Known for its unique cross-disciplinary investigative programs and clinical excellence,the scientists and clinicians at the Hamilton Glaucoma Center of the University of California,San Diego seek to en-
This study examines the relationship between childhood exposure to air pollution and diagnosis with chronic non-respiratory health outcomes in adulthood. This prospective cohort study uses data collected in the 1970/1...This study examines the relationship between childhood exposure to air pollution and diagnosis with chronic non-respiratory health outcomes in adulthood. This prospective cohort study uses data collected in the 1970/1980s from 395 children, including exposure to air pollution. Over thirty years later, a survey collected data on various health outcomes, including diagnosis with arthritis, high blood pressure, long-term skin conditions, and hay fever allergies. Logistic regression modeling was performed to examine the relative contribution of childhood exposure to air pollution on chronic non-respiratory health outcomes in adulthood. Childhood exposure to SO2 emerged as a significant predictor of arthritis (OR = 2.73, 95% CI 1.20 - 6.18) and high blood pressure (OR = 2.82, 95% CI 1.23 - 6.47). Other significant predictors include respiratory symptoms during childhood, family income during childhood and adulthood, property tenure, employment status, residential exposures, life events, physical activity, and body mass index. Childhood exposure to air pollution did not emerge as a significant predictor of long-term skin conditions or hay fever allergies. Findings contribute to the debate on the health effects of air pollution, indicating that the health impacts of childhood exposure to air pollution may include chronic inflammatory disorders in adulthood.展开更多
Invasive pests and pathogens cause immense damage globally,costing an estimated US$248 billion to the agricultural industry alone.Vehicles,such as farming and timber harvesting machinery and transportation trucks,can ...Invasive pests and pathogens cause immense damage globally,costing an estimated US$248 billion to the agricultural industry alone.Vehicles,such as farming and timber harvesting machinery and transportation trucks,can facilitate the rapid spread of biological invaders over distances far greater and more quickly than their natural dispersal ability.Understanding how frequent trips by these vehicles increase the spread of invasive agricultural and forestry pests can help inform effective biosecurity procedures before,during,or after an incursion.We used a case study of timber transport trucks in Aotearoa New Zealand to examine whether and how vehicles facilitate the spread of soil-borne pathogens between commercial forest plantations.Our results show that long-distance dispersal associated with truck movement facilitated the introduction of oomycete-like pathogens in 97% of forest sites within only one year,with pathogen loads within infected sites predicted at 84%of the sites’carrying capacity.Implementing preventative management strategies to reduce the transportation of infected soil by logging trucks,however,can reduce the spread by up to 50% after one year and reduce the pathogen load within infested sites by more than three times.Mitigating other human-assisted dispersal pathways can also help reduce spread.Reducing movement of forest visitors not involved in forestry activities,for instance,by closing forest sites to the public,can help to further reduce spread in addition to management related to harvesting activities.These results highlight the benefits of preventative management strategies in reducing the spread rate of novel soil pathogens through a high-intensity commercial forestry network but show that pest spread is still likely even with significant investment.展开更多
Although multicrystalline Si photovoltaics have been extensively studied and applied in the collection of solar energy,the same systems suffer significant efficiency losses in indoor settings,where ambient light condi...Although multicrystalline Si photovoltaics have been extensively studied and applied in the collection of solar energy,the same systems suffer significant efficiency losses in indoor settings,where ambient light conditions are considerably smaller in intensity and possess greater components of non-normal incidence.Yet,indoor light-driven,stand-alone devices can offer sustainable advances in next-generation technologies such as the Internet of Things.Here,we present a non-invasive solution to aid in photovoltaic indoor light collection—radially distributed waveguide-encoded lattice(RDWEL)slim films(thickness 1.5 mm).Embedded with a monotonical radial array of cylindrical waveguides(±20°),the RDWEL demonstrates seamless light collection(FoV(fields of view)=74.5°)and imparts enhancements in JSC(short circuit current density)of 44%and 14%for indoor and outdoor lighting conditions,respectively,when coupled to a photovoltaic device and compared to an unstructured but otherwise identical slim film coating.展开更多
The pursuit of alternative fuel generation technologies has gained momentum due to the diminishing reserves of fossil fuels and global warming from increased CO_(2)emission.Among the proposed methods,the hydrogenation...The pursuit of alternative fuel generation technologies has gained momentum due to the diminishing reserves of fossil fuels and global warming from increased CO_(2)emission.Among the proposed methods,the hydrogenation of CO_(2)to produce marketable carbon-based products like methanol and ethanol is a practical approach that offers great potential to reduce CO_(2)emissions.Although significant volumes of methanol are currently produced from CO_(2),developing highly efficient and stable catalysts is crucial for further enhancing conversion and selectivity,thereby reducing process costs.An in-depth examination of the differences and similarities in the reaction pathways for methanol and ethanol production highlights the key factors that drive C-C coupling.Identifying these factors guides us toward developing more effective catalysts for ethanol synthesis.In this paper,we explore how different catalysts,through the production of various intermediates,can initiate the synthesis of methanol or ethanol.The catalytic mechanisms proposed by spectroscopic techniques and theoretical calculations,including operando X-ray methods,FTIR analysis,and DFT calculations,are summarized and presented.The following discussion explores the structural properties and composition of catalysts that influence C-C coupling and optimize the conversion rate of CO_(2)into ethanol.Lastly,the review examines recent catalysts employed for selective methanol and ethanol production,focusing on single-atom catalysts.展开更多
To satisfy the increasing global energy demand,while searching for new energy sources,it’s important to take a closer look at the resources already at our disposal and optimize their use.This comprehensive review exp...To satisfy the increasing global energy demand,while searching for new energy sources,it’s important to take a closer look at the resources already at our disposal and optimize their use.This comprehensive review explores the evolving landscape of unconventional oil resources,focusing on the environmental and economic implica-tions of bitumen partial upgrading technologies,particularly within the Canadian context.With over 55%of the world’s oil reserves comprising of unconventional oil,which includes extra-heavy oil and oil sand bitumen,there is a growing trend to shift from traditional oil sources to these abundant yet under-utilized reserves.This review delves into the challenges and advancements in bitumen partial upgrading,highlighting the latest technologies in thermal cracking,hydrocracking,catalytic cracking,and innovative methods like surfactant integration,cavi-tation,microwave,and plasma-assisted upgrading.It also discusses the environmental implications and eco-nomic feasibility of these technologies,emphasizing the necessity for sustainable and cost-effective solutions at petroleum field sites.Furthermore,the report introduces the transformative concept of Bitumen Beyond Com-bustion(BBC),which explores the non-combustion uses of bitumen and its asphaltene fraction in manufacturing high-value carbon-based products.These novel approaches align with global sustainability goals,offering the potential for significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and new routes to diversify the economic ap-plications of bitumen.The review then concludes with an assessment of current challenges and future research directions,advocating for a balanced approach that harmonizes technological innovation,environmental stewardship,and economic viability in the field of bitumen upgrading.展开更多
Glaucoma is a multifactorial eye disorder that can cause vision loss and irreversible blindness,affecting individ uals aged 40 to 80 yea rs worldwide.Due to the aging population,it is expected that the number of peopl...Glaucoma is a multifactorial eye disorder that can cause vision loss and irreversible blindness,affecting individ uals aged 40 to 80 yea rs worldwide.Due to the aging population,it is expected that the number of people affected by glaucoma will surpass 111 million by 2040 as the disease becomes more prevalent.Glaucoma primarily contributes to optic nerve axon loss and the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs),subsequently leading to vision impairment.展开更多
Open channel confluences,where two streams or rivers converge,play a crucial role in hydraulic engineering and river dynamics.These confluences are characterized by complex hydrodynamics influenced by the discharge ra...Open channel confluences,where two streams or rivers converge,play a crucial role in hydraulic engineering and river dynamics.These confluences are characterized by complex hydrodynamics influenced by the discharge ratios of merging water bodies.This study investigated the mixing structure at open channel confluences using three-dimensional numerical modeling.A comprehensive three-dimensional numerical model was developed and validated against a dataset obtained from controlled laboratory experiments.This dataset incorporated three-dimensional time-averaged velocity measurements.The skew-induced and stress-induced equation systems were adopted as the core governing equations,providing a framework for simulating various scenarios.A total of ten different cases were analyzed.The results highlighted the effect of discharge ratios on turbulence,lateral and vertical vorticities,and the distribution of mixing,which intensified with higher magnitudes of discharge ratios.The mixing structure,driven by velocity gradients and vorticity,revealed the significant role of lateral and vertical vorticities in determining hydrodynamic behaviors and mixing distributions at confluences.Specifically,the momentum ratio of incoming flows governed the spatial evolution of mixing processes.This study revealed that the distribution of mixing served as a key indicator for identifying the formation of mid-channel scours.High normalized velocities induced toward the left bank led to the superelevation of the water surface,enhancing the potential for bed material and the formation of significant scour holes beneath the elevated water surface.This novel approach provides a deeper understanding of the mixing patterns at confluences,particularly in scenarios with equilibrated discharge ratios but in different magnitudes.展开更多
Objectives:Sleep loss decreases working memory(WM)performance in young adults.The mechanisms that regulate WM performance during sleep loss are integrative and likely depend on the duration of perturbed sleep.The aim ...Objectives:Sleep loss decreases working memory(WM)performance in young adults.The mechanisms that regulate WM performance during sleep loss are integrative and likely depend on the duration of perturbed sleep.The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of a single night of partial sleep restriction(PSR)on WM,and the extent to which factors such as cardiorespiratory fitness and brainderived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)influence WM performance following one night of PSR.Methods:We measured WM performance after one night of PSR in twenty-two young adults(n=13 females)with otherwise normal sleep habits.Participants completed an N-back test following one night of normal sleep(6–9 h sleep duration)and after one night of PSR(3 h sleep duration).To account for learning effects due to repeated cognitive testing,a time-matched normal sleep control group was also collected(n=22).Plasma BDNF was measured after normal sleep and PSR.Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed via an incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer.Results:3-back reaction time was slightly slower after PSR compared to the control group(P_(Interaction)=0.038;η_(p)^(2)=0.10).No changes in BDNF were observed between sleep conditions(p=0.720;Cohen’s d=−0.04).WMperformance after acute PSR was inversely related to cardiorespiratory fitness(p=0.025;Pearson’s r=-0.48);and these associations were observed without changes in plasma BDNF.Conclusions:Our data suggest that a single night of PSR may acutely impair WM in young adults and contribute to an understanding about the incipient cognitive consequences of shortened sleep.展开更多
Mg_(x)(Ni_(0.8)La_(0.2))_(100-x),where x=60,70,80,exhibiting a nanocrystalline microstructure,were prepared through the crystallization of amorphous alloys.The investigation encompassed the phase constitution,grain si...Mg_(x)(Ni_(0.8)La_(0.2))_(100-x),where x=60,70,80,exhibiting a nanocrystalline microstructure,were prepared through the crystallization of amorphous alloys.The investigation encompassed the phase constitution,grain size,microstructural stability,and hydrogen storage properties.Crystallization kinetics,along with in-situ high-energy XRD characterization,revealed a concentrated and synchronous crystallization of Mg_(2)Ni and RE-Mg-Ni ternary phases with the increase in La and Ni content.The attributed synchronous crystallization process was found to be a result of the close local affinity of Mg_(2)Ni and RE-Mg-Ni ternary phases,as assessed by the thermodynamic Miedema model.Significant secondary phase pinning effect,arising from the high likelihood of well-matching phase structures between Mg_(2)Ni,LaMg_(2)Ni,and LaMgNi_(4),was validated through both the edge-to-edge matching model prediction and experimental observation.Thefine and homogeneous microstructure was shown to be a consequence of fast crystallization kinetics and the secondary phase pinning effect.Improved activation performance and cycling stability were observed,stemming from grain refinement and excellent microstructural stability.Our study provides insights into mechanism of grain refinement of nanocrystalline microstructure tailored by phase constitution and crystallization kinetics in the amorphous-crystallization route.We also demonstrate the potential of material design guided by phase equilibria and crystallographic predictions to improve nanocrystalline with excellent microstructural stability.展开更多
Background:Bladder augmentation is often necessary to address poorly compliant and low-capacity bladders which can result from Posterior Urethral Valve.Traditional techniques are limited by complications from using bo...Background:Bladder augmentation is often necessary to address poorly compliant and low-capacity bladders which can result from Posterior Urethral Valve.Traditional techniques are limited by complications from using bowel tissue,thus in the setting of a megaureter,ureterocystoplasty is favorable.Methods:We present a case of Teapot ureterocystoplasty,which improves vascular protection of the ureter by leaving the distal 3 cm of the ureter tubularized.Cystograms demonstrated bladder capacity improvement from 50 mL to 180 mL post-operatively.Additionally,Creatinine stabilized after a peak of 250 umol/L.Result and Conclusion:This patient is doing well at 4.5-year surveillance and has avoided renal transplant,a common fate for these children.展开更多
文摘Known for its unique cross-disciplinary investigative programs and clinical excellence,the scientists and clinicians at the Hamilton Glaucoma Center of the University of California,San Diego seek to en-
文摘This study examines the relationship between childhood exposure to air pollution and diagnosis with chronic non-respiratory health outcomes in adulthood. This prospective cohort study uses data collected in the 1970/1980s from 395 children, including exposure to air pollution. Over thirty years later, a survey collected data on various health outcomes, including diagnosis with arthritis, high blood pressure, long-term skin conditions, and hay fever allergies. Logistic regression modeling was performed to examine the relative contribution of childhood exposure to air pollution on chronic non-respiratory health outcomes in adulthood. Childhood exposure to SO2 emerged as a significant predictor of arthritis (OR = 2.73, 95% CI 1.20 - 6.18) and high blood pressure (OR = 2.82, 95% CI 1.23 - 6.47). Other significant predictors include respiratory symptoms during childhood, family income during childhood and adulthood, property tenure, employment status, residential exposures, life events, physical activity, and body mass index. Childhood exposure to air pollution did not emerge as a significant predictor of long-term skin conditions or hay fever allergies. Findings contribute to the debate on the health effects of air pollution, indicating that the health impacts of childhood exposure to air pollution may include chronic inflammatory disorders in adulthood.
基金supported by the Forest Growers Levy Trust(QT-10353)the Ministry for Primary Industries and the Sustainable Food and Fibre Futures fund(SFFF22023)the Strategic Science Investment Fund(CO4X1703)for funding this research.
文摘Invasive pests and pathogens cause immense damage globally,costing an estimated US$248 billion to the agricultural industry alone.Vehicles,such as farming and timber harvesting machinery and transportation trucks,can facilitate the rapid spread of biological invaders over distances far greater and more quickly than their natural dispersal ability.Understanding how frequent trips by these vehicles increase the spread of invasive agricultural and forestry pests can help inform effective biosecurity procedures before,during,or after an incursion.We used a case study of timber transport trucks in Aotearoa New Zealand to examine whether and how vehicles facilitate the spread of soil-borne pathogens between commercial forest plantations.Our results show that long-distance dispersal associated with truck movement facilitated the introduction of oomycete-like pathogens in 97% of forest sites within only one year,with pathogen loads within infected sites predicted at 84%of the sites’carrying capacity.Implementing preventative management strategies to reduce the transportation of infected soil by logging trucks,however,can reduce the spread by up to 50% after one year and reduce the pathogen load within infested sites by more than three times.Mitigating other human-assisted dispersal pathways can also help reduce spread.Reducing movement of forest visitors not involved in forestry activities,for instance,by closing forest sites to the public,can help to further reduce spread in addition to management related to harvesting activities.These results highlight the benefits of preventative management strategies in reducing the spread rate of novel soil pathogens through a high-intensity commercial forestry network but show that pest spread is still likely even with significant investment.
基金supported by the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme(Grant Agreement No.818762)the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(Grant No.EP/V048953/1)and the Isaac Newton Trust(grant 22.39(m))。
文摘Although multicrystalline Si photovoltaics have been extensively studied and applied in the collection of solar energy,the same systems suffer significant efficiency losses in indoor settings,where ambient light conditions are considerably smaller in intensity and possess greater components of non-normal incidence.Yet,indoor light-driven,stand-alone devices can offer sustainable advances in next-generation technologies such as the Internet of Things.Here,we present a non-invasive solution to aid in photovoltaic indoor light collection—radially distributed waveguide-encoded lattice(RDWEL)slim films(thickness 1.5 mm).Embedded with a monotonical radial array of cylindrical waveguides(±20°),the RDWEL demonstrates seamless light collection(FoV(fields of view)=74.5°)and imparts enhancements in JSC(short circuit current density)of 44%and 14%for indoor and outdoor lighting conditions,respectively,when coupled to a photovoltaic device and compared to an unstructured but otherwise identical slim film coating.
基金the Canadian NRCan OERD Energy Innovation Programthe Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,and the Carbon Solution Program for their financial support.
文摘The pursuit of alternative fuel generation technologies has gained momentum due to the diminishing reserves of fossil fuels and global warming from increased CO_(2)emission.Among the proposed methods,the hydrogenation of CO_(2)to produce marketable carbon-based products like methanol and ethanol is a practical approach that offers great potential to reduce CO_(2)emissions.Although significant volumes of methanol are currently produced from CO_(2),developing highly efficient and stable catalysts is crucial for further enhancing conversion and selectivity,thereby reducing process costs.An in-depth examination of the differences and similarities in the reaction pathways for methanol and ethanol production highlights the key factors that drive C-C coupling.Identifying these factors guides us toward developing more effective catalysts for ethanol synthesis.In this paper,we explore how different catalysts,through the production of various intermediates,can initiate the synthesis of methanol or ethanol.The catalytic mechanisms proposed by spectroscopic techniques and theoretical calculations,including operando X-ray methods,FTIR analysis,and DFT calculations,are summarized and presented.The following discussion explores the structural properties and composition of catalysts that influence C-C coupling and optimize the conversion rate of CO_(2)into ethanol.Lastly,the review examines recent catalysts employed for selective methanol and ethanol production,focusing on single-atom catalysts.
文摘To satisfy the increasing global energy demand,while searching for new energy sources,it’s important to take a closer look at the resources already at our disposal and optimize their use.This comprehensive review explores the evolving landscape of unconventional oil resources,focusing on the environmental and economic implica-tions of bitumen partial upgrading technologies,particularly within the Canadian context.With over 55%of the world’s oil reserves comprising of unconventional oil,which includes extra-heavy oil and oil sand bitumen,there is a growing trend to shift from traditional oil sources to these abundant yet under-utilized reserves.This review delves into the challenges and advancements in bitumen partial upgrading,highlighting the latest technologies in thermal cracking,hydrocracking,catalytic cracking,and innovative methods like surfactant integration,cavi-tation,microwave,and plasma-assisted upgrading.It also discusses the environmental implications and eco-nomic feasibility of these technologies,emphasizing the necessity for sustainable and cost-effective solutions at petroleum field sites.Furthermore,the report introduces the transformative concept of Bitumen Beyond Com-bustion(BBC),which explores the non-combustion uses of bitumen and its asphaltene fraction in manufacturing high-value carbon-based products.These novel approaches align with global sustainability goals,offering the potential for significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and new routes to diversify the economic ap-plications of bitumen.The review then concludes with an assessment of current challenges and future research directions,advocating for a balanced approach that harmonizes technological innovation,environmental stewardship,and economic viability in the field of bitumen upgrading.
基金supported by the National Institutes of Health grants EY034116 (to WKJ, KYK, and SHC) and AG081037 (to YIM and WKJ)。
文摘Glaucoma is a multifactorial eye disorder that can cause vision loss and irreversible blindness,affecting individ uals aged 40 to 80 yea rs worldwide.Due to the aging population,it is expected that the number of people affected by glaucoma will surpass 111 million by 2040 as the disease becomes more prevalent.Glaucoma primarily contributes to optic nerve axon loss and the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs),subsequently leading to vision impairment.
文摘Open channel confluences,where two streams or rivers converge,play a crucial role in hydraulic engineering and river dynamics.These confluences are characterized by complex hydrodynamics influenced by the discharge ratios of merging water bodies.This study investigated the mixing structure at open channel confluences using three-dimensional numerical modeling.A comprehensive three-dimensional numerical model was developed and validated against a dataset obtained from controlled laboratory experiments.This dataset incorporated three-dimensional time-averaged velocity measurements.The skew-induced and stress-induced equation systems were adopted as the core governing equations,providing a framework for simulating various scenarios.A total of ten different cases were analyzed.The results highlighted the effect of discharge ratios on turbulence,lateral and vertical vorticities,and the distribution of mixing,which intensified with higher magnitudes of discharge ratios.The mixing structure,driven by velocity gradients and vorticity,revealed the significant role of lateral and vertical vorticities in determining hydrodynamic behaviors and mixing distributions at confluences.Specifically,the momentum ratio of incoming flows governed the spatial evolution of mixing processes.This study revealed that the distribution of mixing served as a key indicator for identifying the formation of mid-channel scours.High normalized velocities induced toward the left bank led to the superelevation of the water surface,enhancing the potential for bed material and the formation of significant scour holes beneath the elevated water surface.This novel approach provides a deeper understanding of the mixing patterns at confluences,particularly in scenarios with equilibrated discharge ratios but in different magnitudes.
基金supported by an Ontario Graduate Scholarship(OGS)funded by the Natural Engineering and Sciences Research Council of Canada(NSERC DG:#20011033)+1 种基金funded by the Natural Engineering and Sciences Research Council of Canada(NSERC DG:RGPIN-2021-03522)Canada Foundation for Innovation(CFI John R.Evans Leader’s Fund).
文摘Objectives:Sleep loss decreases working memory(WM)performance in young adults.The mechanisms that regulate WM performance during sleep loss are integrative and likely depend on the duration of perturbed sleep.The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of a single night of partial sleep restriction(PSR)on WM,and the extent to which factors such as cardiorespiratory fitness and brainderived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)influence WM performance following one night of PSR.Methods:We measured WM performance after one night of PSR in twenty-two young adults(n=13 females)with otherwise normal sleep habits.Participants completed an N-back test following one night of normal sleep(6–9 h sleep duration)and after one night of PSR(3 h sleep duration).To account for learning effects due to repeated cognitive testing,a time-matched normal sleep control group was also collected(n=22).Plasma BDNF was measured after normal sleep and PSR.Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed via an incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer.Results:3-back reaction time was slightly slower after PSR compared to the control group(P_(Interaction)=0.038;η_(p)^(2)=0.10).No changes in BDNF were observed between sleep conditions(p=0.720;Cohen’s d=−0.04).WMperformance after acute PSR was inversely related to cardiorespiratory fitness(p=0.025;Pearson’s r=-0.48);and these associations were observed without changes in plasma BDNF.Conclusions:Our data suggest that a single night of PSR may acutely impair WM in young adults and contribute to an understanding about the incipient cognitive consequences of shortened sleep.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51761034,51961032,51962028 and 52261041)Innovation Foundation of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology(2019YQL03)+2 种基金Major Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia(2021ZD0029)Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(NJYT23005,NJYT23007)Program for Innovative Research Team in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(NMGIRT2401).
文摘Mg_(x)(Ni_(0.8)La_(0.2))_(100-x),where x=60,70,80,exhibiting a nanocrystalline microstructure,were prepared through the crystallization of amorphous alloys.The investigation encompassed the phase constitution,grain size,microstructural stability,and hydrogen storage properties.Crystallization kinetics,along with in-situ high-energy XRD characterization,revealed a concentrated and synchronous crystallization of Mg_(2)Ni and RE-Mg-Ni ternary phases with the increase in La and Ni content.The attributed synchronous crystallization process was found to be a result of the close local affinity of Mg_(2)Ni and RE-Mg-Ni ternary phases,as assessed by the thermodynamic Miedema model.Significant secondary phase pinning effect,arising from the high likelihood of well-matching phase structures between Mg_(2)Ni,LaMg_(2)Ni,and LaMgNi_(4),was validated through both the edge-to-edge matching model prediction and experimental observation.Thefine and homogeneous microstructure was shown to be a consequence of fast crystallization kinetics and the secondary phase pinning effect.Improved activation performance and cycling stability were observed,stemming from grain refinement and excellent microstructural stability.Our study provides insights into mechanism of grain refinement of nanocrystalline microstructure tailored by phase constitution and crystallization kinetics in the amorphous-crystallization route.We also demonstrate the potential of material design guided by phase equilibria and crystallographic predictions to improve nanocrystalline with excellent microstructural stability.
文摘Background:Bladder augmentation is often necessary to address poorly compliant and low-capacity bladders which can result from Posterior Urethral Valve.Traditional techniques are limited by complications from using bowel tissue,thus in the setting of a megaureter,ureterocystoplasty is favorable.Methods:We present a case of Teapot ureterocystoplasty,which improves vascular protection of the ureter by leaving the distal 3 cm of the ureter tubularized.Cystograms demonstrated bladder capacity improvement from 50 mL to 180 mL post-operatively.Additionally,Creatinine stabilized after a peak of 250 umol/L.Result and Conclusion:This patient is doing well at 4.5-year surveillance and has avoided renal transplant,a common fate for these children.
