The aim of this study was to evaluate groundwater fitness for domestic and irrigational use in Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh,India.For this study,block wise(n=16)groundwater samples were collected,and measured param...The aim of this study was to evaluate groundwater fitness for domestic and irrigational use in Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh,India.For this study,block wise(n=16)groundwater samples were collected,and measured parameters were analyzed using the pollution index of groundwater(PIG),various irrigational indices,and graphical techniques.The results of this study suggested that most of the parameters were within the prescribed limits of WHO and BIS,excluding F-(0.4 to 2.6 mg L^(-1))and Fe^(2+)(0.1 to 1.7 mg L^(-1)).Concentrations of total dissolved solids(TDS)were exceeded the desirable limit(>500 mg L^(-1))in 43.75%of samples at some sites.The Gibbs plot revealed that groundwater chemistry was governed by rock-water interaction in the region,especially silicate weathering.The Piper plot suggested that Ca^(2+)-HCO3-is dominant hydrochemical facies in the area followed by mixed Ca^(2+)-Na^(+)-HCO_(3)^(-)type,Na^(+)-Cl^(-)type,and Na^(+)-HCO_(3)^(-)type.PIG evaluation revealed that the contribution of F-and Fe2+in groundwater degradation is high in comparison to other elements in the region,about 18.75%samples showed low pollution,while about 6.25%samples shows moderate pollution,and 6.25%samples reflected high pollution.The human health risk(HHR)assessment finding suggested that children(mean:1.36)are more vulnerable than adults(mean:1.01).Sodium absorption ration(SAR),Residual sodium carbonate(RSC),and Permeability index(PI)indicated that most of the groundwater was suitable for irrigation,whereas,Magnesium hazard ration(MHR)and Potential salinity(PS)indices suggested that only 37.5%and 56.25%of the samples were suitable for irrigational use,respectively.This regional study would help in decision making for stakeholders and relevant authorities in the execution of groundwater management and remediation plans in the area.展开更多
In this paper, the pulsatile flow of blood through an inclined catheterized stenosed artery is analyzed. Perturbation method is used to solve the implicit system of partial differential equations with suitable boundar...In this paper, the pulsatile flow of blood through an inclined catheterized stenosed artery is analyzed. Perturbation method is used to solve the implicit system of partial differential equations with suitable boundary conditions. Various analytical expressions axial velocity, flow rate, wall shear stress and effective viscosity have been derived with the help of MATLAB for understanding the fluid flow phenomena. The combined effect of catheterization, body acceleration, slip and inclination has been seen by plotting the graph and observed that axial velocity and flow rate increases with the increase in body acceleration, inclination angle and slip velocity while axial velocity diminishes on increasing the catheter radius. Wall shear stress increases with the increase in catheter radius and body acceleration but presence of slip velocity reduces the wall shear stress. Effective viscosity diminishes on increasing body acceleration and inclination angle, whereas slightly augmented in non-inclined stenosed artery.展开更多
A single scan has been performed in Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 15oC/min under non-isothermal conditions to investigate the crystallization kinetics of glassy Se90Sb10-xAgx alloys (whe...A single scan has been performed in Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 15oC/min under non-isothermal conditions to investigate the crystallization kinetics of glassy Se90Sb10-xAgx alloys (where x = 2, 4, 6, 8). For this purpose, Handerson’s theory based on non-isothermal method for thermal analysis of single-scan DSC data has been used. The activation energy of crystallization and order parameter has been determined and composition dependence of these parameters has been discussed.展开更多
The Internet of things(IoT)is a wireless network designed to perform specific tasks and plays a crucial role in various fields such as environmental monitoring,surveillance,and healthcare.To address the limitations im...The Internet of things(IoT)is a wireless network designed to perform specific tasks and plays a crucial role in various fields such as environmental monitoring,surveillance,and healthcare.To address the limitations imposed by inadequate resources,energy,and network scalability,this type of network relies heavily on data aggregation and clustering algorithms.Although various conventional studies have aimed to enhance the lifespan of a network through robust systems,they do not always provide optimal efficiency for real-time applications.This paper presents an approach based on state-of-the-art machine-learning methods.In this study,we employed a novel approach that combines an extended version of principal component analysis(PCA)and a reinforcement learning algorithm to achieve efficient clustering and data reduction.The primary objectives of this study are to enhance the service life of a network,reduce energy usage,and improve data aggregation efficiency.We evaluated the proposed methodology using data collected from sensors deployed in agricultural fields for crop monitoring.Our proposed approach(PQL)was compared to previous studies that utilized adaptive Q-learning(AQL)and regional energy-aware clustering(REAC).Our study outperformed in terms of both network longevity and energy consumption and established a fault-tolerant network.展开更多
Pumpkin belongs to the family of Cucurbitaceae,which comprises several species that has economical as well as agronomical importance.All parts of pumpkin are edible and laden with beneficial neutraceutical compounds.P...Pumpkin belongs to the family of Cucurbitaceae,which comprises several species that has economical as well as agronomical importance.All parts of pumpkin are edible and laden with beneficial neutraceutical compounds.Pumpkin seeds are valuable source protein which can help in eradicating protein malnutrition and lipids(rich in PUFAs)contains essential as well as non essential fatty acids which prevents from various ailments like cancer and other cardiovascular diseases.Since,seeds of pumpkin are abundant in macro(magnesium,phosphorous,potassium,sodium and calcium)and micro minerals(iron,copper,manganese,zinc and selenium),they can be used as an incredible dietary supplement which in turn helps in curbing various deficiency disorders.This review enlightens the characteristics of pumpkin seeds,process of valorization of pumpkin seeds and the effect of processing on their nutritional composition which have been studied currently with the aim to use this wonder seeds for human wellbeing.Pumpkin seeds possess many bioactive compounds like polyphenols,flavonoids,phytosterols and squalene which makes it a lucrative raw material for pharmacological and food industries.Pumpkin seeds work as anti-depressant and helps majorly in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia(BHP).Daily consumption of pumpkin seeds can reduce the chances of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.Pumpkin seeds are rich in tocopherols and can be used for oil extraction for edible purposes and utilized in other food formulations for future use.展开更多
A simple mathematical model for the exudative retinal detachment has been developed. The model takes into consideration a typical retinal blister with unknown shape and the fluid flow caused by its accumulation in the...A simple mathematical model for the exudative retinal detachment has been developed. The model takes into consideration a typical retinal blister with unknown shape and the fluid flow caused by its accumulation in the subretinal space through the fluid-leakage into the subretinal space from the choriocapillar is across the outer blood-retina barrier described by Darcy’s law. The theory of bending beams is applied to model the deformation of the retinal blister. The boundary value problem describing the retinal deformation in dimensionless form is solved using the perturbation method. The computational results for the retinal deformation are presented through graphs to illustrate the sensitivity of the deformation to the elastic modulus, the moment of inertia and intraocular pressure and discussed.展开更多
The multicarrier transmission techniques have been the most beguiling one for the development of wireless communication systems like 4G, Long Term evolution and now the successor 5G. For 5G or fifth generation wireles...The multicarrier transmission techniques have been the most beguiling one for the development of wireless communication systems like 4G, Long Term evolution and now the successor 5G. For 5G or fifth generation wireless communication, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Filter Bank Multi carrier modulation (FBMC) are the dominant waveform contenders. In this research paper, the disadvantages of OFDM have been addressed and it has shown that filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) could be a more effective solution. The comparative analysis of FBMC and OFDM has been performed based on Power Spectral Densities, sub channels, computational complexity and prototype filter comparison simulated using MATLAB.展开更多
The novel coronavirus disease,or COVID-19,is a hazardous disease.It is endangering the lives of many people living in more than two hundred countries.It directly affects the lungs.In general,two main imaging modalitie...The novel coronavirus disease,or COVID-19,is a hazardous disease.It is endangering the lives of many people living in more than two hundred countries.It directly affects the lungs.In general,two main imaging modalities,i.e.,computed tomography(CT)and chest x-ray(CXR)are used to achieve a speedy and reliable medical diagnosis.Identifying the coronavirus in medical images is exceedingly difficult for diagnosis,assessment,and treatment.It is demanding,time-consuming,and subject to human mistakes.In biological disciplines,excellent performance can be achieved by employing artificial intelligence(AI)models.As a subfield of AI,deep learning(DL)networks have drawn considerable attention than standard machine learning(ML)methods.DL models automatically carry out all the steps of feature extraction,feature selection,and classification.This study has performed comprehensive analysis of coronavirus classification using CXR and CT imaging modalities using DL architectures.Additionally,we have discussed how transfer learning is helpful in this regard.Finally,the problem of designing and implementing a system using computer-aided diagnostic(CAD)to find COVID-19 using DL approaches highlighted a future research possibility.展开更多
The objective of the present study is to examine how different concentrations of polyvinyl acetate(PVAc)coating(2.5%,5.0%,7.5%,10.0%,and 12.5%)affect the quality of lemons during storage at(27±2)℃,with the aim o...The objective of the present study is to examine how different concentrations of polyvinyl acetate(PVAc)coating(2.5%,5.0%,7.5%,10.0%,and 12.5%)affect the quality of lemons during storage at(27±2)℃,with the aim of extending their shelf life.Lemons are known for being a rich source of citric acid,ascorbic acid,and dietary fiber.During the study,the coated lemons were regularly assessed for various parameters such as weight loss,respiration rate,firmness,decay incidence,total soluble solids,pH,ascorbic acid,and juice content.the results revealed that lemons coated with 10.0%and 12.5%concentrations of PVAc exhibited a significant(P<0.05)impact in reducing the respiration rate,ethylene production rate,weight loss,and maintaining firmness compared to the control sample.Furthermore,the study also investigated the potential acute toxicological and histological effects of the PVAc(12.5%)coated sample on mice.the results indicated that there were no harmful or lethal effects observed in the experimental mice.therefore,the PVAc coating at concentrations of 10.0%and 12.5%proves to be beneficial in preserving the natural color of lemons and minimizing senescence during storage at(27±2)℃.展开更多
Global concern for depleting fossil fuel reserves have been compelling for evolving power generation options using renewable energy sources. The solar energy happens to be a potential source for running the power plan...Global concern for depleting fossil fuel reserves have been compelling for evolving power generation options using renewable energy sources. The solar energy happens to be a potential source for running the power plants among renewable energy sources. Integrated Solar Combined Cycle(ISCC) power plants have gained popularity among the thermal power plants. Traditional ISCC power plants use Direct Steam Generation(DSG) approach. However, with the DSG method, the ISCC plant’s overall thermal efficiency does not increase significantly due to variations in the availability of solar energy. Thermal Energy Storage(TES) systems when integrated into the solar cycle can address such issues related to energy efficiency, process flexibility, reducing intermittency during non-solar hours. This review work focuses and discusses the developments in various components of the ISCC system including its major cycles and related parameters. The main focus is on CSP technologies, Heat Transfer Fluid(HTF), and Phase Change Material(PCM) used for thermal energy storage. Further, study includes heat enhancement methods with HTF and latent heat storage system. This study will be beneficial to the power plant professionals intending to modify the solar-based Combined Cycle Power Plant(CCPP) and to retrofit the existing Natural Gas Combined Cycle(NGCC) plant with the advanced solar cycle.展开更多
Activated carbon (AC) possesses several versatile properties that make it a valuable material, including a higher surface area, high adsorption capacity, microporous structure, and increased surface reactivity. AC gen...Activated carbon (AC) possesses several versatile properties that make it a valuable material, including a higher surface area, high adsorption capacity, microporous structure, and increased surface reactivity. AC generation from pyrolysis of biomass can be economical and environmentally responsible using varied conversion technologies (thermochemical and biological processes). This review paper studied the effects of pre-treatment technology, activation process, and heating rates during the AC production stage. Also, the properties and abilities of AC generated from biomass were revealed. It also examined the catalytic performance of commercial compounds obtained from biomass and their combinations with other materials to improve bio-oil. Additionally, this paper deals with catalytic pyrolysis of biomass (phenol and hydrocarbon generation), adsorption of organic and pharmaceutical pollutants, and absorption of gases using AC. This comprehensive review offers a new perspective on creating biomass-derived activated carbon with superior characteristics for enhancing the absorption capacity of gases and organic and pharmaceutical pollutants.展开更多
The effective delivery of drugs to the targeted tissues or cells has always been a cause of concern.Nanotechnology has emerged as an effective tool to solve this problem of targeted drug delivery.The development of na...The effective delivery of drugs to the targeted tissues or cells has always been a cause of concern.Nanotechnology has emerged as an effective tool to solve this problem of targeted drug delivery.The development of nanoparticle drug delivery systems is a revolutionary step in the healthcare domain.Nanoparticles loaded with drugs,known as nanomedicines,are used to achieve site-specific delivery of drugs that reduces the amount of required dose and,hence,toxicity.The nanoparticles,due to their small sizes,can easily cross the cell barriers.Also,the surface of the nanoparticles can be modified in such a way that it can be recognized by the molecules on the targeted cells.The addition of ligands,antibodies,aptamers,etc.,is done to modify the surface.Therefore,these nanoparticle drug delivery systems are used to obtain targeted delivery of drugs,controlled delivery,biocompatibility,low toxicity and degradation within acceptable time period.The novel drug delivery techniques involving nanoparticles are designed to improve the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of drugs.Nowadays,metallic as well as biodegradable nanoparticles are used as effective drug carriers for cancer,cardiovascular diseases,brain related disorders and so on.Metallic nanoparticles are obtained by the reduction of metallic ions from their solutions to the nano-size range.Of the metallic nanoparticles,Gold is studied very extensively due to its inert nature and relatively high biocompatibility than other metals.Biodegradable nanoparticles are synthesized from polymeric substances such as polylactic acid(PLA),gelatin,chitosan,etc.Some other examples of nanoparticles are dendrimers,liposomes,carbon-based,viral based,etc.展开更多
文摘The aim of this study was to evaluate groundwater fitness for domestic and irrigational use in Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh,India.For this study,block wise(n=16)groundwater samples were collected,and measured parameters were analyzed using the pollution index of groundwater(PIG),various irrigational indices,and graphical techniques.The results of this study suggested that most of the parameters were within the prescribed limits of WHO and BIS,excluding F-(0.4 to 2.6 mg L^(-1))and Fe^(2+)(0.1 to 1.7 mg L^(-1)).Concentrations of total dissolved solids(TDS)were exceeded the desirable limit(>500 mg L^(-1))in 43.75%of samples at some sites.The Gibbs plot revealed that groundwater chemistry was governed by rock-water interaction in the region,especially silicate weathering.The Piper plot suggested that Ca^(2+)-HCO3-is dominant hydrochemical facies in the area followed by mixed Ca^(2+)-Na^(+)-HCO_(3)^(-)type,Na^(+)-Cl^(-)type,and Na^(+)-HCO_(3)^(-)type.PIG evaluation revealed that the contribution of F-and Fe2+in groundwater degradation is high in comparison to other elements in the region,about 18.75%samples showed low pollution,while about 6.25%samples shows moderate pollution,and 6.25%samples reflected high pollution.The human health risk(HHR)assessment finding suggested that children(mean:1.36)are more vulnerable than adults(mean:1.01).Sodium absorption ration(SAR),Residual sodium carbonate(RSC),and Permeability index(PI)indicated that most of the groundwater was suitable for irrigation,whereas,Magnesium hazard ration(MHR)and Potential salinity(PS)indices suggested that only 37.5%and 56.25%of the samples were suitable for irrigational use,respectively.This regional study would help in decision making for stakeholders and relevant authorities in the execution of groundwater management and remediation plans in the area.
文摘In this paper, the pulsatile flow of blood through an inclined catheterized stenosed artery is analyzed. Perturbation method is used to solve the implicit system of partial differential equations with suitable boundary conditions. Various analytical expressions axial velocity, flow rate, wall shear stress and effective viscosity have been derived with the help of MATLAB for understanding the fluid flow phenomena. The combined effect of catheterization, body acceleration, slip and inclination has been seen by plotting the graph and observed that axial velocity and flow rate increases with the increase in body acceleration, inclination angle and slip velocity while axial velocity diminishes on increasing the catheter radius. Wall shear stress increases with the increase in catheter radius and body acceleration but presence of slip velocity reduces the wall shear stress. Effective viscosity diminishes on increasing body acceleration and inclination angle, whereas slightly augmented in non-inclined stenosed artery.
文摘A single scan has been performed in Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 15oC/min under non-isothermal conditions to investigate the crystallization kinetics of glassy Se90Sb10-xAgx alloys (where x = 2, 4, 6, 8). For this purpose, Handerson’s theory based on non-isothermal method for thermal analysis of single-scan DSC data has been used. The activation energy of crystallization and order parameter has been determined and composition dependence of these parameters has been discussed.
文摘The Internet of things(IoT)is a wireless network designed to perform specific tasks and plays a crucial role in various fields such as environmental monitoring,surveillance,and healthcare.To address the limitations imposed by inadequate resources,energy,and network scalability,this type of network relies heavily on data aggregation and clustering algorithms.Although various conventional studies have aimed to enhance the lifespan of a network through robust systems,they do not always provide optimal efficiency for real-time applications.This paper presents an approach based on state-of-the-art machine-learning methods.In this study,we employed a novel approach that combines an extended version of principal component analysis(PCA)and a reinforcement learning algorithm to achieve efficient clustering and data reduction.The primary objectives of this study are to enhance the service life of a network,reduce energy usage,and improve data aggregation efficiency.We evaluated the proposed methodology using data collected from sensors deployed in agricultural fields for crop monitoring.Our proposed approach(PQL)was compared to previous studies that utilized adaptive Q-learning(AQL)and regional energy-aware clustering(REAC).Our study outperformed in terms of both network longevity and energy consumption and established a fault-tolerant network.
基金The authors would like to thank Harcourt Butler Technical University,Kanpur India for providing infrastructure,guidance,knowledge and support.
文摘Pumpkin belongs to the family of Cucurbitaceae,which comprises several species that has economical as well as agronomical importance.All parts of pumpkin are edible and laden with beneficial neutraceutical compounds.Pumpkin seeds are valuable source protein which can help in eradicating protein malnutrition and lipids(rich in PUFAs)contains essential as well as non essential fatty acids which prevents from various ailments like cancer and other cardiovascular diseases.Since,seeds of pumpkin are abundant in macro(magnesium,phosphorous,potassium,sodium and calcium)and micro minerals(iron,copper,manganese,zinc and selenium),they can be used as an incredible dietary supplement which in turn helps in curbing various deficiency disorders.This review enlightens the characteristics of pumpkin seeds,process of valorization of pumpkin seeds and the effect of processing on their nutritional composition which have been studied currently with the aim to use this wonder seeds for human wellbeing.Pumpkin seeds possess many bioactive compounds like polyphenols,flavonoids,phytosterols and squalene which makes it a lucrative raw material for pharmacological and food industries.Pumpkin seeds work as anti-depressant and helps majorly in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia(BHP).Daily consumption of pumpkin seeds can reduce the chances of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.Pumpkin seeds are rich in tocopherols and can be used for oil extraction for edible purposes and utilized in other food formulations for future use.
文摘A simple mathematical model for the exudative retinal detachment has been developed. The model takes into consideration a typical retinal blister with unknown shape and the fluid flow caused by its accumulation in the subretinal space through the fluid-leakage into the subretinal space from the choriocapillar is across the outer blood-retina barrier described by Darcy’s law. The theory of bending beams is applied to model the deformation of the retinal blister. The boundary value problem describing the retinal deformation in dimensionless form is solved using the perturbation method. The computational results for the retinal deformation are presented through graphs to illustrate the sensitivity of the deformation to the elastic modulus, the moment of inertia and intraocular pressure and discussed.
文摘The multicarrier transmission techniques have been the most beguiling one for the development of wireless communication systems like 4G, Long Term evolution and now the successor 5G. For 5G or fifth generation wireless communication, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Filter Bank Multi carrier modulation (FBMC) are the dominant waveform contenders. In this research paper, the disadvantages of OFDM have been addressed and it has shown that filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) could be a more effective solution. The comparative analysis of FBMC and OFDM has been performed based on Power Spectral Densities, sub channels, computational complexity and prototype filter comparison simulated using MATLAB.
文摘The novel coronavirus disease,or COVID-19,is a hazardous disease.It is endangering the lives of many people living in more than two hundred countries.It directly affects the lungs.In general,two main imaging modalities,i.e.,computed tomography(CT)and chest x-ray(CXR)are used to achieve a speedy and reliable medical diagnosis.Identifying the coronavirus in medical images is exceedingly difficult for diagnosis,assessment,and treatment.It is demanding,time-consuming,and subject to human mistakes.In biological disciplines,excellent performance can be achieved by employing artificial intelligence(AI)models.As a subfield of AI,deep learning(DL)networks have drawn considerable attention than standard machine learning(ML)methods.DL models automatically carry out all the steps of feature extraction,feature selection,and classification.This study has performed comprehensive analysis of coronavirus classification using CXR and CT imaging modalities using DL architectures.Additionally,we have discussed how transfer learning is helpful in this regard.Finally,the problem of designing and implementing a system using computer-aided diagnostic(CAD)to find COVID-19 using DL approaches highlighted a future research possibility.
文摘The objective of the present study is to examine how different concentrations of polyvinyl acetate(PVAc)coating(2.5%,5.0%,7.5%,10.0%,and 12.5%)affect the quality of lemons during storage at(27±2)℃,with the aim of extending their shelf life.Lemons are known for being a rich source of citric acid,ascorbic acid,and dietary fiber.During the study,the coated lemons were regularly assessed for various parameters such as weight loss,respiration rate,firmness,decay incidence,total soluble solids,pH,ascorbic acid,and juice content.the results revealed that lemons coated with 10.0%and 12.5%concentrations of PVAc exhibited a significant(P<0.05)impact in reducing the respiration rate,ethylene production rate,weight loss,and maintaining firmness compared to the control sample.Furthermore,the study also investigated the potential acute toxicological and histological effects of the PVAc(12.5%)coated sample on mice.the results indicated that there were no harmful or lethal effects observed in the experimental mice.therefore,the PVAc coating at concentrations of 10.0%and 12.5%proves to be beneficial in preserving the natural color of lemons and minimizing senescence during storage at(27±2)℃.
文摘Global concern for depleting fossil fuel reserves have been compelling for evolving power generation options using renewable energy sources. The solar energy happens to be a potential source for running the power plants among renewable energy sources. Integrated Solar Combined Cycle(ISCC) power plants have gained popularity among the thermal power plants. Traditional ISCC power plants use Direct Steam Generation(DSG) approach. However, with the DSG method, the ISCC plant’s overall thermal efficiency does not increase significantly due to variations in the availability of solar energy. Thermal Energy Storage(TES) systems when integrated into the solar cycle can address such issues related to energy efficiency, process flexibility, reducing intermittency during non-solar hours. This review work focuses and discusses the developments in various components of the ISCC system including its major cycles and related parameters. The main focus is on CSP technologies, Heat Transfer Fluid(HTF), and Phase Change Material(PCM) used for thermal energy storage. Further, study includes heat enhancement methods with HTF and latent heat storage system. This study will be beneficial to the power plant professionals intending to modify the solar-based Combined Cycle Power Plant(CCPP) and to retrofit the existing Natural Gas Combined Cycle(NGCC) plant with the advanced solar cycle.
文摘Activated carbon (AC) possesses several versatile properties that make it a valuable material, including a higher surface area, high adsorption capacity, microporous structure, and increased surface reactivity. AC generation from pyrolysis of biomass can be economical and environmentally responsible using varied conversion technologies (thermochemical and biological processes). This review paper studied the effects of pre-treatment technology, activation process, and heating rates during the AC production stage. Also, the properties and abilities of AC generated from biomass were revealed. It also examined the catalytic performance of commercial compounds obtained from biomass and their combinations with other materials to improve bio-oil. Additionally, this paper deals with catalytic pyrolysis of biomass (phenol and hydrocarbon generation), adsorption of organic and pharmaceutical pollutants, and absorption of gases using AC. This comprehensive review offers a new perspective on creating biomass-derived activated carbon with superior characteristics for enhancing the absorption capacity of gases and organic and pharmaceutical pollutants.
文摘The effective delivery of drugs to the targeted tissues or cells has always been a cause of concern.Nanotechnology has emerged as an effective tool to solve this problem of targeted drug delivery.The development of nanoparticle drug delivery systems is a revolutionary step in the healthcare domain.Nanoparticles loaded with drugs,known as nanomedicines,are used to achieve site-specific delivery of drugs that reduces the amount of required dose and,hence,toxicity.The nanoparticles,due to their small sizes,can easily cross the cell barriers.Also,the surface of the nanoparticles can be modified in such a way that it can be recognized by the molecules on the targeted cells.The addition of ligands,antibodies,aptamers,etc.,is done to modify the surface.Therefore,these nanoparticle drug delivery systems are used to obtain targeted delivery of drugs,controlled delivery,biocompatibility,low toxicity and degradation within acceptable time period.The novel drug delivery techniques involving nanoparticles are designed to improve the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of drugs.Nowadays,metallic as well as biodegradable nanoparticles are used as effective drug carriers for cancer,cardiovascular diseases,brain related disorders and so on.Metallic nanoparticles are obtained by the reduction of metallic ions from their solutions to the nano-size range.Of the metallic nanoparticles,Gold is studied very extensively due to its inert nature and relatively high biocompatibility than other metals.Biodegradable nanoparticles are synthesized from polymeric substances such as polylactic acid(PLA),gelatin,chitosan,etc.Some other examples of nanoparticles are dendrimers,liposomes,carbon-based,viral based,etc.
