The paper studied the imperatives of health psychologists in the control and management of HIV/ AIDS. HIV/AIDS is a relatively new disease, but has caused more deaths than any other disease in human history, and there...The paper studied the imperatives of health psychologists in the control and management of HIV/ AIDS. HIV/AIDS is a relatively new disease, but has caused more deaths than any other disease in human history, and there is no known cure yet. Even though, HIV/AIDS is a death sentence, experts agreed that early detection, and early commencement of treatment may prolong the life of the patients, and that early detection may prevent or reduce the transmission of the virus. Early detection, commencement of treatment, and compliance with medical advice are the responsibilities of the health psychologist. This paper therefore, concludes that health psychologist is indispensable in effective control, and management of HIV/AIDS, and so recommends that awareness be created on the roles of health psychologists in this regard, through health education.展开更多
Introduction:ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence.Although the disorder starts to manifest early in childhood,a significant proportion of cases often persists into a...Introduction:ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence.Although the disorder starts to manifest early in childhood,a significant proportion of cases often persists into adulthood.ADHD negatively and significantly impacts social and occupational functioning and academic performance.A number of extant theories and scientific evidence provide insight into the genesis and manifestations of ADHD and the attendant challenges of significant dysfunction that individuals may encounter at home,school,and the workplace.Method:This systematic review was conducted through a literature search for published peer-reviewed articles using standard PRISMA guidelines.The goal of the study was to explore current theories,models,concepts,and risk factors about ADHD published in peer-reviewed literature.We made use of use several online databases-including PsycINFO,PubMed,Web of Science,ScienceDirect,and Medline in the process of searching for relevant studies.Relevant peer-reviewed publications since the 1980s when the term Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD)was introduced in DSM-III-R were included.Non-peer-reviewed publications,including dissertations,editorials,commentaries,and materials published in languages other than English were excluded.Results and Discussion:The results of the review indicated that ADHD is characterized by a behavioral reaction that interferes with personal and social functioning.The factors associated with ADHD fall into several major thematic areas,including genetic and hereditary factors;dietary and nutritional factors;parenting and behavioral factors;adverse early life events,and high-risk environmental factors,crystallized by a number of developmental and behavioral theories.The review also identified a number of extant models and theories that attempt to explain the diverse perspectives associated with ADHD.Conclusions:This study has attempted to identify the major risk factors and diverse models and theories associated with ADHD.The thematic risk factors include genetic and hereditary factors;dietary and nutritional factors;parenting and behavioral factors;adverse early life events,and high-risk environmental factors.The most prominent models identified include the biomedical model and the bio-psycho-social models,the latter being a more holistic approach which aims to treat both the patient and the disease.This review would provide an additional evidence base to individuals,families,and educators to make informed choices and decisions in the best interest of the affected children,including their personal growth,healthcare,and medical needs,academic performance,and social skills development.展开更多
Background: Evidences indicate that unsafe abortion is one of the most important causes of maternal mortality in Ethiopia. Ethiopia strives to curb maternal mortality. Hence, current data on abortion, and its correlat...Background: Evidences indicate that unsafe abortion is one of the most important causes of maternal mortality in Ethiopia. Ethiopia strives to curb maternal mortality. Hence, current data on abortion, and its correlates are required. Objective: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of abortion among women of reproductive age (15 - 49 years) in rural kebeles of Gonji Kolela District. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 611 women in six rural kebeles of Gonji Kolela District, Northwest Ethiopia. A structured pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic and obstetric histories. The data were checked for completeness and cross-checked for accuracy and consistency. Result: The overall prevalence of abortion was 12% (10.9% spontaneous and 1.1% induced). Of these, 12.3% of them had experienced abortion more than once. Most of abortion took place at home, no medical care. The most important predictor of abortion was educational status. Those women whose educational attainment was primary and above were 2.4 times more likely to experience abortion than those who were not able to read and write (AOR [95%CI] = 2.4 [1.13 - 5.10]). Most women attributed abortion to work overload. Conclusion: Abortion is high among rural women. Recommendation: Mechanism should be devised to educate the community about care to pregnant women. Why abortion is high among women who have visited school warrants further research.展开更多
文摘The paper studied the imperatives of health psychologists in the control and management of HIV/ AIDS. HIV/AIDS is a relatively new disease, but has caused more deaths than any other disease in human history, and there is no known cure yet. Even though, HIV/AIDS is a death sentence, experts agreed that early detection, and early commencement of treatment may prolong the life of the patients, and that early detection may prevent or reduce the transmission of the virus. Early detection, commencement of treatment, and compliance with medical advice are the responsibilities of the health psychologist. This paper therefore, concludes that health psychologist is indispensable in effective control, and management of HIV/AIDS, and so recommends that awareness be created on the roles of health psychologists in this regard, through health education.
文摘Introduction:ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence.Although the disorder starts to manifest early in childhood,a significant proportion of cases often persists into adulthood.ADHD negatively and significantly impacts social and occupational functioning and academic performance.A number of extant theories and scientific evidence provide insight into the genesis and manifestations of ADHD and the attendant challenges of significant dysfunction that individuals may encounter at home,school,and the workplace.Method:This systematic review was conducted through a literature search for published peer-reviewed articles using standard PRISMA guidelines.The goal of the study was to explore current theories,models,concepts,and risk factors about ADHD published in peer-reviewed literature.We made use of use several online databases-including PsycINFO,PubMed,Web of Science,ScienceDirect,and Medline in the process of searching for relevant studies.Relevant peer-reviewed publications since the 1980s when the term Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD)was introduced in DSM-III-R were included.Non-peer-reviewed publications,including dissertations,editorials,commentaries,and materials published in languages other than English were excluded.Results and Discussion:The results of the review indicated that ADHD is characterized by a behavioral reaction that interferes with personal and social functioning.The factors associated with ADHD fall into several major thematic areas,including genetic and hereditary factors;dietary and nutritional factors;parenting and behavioral factors;adverse early life events,and high-risk environmental factors,crystallized by a number of developmental and behavioral theories.The review also identified a number of extant models and theories that attempt to explain the diverse perspectives associated with ADHD.Conclusions:This study has attempted to identify the major risk factors and diverse models and theories associated with ADHD.The thematic risk factors include genetic and hereditary factors;dietary and nutritional factors;parenting and behavioral factors;adverse early life events,and high-risk environmental factors.The most prominent models identified include the biomedical model and the bio-psycho-social models,the latter being a more holistic approach which aims to treat both the patient and the disease.This review would provide an additional evidence base to individuals,families,and educators to make informed choices and decisions in the best interest of the affected children,including their personal growth,healthcare,and medical needs,academic performance,and social skills development.
文摘Background: Evidences indicate that unsafe abortion is one of the most important causes of maternal mortality in Ethiopia. Ethiopia strives to curb maternal mortality. Hence, current data on abortion, and its correlates are required. Objective: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of abortion among women of reproductive age (15 - 49 years) in rural kebeles of Gonji Kolela District. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 611 women in six rural kebeles of Gonji Kolela District, Northwest Ethiopia. A structured pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic and obstetric histories. The data were checked for completeness and cross-checked for accuracy and consistency. Result: The overall prevalence of abortion was 12% (10.9% spontaneous and 1.1% induced). Of these, 12.3% of them had experienced abortion more than once. Most of abortion took place at home, no medical care. The most important predictor of abortion was educational status. Those women whose educational attainment was primary and above were 2.4 times more likely to experience abortion than those who were not able to read and write (AOR [95%CI] = 2.4 [1.13 - 5.10]). Most women attributed abortion to work overload. Conclusion: Abortion is high among rural women. Recommendation: Mechanism should be devised to educate the community about care to pregnant women. Why abortion is high among women who have visited school warrants further research.
