Toxoplasma gondii(T.gondii)is a globally distributed parasite that can infect a diversity of warm-blooded animals,including swine and humans.Infection in swine poses a considerable threat to food safety and public hea...Toxoplasma gondii(T.gondii)is a globally distributed parasite that can infect a diversity of warm-blooded animals,including swine and humans.Infection in swine poses a considerable threat to food safety and public health.The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the seroprevalence of T.gondii infection in the swine population in China from 2000 to 2023 and to examine potential factors associated with infection.A total of 112 studies were included,collectively involving 145,152 swine samples originating from 26 provinces.The pooled seroprevalence was 26.0%(95%CI:23.3%–28.7%).Stratified analysis based on diagnostic methods revealed that studies using the indirect hemagglutination assay(IHA)reported a seroprevalence of 19.7%(95%CI:17.2%–22.2%),whereas those utilizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)reported a higher seroprevalence of 35.5%(95%CI:29.1%–41.8%).Geographical analysis indicated higher seroprevalence in the South Central and Southwest regions,whereas the East and Northwest areas reported the lowest seroprevalence.Chongqing Province reported the highest seroprevalence,reaching 44.9%(95%CI:43.4%–46.0%),followed by Xinjiang,Hainan,and Guizhou,whereas the lowest was observed in Shandong Province(3.5%,95%CI:1.7%–6.1%).These findings provide important epidemiological evidence that can inform strategies for the prevention and control of T.gondii infection in swine populations,with a focus on high-risk populations and geographical areas.This imperative contributes substantially to the improvement of both food safety and public health.展开更多
Background With the global expansion of aquaculture and the increasing demand for fish meal,identifying appropriate and sustainable alternative protein sources for aquafeeds has become essential.Single-cell protein(SC...Background With the global expansion of aquaculture and the increasing demand for fish meal,identifying appropriate and sustainable alternative protein sources for aquafeeds has become essential.Single-cell protein(SCP),derived from methanotrophic bacteria,presents a promising alternative by converting methane into protein,potentially addressing both the need for alternative protein sources and reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of SCP inclusion(0%,25%,50%,and 75%fish meal replacement)on the health,gene expression,and gut microbiome of yellowtail kingfish(YTK,Seriola lalandi)following a 35-day growth trial.Results The study found that SCP inclusion at the highest level of fishmeal replacement(75%)induced a mild inflammatory response in the hindgut of the fish.However,micromorphological assessments of the hindgut,serum biochemistry,and gene expression analyses revealed no significant detrimental effects from SCP replacement.Notably,there were indications of improved lipid digestibility with SCP.Furthermore,SCP inclusion significantly enhanced microbial richness and altered the composition of the gut microbiome,introducing beneficial bacterial taxa that may contribute to improved gut health and resilience.Conclusions This study highlights SCP as a viable and sustainable alternative to fish meal in YTK diets.The findings suggest that SCP can be included in YTK diets without adverse health effects at moderate levels and may even offer benefits in terms of lipid digestibility and gut microbiome diversity.These results contribute to the advancement of more sustainable aquaculture practices.展开更多
The fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith),is native to the Americas.It has rapidly invaded 47 African countries and 18 Asian countries since the first detection of invasion into Nigeria and Ghana in 2016...The fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith),is native to the Americas.It has rapidly invaded 47 African countries and 18 Asian countries since the first detection of invasion into Nigeria and Ghana in 2016.It is regarded as a super pest based on its host range(at least 353 host plants),its inherent ability to survive in a wide range of habitats,its strong migration ability,high fecundity,rapid development of resistance to insecticides/viruses and its gluttonous characteristics.The inherently superior biological characteristics of FAW contribute to its invasiveness.Integrated pest management(IPM)of FAW has relied on multiple applications of monitoring and scouting,agricultural control,chemical pesticides,viral insecticides,sex attractants,bio-control agents(parasitoids,predators and entomopathogens)and botanicals.Knowledge gaps remain to be filled to:(1)understand the invasive mechanisms of S.frugiperda;(2)understand how to prevent its further spread and(3)provide better management strategies.This review summarizes the biological characters of FAW,their association with its invasiveness and IPM strategies,which may provide further insights for future management.展开更多
Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia.Although ...Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia.Although these pests have not established in China,precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature.Thus,we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B.bryoniae and B.neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent)model with the occurrence records of these two species.Bactrocera bryoniae and B.neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China,and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20%of the globe.Globally,the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia,the central and the southeast coast of Africa,southern North America,northern and central South America,and Australia.While within China,most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species.Notably,southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B.bryoniae and B.neohumeralis invasions.Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B.bryoniae and B.neohumeralis in the world and in particular China,and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions.展开更多
Tungsten bronze coatings and films have attracted global attention for their applications in near-infrared(NIR)-shielding windows.However,they are unstable in strong ultraviolet,humid heat,alkaline and/or oxidizing en...Tungsten bronze coatings and films have attracted global attention for their applications in near-infrared(NIR)-shielding windows.However,they are unstable in strong ultraviolet,humid heat,alkaline and/or oxidizing environments and are difficult to be coated on glass surfaces with complex shape.Here,we address these limitations by doping sodium tungsten bronze(Na_(x)WO_(3))into bulk glasses using a simple glass melting method.X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,TEM and SEM-EDS characterization confirmed the presence of sodium tungsten bronze(Na_(x)WO_(3))functional units inside the 34SiO_(2)-38B_(2)O_(3)-28NaF glass matrix.Because the functional units are well protected by the glass matrix,the fabricated glasses are stable under hot,humid,oxidizing conditions,as well as under ambient conditions,with no change after 360 days.The NIR-shielding performance of these glasses can be adjusted to as high as 100%by varying WO_(x)concentration(2-8 mol%)and quenching temperature(1000-1400℃).With a content of 6 mol%WO_(x)and a quenching temperature of 1000℃,the bulk glass shows 63%transmission of visible light and only 11%transmission of NIR light at 1100 nm.Thermal insulation experiments show that the NIR-shielding performance of the glasses are far superior to commercial soda lime window glass or indium-doped tin oxide(ITO)glass,and comparable to cesium tungsten bronze coated glass.The novel bulk glasses have higher stability,simpler processing,and can be easily made into complex shapes,making them excellent alternative materials for energy-saving glasses.展开更多
Bandicoots and bilbies(Order Peramelemorphia)occupy a broad range of habitats across Australia and New Guinea,from open,arid deserts to dense forests.This once diverse group has been particularly vulnerable to habitat...Bandicoots and bilbies(Order Peramelemorphia)occupy a broad range of habitats across Australia and New Guinea,from open,arid deserts to dense forests.This once diverse group has been particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and introduced eutherian predators,and numerous species extinctions and range retractions have occurred.Understanding reasons for this loss requires greater understanding of their biology.Morphology of the pinnae and tympanic bullae varies markedly among species.As hearing is important for both predator avoidance and prey location,the variability in ear morphology could reflect specialization and adaptation to specific environments,and therefore be of conservation relevance.We measured 798 museum specimens representing 29 species of Peramelemorphia.Controlling for phylogenetic relatedness and head length,pinna surface area was weakly negatively correlated with average precipitation(rainfall being our surrogate measure of vegetation productivity/complexity),and there were no environmental correlates with effective diameter(pinna width).Controlling for phylogenetic relatedness and skull length,tympanic bulla volume was negatively correlated with precipitation.Species that inhabited drier habitats,which would be open and allow sound to carry further with less obstruction,had relatively larger pinnae and tympanic bullae.In contrast,species from higher rainfall habitats,where sounds would be attenuated and diffused by dense vegetation,had the smallest pinnae and bullae,suggesting that low-frequency hearing is not as important in these habitats.Associations with temperature did not reach statistical significance.These findings highlight linkages between hearing traits and habitat that can inform conservation and management strategies for threatened species.展开更多
Plants have to cope with several abiotic stresses,including salinity and heavymetals(HMs).Under these stresses,several extracts have been used as effective natural biostimulants,however,the use of Spirulina platensis(...Plants have to cope with several abiotic stresses,including salinity and heavymetals(HMs).Under these stresses,several extracts have been used as effective natural biostimulants,however,the use of Spirulina platensis(SP)extract(SPE)remains elusive.The effects of SPE were evaluated as soil addition(SA)and/or foliar spraying(FS)on antioxidant defenses and HMs content of common bean grown in saline soil contaminated with HMs.Individual(40 or 80 mg SPE/hill added as SA or 20 or 40 mg SPE/plant added as FS)or integrative(SA+FS)applications of SPE showed significant improvements in the following order:SA-80+FS-40>SA-80+FS-20>SA-40+FS-40>SA-40+FS-20>SA-80>SA-40>FS-40>FS-20>control.Therefore,the integrative SA+FS with 40 mg SP/plant was the most effective treatment in increasing plant growth and production,overcoming stress effects and minimizing contamination of the edible part.It significantly increased plant growth(74%–185%)and yield(107%–227%)by enhancing net photosynthetic rate(78.5%),stomatal conductance(104%),transpiration rate(124%),and contents of carotenoids(60.0%),chlorophylls(49%–51%),and NPK(271%–366%).These results were concurrent with the marked reductions in malondialdehyde(61.6%),hydrogen peroxide(42.2%),nickel(91%–94%),lead(80%–9%),and cadmium(74%–91%)contents due to the improved contents of glutathione(87.1%),ascorbate(37.0%),andα-tocopherol(77.2%),and the activities of catalase(18.1%),ascorbate peroxidase(18.3%),superoxide dismutase(192%),and glutathione reductase(52.2%)as reinforcing mechanisms.Therefore,this most effective treatment is recommended to mitigate the stress effects of salinity and HMs on common bean production while minimizing HMs in the edible part.展开更多
Algal phytoremediation represents a practical green solution for treating anaerobically digested piggery effluent(ADPE). The potential and viability of combining microalgae and macroalgae cultivation for the efficient...Algal phytoremediation represents a practical green solution for treating anaerobically digested piggery effluent(ADPE). The potential and viability of combining microalgae and macroalgae cultivation for the efficient treatment of ADPE were evaluated in this study.Bioprospecting the ability of different locally isolated macroalgae species illustrated the potential of Cladophora sp. to successfully grow and treat ADPE with up to 150 mg/L NH_4^+ with a biomass productivity of(0.13 ± 0.02) g/(L·day) and ammonium removal rate of(10.23 ± 0.18) mg/(L·day) NH_4^+. When grown by itself, the microalgae consortium used in this study consisting of Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. was found to grow and treat undiluted ADPE(up to 525 mg/L NH_4^+) with an average ammonium removal rate of 25 mg/(L·day) NH_4^+ and biomass productivity of(0.012 ± 0.0001) g/(L·day). Nevertheless, when combined together, despite the different cultivation systems(attached and non-attached) evaluated,microalgae and macroalgae were unable to co-exist together and treat ADPE as their respective growth were inversely related to each other due to direct competition for nutrients and available resources as well as the negative physical interaction between both algal groups.展开更多
Fageia Mello-Leitao,1929 is a genus of the running crab spider family Philodromidae,recognizable by its pentagonal abdomen and spatulate setae.Like most Neotropical representatives in the family,its systematics is poo...Fageia Mello-Leitao,1929 is a genus of the running crab spider family Philodromidae,recognizable by its pentagonal abdomen and spatulate setae.Like most Neotropical representatives in the family,its systematics is poorly known,and specimens of Fageia are scarce in zoological collections.Here,the genus is newly diagnosed and revised,resulting in four valid species:Fageia amabilis Mello-Leitao,1929,Fageia panamensis sp.nov.,Fageia aripuanan sp.nov.,and Fageia moschata(Mello-Leitao,1943),which is considered a senior synonym of Fageia meridionalis Mello-Leitão,1943 syn.nov.and Fageia rosea(Mello-Leitao,1944)syn.nov.Ebo carmineus Mello-Leitao,1944 syn.nov.is newly transferred to Fageia and synonymized with F.moschata.The species Fageia clara Mello-Leitao,1937 is transferred to Tmarus Simon,1875(Thomisidae)as Tmarus clarus(Mello-Leitao,1937)comb.nov.,but since this species and Fageia concolor Mello-Leitao,1947 cannot be properly identified,they are both considered species inquirendae.The four valid species are described and illustrated,males of the genus are described for the first time,and a map with the updated distribution is provided.展开更多
Potato cyst nematodes(PCNs)are a significant threat to potato production,having caused substantial damage in many countries.Predicting the future distribution of PCN species is crucial to implementing effective biosec...Potato cyst nematodes(PCNs)are a significant threat to potato production,having caused substantial damage in many countries.Predicting the future distribution of PCN species is crucial to implementing effective biosecurity strategies,especially given the impact of climate change on pest species invasion and distribution.Machine learning(ML),specifically ensemble models,has emerged as a powerful tool in predicting species distributions due to its ability to learn and make predictions based on complex data sets.Thus,this research utilised advanced machine learning techniques to predict the distribution of PCN species under climate change conditions,providing the initial element for invasion risk assessment.We first used Global Climate Models to generate homogeneous climate predictors to mitigate the variation among predictors.Then,five machine learning models were employed to build two groups of ensembles,single-algorithm ensembles(ESA)and multi-algorithm ensembles(EMA),and compared their performances.In this research,the EMA did not always perform better than the ESA,and the ESA of Artificial Neural Network gave the highest performance while being cost-effective.Prediction results indicated that the distribution range of PCNs would shift northward with a decrease in tropical zones and an increase in northern latitudes.However,the total area of suitable regions will not change significantly,occupying 16-20%of the total land surface(18%under current conditions).This research alerts policymakers and practitioners to the risk of PCNs’incursion into new regions.Additionally,this ML process offers the capability to track changes in the distribution of various species and provides scientifically grounded evidence for formulating long-term biosecurity plans for their control.展开更多
This study systematically studied the effects of Pr,Fe,and Na as representative rare earth,transition,and alkali metal dopants,respectively,on the photocatalytic activity of exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)...This study systematically studied the effects of Pr,Fe,and Na as representative rare earth,transition,and alkali metal dopants,respectively,on the photocatalytic activity of exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4)).The doped exfoliated g-C_(3)N_(4)samples were prepared by integrating precursor ion intercalation into the pre-formed g-C_(3)N_(4)with thermal treatment.The as-prepared catalysts were examined for crystal,textural,chemical,optical,and photoelectrochemical properties to explore the correlation between dopants and photocatalytic activity of the resulting composites.The detailed analyses revealed that the Pr-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)exhibited superior photocatalytic activity in degrading methylene blue under visible light,achieving a~96%removal in 40 min.This was not only better than the activity of g-C_(3)N_(4),but also much higher than that of Na-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)or Fe-doped g-C_(3)N_(4).The kinetic rate constant using Pr-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)was 3.2,5.1,and 2.0 times greater than that of the g-C_(3)N_(4),Fe-doped g-C_(3)N_(4),and Na-doped g-C_(3)N_(4),respectively.The enhanced performance was attributed to its inherent characteristics after optimal tuning,including good surface area,improved porosity,enhanced visible light absorption,suitable electronic band structure,increased charge carrier density,promoted charge separation,and reduced charge transfer resistance.In addition,the optimized Pr(0.4)g-C_(3)N_(4)was used to study the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue in detail under conditions with different initial methylene blue concentrations,types of dyes,catalyst dosages,initial solution pH,counter ions,and water matrices.Our results demonstrated the high photocatalytic activity of Pr(0.4)g-C_(3)N_(4)under varying conditions,including in real wastewater media,which were collected from our local municipal wastewater treatment plant.The observed good reusability and stability after five cycles of photocatalytic degradation test further suggested a promising potential of Pr(0.4)g-C_(3)N_(4)for practical application in wastewater treatment.展开更多
Cyantraniliprole is the first diamide insecticide to have cross-spectrum activity against a broad range of insect orders.The insecticide,like other diamides,selectively acts on ryanodine receptor,destroys Ca^(2+) home...Cyantraniliprole is the first diamide insecticide to have cross-spectrum activity against a broad range of insect orders.The insecticide,like other diamides,selectively acts on ryanodine receptor,destroys Ca^(2+) homeostasis,and ultimately causes insect death.Although expression regulations of genes associated with calcium signaling pathways are known to be involved in the response to diamides,little is known regarding the function of calmodulin(CaM),a typical Ca^(2+)sensor central in regulating Ca^(2+) homeostasis,in the stress response of insects to the insecticide.In this study,we cloned and identified the full-length complementary DNA of CaM in the whitefly,Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius),named BtCaM.Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based analyses showed that the messenger RNA level of BtCaM was rapidly induced from l.5l-to 2.43-fold by cyantraniliprole during 24 h.Knockdown of BtCaM by RNA interference increased the toxicity of cyantraniliprole in whiteflies by 42.85%.In contrast,BtCaM expression in Sf9 cells significantly increased the cells,tolerance to cyantraniliprole as much as 2.91-fold.In addition,the expression of BtCaM in Sf9 cells suppressed the rapid increase of intracellular Ca^(2+) after exposure to cyantraniliprole,and the maximum amplitude in the Sf9-BtCaM cells was only 34.9%of that in control cells(Sf9-PIZ/V5).These results demonstrate that overexpression of BtCaM is involved in the stress response of B.tabaci to cyantraniliprole through regulation of Ca^(2+)concentration.As CaM is one of the most evolutionarily conserved Ca^(2+) sensors in insects,outcomes of this study may provide the first details of a universal insect response to diamide insecticides.展开更多
Rangelands worldwide have been subject to broadscale modification,such as widespread predator control,intro-duction of permanent livestock water and altered vegetation to improve grazing.In Australia,these landscape ch...Rangelands worldwide have been subject to broadscale modification,such as widespread predator control,intro-duction of permanent livestock water and altered vegetation to improve grazing.In Australia,these landscape changes have resulted in kangaroos(i.e.large macropods)populations increasing over the past 200 years.Kan-garoos are a key contributor to total grazing pressure and in conjunction with livestock and feral herbivores have been linked to land degradation.We used 22 years of aerial survey data to investigate whether the density of 3 macropod species in the southern rangelands of Western Australia was associated with:(i)land use,including type of livestock,total livestock,density of feral goats,type of land tenure,and kangaroo commercial harvest effort;(ii)predator management,including permitted dingo control effort,estimated dingo abundance,and presence of the State Barrier Fence(a dingo exclusion fence);and(iii)environmental variables:ruggedness,rainfall,fractional cover,and total standing dry matter.Red kangaroos(Osphranter rufus)were most abundant inflat,open vegetation,on pastoral land,where area permitted for dingo control was high,and numbers were positively associated with antecedent rainfall with a 12-month delay.Western grey kangaroos(Macropus fuliginosus)were most abundant onflat,agricultural land,but less abundant in areas with high permitted dingo control.Euros(Osphranter robustus)were most abundant in rugged pastoral land with open vegetation,where permitted dingo control was high.While environmental variables are key drivers of landscape productivity and kangaroo populations,anthropogenic factors such as land use and permitted dingo control are strongly associated with kangaroo abundance.展开更多
This study investigates the simultaneous production of hydrochar and bioactive compounds from Ulva lactuca via a hydrothermal process.The experiment was carried out using a batch reaction vessel at different reaction ...This study investigates the simultaneous production of hydrochar and bioactive compounds from Ulva lactuca via a hydrothermal process.The experiment was carried out using a batch reaction vessel at different reaction temperatures of 180-220◦C and various holding times of 30-90 min.As expected,both temperature and time vigorously influenced hydrochar and bioactive compound production.The maximum hydrochar yield was at 32.4 wt%.The higher heating value(HHV)of hydrochar was observed in the range of 17.68-21.07 MJ kg^(-1),near the energy content of low-rank coals.The hydrochars exhibited contact angles higher than 90°(i.e.,94-108°)for a longer time,confirming their hydrophobic surfaces.The scanning electron microscope analysis(SEM)showed that the hydrothermal process enables cracks in the spherical shape of raw U.lactuca into small and porous particles.Besides producing hydrochar,the hydrothermal process of U.lactuca also gives promising antioxidants and phenolics as bioactive compounds.The highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity could be achieved in hydrolysate at 200℃and 30 min with the value of 1.20±0.12 mg/g and 71.6±1.3%,respectively.展开更多
Aquaculture contributes remarkably to the global economy and food security through seafood production,an important part of the global food supply chain.The success of this industry depends heavily on aquafeeds,and the...Aquaculture contributes remarkably to the global economy and food security through seafood production,an important part of the global food supply chain.The success of this industry depends heavily on aquafeeds,and the nutritional composition of the feed is an important factor for the quality,productivity,and profitability of aquaculture species.The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends on the accessibility of quality feed ingredients,such as fishmeal and fish oil.These traditional feedstuffs are under increasing significant pressure due to the rapid expansion of aquaculture for human consumption and the decline of natural fish harvest.In this review,we evaluated the development of microalgal molecules in aquaculture and expanded the use of these high-value compounds in the production of aquaculture diets.Microalgae-derived functional ingredients emerged as one of the promising alternatives for aquafeed production with positive health benefits.Several compounds found in microalgae,including carotenoids(lutein,astaxanthin,and𝛽-carotene),essential amino acids(leucine,valine,and threonine),𝛽-1-3-glucan,essential oils(docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid),minerals,and vitamins,are of high nutritional value to aquaculture.展开更多
Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla in the fungal tree of life.The outline of Basidiomycota provides essential taxonomic information for researchers and workers in mycology.In this study,we present a time-framed p...Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla in the fungal tree of life.The outline of Basidiomycota provides essential taxonomic information for researchers and workers in mycology.In this study,we present a time-framed phylogenomic tree with 487 species of Basidiomycota from 127 families,47 orders,14 classes and four subphyla;we update the outline of Basidiomycota based on the phylogenomic relationships and the taxonomic studies since 2019;and we provide notes for each order and discuss the history,defining characteristics,evolution,justification of orders,problems,significance,and plates.Our phylogenomic analysis suggests that the subphyla diverged in a time range of 443-490 Myr(million years),classes in a time range of 312-412 Myr,and orders in a time range of 102-361 Myr.Families diverged in a time range of 50-289 Myr,76-224 Myr,and 62-156 Myr in Agaricomycotina,Pucciniomycotina,and Ustilaginomycotina,respectively.Based on the phylogenomic relationships and divergence times,we propose a new suborder Mycenineae in Agaricales to accommodate Mycenaceae.In the current outline of Basidiomycota,there are four subphyla,20 classes,77 orders,297 families,and 2134 genera accepted.When building a robust taxonomy of Basidiomycota in the genomic era,the generation of molecular phylogenetic data has become relatively easier.Finding phenotypical characters,especially those that can be applied for identification and classification,however,has become increasingly challenging.展开更多
Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics s...Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al.,and the definition and the higher ranks(e.g.,phyla)of the‘true fungi’have been revised in several subsequent publications.Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom.This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi,drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota,with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings.We accept 19 phyla of Fungi,viz.Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocallimastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,and Zoopagomycota.In the phylogenies,Caulochytriomycota resides in Chytridiomycota;thus,the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter,while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota.We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes.A new subphylum,Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota.The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al.in Pneumocystomycetes,Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated.Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed,providing examples.展开更多
Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2-3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics si...Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2-3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al.,and the definition and the higher ranks(e.g.,phyla)of the‘true fungi’have been revised in several subsequent publications.Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom.This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi,drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota,with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings.We accept 19 phyla of Fungi,viz.Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocal-limastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,and Zoopagomycota.In the phylogenies,Caulochy-triomycota resides in Chytridiomycota;thus,the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter,while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota.We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes.A new subphylum,Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota.The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al.in Pneumocystomycetes,Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated.Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed,providing examples.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0114400).
文摘Toxoplasma gondii(T.gondii)is a globally distributed parasite that can infect a diversity of warm-blooded animals,including swine and humans.Infection in swine poses a considerable threat to food safety and public health.The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the seroprevalence of T.gondii infection in the swine population in China from 2000 to 2023 and to examine potential factors associated with infection.A total of 112 studies were included,collectively involving 145,152 swine samples originating from 26 provinces.The pooled seroprevalence was 26.0%(95%CI:23.3%–28.7%).Stratified analysis based on diagnostic methods revealed that studies using the indirect hemagglutination assay(IHA)reported a seroprevalence of 19.7%(95%CI:17.2%–22.2%),whereas those utilizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)reported a higher seroprevalence of 35.5%(95%CI:29.1%–41.8%).Geographical analysis indicated higher seroprevalence in the South Central and Southwest regions,whereas the East and Northwest areas reported the lowest seroprevalence.Chongqing Province reported the highest seroprevalence,reaching 44.9%(95%CI:43.4%–46.0%),followed by Xinjiang,Hainan,and Guizhou,whereas the lowest was observed in Shandong Province(3.5%,95%CI:1.7%–6.1%).These findings provide important epidemiological evidence that can inform strategies for the prevention and control of T.gondii infection in swine populations,with a focus on high-risk populations and geographical areas.This imperative contributes substantially to the improvement of both food safety and public health.
基金Fisheries Research Development Corporation,Grant/Award Number:2017-030.
文摘Background With the global expansion of aquaculture and the increasing demand for fish meal,identifying appropriate and sustainable alternative protein sources for aquafeeds has become essential.Single-cell protein(SCP),derived from methanotrophic bacteria,presents a promising alternative by converting methane into protein,potentially addressing both the need for alternative protein sources and reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of SCP inclusion(0%,25%,50%,and 75%fish meal replacement)on the health,gene expression,and gut microbiome of yellowtail kingfish(YTK,Seriola lalandi)following a 35-day growth trial.Results The study found that SCP inclusion at the highest level of fishmeal replacement(75%)induced a mild inflammatory response in the hindgut of the fish.However,micromorphological assessments of the hindgut,serum biochemistry,and gene expression analyses revealed no significant detrimental effects from SCP replacement.Notably,there were indications of improved lipid digestibility with SCP.Furthermore,SCP inclusion significantly enhanced microbial richness and altered the composition of the gut microbiome,introducing beneficial bacterial taxa that may contribute to improved gut health and resilience.Conclusions This study highlights SCP as a viable and sustainable alternative to fish meal in YTK diets.The findings suggest that SCP can be included in YTK diets without adverse health effects at moderate levels and may even offer benefits in terms of lipid digestibility and gut microbiome diversity.These results contribute to the advancement of more sustainable aquaculture practices.
基金supported by the Australia-China Joint Center for the PreventionManagement of Exotic Invasive Species,the Harry Butler Institute,Murdoch University,WA,Australiathe Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(KQTD20180411143628272)。
文摘The fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith),is native to the Americas.It has rapidly invaded 47 African countries and 18 Asian countries since the first detection of invasion into Nigeria and Ghana in 2016.It is regarded as a super pest based on its host range(at least 353 host plants),its inherent ability to survive in a wide range of habitats,its strong migration ability,high fecundity,rapid development of resistance to insecticides/viruses and its gluttonous characteristics.The inherently superior biological characteristics of FAW contribute to its invasiveness.Integrated pest management(IPM)of FAW has relied on multiple applications of monitoring and scouting,agricultural control,chemical pesticides,viral insecticides,sex attractants,bio-control agents(parasitoids,predators and entomopathogens)and botanicals.Knowledge gaps remain to be filled to:(1)understand the invasive mechanisms of S.frugiperda;(2)understand how to prevent its further spread and(3)provide better management strategies.This review summarizes the biological characters of FAW,their association with its invasiveness and IPM strategies,which may provide further insights for future management.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC1200600 and 2016YFC1202104)the Innovation Team of Modern Agricultural Industry Generic Key Technology R&D of Guangdong Province,China(2019KJ134)+1 种基金the Open Fund of the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests,China(2016-KF-3)A student scholarship was provided by the Harry Butler Institute,Murdoch University,Australia。
文摘Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia.Although these pests have not established in China,precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature.Thus,we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B.bryoniae and B.neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent)model with the occurrence records of these two species.Bactrocera bryoniae and B.neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China,and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20%of the globe.Globally,the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia,the central and the southeast coast of Africa,southern North America,northern and central South America,and Australia.While within China,most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species.Notably,southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B.bryoniae and B.neohumeralis invasions.Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B.bryoniae and B.neohumeralis in the world and in particular China,and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52072231,51602187,52072232,51702208)the program for the Young Eastern Scholars Program(No.QD2015028)+1 种基金the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission(No.18JC1412800)Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.2019-01-07-00-09-E00020)from Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(China)。
文摘Tungsten bronze coatings and films have attracted global attention for their applications in near-infrared(NIR)-shielding windows.However,they are unstable in strong ultraviolet,humid heat,alkaline and/or oxidizing environments and are difficult to be coated on glass surfaces with complex shape.Here,we address these limitations by doping sodium tungsten bronze(Na_(x)WO_(3))into bulk glasses using a simple glass melting method.X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,TEM and SEM-EDS characterization confirmed the presence of sodium tungsten bronze(Na_(x)WO_(3))functional units inside the 34SiO_(2)-38B_(2)O_(3)-28NaF glass matrix.Because the functional units are well protected by the glass matrix,the fabricated glasses are stable under hot,humid,oxidizing conditions,as well as under ambient conditions,with no change after 360 days.The NIR-shielding performance of these glasses can be adjusted to as high as 100%by varying WO_(x)concentration(2-8 mol%)and quenching temperature(1000-1400℃).With a content of 6 mol%WO_(x)and a quenching temperature of 1000℃,the bulk glass shows 63%transmission of visible light and only 11%transmission of NIR light at 1100 nm.Thermal insulation experiments show that the NIR-shielding performance of the glasses are far superior to commercial soda lime window glass or indium-doped tin oxide(ITO)glass,and comparable to cesium tungsten bronze coated glass.The novel bulk glasses have higher stability,simpler processing,and can be easily made into complex shapes,making them excellent alternative materials for energy-saving glasses.
文摘Bandicoots and bilbies(Order Peramelemorphia)occupy a broad range of habitats across Australia and New Guinea,from open,arid deserts to dense forests.This once diverse group has been particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and introduced eutherian predators,and numerous species extinctions and range retractions have occurred.Understanding reasons for this loss requires greater understanding of their biology.Morphology of the pinnae and tympanic bullae varies markedly among species.As hearing is important for both predator avoidance and prey location,the variability in ear morphology could reflect specialization and adaptation to specific environments,and therefore be of conservation relevance.We measured 798 museum specimens representing 29 species of Peramelemorphia.Controlling for phylogenetic relatedness and head length,pinna surface area was weakly negatively correlated with average precipitation(rainfall being our surrogate measure of vegetation productivity/complexity),and there were no environmental correlates with effective diameter(pinna width).Controlling for phylogenetic relatedness and skull length,tympanic bulla volume was negatively correlated with precipitation.Species that inhabited drier habitats,which would be open and allow sound to carry further with less obstruction,had relatively larger pinnae and tympanic bullae.In contrast,species from higher rainfall habitats,where sounds would be attenuated and diffused by dense vegetation,had the smallest pinnae and bullae,suggesting that low-frequency hearing is not as important in these habitats.Associations with temperature did not reach statistical significance.These findings highlight linkages between hearing traits and habitat that can inform conservation and management strategies for threatened species.
基金This work was funded by Abu Dhabi Award for Research Excellence-Department of Education and Knowledge(No.21S105)to Khaled A.El-Tarabily.
文摘Plants have to cope with several abiotic stresses,including salinity and heavymetals(HMs).Under these stresses,several extracts have been used as effective natural biostimulants,however,the use of Spirulina platensis(SP)extract(SPE)remains elusive.The effects of SPE were evaluated as soil addition(SA)and/or foliar spraying(FS)on antioxidant defenses and HMs content of common bean grown in saline soil contaminated with HMs.Individual(40 or 80 mg SPE/hill added as SA or 20 or 40 mg SPE/plant added as FS)or integrative(SA+FS)applications of SPE showed significant improvements in the following order:SA-80+FS-40>SA-80+FS-20>SA-40+FS-40>SA-40+FS-20>SA-80>SA-40>FS-40>FS-20>control.Therefore,the integrative SA+FS with 40 mg SP/plant was the most effective treatment in increasing plant growth and production,overcoming stress effects and minimizing contamination of the edible part.It significantly increased plant growth(74%–185%)and yield(107%–227%)by enhancing net photosynthetic rate(78.5%),stomatal conductance(104%),transpiration rate(124%),and contents of carotenoids(60.0%),chlorophylls(49%–51%),and NPK(271%–366%).These results were concurrent with the marked reductions in malondialdehyde(61.6%),hydrogen peroxide(42.2%),nickel(91%–94%),lead(80%–9%),and cadmium(74%–91%)contents due to the improved contents of glutathione(87.1%),ascorbate(37.0%),andα-tocopherol(77.2%),and the activities of catalase(18.1%),ascorbate peroxidase(18.3%),superoxide dismutase(192%),and glutathione reductase(52.2%)as reinforcing mechanisms.Therefore,this most effective treatment is recommended to mitigate the stress effects of salinity and HMs on common bean production while minimizing HMs in the edible part.
基金supported by the Cooperative Research Centre for High Integrity Australian Pork(Pork CRC)through the grant(Pork CRC 4A-109)
文摘Algal phytoremediation represents a practical green solution for treating anaerobically digested piggery effluent(ADPE). The potential and viability of combining microalgae and macroalgae cultivation for the efficient treatment of ADPE were evaluated in this study.Bioprospecting the ability of different locally isolated macroalgae species illustrated the potential of Cladophora sp. to successfully grow and treat ADPE with up to 150 mg/L NH_4^+ with a biomass productivity of(0.13 ± 0.02) g/(L·day) and ammonium removal rate of(10.23 ± 0.18) mg/(L·day) NH_4^+. When grown by itself, the microalgae consortium used in this study consisting of Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. was found to grow and treat undiluted ADPE(up to 525 mg/L NH_4^+) with an average ammonium removal rate of 25 mg/(L·day) NH_4^+ and biomass productivity of(0.012 ± 0.0001) g/(L·day). Nevertheless, when combined together, despite the different cultivation systems(attached and non-attached) evaluated,microalgae and macroalgae were unable to co-exist together and treat ADPE as their respective growth were inversely related to each other due to direct competition for nutrients and available resources as well as the negative physical interaction between both algal groups.
基金supported by a fellowship from Coordenacao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior(CAPES)。
文摘Fageia Mello-Leitao,1929 is a genus of the running crab spider family Philodromidae,recognizable by its pentagonal abdomen and spatulate setae.Like most Neotropical representatives in the family,its systematics is poorly known,and specimens of Fageia are scarce in zoological collections.Here,the genus is newly diagnosed and revised,resulting in four valid species:Fageia amabilis Mello-Leitao,1929,Fageia panamensis sp.nov.,Fageia aripuanan sp.nov.,and Fageia moschata(Mello-Leitao,1943),which is considered a senior synonym of Fageia meridionalis Mello-Leitão,1943 syn.nov.and Fageia rosea(Mello-Leitao,1944)syn.nov.Ebo carmineus Mello-Leitao,1944 syn.nov.is newly transferred to Fageia and synonymized with F.moschata.The species Fageia clara Mello-Leitao,1937 is transferred to Tmarus Simon,1875(Thomisidae)as Tmarus clarus(Mello-Leitao,1937)comb.nov.,but since this species and Fageia concolor Mello-Leitao,1947 cannot be properly identified,they are both considered species inquirendae.The four valid species are described and illustrated,males of the genus are described for the first time,and a map with the updated distribution is provided.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1400200)the Taishan Scholar Constructive Engineering Foundation of Shandong,China(tstp20221135)。
文摘Potato cyst nematodes(PCNs)are a significant threat to potato production,having caused substantial damage in many countries.Predicting the future distribution of PCN species is crucial to implementing effective biosecurity strategies,especially given the impact of climate change on pest species invasion and distribution.Machine learning(ML),specifically ensemble models,has emerged as a powerful tool in predicting species distributions due to its ability to learn and make predictions based on complex data sets.Thus,this research utilised advanced machine learning techniques to predict the distribution of PCN species under climate change conditions,providing the initial element for invasion risk assessment.We first used Global Climate Models to generate homogeneous climate predictors to mitigate the variation among predictors.Then,five machine learning models were employed to build two groups of ensembles,single-algorithm ensembles(ESA)and multi-algorithm ensembles(EMA),and compared their performances.In this research,the EMA did not always perform better than the ESA,and the ESA of Artificial Neural Network gave the highest performance while being cost-effective.Prediction results indicated that the distribution range of PCNs would shift northward with a decrease in tropical zones and an increase in northern latitudes.However,the total area of suitable regions will not change significantly,occupying 16-20%of the total land surface(18%under current conditions).This research alerts policymakers and practitioners to the risk of PCNs’incursion into new regions.Additionally,this ML process offers the capability to track changes in the distribution of various species and provides scientifically grounded evidence for formulating long-term biosecurity plans for their control.
文摘This study systematically studied the effects of Pr,Fe,and Na as representative rare earth,transition,and alkali metal dopants,respectively,on the photocatalytic activity of exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4)).The doped exfoliated g-C_(3)N_(4)samples were prepared by integrating precursor ion intercalation into the pre-formed g-C_(3)N_(4)with thermal treatment.The as-prepared catalysts were examined for crystal,textural,chemical,optical,and photoelectrochemical properties to explore the correlation between dopants and photocatalytic activity of the resulting composites.The detailed analyses revealed that the Pr-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)exhibited superior photocatalytic activity in degrading methylene blue under visible light,achieving a~96%removal in 40 min.This was not only better than the activity of g-C_(3)N_(4),but also much higher than that of Na-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)or Fe-doped g-C_(3)N_(4).The kinetic rate constant using Pr-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)was 3.2,5.1,and 2.0 times greater than that of the g-C_(3)N_(4),Fe-doped g-C_(3)N_(4),and Na-doped g-C_(3)N_(4),respectively.The enhanced performance was attributed to its inherent characteristics after optimal tuning,including good surface area,improved porosity,enhanced visible light absorption,suitable electronic band structure,increased charge carrier density,promoted charge separation,and reduced charge transfer resistance.In addition,the optimized Pr(0.4)g-C_(3)N_(4)was used to study the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue in detail under conditions with different initial methylene blue concentrations,types of dyes,catalyst dosages,initial solution pH,counter ions,and water matrices.Our results demonstrated the high photocatalytic activity of Pr(0.4)g-C_(3)N_(4)under varying conditions,including in real wastewater media,which were collected from our local municipal wastewater treatment plant.The observed good reusability and stability after five cycles of photocatalytic degradation test further suggested a promising potential of Pr(0.4)g-C_(3)N_(4)for practical application in wastewater treatment.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601659 and 32072456)the Science and Technology Supporting Program for Young Innovative Teams in Higher Education of Shandong Province(2020KJF001)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2016CQ08)the Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province(tsqn20161040).
文摘Cyantraniliprole is the first diamide insecticide to have cross-spectrum activity against a broad range of insect orders.The insecticide,like other diamides,selectively acts on ryanodine receptor,destroys Ca^(2+) homeostasis,and ultimately causes insect death.Although expression regulations of genes associated with calcium signaling pathways are known to be involved in the response to diamides,little is known regarding the function of calmodulin(CaM),a typical Ca^(2+)sensor central in regulating Ca^(2+) homeostasis,in the stress response of insects to the insecticide.In this study,we cloned and identified the full-length complementary DNA of CaM in the whitefly,Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius),named BtCaM.Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based analyses showed that the messenger RNA level of BtCaM was rapidly induced from l.5l-to 2.43-fold by cyantraniliprole during 24 h.Knockdown of BtCaM by RNA interference increased the toxicity of cyantraniliprole in whiteflies by 42.85%.In contrast,BtCaM expression in Sf9 cells significantly increased the cells,tolerance to cyantraniliprole as much as 2.91-fold.In addition,the expression of BtCaM in Sf9 cells suppressed the rapid increase of intracellular Ca^(2+) after exposure to cyantraniliprole,and the maximum amplitude in the Sf9-BtCaM cells was only 34.9%of that in control cells(Sf9-PIZ/V5).These results demonstrate that overexpression of BtCaM is involved in the stress response of B.tabaci to cyantraniliprole through regulation of Ca^(2+)concentration.As CaM is one of the most evolutionarily conserved Ca^(2+) sensors in insects,outcomes of this study may provide the first details of a universal insect response to diamide insecticides.
文摘Rangelands worldwide have been subject to broadscale modification,such as widespread predator control,intro-duction of permanent livestock water and altered vegetation to improve grazing.In Australia,these landscape changes have resulted in kangaroos(i.e.large macropods)populations increasing over the past 200 years.Kan-garoos are a key contributor to total grazing pressure and in conjunction with livestock and feral herbivores have been linked to land degradation.We used 22 years of aerial survey data to investigate whether the density of 3 macropod species in the southern rangelands of Western Australia was associated with:(i)land use,including type of livestock,total livestock,density of feral goats,type of land tenure,and kangaroo commercial harvest effort;(ii)predator management,including permitted dingo control effort,estimated dingo abundance,and presence of the State Barrier Fence(a dingo exclusion fence);and(iii)environmental variables:ruggedness,rainfall,fractional cover,and total standing dry matter.Red kangaroos(Osphranter rufus)were most abundant inflat,open vegetation,on pastoral land,where area permitted for dingo control was high,and numbers were positively associated with antecedent rainfall with a 12-month delay.Western grey kangaroos(Macropus fuliginosus)were most abundant onflat,agricultural land,but less abundant in areas with high permitted dingo control.Euros(Osphranter robustus)were most abundant in rugged pastoral land with open vegetation,where permitted dingo control was high.While environmental variables are key drivers of landscape productivity and kangaroo populations,anthropogenic factors such as land use and permitted dingo control are strongly associated with kangaroo abundance.
基金financially by the Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education(LPDP)through“RISPRO KI”the International Research Collaboration(Grant No.RISPRO/KI/B1/KOM/12/11684/1/2020).
文摘This study investigates the simultaneous production of hydrochar and bioactive compounds from Ulva lactuca via a hydrothermal process.The experiment was carried out using a batch reaction vessel at different reaction temperatures of 180-220◦C and various holding times of 30-90 min.As expected,both temperature and time vigorously influenced hydrochar and bioactive compound production.The maximum hydrochar yield was at 32.4 wt%.The higher heating value(HHV)of hydrochar was observed in the range of 17.68-21.07 MJ kg^(-1),near the energy content of low-rank coals.The hydrochars exhibited contact angles higher than 90°(i.e.,94-108°)for a longer time,confirming their hydrophobic surfaces.The scanning electron microscope analysis(SEM)showed that the hydrothermal process enables cracks in the spherical shape of raw U.lactuca into small and porous particles.Besides producing hydrochar,the hydrothermal process of U.lactuca also gives promising antioxidants and phenolics as bioactive compounds.The highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity could be achieved in hydrolysate at 200℃and 30 min with the value of 1.20±0.12 mg/g and 71.6±1.3%,respectively.
基金supported by the National Institute of Food and Agri-culture(NIFA)/United States Department of Agriculture(USDA)under the Grant number:2018-38821-27752.
文摘Aquaculture contributes remarkably to the global economy and food security through seafood production,an important part of the global food supply chain.The success of this industry depends heavily on aquafeeds,and the nutritional composition of the feed is an important factor for the quality,productivity,and profitability of aquaculture species.The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends on the accessibility of quality feed ingredients,such as fishmeal and fish oil.These traditional feedstuffs are under increasing significant pressure due to the rapid expansion of aquaculture for human consumption and the decline of natural fish harvest.In this review,we evaluated the development of microalgal molecules in aquaculture and expanded the use of these high-value compounds in the production of aquaculture diets.Microalgae-derived functional ingredients emerged as one of the promising alternatives for aquafeed production with positive health benefits.Several compounds found in microalgae,including carotenoids(lutein,astaxanthin,and𝛽-carotene),essential amino acids(leucine,valine,and threonine),𝛽-1-3-glucan,essential oils(docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid),minerals,and vitamins,are of high nutritional value to aquaculture.
基金provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.32100011,31961143010,31970010,31470152)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant no.2021M693361)+3 种基金National Key R&D Program of China project”Accurate identification and innovative utilization of germplasm resources of edible mushrooms suitable for factory cultivation(Grant no.2022YFD1200605)Beijing Innovation Consortium of Agriculture Research System(Grant no.BAIC03-01)Biological Resources Programme,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant no.KFJ-BRP-009-003)Survey of Wildlife Resources in Key Areas of Tibet(Grant no.ZL202203601).
文摘Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla in the fungal tree of life.The outline of Basidiomycota provides essential taxonomic information for researchers and workers in mycology.In this study,we present a time-framed phylogenomic tree with 487 species of Basidiomycota from 127 families,47 orders,14 classes and four subphyla;we update the outline of Basidiomycota based on the phylogenomic relationships and the taxonomic studies since 2019;and we provide notes for each order and discuss the history,defining characteristics,evolution,justification of orders,problems,significance,and plates.Our phylogenomic analysis suggests that the subphyla diverged in a time range of 443-490 Myr(million years),classes in a time range of 312-412 Myr,and orders in a time range of 102-361 Myr.Families diverged in a time range of 50-289 Myr,76-224 Myr,and 62-156 Myr in Agaricomycotina,Pucciniomycotina,and Ustilaginomycotina,respectively.Based on the phylogenomic relationships and divergence times,we propose a new suborder Mycenineae in Agaricales to accommodate Mycenaceae.In the current outline of Basidiomycota,there are four subphyla,20 classes,77 orders,297 families,and 2134 genera accepted.When building a robust taxonomy of Basidiomycota in the genomic era,the generation of molecular phylogenetic data has become relatively easier.Finding phenotypical characters,especially those that can be applied for identification and classification,however,has become increasingly challenging.
基金provide by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32460002,31960005,32000009,32170019,NSFC 32260004)ussian Science Foundation(Nos.24-44-00099,23-74-00071,24-44-00099)+14 种基金National Research Council of Thailand(No.N42A650547)National Institute of Nursing Research(1P20GM152333-01)National Science Foundation(2029478)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS,23K05900)National Science Foundation of China(32150410362)Croatian Science Foundation(HRZZIP-2022-10-5219)RSF(21-74-20089)ZIN RAS(122031100260-0)Science and Technology Human Resource Development Project(R3RJ2)Asian Development Bank,Conselho Naional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(306632/2022-5),zygosporic fungi in the Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco and Paraiba,Brazil(FACEPE–APQ-1346-2.12/22),Agriculture Sci-Tech Renovation(XJNKYWDZC–2022004)Research Foundation—Flanders(1206024N),FWF(P31038)Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Province“High-End Foreign Experts,National Centre for Research and Development,Poland”(Tango-IV-C/0005/2019)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2021FYB0005)Smart Yunnan Project(E13K281261)High-Level Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Provinces.
文摘Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al.,and the definition and the higher ranks(e.g.,phyla)of the‘true fungi’have been revised in several subsequent publications.Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom.This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi,drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota,with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings.We accept 19 phyla of Fungi,viz.Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocallimastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,and Zoopagomycota.In the phylogenies,Caulochytriomycota resides in Chytridiomycota;thus,the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter,while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota.We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes.A new subphylum,Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota.The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al.in Pneumocystomycetes,Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated.Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed,providing examples.
基金provide by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32460002,31960005,32000009,32170019,NSFC 32260004)Russian Science Foundation(Nos.24-44-00099,23-74-00071,24-44-00099)+17 种基金National Research Council of Thailand(No.N42A650547)National Institute of Nursing Research(1P20GM152333-01)National Science Foundation(2029478)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS,23K05900)National Science Foundation of China(32150410362)Croatian Science Foundation(HRZZ-IP-2022-10-5219)RSF(21-74-20089)ZIN RAS(122031100260-0)Science and Technology Human Resource Development Project(R3RJ2)Asian Development Bank,Conselho Naional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(306632/2022-5)zygosporic fungi in the Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco and Paraíba,Brazil(FACEPE-APQ-1346-2.12/22)Agriculture Sci-Tech Renovation(XJNKYWDZC-2022004)Research Foundation-Flanders(1206024N)FWF(P31038)Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Province“High-End Foreign Experts”,National Centre for Research and Development,Poland(Tango-Ⅳ-C/0005/2019)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2021FYB0005)Smart Yunnan Project(E13K281261)High-Level Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Provinces.
文摘Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2-3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al.,and the definition and the higher ranks(e.g.,phyla)of the‘true fungi’have been revised in several subsequent publications.Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom.This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi,drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota,with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings.We accept 19 phyla of Fungi,viz.Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocal-limastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,and Zoopagomycota.In the phylogenies,Caulochy-triomycota resides in Chytridiomycota;thus,the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter,while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota.We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes.A new subphylum,Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota.The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al.in Pneumocystomycetes,Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated.Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed,providing examples.
