<strong>Objectives:</strong> The digestive track of mice and humans has always been an integral part of the pathogenesis of the Trypanosomes but is constantly overlooked. This realization opens up complete...<strong>Objectives:</strong> The digestive track of mice and humans has always been an integral part of the pathogenesis of the Trypanosomes but is constantly overlooked. This realization opens up completely new strategies for the development of trypanosomes vaccines, allowing approaches that parenteral delivery forms would not permit. The target of the study was to compare the haematological changes and immunological responses of trypanosomiasis model systems (mice and rats) inoculated orally and intraperitoneally and to observe the afterward effect of a controlled drug [Isometamidium chloride (ISM)] in the restoration of these initial parameters. <strong>Methods:</strong> To achieve this, a total of 40 rodents (20 rats and 20 mice) were purchased, then grouped into two [sixteen younger (1 - 5 weeks) and older (7 - 15 weeks) groups each]. They were further sub-grouped into five each. Body weights, Parasitaemia and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were taken before, after inoculation and after treatment with ISM at 4 mg/kg. <strong>Results:</strong> Based on presumptive clinical diagnosis, all rodents inoculated intraperitoneally showed clinical signs of fluctuations in weight, PCV and parasitaemia levels before, after inoculations and after treatment compared to those inoculated orally with a significant difference (P < 0.05) observed. Both young and older rodents also responded differently to the inoculants and to the different methods of inoculation. But more deaths were recorded among the mice when compared to the rats. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although these non-transgenic models would not have offered a completely new methods to vaccine development, their differences in response to various methods of inoculations is an indication of an exciting research processes and could offer desired results, particularly where transgenic rodents are employed.展开更多
<i>Acanthamoeba</i> is free living amoeba consisting of many species that are naturally pathogenic and have been isolated from different environmental sources. The purpose of this study was to determine th...<i>Acanthamoeba</i> is free living amoeba consisting of many species that are naturally pathogenic and have been isolated from different environmental sources. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and relative abundance of <i>Acanthamoeba species</i> in soil and water samples within the University of Jos environment and to create public health awareness on the dangers of this parasitic protozoan. The study was conducted in the eleven (11) Faculties of the University of Jos. Soil and water samples were collected from each of the faculties, cultured and morphologically identified for positive samples. In addition, quantitative data on occurrence were examined to help better understand the potential risk to the university community. The prevalence of <i>Acanthamoeba</i> based on the chi-square analysis indicates that there is a significant difference between the number of <i>Acanthamoeba</i> species in the soil and water samples collected (P < 0.05). Relative abundance of <i>Acanthamoeba</i> based on the Man-Whitney test indicates that there was no significant difference in the distribution of <i>Acanthamoeba</i> species in the water and soil samples between different faculties (P > 0.05). Morphological identification indicates the presence of probably <i>Acanthamoeba castellani</i>. The demonstration of the presence of <i>Acanthamoeba</i> species in soil and water sources calls for awareness among the clinical community, as cases of keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis might have never been recorded due to lack of expertise or unawareness amongst the clinical community. An improved treatment of water supply and strict adherence to water act needs to be strictly encouraged.展开更多
The discovery of <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites and its incrimination as the principal cause of malaria in humans has continued to excite researchers towards inventing possible easier methods of diagnosing ...The discovery of <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites and its incrimination as the principal cause of malaria in humans has continued to excite researchers towards inventing possible easier methods of diagnosing and identifying these pathological agents in order to mitigate, control and eliminate its continuous scourge to humanity. Currently, three diagnostic methods have been proposed, but agreements as to whether the level of parasitaemia in an individual could connote likely confirmations in the three methods <em>i.e.</em> gold standard, RDTs’ and PCR/NESTED PCR, have continued to be a subject of debate. To lay to rest the debate as reported in many studies, we collected blood samples from 100 symptomatic patients who reported to the Jos-Nigeria hospital and using the gold standard methods, we were able to confirm that 30 (30%) samples out of the 100 blood samples collected were positive to P.<em> falciparum</em>, chiefly recorded among duffy-negative Africans. Excited with our findings, we prepared the thick blood films for each sample and used it to estimate the levels of parasitaemia (parasites density) per μl of blood (<em>i.e.</em> 1+;2+;3+ and 4+) per 100 high power fields (|HPF). We then subjected the individually confirmed parasite density samples to the other two methods <em>i.e.</em> Rapid Diagnostic Test (one-step RTD and optimal-IT<span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span> RDT) and to molecular assay (PCR and the nested PCR). Interestingly, of the 30 positive samples, 18 (60%) were confirmed positive to the one-step and optimal-IT<span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span> RDTS, while 3 (30%) out of the 10 (100%) samples of various parasite density subjected to molecular assay (PCR and the nested PCR) were positive to only P. <em>falciparum</em>. Statistical analysis of variance based on single factor computed using SPSS indicates a no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the parasitaemia levels of the four groups/categories of patients;<em>i.e.</em> variance ratio of 0.011976 calculated was less than F-critical (2.816466) at 5% (0.05). Whereas gold standard could be considered as the optimal method, for the PCR/NESTED PCR, the sensitivity is dependent on high level of parasitaemia.展开更多
文摘<strong>Objectives:</strong> The digestive track of mice and humans has always been an integral part of the pathogenesis of the Trypanosomes but is constantly overlooked. This realization opens up completely new strategies for the development of trypanosomes vaccines, allowing approaches that parenteral delivery forms would not permit. The target of the study was to compare the haematological changes and immunological responses of trypanosomiasis model systems (mice and rats) inoculated orally and intraperitoneally and to observe the afterward effect of a controlled drug [Isometamidium chloride (ISM)] in the restoration of these initial parameters. <strong>Methods:</strong> To achieve this, a total of 40 rodents (20 rats and 20 mice) were purchased, then grouped into two [sixteen younger (1 - 5 weeks) and older (7 - 15 weeks) groups each]. They were further sub-grouped into five each. Body weights, Parasitaemia and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were taken before, after inoculation and after treatment with ISM at 4 mg/kg. <strong>Results:</strong> Based on presumptive clinical diagnosis, all rodents inoculated intraperitoneally showed clinical signs of fluctuations in weight, PCV and parasitaemia levels before, after inoculations and after treatment compared to those inoculated orally with a significant difference (P < 0.05) observed. Both young and older rodents also responded differently to the inoculants and to the different methods of inoculation. But more deaths were recorded among the mice when compared to the rats. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although these non-transgenic models would not have offered a completely new methods to vaccine development, their differences in response to various methods of inoculations is an indication of an exciting research processes and could offer desired results, particularly where transgenic rodents are employed.
文摘<i>Acanthamoeba</i> is free living amoeba consisting of many species that are naturally pathogenic and have been isolated from different environmental sources. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and relative abundance of <i>Acanthamoeba species</i> in soil and water samples within the University of Jos environment and to create public health awareness on the dangers of this parasitic protozoan. The study was conducted in the eleven (11) Faculties of the University of Jos. Soil and water samples were collected from each of the faculties, cultured and morphologically identified for positive samples. In addition, quantitative data on occurrence were examined to help better understand the potential risk to the university community. The prevalence of <i>Acanthamoeba</i> based on the chi-square analysis indicates that there is a significant difference between the number of <i>Acanthamoeba</i> species in the soil and water samples collected (P < 0.05). Relative abundance of <i>Acanthamoeba</i> based on the Man-Whitney test indicates that there was no significant difference in the distribution of <i>Acanthamoeba</i> species in the water and soil samples between different faculties (P > 0.05). Morphological identification indicates the presence of probably <i>Acanthamoeba castellani</i>. The demonstration of the presence of <i>Acanthamoeba</i> species in soil and water sources calls for awareness among the clinical community, as cases of keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis might have never been recorded due to lack of expertise or unawareness amongst the clinical community. An improved treatment of water supply and strict adherence to water act needs to be strictly encouraged.
文摘The discovery of <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites and its incrimination as the principal cause of malaria in humans has continued to excite researchers towards inventing possible easier methods of diagnosing and identifying these pathological agents in order to mitigate, control and eliminate its continuous scourge to humanity. Currently, three diagnostic methods have been proposed, but agreements as to whether the level of parasitaemia in an individual could connote likely confirmations in the three methods <em>i.e.</em> gold standard, RDTs’ and PCR/NESTED PCR, have continued to be a subject of debate. To lay to rest the debate as reported in many studies, we collected blood samples from 100 symptomatic patients who reported to the Jos-Nigeria hospital and using the gold standard methods, we were able to confirm that 30 (30%) samples out of the 100 blood samples collected were positive to P.<em> falciparum</em>, chiefly recorded among duffy-negative Africans. Excited with our findings, we prepared the thick blood films for each sample and used it to estimate the levels of parasitaemia (parasites density) per μl of blood (<em>i.e.</em> 1+;2+;3+ and 4+) per 100 high power fields (|HPF). We then subjected the individually confirmed parasite density samples to the other two methods <em>i.e.</em> Rapid Diagnostic Test (one-step RTD and optimal-IT<span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span> RDT) and to molecular assay (PCR and the nested PCR). Interestingly, of the 30 positive samples, 18 (60%) were confirmed positive to the one-step and optimal-IT<span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span> RDTS, while 3 (30%) out of the 10 (100%) samples of various parasite density subjected to molecular assay (PCR and the nested PCR) were positive to only P. <em>falciparum</em>. Statistical analysis of variance based on single factor computed using SPSS indicates a no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the parasitaemia levels of the four groups/categories of patients;<em>i.e.</em> variance ratio of 0.011976 calculated was less than F-critical (2.816466) at 5% (0.05). Whereas gold standard could be considered as the optimal method, for the PCR/NESTED PCR, the sensitivity is dependent on high level of parasitaemia.
