind deconvolution for optoacoustic(photoacoustic)imaging and investigate the performance of the method as means for increasing the resolution of the reconstructed image beyond th...In this paper,we consider the use of blind deconvolution for optoacoustic(photoacoustic)imaging and investigate the performance of the method as means for increasing the resolution of the reconstructed image beyond the physical restrictions of the system.The method is demonstrated with optoacoustic measurement obtained from six-day-old mice,imaged in the near-infrared using a broadband hydrophone in a circular scanning configuration.Wefind that estimates of the unknown point spread function,achieved by blind deconvolution,improve the resolution and contrast in the images and show promise for enhancing optoacoustic images.展开更多
The photodegradation of mefenpyrdiethyl （MFD）, an herbicide safener, was investigated in aqueous suspensions by using Degussa P-25 and Hombikat UV100 titanium oxide under simulated sunlight irradiation. The effects ...The photodegradation of mefenpyrdiethyl （MFD）, an herbicide safener, was investigated in aqueous suspensions by using Degussa P-25 and Hombikat UV100 titanium oxide under simulated sunlight irradiation. The effects of initial concentration of the herbicide, pH, catalysts and hydrogen peroxide doses as well as their combinations were studied and optimized. Accordingly, the kinetic parameters were determined and the effectiveness of the processes was assessed by calculating the rate constants. A pseudo first-order kinetics was observed. Under experimental conditions, the degradation rate constants were strongly influenced using P-25 and no noticeable effect was observed for Hombikat UV100. DFT calculations with B3LYP/6-311＋G（2d,p）//B3LYP/6-31＋G（d,p） level of theory were performed to check whether significant conformational changes occur when the charge state of the MFD substrate changes and whether these changes could play a role in the dependency of photodegradation rate constant on the studied pH. High resolution mass spectrometry （FT-ICR/MS） was implemented to identify the main degradation products.展开更多
1.Introduction The availability of reliable information describing our natural and anthropogenic environment—and its changes in particular—is crucial for understanding the complexity of structures and processes with...1.Introduction The availability of reliable information describing our natural and anthropogenic environment—and its changes in particular—is crucial for understanding the complexity of structures and processes within environmental systems.Modern remote sensing and monitoring methods provide an increasing amount of environmental data that can be used for a variety of management purposes[1,2].展开更多
Understanding crust-mantle recycling through time,especially into the Archean,is crucial for understanding how the crust has grown from the mantle,and in turn how crustal material returned to the mantle alters the man...Understanding crust-mantle recycling through time,especially into the Archean,is crucial for understanding how the crust has grown from the mantle,and in turn how crustal material returned to the mantle alters the mantle reservoir.Recycling of crustal material,such as C-H-O-NS-P are especially important for understanding how processes such as subduction,melting,volcanism,and the release of volatiles have regulated climate and life on Earth over billions of years.展开更多
Knowledge of the crustal structure is the key for understanding physical and chemical conditions of its formation and later modification by geodynamic processes.It has long been recognized that crustal structure is co...Knowledge of the crustal structure is the key for understanding physical and chemical conditions of its formation and later modification by geodynamic processes.It has long been recognized that crustal structure is controlled by tectonic settings,and that the crustal thickness is one of the most important parameters that reflects the geodynamic origin of the crust.A long tectonic life of continental crust leads to its significant reworking by plate tectonics processes and crust-mantle interaction,which include mechanical extension.展开更多
Antarctica has traditionally been considered continental inside the coastline of ice and bedrock.In our recent study(Artemieva and Thybo,2020)we reconsider the conventional extent of this continent and demonstrate tha...Antarctica has traditionally been considered continental inside the coastline of ice and bedrock.In our recent study(Artemieva and Thybo,2020)we reconsider the conventional extent of this continent and demonstrate that 1/3 of Antarctica is not a continent.Here we present a brief summary of our results.展开更多
基金Supported by the Pioneer and Leading Goose R&D Program of Zhejiang(No.2023C03130)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFD0901101)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42076169)the Oceanic Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(Nos.SL2022ZD203,SL2022MS012)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Founds for Distinguished Young Scientists(No.LR21D060001)the State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics(No.SOEDZZ1902)the ChinaAPEC Cooperation Fund(No.2029901)。
文摘Microplastics(MPs)have garnered significant international scrutiny as an emerging environmental pollutant,constituting one of the four principal global environmental threats and posing potential health hazards to humans.However,data on the impact of MPs on the early life of the commercially important fish remain limited.In this study,polystyrene microspheres(PS-MPs)(1 and 5μm)were used to investigate the effects of MPs on the growth,development,and metabolism in early life stages of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea.Results indicate that MPs were enriched in the gastrointestinal tract and gills of the fish.In addition,PS-MPs(1μm)exhibited no obvious effects on embryo hatching and heart rates,while increased the mortality rate(23.00%vs.control 14.99%)and decreased the body length(4098.61±447.03μm vs.control with 2827.04±254.75μm)of the larvae at the highest exposure concentration(5×10^(4)items/L).Metabolomics analysis revealed that PS-MPs(5μm)induced mild perturbations in phospholipid metabolism,specifically alterations in phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)levels.These changes influenced the cell membranes of juvenile fish,and consequently elicited inflammatory responses,disrupted lipid homeostasis,and affected other critical physiological processes.Ultimately,these effects may avoid the growth retardation and potential mortality.Therefore,PS-MPs could affect negatively the fish health in the early life stage,which has implications for aquatic ecosystems.
基金Supported by the BMBF No.BMBF-0315905D in the frame of ERA-NET Patho Geno Mics to Malfertheiner P
文摘To evaluate the frequency of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)CagA antibodies in H.pylori infected subjects and to identify potential histopathological and bacterial factors related to H.pylori CagA-immune response.METHODSSystematic data to H.pylori isolates,blood samples,gastric biopsies for histological and molecular analyses were available from 99 prospectively recruited subjects.Serological profile(anti-H.pylori,anti-CagA)was correlated with H.pylori isolates(cagA,EPIYA,vacA s/m genotype),histology(Sydney classification)and mucosal interleukin-8(IL-8)mRNA and protein expression.Selected H.pylori strains were assessed for H.pylori CagA protein expression and IL-8 induction in co-cultivation model with AGS cells.RESULTSThirty point three percent of microbiologically confirmed H.pylori infected patients were seropositive for CagA.Majority of H.pylori isolates were cagA gene positive(93.9%)with following vacA polymorphisms:42.4%vacA s1m1,23.2%s1m2 and 34.3%s2m2.Anti-CagA-IgG seropositivity was strongly associated with atrophic gastritis,increased mucosal inflammation according to the Sydney score,IL-8 and cagA mRNA expression.VacA s and m polymorphisms were the major determinants for positive(vacA s1m1)or negative(vacA s2m2)anti-CagA serological immune response,which also correlated with the in vitro inflammatory potential in AGS cells.In vitro co-cultivation of representative H.pylori strains with AGS cells confirmed functional CagA translocation,which showed only partial correlation with CagA seropositivity in patients,supporting vacA as major co-determinant of the immune response.CONCLUSIONSerological immune response to H.pylori cagA+strain in H.pylori infected patients is strongly associated with vacA polymorphism,suggesting the crucial role of bacterial factors in immune and clinical phenotype of the infection.
基金supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (Grant No. DE-SC0020640)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41675041 and 41790475)+6 种基金the Arctic Research Program of the NOAA Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Officethe Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (project 268020496 TRR 172 within the Transregional Collaborative Research Center “Arcti C Amplification:Climate Relevant Atmospheric and Surfa Ce Processesand Feedback Mechanisms (AC)3”)the Academy of Finland (contract 317999)the Cooperative Institute for ClimateOcean&Ecosystem Studies (CIOCES) under NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA20OAR4320271.
文摘Three striking and impactful extreme cold weather events successively occurred across East Asia and North America during the mid-winter of 2020/21.These events open a new window to detect possible underlying physical processes.The analysis here indicates that the occurrences of the three events resulted from integrated effects of a concurrence of anomalous thermal conditions in three oceans and interactive Arctic-lower latitude atmospheric circulation processes,which were linked and influenced by one major sudden stratospheric warming(SSW).The North Atlantic warm blob initiated an increased poleward transient eddy heat flux,reducing the Barents-Kara seas sea ice over a warmed ocean and disrupting the stratospheric polar vortex(SPV)to induce the major SSW.The Rossby wave trains excited by the North Atlantic warm blob and the tropical Pacific La Nina interacted with the Arctic tropospheric circulation anomalies or the tropospheric polar vortex to provide dynamic settings,steering cold polar air outbreaks.The long memory of the retreated sea ice with the underlying warm ocean and the amplified tropospheric blocking highs from the midlatitudes to the Arctic intermittently fueled the increased transient eddy heat flux to sustain the SSW over a long time period.The displaced or split SPV centers associated with the SSW played crucial roles in substantially intensifying the tropospheric circulation anomalies and moving the jet stream to the far south to cause cold air outbreaks to a rarely observed extreme state.The results have significant implications for increasing prediction skill and improving policy decision making to enhance resilience in“One Health,One Future”.
基金Supported by the German Research foundation(DFG),No.SFB 870
文摘Poor recovery of neuronal functions is one of the most common healthcare challenges for patients with different types of brain injuries and/or neurodegenerative diseases.Therapeutic interventions face two major challenges:(1)How to generate neurons de novo to replenish the neuronal loss caused by injuries or neurodegeneration(restorative neurogenesis)and(2)How to prevent or limit the secondary tissue damage caused by long-term accumulation of glial cells,including microglia,at injury site(glial scar).In contrast to mammals,zebrafish have extensive regenerative capacity in numerous vital organs,including the brain,thus making them a valuable model to improve the existing therapeutic approaches for human brain repair.In response to injuries to the central nervous system(CNS),zebrafish have developed specific mechanisms to promote the recovery of the lost tissue architecture and functionality of the damaged CNS.These mechanisms include the activation of a restorative neurogenic program in a specific set of glial cells(ependymoglia)and the resolution of both the glial scar and inflammation,thus enabling proper neuronal specification and survival.In this review,we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the regenerative ability in the adult zebrafish brain and conclude with the potential applicability of these mechanisms in repair of the mammalian CNS.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41406217, 41276198, and 413 06200)the Sino-German Joint Project on Marine and Polar Cooperation (Natural Variability of Arctic Sea Ice and its significance for Global Climate Change and Organic Carbon Cycle)+2 种基金the Chinese Polar Environmental Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Programs (Nos. CHINARE2014-03-04, CHINARE2014-04-03)the Chinese Polar Science Strategy Research Foundation (No. 2012-01-04)China Scholarship Council with support to Jin Haiyan (No. 201404180012)
文摘The organic matter (OM) preserved in Arctic Ocean sediments is of great importance to the global carbon budget. How-ever, works that apply multiple proxies to determine the distribution and concentration of organic carbon (OC) in the surface sedi-ments of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas remain limited. Here a multiproxy approach based on bulk OM parameters and the branched vs. isoprenoid tetraether (BIT) index was used to investigate the distribution and sources of OM in the surface sediments of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. Binary and ternary mixing models were applied to trace the contribution of different OC sources to the total OC in the study area. The δ13C values of the sediments provided by the binary model showed that the proportion of terrestrial OC fell in the range of 27.4%–79.8% (46.2% on average). The BIT index returned the lowest fraction (4.8%–27.3%, 12.0% on average). The ternary mixing model was employed to determine the plant-, soil-, and marine-derived fractions of the total OM. The ternary model showed that 11.5%±6.3%, 31.4%±9.5%, and 57.1%±12.4% of OM in the sediment of the study area was derived from soil, plants, and marine sources, respectively. The differences in OM composition between the west and east sides of the Chukchi Sea were controlled by OM inputs from key water masses (i.e., Anadyr Water and Alaska Coastal Water), river discharge, and the nutrient supply from the Pacific inflow that supports marine productivity.
基金conducted within the framework of the project Carbiocial funded by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research(BMBF)of Germany(No.01LL0902F)
文摘Expansion of cropland involves immense land use changes,and the resulting intensified management practices have a strong influence on the functioning of the underlying soil.For instance,increased application of nitrogen(N)fertilizer is known to enhance fluxes of nitrous oxide(N2O)from the soil to the atmosphere.The emission factor(EF)proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)assumes a linear relationship between added N and N2O-N fluxes,but it does not account for environmental factors,such as soil properties or climate.Due to the high spatial and temporal variability of N2O-N fluxes,mechanistic models are preferable in terms of extrapolation to larger scales.In this study,we evaluated simulated N2O-N fluxes from soils under agricultural use in the Brazilian state,Mato Grosso,using the CANDY(Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics)model.A control tool was developed in order to enable the simulation of 1650 scenarios covering different sites(soil+climate)and management regimes(crop rotation+amount of applied fertilizer+sowing and harvesting dates).Results suggested that the sites had a very strong influence on calculated emissions,which is not accounted for by static EF.Furthermore,most fertilizer-induced N2O-N fluxes derived from the scenario simulations were best described by a non-linear function.For sounder budgeting on the federal and national scale,there is still a strong need for long-term observations of continuous crop rotations and spatial distribution of soil types and their specific characteristics.The presented results provide a valuable starting point for developing further scenario simulations and adapting experimental campaigns for N2O emission study.
文摘In this paper,we consider the use of blind deconvolution for optoacoustic(photoacoustic)imaging and investigate the performance of the method as means for increasing the resolution of the reconstructed image beyond the physical restrictions of the system.The method is demonstrated with optoacoustic measurement obtained from six-day-old mice,imaged in the near-infrared using a broadband hydrophone in a circular scanning configuration.Wefind that estimates of the unknown point spread function,achieved by blind deconvolution,improve the resolution and contrast in the images and show promise for enhancing optoacoustic images.
基金supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) within the Morrocan/German exchange program
文摘The photodegradation of mefenpyrdiethyl （MFD）, an herbicide safener, was investigated in aqueous suspensions by using Degussa P-25 and Hombikat UV100 titanium oxide under simulated sunlight irradiation. The effects of initial concentration of the herbicide, pH, catalysts and hydrogen peroxide doses as well as their combinations were studied and optimized. Accordingly, the kinetic parameters were determined and the effectiveness of the processes was assessed by calculating the rate constants. A pseudo first-order kinetics was observed. Under experimental conditions, the degradation rate constants were strongly influenced using P-25 and no noticeable effect was observed for Hombikat UV100. DFT calculations with B3LYP/6-311＋G（2d,p）//B3LYP/6-31＋G（d,p） level of theory were performed to check whether significant conformational changes occur when the charge state of the MFD substrate changes and whether these changes could play a role in the dependency of photodegradation rate constant on the studied pH. High resolution mass spectrometry （FT-ICR/MS） was implemented to identify the main degradation products.
基金the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF)for funding the Chaohu Lake project in the frame of the Chinese Major Water Program(02WCL1337A-E)the Sino-German Center for Science Promotion(CDZ)for the Poyang Lake project(GZ1167)+1 种基金the Helmholtz Association for supporting the establishment of Center for Environmental Information Science(HIRN 0002)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)for providing support to various activities through the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)
文摘1.Introduction The availability of reliable information describing our natural and anthropogenic environment—and its changes in particular—is crucial for understanding the complexity of structures and processes within environmental systems.Modern remote sensing and monitoring methods provide an increasing amount of environmental data that can be used for a variety of management purposes[1,2].
文摘Understanding crust-mantle recycling through time,especially into the Archean,is crucial for understanding how the crust has grown from the mantle,and in turn how crustal material returned to the mantle alters the mantle reservoir.Recycling of crustal material,such as C-H-O-NS-P are especially important for understanding how processes such as subduction,melting,volcanism,and the release of volatiles have regulated climate and life on Earth over billions of years.
文摘Knowledge of the crustal structure is the key for understanding physical and chemical conditions of its formation and later modification by geodynamic processes.It has long been recognized that crustal structure is controlled by tectonic settings,and that the crustal thickness is one of the most important parameters that reflects the geodynamic origin of the crust.A long tectonic life of continental crust leads to its significant reworking by plate tectonics processes and crust-mantle interaction,which include mechanical extension.
基金supported by grants FNU-1323-00053 to I.M.A.FNU-16/059776-15 to H.T.from the Danish Research Council
文摘Antarctica has traditionally been considered continental inside the coastline of ice and bedrock.In our recent study(Artemieva and Thybo,2020)we reconsider the conventional extent of this continent and demonstrate that 1/3 of Antarctica is not a continent.Here we present a brief summary of our results.
