Cattle are the backbone of household economy in rural areas of India and many of them die after bites by potentially rabid dogs, despite being given currently recommended five shots of intramuscular (IM) rabies vaccin...Cattle are the backbone of household economy in rural areas of India and many of them die after bites by potentially rabid dogs, despite being given currently recommended five shots of intramuscular (IM) rabies vaccination as Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). In 2016, seven of 21 bovine bitten by rabid dogs given IM rabies vaccination died due to rabies in Shimla Municipality. This scenario prompted the authors to look for a suitable protocol, based on human studies, to save animals. We tested various schedules of IDRV in bovine and found that a schedule of 0.2 ml given in middle 1/3rd of neck on day 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 along with local wound infiltration of eRIG is sufficiently immunogenic and life saving in all of them, even if bitten by lab confirmed rabid dogs/mongoose as tested by CRI. Rabivac Vet, a Cell Culture Rabies Vaccine, available as 1 ml per vial was used off level for IDRV. While injecting the vaccine, a raised papule of ≥1 cm will appear slowly causing a peau d’orange appearance. All 60 bovine serum samples tested by RFFIT after IDRV, had titers more than 0.5 IU/ml on day 14. Thereafter, a total of 150 animals were given five doses of IDRV as PEP, with or without RIG, after their exposure to clinically or lab confirmed rabid dogs/mongoose and all survived for more than a year. Serum samples from 15 animals bitten by lab confirmed rabid dogs/mongoose were collected on day 14 and tested for RVNA by RFFIT from NIMHANS Bangalore and all had desired antibody titers above 0.5 IU/ml, without any immunosuppression. The RFFIT titers in 55% bovine in all groups were more than adequate after one year and 100% of them had anamnestic response to a single 0.2 ml booster given at one year. Few of the bovine and even one equine (Horse. Figure 4) brought for PEP at some of nearby vet hospitals were given IM rabies vaccine with local eRIG infiltration also survived. Local eRIG infiltration appeared to have covered the lacuna of longer window period required for indigenous antibodies production through IM route in bovine that are not sufficiently produced by day 14. While five times less vaccine was used in this low cost protocol and the survival was 100% compared to traditional IM protocol where survival was 66%. Pre-exposure prophylaxis was found to be effective as 0.2 ml dose of IDRV on day 0, 3, 7 and all bovine had titers higher than the desired by day seven after single 0.2 ml vaccine booster at one year. Our study points towards a possibility of having short schedules of three shots IDRV vaccination in bovine with or without local RIG (depending on presence or absence of wound/s) as PEP and single shot IDRV as PrEP, but further studies are required on a large number of animals. Our study also points out for allowing intra-dermal use in animals as well and labeling vaccines for the same as this is low cost more immunogenic and less painful compare to IM administration.展开更多
Disease management is often complicated by the presence of multiple types of pathogens;in an organic system, it is appropriate to develop disease control strategies. The available literature so far reflects that the m...Disease management is often complicated by the presence of multiple types of pathogens;in an organic system, it is appropriate to develop disease control strategies. The available literature so far reflects that the management of important disease of tomato is through the integrated approaches and very few organic approaches have been tried with various degree of success. Boiopriming of seeds with biocontrol agents (Trichoderma viridae, Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens) in combination with different biofertilizers (Azotobacter, Azospirillum and PSB) and organic manures (FYM and vermi-compost) were tested against disease incidence and health management of tomato seedling under nursery as well as field conditions. The studies were conducted during two successive years (2012-2013) at farmer’s field with the objective to combat with the increasing disease incidence of three major disease damping-off, fusarium wilt and buckeye rot from nursery stage to the final harvesting. The study focused on the use of biocontrol agents as the suitable alternative to chemical pesticides with sustainable disease management without pesticide residues in foodstuff. The bio priming of seeds with fungal antagonist Trichoderma viridae and harzianum and bacterial antagonist Pseudomonas fluorescens significantly improved the germination behavior of tomato seeds as compared to untreated control. Highest mean germination (93.1%) and seedling vigour (953.33) was recorded in Treatment 3 (FYM @ 200 q/ ha + Azospirillum + PSB + Trichoderma herzianum (4 kg/ha each) and lowest in control (60.3%) and (304.83), thus indicating a significant per cent increase in seedling emergence (54.4%) and seedling vigour (95.23%). A considerable reduction in disease incidence (pre and post) of damping off was observed in treatment T? and T? (VC @ 50 q/ha + Azospirillum + PSB + Trichoderma herzianum @ (4 kg/ha) with 45.6% and 35.4% respectively). Treatment T? proved highest in terms of yield (665 Kg/Ha), Hence these diseases can be managed by successful application of Biocontrol agents.展开更多
Background: Complete and timely childhood immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions in improving child survival in developing countries. Computerized HMIS has been recently introduced to collect agg...Background: Complete and timely childhood immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions in improving child survival in developing countries. Computerized HMIS has been recently introduced to collect aggregated data on service beneficiaries in Himachal Pradesh. HMIS provides coverage estimates for immunization while information on timeliness is currently not available. Hence we conducted a study to validate coverage and assess the timeliness of immunization in Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh. We surveyed mothers (224) of children aged 12 - 23 months (as on January 2008) and selected 32 clusters in the district between January and March 2008. Design/Methods: We conducted a cross sectional survey and selected 32 clusters by probability proportional to size method whereas seven eligible children per cluster were randomly selected. We interviewed mothers using a structured interview schedule, examined immunization card & looked for Bacillus Calmette Guierre (BCG) Scar. Vaccination after 30 days from national schedule was considered “delayed”. We computed proportions of children completely immunized, immunization delayed, frequency of reasons for delay and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for significance of associated factors. We conducted a case control analysis of factors associated with timely immunization by taking timely immunized children as cases and delayed immunized ones as controls. Results/Outcome: Reported coverage was universal (100%). Validated full immunization coverage was 94.2% by card/record & 99% by history. Only 29.5% (CI = 20.6% - 37.4%) of children were fully immunized as per schedule (delay less than 30 days). Median delay was 21 days for BCG, 28 days for Diptheria Pertussis Tetanus (DPT 3) and 25 days for measles. Among those with delayed vaccinations, reasons were forgetfulness (36%), lack of correct knowledge (27%) & mother gone to parents’ home (27%) & insufficient children in a camp to open full dose BCG vial (22%). Our case control analysis of timely vaccinated versus delayed vaccination revealed that “precall” (reminder) was significantly [OR = 0.1, CI = 0.2 - 0.5] protective against delayed vaccination. Logistic Regression of delay > 30 days revealed that having returned unimmunized from immunization camp earlier due to insufficient children to open vaccine vial (because of high wastage factor) was significantly associated with delayed immunization (p = 0.0000), while knowledge of date of immunization camp was significantly protective from delayed immunization (p = 0.0026). 68% of the children were having at least one immunization delayed over 30 days from recommended schedule, while the proportion of children whose immunization was delayed by over 90 days was 9.4%. Conclusions: Validated field coverage estimates are lower than reported which can be due to inclusion of children of migrants in numerator & not in the denominator. High proportion of children (>70%) were delayed, suggesting implications for WHO’s strategy of measles control & national Tuberculosis (TB) control programmes, as 4.5% of them had suffered from measles. To avoid delays we recommend (i) use of mono dose vials for BCG;(ii) precall notice to mothers;(iii) modification of HMIS software to track immunization status and timeliness of individual beneficiaries rather than aggregate numbers.展开更多
A rust fungus occurring on bamboo leaves from Bilaspur,Himachal Pradesh,North India is described and illustrated.A critical morphological and microscopic examination revealed it to be Kweilingia divina.It is the synon...A rust fungus occurring on bamboo leaves from Bilaspur,Himachal Pradesh,North India is described and illustrated.A critical morphological and microscopic examination revealed it to be Kweilingia divina.It is the synonym of Dasturella divina,the type species for the fungal genus Dasturella,named in 1943 from infected leaf samples of bamboo(Bambusa sp.).After conducting a literature survey it was found that this fungus is the first to be reported from North Western Himalayas.A detailed taxonomic description of this fungus along with its distribution is provided.展开更多
Objective:The increasing global prevalence of mental health disorders highlights the urgent need for the development of innovative diagnostic methods.Conditions such as anxiety,depression,stress,bipolar disorder(BD),a...Objective:The increasing global prevalence of mental health disorders highlights the urgent need for the development of innovative diagnostic methods.Conditions such as anxiety,depression,stress,bipolar disorder(BD),and autism spectrum disorder(ASD)frequently arise from the complex interplay of demographic,biological,and socioeconomic factors,resulting in aggravated symptoms.This review investigates machine intelligence approaches for the early detection and prediction of mental health conditions.Methods:The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses(PRISMA)framework was employed to conduct a systematic review and analysis covering the period 2018 to 2025.The potential impact of machine intelligence methods was assessed by considering various strategies,hybridization of algorithms,tools,techniques,and datasets,and their applicability.Results:Through a systematic review of studies concentrating on the prediction and evaluation of mental disorders using machine intelligence algorithms,advancements,limitations,and gaps in current methodologies were highlighted.The datasets and tools utilized in these investigations were examined,offering a detailed overview of the status of computational models in understanding and diagnosing mental health disorders.Recent research indicated considerable improvements in diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness,particularly for depression and anxiety,which have shown the greatest methodological diversity and notable advancements in machine intelligence.Conclusions:Despite these improvements,challenges persist,including the need for more diverse datasets,ethical issues surrounding data privacy and algorithmic bias,and obstacles to integrating these technologies into clinical settings.This synthesis emphasizes the transformative potential of machine intelligence in enhancing mental healthcare.展开更多
The rising need for efficient and sustainable energy storage systems has led to increased interest in the use of advanced electrolytes consisting of deep eutectic solvents(DESs) and ionic liquids(ILs).These electrolyt...The rising need for efficient and sustainable energy storage systems has led to increased interest in the use of advanced electrolytes consisting of deep eutectic solvents(DESs) and ionic liquids(ILs).These electrolytes are appealing candidates for supercapacitors,next-generation lithium-ion batteries,and different energy storage systems because of their special features including non-flammability,low volatility,lowtoxicity,good electrochemical stability,and good thermal and chemical stability.This review explores the advantages of the proposed electrolytes by examining their potential to address the critical challenges in lithium battery technology,including safety concerns,energy density limitations,and operational stability.To achieve this,a comprehensive overview of the lithium salts commonly employed in rechargeable lithium battery electrolytes is presented.Moreover,key physicochemical and functional attributes of ILs and DESs,such as electrochemical stability,ionic conductivity,nonflammability,and viscosity are also discussed with a focus on how these features impact battery performance.The integration of lithium salts with ILs and DESs in modern lithium battery technologies,including lithium-ion(Li-ion) batteries,lithium-oxygen(Li-O_(2)) batteries,and lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries,are further examined in the study.Various electrochemical performance metrics including cycling stability,charge/discharge profiles,retention capacity and battery's couiombic efficiency(CE) are also analyzed for the above-mentioned systems.By summarizing recent advances and challenges,this review also highlights the potential of electrolytes consisting of DESs and ILs to enhance energy density,durability,and safety in future energy storage applications.Additionally future research directions,including the molecular optimization of ILs and DESs,optimizing lithium salt compositions,and developing scalable synthesis methods to accelerate their practical implementation in next-generation energy storage applications are also explored.展开更多
Global crop productivity faces a significant threat from climate change-induced drought stress(DS),which is vital for sustainable agriculture and global food security.Uncovering DS adaptation and tolerance mechanisms ...Global crop productivity faces a significant threat from climate change-induced drought stress(DS),which is vital for sustainable agriculture and global food security.Uncovering DS adaptation and tolerance mechanisms in crops is necessary to alleviate climate challenges.Innovative plant breeding demands revolutionary approaches to develop stress-smart plants.Metabolomics,a promising field in plant breeding,offers a predictive tool to identify metabolic markers associated with plant performance under DS,enabling accelerated crop improvement.Central to DS adaptation is metabolomics-driven metabolic regulation,which is critical for maintaining cell osmotic potential in crops.Recent innovations allow rapid mapping of specific metabolites to their genetic pathways,providing a valuable resource for plant scientists.Metabolomics-driven molecular breeding,integrating techniques such as mQTL and mGWAS,enhances our ability to discover key genetic elements linked to stress-responsive metabolites.This integration offers a beneficial platform for plant scientists,yielding significant insights into the complex metabolic networks underlying DS tolerance.Therefore,this review discusses(1)insights into metabolic regulation for DS adaptation,(2)the multifaceted role of metabolites in DS tolerance and nutritional/yield trait improvement,(3)the potential of single-cell metabolomics and imaging,(4)metabolomics-driven molecular breeding,and(5)the application of metabolic and genetic engineering for DS-tolerant crops.We finally propose that the metabolomics-driven approach positions drought-smart crops as key contributors to future food production,supporting the vital goal of achieving“zero hunger”.展开更多
This review highlights the therapeutic qualities of crustaceans such as crabs,shrimps,lobsters,and similar species that have historically been utilized for promoting human health.This study is particularly valuable as...This review highlights the therapeutic qualities of crustaceans such as crabs,shrimps,lobsters,and similar species that have historically been utilized for promoting human health.This study is particularly valuable as our reliance on synthetic medications and chemicals for maintaining good health increases,often leading to numerous side effects.Thus,there is a pressing need to explore alternative and natural solutions that can enhance general well-being and avert illnesses.Crustaceans were found to have numerous compounds that possess qualities such as fighting microbial pathogens(antimicrobial),diminishing inflammation(anti-inflammatory),exhibiting antioxidant properties,and regulating the immune system(immuno-modulatory),making them helpful in addressing various health issues.This review highlights 25 species of crustaceans for having multiple exceptional benefits to human health.A crucial aspect of this study relied on ancient Vedic medical manuscripts,from which data was gathered regarding the types of crustaceans and their applications for preserving health.We collected data that was determined to uphold these conventional theories.The key findings of the study also include the versatile applications of multiple compounds that can be extracted from crustacean byproducts like their shell wastes.The major compounds are Chitin and Chitosan being greatly utilized in fields like agriculture,cosmetology,in medical sciences for tissue regeneration and drug delivery,paper and textile industry.Compounds like Astaxanthin were observed with positive cardiovascular effect and antioxidant properties while Glucosamine,Chondroitin and Taurine were found to be essential components of bio-metabolic pathways and various bio-synthesizing processes inside human body.Therefore,the research highlights the important contribution of crustaceans in multiple sectors and also points out their economic value.This systematic literature review seeks to serve as a resource for researchers,healthcare providers,and pharmaceutical professionals who utilize insights regarding crustaceans and their beneficial byproducts for sustainable applications in their respective areas.展开更多
BACKGROUND Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis(AHLE),also known as Weston-Hurst syndrome,is a very rare and fulminant form of demyelinating disorder.It is considered a hyperacute and severe variant of acute disseminat...BACKGROUND Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis(AHLE),also known as Weston-Hurst syndrome,is a very rare and fulminant form of demyelinating disorder.It is considered a hyperacute and severe variant of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.Clinically,patients present with fever,headache,seizures,and altered sensorium,which can rapidly progress to coma or death.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is the investigation of choice and plays a pivotal role in diagnosing AHLE.The purpose of this article is to make readers familiar with the typical MRI features of AHLE and to discuss differentials.CASE SUMMARY This case series reports the clinical presentation and typical neuroimaging findings in four patients diagnosed with AHLE.All patients presented with acute neurological symptoms,such as severe headaches,seizures,and altered consciousness,often following a history of fever suggesting an infectious etiology.Additionally,laboratory investigations demonstrated elevated levels of serum inflammatory markers and neutrophilic pleocytosis on cerebrospinal fluid analysis,supporting a post-infectious etiology.MRI findings consistently revealed characteristic white matter lesions with hemorrhagic foci and vasogenic edema,indicative of widespread demyelination characteristic of AHLE.The outcomes varied,with two patients surviving but experiencing neurological sequelae,while two others unfortunately succumbed to the disease.The clinical data,laboratory results,and imaging findings from this case series were systematically compared with those from previously published studies.The key similarities and differences in clinical presentation,imaging characteristics,and outcomes are presented in a tabulated format.CONCLUSION AHLE is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates,emphasizing the need for early recognition,prompt intervention,and multidisciplinary management.Further research is needed to explain the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AHLE,identify potential biomarkers for early diagnosis,and develop targeted therapies to improve patient outcomes.展开更多
Scrub typhus is an acute undifferentiated febrile infectious disease transmitted by a chigger(genus Leptotrombidium)bite carrying Orientia(O.)tsutsugamushi,affecting millions of people annually while more than one bil...Scrub typhus is an acute undifferentiated febrile infectious disease transmitted by a chigger(genus Leptotrombidium)bite carrying Orientia(O.)tsutsugamushi,affecting millions of people annually while more than one billion people are susceptible.Endemic areas are expanding to Africa,Europe,Middle East,and South America which is concerning,as despite best efforts,there is no vaccine to combat the bacteria.There are now three species of Orientia and over 20 strains of O.tsutsugamushi.The past attempts to develop a vaccine have been ineffective as they confer homologous strain-specific immunity.Various immunogenic proteins of O.tsutsugamushi have been identified that interact with the extracellular matrix(fibronectin)or vMLL5 receptor and modify the cytoskeleton of non-phagocytic host cells,which aids in host cell adhesion and invasion.These highly conserved proteins involve type specific antigen 56(TSA56),47 kDa,OmpA,and autotransporter proteins(ScaA,ScaB and ScaC).TSA56 is the most immunogenic and contains four types of hypervariable regions.Out of all autotransporter proteins,ScaA provides the homologous strains specific immunity and when coupled with TSA56 it shows better protective immunity against heterologous strains.The review provides detailed insight into the potential immunogenic proteins of Orientia which can be utilized to develop the vaccine.Furthermore,studies focused on highly antigenic proteins will provide more insight into their roles in developing therapeutics and easy-to-handle rapid diagnostic kits.展开更多
Bio-inspired helicoidal composite laminates,inspired by the intricate helical structures found in nature,present a promising frontier for enhancing the mechanical properties of structural designs.Hence,this study prov...Bio-inspired helicoidal composite laminates,inspired by the intricate helical structures found in nature,present a promising frontier for enhancing the mechanical properties of structural designs.Hence,this study provides a comprehensive investigation into the nonlinear free vibration and nonlinear bending behavior of bio-inspired composite plates.The inverse hyperbolic shear deformation theory(IHSDT)of plates is employed to characterize the displacement field,with the incorporation of Green-Lagrange nonlinearity.The problem is modeled using the C0finite element method(FEM),and an in-house code is developed in the MATLAB environment to solve it numerically.Various helicoidal layup configurations including helicoidal recursive(HR),helicoidal exponential(HE),helicoidal semi-circular(HS),linear helicoidal(LH),and Fibonacci helicoidal(FH)with different layup sequences and quasi-isotropic configurations are studied.The model is validated,and parametric studies are conducted.These studies investigate the effects of layup configurations,side-to-thickness ratio,modulus ratios,boundary conditions,and loading conditions at different load amplitudes on the nonlinear vibration and nonlinear bending behaviors of bio-inspired composite plates.The results show that the laminate sequence exerts a substantial impact on both nonlinear natural frequencies and nonlinear bending behaviors.Moreover,this influence varies across different side-to-thickness ratios and boundary conditions of the bio-inspired composite plate.展开更多
Inspired by the structural adaptations of natural biological organisms,helicoidal composite architectures have shown significant potential for enhancing toughness,strength,and weight efficiency in engineering applicat...Inspired by the structural adaptations of natural biological organisms,helicoidal composite architectures have shown significant potential for enhancing toughness,strength,and weight efficiency in engineering applications.However,temperature and moisture's adverse effects pose challenges during service,potentially compromising their overall performance.This study meticulously analyzes the buckling and vibration behavior of carbon nanotube(CNT)-reinforced bioinspired helicoidal composite plates under different hygrothermal conditions.A novel aspect of this study lies in the proposition of a multiscale analysis combining the analytical and numerical techniques to assess the effects of temperature,moisture,weight fraction of CNTs,layup configurations of bioinspired designs,aspect ratios,loading and boundary conditions,and geometric shapes of bioinspired helicoidal composite structures on their vibration and buckling characteristics.In this context,the stiffness properties are computed with the Halpin-Tsai model,incorporating the size-dependent features of CNTs along with their waviness and agglomeration.In addition,the Chamis micro-mechanical equations are used to determine the elastic properties of individual layers constituting bioinspired composites,considering the effects of temperature and moisture.The kinematics of the laminated bioinspired structures are captured with the third-order shear deformation theory(TSDT)within the isogeometric framework employing the non-uniform rational B-splines(NURBSs)as the basis functions.The isogeometric framework ensures higher-order inter-element continuity and provides an exact geometric representation,offering various advantages over the traditional finite element method.The developed framework is validated against the existing literature,and thereafter several numerical examples are presented,providing valuable insights for the design and optimization of bioinspired composite structures,with potential benefits for various engineering fields,including marine and aerospace sectors.展开更多
In this article,we commented on the work done by Jiang et al,where they syn-thesized a kakkatin derivative,6-(hept-6-yn-1-yloxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-me-thoxy-4H-chromen-4-one(HK),and investigated its antitumor activ...In this article,we commented on the work done by Jiang et al,where they syn-thesized a kakkatin derivative,6-(hept-6-yn-1-yloxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-me-thoxy-4H-chromen-4-one(HK),and investigated its antitumor activities and me-chanism in gastric cancer MGC803 and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)SMMC-7721 cells.HK was evaluated for its antitumor activity as compared to kakkatin and cisplatin.This article focused on various risk factors of HCC,the mechanism of HCC progression and molecular targets of the kakkatin derivative,and limi-tations of available treatment options.HCC is a predominant form of primary liver cancer characterized by the accumulation of multiple gene modifications,overexpression of protooncogenes,altered immune microenvironment,and infilt-ration by immune cells.Puerariae flos(PF)has been used in traditional medicine in China,Korea,and Japan for lung clearing,spleen awakening,and relieving alcohol hangovers.PF exerts antitumor activity by inhibiting cancer cell prolif-eration,invasion,and migration.PF induces apoptosis in alcoholic HCC via the estrogen-receptor 1-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 signaling pathway.Kakkatin isolated from PF is known as a hepatoprotective bioflavonoid.The ka-kkatin derivative,HK,exhibited anticancer activity against HCC cell lines by in-hibiting cell proliferation and upregulating nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 and phosphodiesterase 3B.However,further preclinical and clinical studies are required to establish its therapeutic potential against HCC.展开更多
Background:Although many sugars are known antibacterial in higher concentrations(>50%W/V)and a few at low concentrations too(≤1 mg/mL),most of the studies are limited to only a few reference isolates,therefore no ...Background:Although many sugars are known antibacterial in higher concentrations(>50%W/V)and a few at low concentrations too(≤1 mg/mL),most of the studies are limited to only a few reference isolates,therefore no concrete conclusion can be drawn.Methods:This study evaluated the antimicrobial potential of 19 sugars against 8000 isolates of bacteria belonging to 46 genera and also against 30 reference strains of microbes of 14 different species.To determine susceptibility to sugars,a sugar-disc(1 mg)diffusion assay was performed on Mueller Hinton agar using the same method used for antimicrobial susceptibility of microbial strains.Results:In the study,of 3,336 isolates of Gram-positive bacteria 147(4.35%)were susceptible to one or more sugars but only 16(0.37%)of the 4644 isolates of Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to one or other sugar.Gram-positive bacteria were significantly more often susceptible to one or more sugars than isolates of Gram-negative bacteria(OR 13.33,CI99,6.74–26.37).A total of 163 test-isolates(2.04%)but none of the reference strains were sugar susceptible.Most of the isolates susceptible to sugars(135 of 2,295)were members of the Bacillaceae(36/679)and Micrococcaceae(99/1,616)family.However,out of 5,705 isolates belonging to other bacterial families,only 28 isolates(0.49%)were susceptible to one or more sugars.The most effective to least effective sugars as antibacterial were mannose,inositol,mannitol,sucrose,raffinose,ribose,xylose,trehalose,dulcitol,maltose,lactose,inulin,salicin,melibiose,sorbitol,adonitol,arabinose,glucose,and esculin,inhibiting 69,58,23,14,11,10,10,7,7,7,6,6,5,5,5,5,2,1,and 1 of the test-isolates,respectively.Conclusion:The results are still intriguing in determining the utility of sugar susceptibility of different bacteria and are still beyond making any conclusion for their therapeutic utility.However,the study can be concluded that Gram-positive bacteria are generally more susceptible to lower concentrations of different sugars than Gram-negative bacteria,and various sugars have variable selectivity in their antibacterial effect on multiple types of bacteria.展开更多
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is sixth leading cause of cancer deaths and the eighth most common cancer worldwide.In the recent times,the incidence and mortality rates have increased.To improve the survival in esophage...BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is sixth leading cause of cancer deaths and the eighth most common cancer worldwide.In the recent times,the incidence and mortality rates have increased.To improve the survival in esophageal carcinoma,newer tactics have to be applied to improve outcomes.It is well established that in cases of carcinoma lung and stomach,presence of micrometastasis or spread of tumor cell following surgical manipulation has been shown to predict recurrence and poor prognosis.Similarly,spread of tumor cell during esophagectomy or presence of occult micrometastatic disease in esophageal carcinoma may lead to early tumor recurrence and poor prognosis.The actual incidence of pleural micrometastasis and tumor spillage following thoracoscopic esophagectomy is not clear.The presence of malignant cells in cytologic or immunocytochemical analysis may help in prognostication and further therapeutic decision making.AIM To assess the incidence of micrometastasis and tumor spillage among the patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery for esophageal carcinoma.METHODS An observational study was done at Department of Surgical Gastroenterology,Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research,Puducherry.Nineteen patients aged 18 to 70 years with slight male preponderance,undergoing elective thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma were included in this observational study from June 2021 to June 2023.Pre and post dissection pleural cavity lavage was done with 200 mL saline and the fluid was subjected to cytologic and immunocytological examination.The cytology and immunocytological examination report was interpreted as positive for malignant cells or negative for malignant cells.Immunocytological examination was done and evaluated for presence or absence of tumor markers cytokeratin 7 and p40 signifying presence or absence of tumor spillage.RESULTS Rate of pre dissection fluid was negative for the malignant cell by cytological and immunocytological analysis in all cases indicating no micrometastasis in our group of patients.Rate of post dissection fluid was negative for the malignant cell by cytological and immunocytological analysis in all cases indicating no incidence of tumor spillage post-surgery in our patients.No significant association was found between age,gender,body mass index,site of lesion,histological type,neoadjuvant therapy and tumor-nodes-metastasis staging with pre and post dissection pleural fluid cytological and immunohistochemical analysis in our study.CONCLUSION This study assessed the incidence of micrometastasis and tumor spillage following minimal invasive esophagectomy could not find any tumor cells in both pre and post dissection samples.展开更多
Ensuring a sustainable and eco-friendly environment is essential for promoting a healthy and balanced social life.However,decision-making in such contexts often involves handling vague,imprecise,and uncertain informat...Ensuring a sustainable and eco-friendly environment is essential for promoting a healthy and balanced social life.However,decision-making in such contexts often involves handling vague,imprecise,and uncertain information.To address this challenge,this study presents a novel multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)approach based on picture fuzzy hypersoft sets(PFHSS),integrating the flexibility of Schweizer-Sklar triangular norm-based aggregation operators.The proposed aggregation mechanisms—weighted average and weighted geometric operators—are formulated using newly defined operational laws under the PFHSS framework and are proven to satisfy essential mathematical properties,such as idempotency,monotonicity,and boundedness.The decision-making model system-atically incorporates both benefit and cost-type criteria,enabling more nuanced evaluations in complex social or environmental decision problems.To enhance interpretability and practical relevance,the study conducts a sensitivity analysis on the Schweizer-Sklar parameter(Δ).The results show that varyingΔaffects the strictness of aggregation,thereby influencing the ranking stability of alternatives.A comparative analysis with existing fuzzy and hypersoft-based MCDM methods confirms the robustness,expressiveness,and adaptability of the proposed approach.Notably,the use of picture fuzzy sets allows for the inclusion of positive,neutral,and negative memberships,offering a richer representation of expert opinions compared to traditional models.A case study focused on green technology adoption for environmental sustainability illustrates the real-world applicability of the proposed method.The analysis confirms that the approach yields consistent and interpretable results,even under varying degrees of decision uncertainty.Overall,this work contributes an efficient and flexible MCDM tool that can support decision-makers in formulating policies aligned with sustainable and socially responsible outcomes.展开更多
The National Gas Hydrate Program expeditions(NGHP-01 and-02)have conclusively proven the presence of hydrate deposits on the eastern coast of India.The novelty of the present study lies in its investigation of the ric...The National Gas Hydrate Program expeditions(NGHP-01 and-02)have conclusively proven the presence of hydrate deposits on the eastern coast of India.The novelty of the present study lies in its investigation of the richest gas hydrate deposit(hydrate saturation[Sh]>0.75),NGHP-01-10D,in the Krishna-Godavari(KG)Basin,India.The study presents a first look at the long-term gas production viability using a single vertical well,subjected to variations in production interval and bottom hole pressure.Specifically,we compared the gas production at bottom hole pressures of 3-6 MPa and production intervals of 20-40 m.The results indicate production rates that are technically feasible but lower than commercially acceptable standards.Increasing the bottom hole pressure drawdown from 6 MPa to 3 MPa increased the gas production from 1297 m^(3)/d to 4902 m^(3)/d(i.e.,more than tripling the average daily gas production).Meanwhile,while expanding the production interval from 20 m to 40 m led to an increase in gas production,it also resulted in higher water production.As a result,the average gas-to-water ratio(RGW)decreased from 9.5 to 5.3 with the expansion of the production interval,thereby highlighting the need to optimize the interval length.Furthermore,the spatial evolution of certain thermodynamic parameters,including pressure,temperature,and phase saturation(methane,water,and hydrate),underscores the critical role of heat transfer from the UB.Our study findings offer valuable insights for long-term production forecasting,the delineation of phase evolution patterns,and the identification of potential flow barriers that may impede deliverability.展开更多
Rapidly growing population,escalating urbanization,and industrialization are causing the depletion of non-renewable resources and air pollution,a silent pandemic responsible for billions of global mortalities.Sensors ...Rapidly growing population,escalating urbanization,and industrialization are causing the depletion of non-renewable resources and air pollution,a silent pandemic responsible for billions of global mortalities.Sensors are crucial vectors for monitoring the emission of various gases/volatile organic compoundsbased pollutants from various anthropogenic sources.Borophene-based nanomaterials(BNMs)are the latest two-dimensional flatlands to this emergent next-generation sensors family with exceptional and tunable physicochemical attributes characterized by high anisotropy,thermal/mechanical resilience,tunable bandgaps,light-weight,high charge carrier mobility,and excellent adsorption efficacies.However,the practical implementation and scalability of BNMs grapple with challenges,including instability,substrateto-device transfer complications,and optimization intricacies.This comprehensive review delves into state-of-the-art BNM sensor fabrication techniques,intertwining theoretical insights derived from density functional theory and molecular dynamics with practical evaluations and on-site applications.Besides,the fundamental challenges associated with engineering BNM sensors and their alternate solutions by employing various strategies,including surface termination,functionalization,hydrogenation,hybridization,architecting composites,and green chemistry,are detailed.This review offers a roadmap from lab to market,bridging theoretical insights with practical implementation and expediting the advanced BNM sensors with wearable,remotely accessible,point-of-care,scavenging,self-powered,biocompatible,and intelligent modules for pollution management.展开更多
Gastrointestinal(GI)tract defects can be classified into three distinct entities:Leak,perforation,and fistula.Each arises from different mechanisms and is managed accordingly.Leaks occur most often after surgery,while...Gastrointestinal(GI)tract defects can be classified into three distinct entities:Leak,perforation,and fistula.Each arises from different mechanisms and is managed accordingly.Leaks occur most often after surgery,while perforations arise due to flexible endoscopic maneuvers.Fistulae arise from a variety of mechanisms,including specific disease states.Endoscopic management is vital in treating such defects if the region of interest can be accessed with the appropriate endoscopic accessories.The primary goal of endoscopic therapy is to interrupt the flow of luminal contents across a GI defect.Considering the proper endoscopic approach to luminal closure,several basic principles must be considered.Outcomes are dependent on the size and exact location of the leak/fistula,as well as the viability of the surrounding tissue.Almost all complex leaks and fistulae must be approached in a multidisciplinary manner,collaborating with colleagues in nutrition,radiology,and surgery.With advances in technology,a myriad of devices and accessories are available that allow a tailored approach.In this review,we discuss these modalities,provide technical tips,and review published outcomes data regarding each approach,as well as practical considerations for the successful closure of these defects.展开更多
Blockchain Technology(BT)has emerged as a transformative solution for improving the efficacy,security,and transparency of supply chain intelligence.Traditional Supply Chain Management(SCM)systems frequently have probl...Blockchain Technology(BT)has emerged as a transformative solution for improving the efficacy,security,and transparency of supply chain intelligence.Traditional Supply Chain Management(SCM)systems frequently have problems such as data silos,a lack of visibility in real time,fraudulent activities,and inefficiencies in tracking and traceability.Blockchain’s decentralized and irreversible ledger offers a solid foundation for dealing with these issues;it facilitates trust,security,and the sharing of data in real-time among all parties involved.Through an examination of critical technologies,methodology,and applications,this paper delves deeply into computer modeling based-blockchain framework within supply chain intelligence.The effect of BT on SCM is evaluated by reviewing current research and practical applications in the field.As part of the process,we delved through the research on blockchain-based supply chain models,smart contracts,Decentralized Applications(DApps),and how they connect to other cutting-edge innovations like Artificial Intelligence(AI)and the Internet of Things(IoT).To quantify blockchain’s performance,the study introduces analytical models for efficiency improvement,security enhancement,and scalability,enabling computational assessment and simulation of supply chain scenarios.These models provide a structured approach to predicting system performance under varying parameters.According to the results,BT increases efficiency by automating transactions using smart contracts,increases security by using cryptographic techniques,and improves transparency in the supply chain by providing immutable records.Regulatory concerns,challenges with interoperability,and scalability all work against broad adoption.To fully automate and intelligently integrate blockchain with AI and the IoT,additional research is needed to address blockchain’s current limitations and realize its potential for supply chain intelligence.展开更多
文摘Cattle are the backbone of household economy in rural areas of India and many of them die after bites by potentially rabid dogs, despite being given currently recommended five shots of intramuscular (IM) rabies vaccination as Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). In 2016, seven of 21 bovine bitten by rabid dogs given IM rabies vaccination died due to rabies in Shimla Municipality. This scenario prompted the authors to look for a suitable protocol, based on human studies, to save animals. We tested various schedules of IDRV in bovine and found that a schedule of 0.2 ml given in middle 1/3rd of neck on day 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 along with local wound infiltration of eRIG is sufficiently immunogenic and life saving in all of them, even if bitten by lab confirmed rabid dogs/mongoose as tested by CRI. Rabivac Vet, a Cell Culture Rabies Vaccine, available as 1 ml per vial was used off level for IDRV. While injecting the vaccine, a raised papule of ≥1 cm will appear slowly causing a peau d’orange appearance. All 60 bovine serum samples tested by RFFIT after IDRV, had titers more than 0.5 IU/ml on day 14. Thereafter, a total of 150 animals were given five doses of IDRV as PEP, with or without RIG, after their exposure to clinically or lab confirmed rabid dogs/mongoose and all survived for more than a year. Serum samples from 15 animals bitten by lab confirmed rabid dogs/mongoose were collected on day 14 and tested for RVNA by RFFIT from NIMHANS Bangalore and all had desired antibody titers above 0.5 IU/ml, without any immunosuppression. The RFFIT titers in 55% bovine in all groups were more than adequate after one year and 100% of them had anamnestic response to a single 0.2 ml booster given at one year. Few of the bovine and even one equine (Horse. Figure 4) brought for PEP at some of nearby vet hospitals were given IM rabies vaccine with local eRIG infiltration also survived. Local eRIG infiltration appeared to have covered the lacuna of longer window period required for indigenous antibodies production through IM route in bovine that are not sufficiently produced by day 14. While five times less vaccine was used in this low cost protocol and the survival was 100% compared to traditional IM protocol where survival was 66%. Pre-exposure prophylaxis was found to be effective as 0.2 ml dose of IDRV on day 0, 3, 7 and all bovine had titers higher than the desired by day seven after single 0.2 ml vaccine booster at one year. Our study points towards a possibility of having short schedules of three shots IDRV vaccination in bovine with or without local RIG (depending on presence or absence of wound/s) as PEP and single shot IDRV as PrEP, but further studies are required on a large number of animals. Our study also points out for allowing intra-dermal use in animals as well and labeling vaccines for the same as this is low cost more immunogenic and less painful compare to IM administration.
文摘Disease management is often complicated by the presence of multiple types of pathogens;in an organic system, it is appropriate to develop disease control strategies. The available literature so far reflects that the management of important disease of tomato is through the integrated approaches and very few organic approaches have been tried with various degree of success. Boiopriming of seeds with biocontrol agents (Trichoderma viridae, Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens) in combination with different biofertilizers (Azotobacter, Azospirillum and PSB) and organic manures (FYM and vermi-compost) were tested against disease incidence and health management of tomato seedling under nursery as well as field conditions. The studies were conducted during two successive years (2012-2013) at farmer’s field with the objective to combat with the increasing disease incidence of three major disease damping-off, fusarium wilt and buckeye rot from nursery stage to the final harvesting. The study focused on the use of biocontrol agents as the suitable alternative to chemical pesticides with sustainable disease management without pesticide residues in foodstuff. The bio priming of seeds with fungal antagonist Trichoderma viridae and harzianum and bacterial antagonist Pseudomonas fluorescens significantly improved the germination behavior of tomato seeds as compared to untreated control. Highest mean germination (93.1%) and seedling vigour (953.33) was recorded in Treatment 3 (FYM @ 200 q/ ha + Azospirillum + PSB + Trichoderma herzianum (4 kg/ha each) and lowest in control (60.3%) and (304.83), thus indicating a significant per cent increase in seedling emergence (54.4%) and seedling vigour (95.23%). A considerable reduction in disease incidence (pre and post) of damping off was observed in treatment T? and T? (VC @ 50 q/ha + Azospirillum + PSB + Trichoderma herzianum @ (4 kg/ha) with 45.6% and 35.4% respectively). Treatment T? proved highest in terms of yield (665 Kg/Ha), Hence these diseases can be managed by successful application of Biocontrol agents.
文摘Background: Complete and timely childhood immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions in improving child survival in developing countries. Computerized HMIS has been recently introduced to collect aggregated data on service beneficiaries in Himachal Pradesh. HMIS provides coverage estimates for immunization while information on timeliness is currently not available. Hence we conducted a study to validate coverage and assess the timeliness of immunization in Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh. We surveyed mothers (224) of children aged 12 - 23 months (as on January 2008) and selected 32 clusters in the district between January and March 2008. Design/Methods: We conducted a cross sectional survey and selected 32 clusters by probability proportional to size method whereas seven eligible children per cluster were randomly selected. We interviewed mothers using a structured interview schedule, examined immunization card & looked for Bacillus Calmette Guierre (BCG) Scar. Vaccination after 30 days from national schedule was considered “delayed”. We computed proportions of children completely immunized, immunization delayed, frequency of reasons for delay and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for significance of associated factors. We conducted a case control analysis of factors associated with timely immunization by taking timely immunized children as cases and delayed immunized ones as controls. Results/Outcome: Reported coverage was universal (100%). Validated full immunization coverage was 94.2% by card/record & 99% by history. Only 29.5% (CI = 20.6% - 37.4%) of children were fully immunized as per schedule (delay less than 30 days). Median delay was 21 days for BCG, 28 days for Diptheria Pertussis Tetanus (DPT 3) and 25 days for measles. Among those with delayed vaccinations, reasons were forgetfulness (36%), lack of correct knowledge (27%) & mother gone to parents’ home (27%) & insufficient children in a camp to open full dose BCG vial (22%). Our case control analysis of timely vaccinated versus delayed vaccination revealed that “precall” (reminder) was significantly [OR = 0.1, CI = 0.2 - 0.5] protective against delayed vaccination. Logistic Regression of delay > 30 days revealed that having returned unimmunized from immunization camp earlier due to insufficient children to open vaccine vial (because of high wastage factor) was significantly associated with delayed immunization (p = 0.0000), while knowledge of date of immunization camp was significantly protective from delayed immunization (p = 0.0026). 68% of the children were having at least one immunization delayed over 30 days from recommended schedule, while the proportion of children whose immunization was delayed by over 90 days was 9.4%. Conclusions: Validated field coverage estimates are lower than reported which can be due to inclusion of children of migrants in numerator & not in the denominator. High proportion of children (>70%) were delayed, suggesting implications for WHO’s strategy of measles control & national Tuberculosis (TB) control programmes, as 4.5% of them had suffered from measles. To avoid delays we recommend (i) use of mono dose vials for BCG;(ii) precall notice to mothers;(iii) modification of HMIS software to track immunization status and timeliness of individual beneficiaries rather than aggregate numbers.
文摘A rust fungus occurring on bamboo leaves from Bilaspur,Himachal Pradesh,North India is described and illustrated.A critical morphological and microscopic examination revealed it to be Kweilingia divina.It is the synonym of Dasturella divina,the type species for the fungal genus Dasturella,named in 1943 from infected leaf samples of bamboo(Bambusa sp.).After conducting a literature survey it was found that this fungus is the first to be reported from North Western Himalayas.A detailed taxonomic description of this fungus along with its distribution is provided.
文摘Objective:The increasing global prevalence of mental health disorders highlights the urgent need for the development of innovative diagnostic methods.Conditions such as anxiety,depression,stress,bipolar disorder(BD),and autism spectrum disorder(ASD)frequently arise from the complex interplay of demographic,biological,and socioeconomic factors,resulting in aggravated symptoms.This review investigates machine intelligence approaches for the early detection and prediction of mental health conditions.Methods:The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses(PRISMA)framework was employed to conduct a systematic review and analysis covering the period 2018 to 2025.The potential impact of machine intelligence methods was assessed by considering various strategies,hybridization of algorithms,tools,techniques,and datasets,and their applicability.Results:Through a systematic review of studies concentrating on the prediction and evaluation of mental disorders using machine intelligence algorithms,advancements,limitations,and gaps in current methodologies were highlighted.The datasets and tools utilized in these investigations were examined,offering a detailed overview of the status of computational models in understanding and diagnosing mental health disorders.Recent research indicated considerable improvements in diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness,particularly for depression and anxiety,which have shown the greatest methodological diversity and notable advancements in machine intelligence.Conclusions:Despite these improvements,challenges persist,including the need for more diverse datasets,ethical issues surrounding data privacy and algorithmic bias,and obstacles to integrating these technologies into clinical settings.This synthesis emphasizes the transformative potential of machine intelligence in enhancing mental healthcare.
文摘The rising need for efficient and sustainable energy storage systems has led to increased interest in the use of advanced electrolytes consisting of deep eutectic solvents(DESs) and ionic liquids(ILs).These electrolytes are appealing candidates for supercapacitors,next-generation lithium-ion batteries,and different energy storage systems because of their special features including non-flammability,low volatility,lowtoxicity,good electrochemical stability,and good thermal and chemical stability.This review explores the advantages of the proposed electrolytes by examining their potential to address the critical challenges in lithium battery technology,including safety concerns,energy density limitations,and operational stability.To achieve this,a comprehensive overview of the lithium salts commonly employed in rechargeable lithium battery electrolytes is presented.Moreover,key physicochemical and functional attributes of ILs and DESs,such as electrochemical stability,ionic conductivity,nonflammability,and viscosity are also discussed with a focus on how these features impact battery performance.The integration of lithium salts with ILs and DESs in modern lithium battery technologies,including lithium-ion(Li-ion) batteries,lithium-oxygen(Li-O_(2)) batteries,and lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries,are further examined in the study.Various electrochemical performance metrics including cycling stability,charge/discharge profiles,retention capacity and battery's couiombic efficiency(CE) are also analyzed for the above-mentioned systems.By summarizing recent advances and challenges,this review also highlights the potential of electrolytes consisting of DESs and ILs to enhance energy density,durability,and safety in future energy storage applications.Additionally future research directions,including the molecular optimization of ILs and DESs,optimizing lithium salt compositions,and developing scalable synthesis methods to accelerate their practical implementation in next-generation energy storage applications are also explored.
基金supported by Chinese National Key R&DProject for Synthetic Biology(2018YFA0902500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32273118)+3 种基金The Guangdong Key R&D Project(2022B1111070005)Shenzhen Special Fund for Sustainable Development(KCXFZ20211020164013021)Shenzhen University 2035 Program for Excellent Research(2022B010)supported by a startup grant from the Food Futures Institute of Murdoch University,Australia.
文摘Global crop productivity faces a significant threat from climate change-induced drought stress(DS),which is vital for sustainable agriculture and global food security.Uncovering DS adaptation and tolerance mechanisms in crops is necessary to alleviate climate challenges.Innovative plant breeding demands revolutionary approaches to develop stress-smart plants.Metabolomics,a promising field in plant breeding,offers a predictive tool to identify metabolic markers associated with plant performance under DS,enabling accelerated crop improvement.Central to DS adaptation is metabolomics-driven metabolic regulation,which is critical for maintaining cell osmotic potential in crops.Recent innovations allow rapid mapping of specific metabolites to their genetic pathways,providing a valuable resource for plant scientists.Metabolomics-driven molecular breeding,integrating techniques such as mQTL and mGWAS,enhances our ability to discover key genetic elements linked to stress-responsive metabolites.This integration offers a beneficial platform for plant scientists,yielding significant insights into the complex metabolic networks underlying DS tolerance.Therefore,this review discusses(1)insights into metabolic regulation for DS adaptation,(2)the multifaceted role of metabolites in DS tolerance and nutritional/yield trait improvement,(3)the potential of single-cell metabolomics and imaging,(4)metabolomics-driven molecular breeding,and(5)the application of metabolic and genetic engineering for DS-tolerant crops.We finally propose that the metabolomics-driven approach positions drought-smart crops as key contributors to future food production,supporting the vital goal of achieving“zero hunger”.
文摘This review highlights the therapeutic qualities of crustaceans such as crabs,shrimps,lobsters,and similar species that have historically been utilized for promoting human health.This study is particularly valuable as our reliance on synthetic medications and chemicals for maintaining good health increases,often leading to numerous side effects.Thus,there is a pressing need to explore alternative and natural solutions that can enhance general well-being and avert illnesses.Crustaceans were found to have numerous compounds that possess qualities such as fighting microbial pathogens(antimicrobial),diminishing inflammation(anti-inflammatory),exhibiting antioxidant properties,and regulating the immune system(immuno-modulatory),making them helpful in addressing various health issues.This review highlights 25 species of crustaceans for having multiple exceptional benefits to human health.A crucial aspect of this study relied on ancient Vedic medical manuscripts,from which data was gathered regarding the types of crustaceans and their applications for preserving health.We collected data that was determined to uphold these conventional theories.The key findings of the study also include the versatile applications of multiple compounds that can be extracted from crustacean byproducts like their shell wastes.The major compounds are Chitin and Chitosan being greatly utilized in fields like agriculture,cosmetology,in medical sciences for tissue regeneration and drug delivery,paper and textile industry.Compounds like Astaxanthin were observed with positive cardiovascular effect and antioxidant properties while Glucosamine,Chondroitin and Taurine were found to be essential components of bio-metabolic pathways and various bio-synthesizing processes inside human body.Therefore,the research highlights the important contribution of crustaceans in multiple sectors and also points out their economic value.This systematic literature review seeks to serve as a resource for researchers,healthcare providers,and pharmaceutical professionals who utilize insights regarding crustaceans and their beneficial byproducts for sustainable applications in their respective areas.
文摘BACKGROUND Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis(AHLE),also known as Weston-Hurst syndrome,is a very rare and fulminant form of demyelinating disorder.It is considered a hyperacute and severe variant of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.Clinically,patients present with fever,headache,seizures,and altered sensorium,which can rapidly progress to coma or death.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is the investigation of choice and plays a pivotal role in diagnosing AHLE.The purpose of this article is to make readers familiar with the typical MRI features of AHLE and to discuss differentials.CASE SUMMARY This case series reports the clinical presentation and typical neuroimaging findings in four patients diagnosed with AHLE.All patients presented with acute neurological symptoms,such as severe headaches,seizures,and altered consciousness,often following a history of fever suggesting an infectious etiology.Additionally,laboratory investigations demonstrated elevated levels of serum inflammatory markers and neutrophilic pleocytosis on cerebrospinal fluid analysis,supporting a post-infectious etiology.MRI findings consistently revealed characteristic white matter lesions with hemorrhagic foci and vasogenic edema,indicative of widespread demyelination characteristic of AHLE.The outcomes varied,with two patients surviving but experiencing neurological sequelae,while two others unfortunately succumbed to the disease.The clinical data,laboratory results,and imaging findings from this case series were systematically compared with those from previously published studies.The key similarities and differences in clinical presentation,imaging characteristics,and outcomes are presented in a tabulated format.CONCLUSION AHLE is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates,emphasizing the need for early recognition,prompt intervention,and multidisciplinary management.Further research is needed to explain the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AHLE,identify potential biomarkers for early diagnosis,and develop targeted therapies to improve patient outcomes.
基金funded by Department of Health Research,Government of India,New Delhi,India(grant number:YSS/2020/000116/PRCYSS).
文摘Scrub typhus is an acute undifferentiated febrile infectious disease transmitted by a chigger(genus Leptotrombidium)bite carrying Orientia(O.)tsutsugamushi,affecting millions of people annually while more than one billion people are susceptible.Endemic areas are expanding to Africa,Europe,Middle East,and South America which is concerning,as despite best efforts,there is no vaccine to combat the bacteria.There are now three species of Orientia and over 20 strains of O.tsutsugamushi.The past attempts to develop a vaccine have been ineffective as they confer homologous strain-specific immunity.Various immunogenic proteins of O.tsutsugamushi have been identified that interact with the extracellular matrix(fibronectin)or vMLL5 receptor and modify the cytoskeleton of non-phagocytic host cells,which aids in host cell adhesion and invasion.These highly conserved proteins involve type specific antigen 56(TSA56),47 kDa,OmpA,and autotransporter proteins(ScaA,ScaB and ScaC).TSA56 is the most immunogenic and contains four types of hypervariable regions.Out of all autotransporter proteins,ScaA provides the homologous strains specific immunity and when coupled with TSA56 it shows better protective immunity against heterologous strains.The review provides detailed insight into the potential immunogenic proteins of Orientia which can be utilized to develop the vaccine.Furthermore,studies focused on highly antigenic proteins will provide more insight into their roles in developing therapeutics and easy-to-handle rapid diagnostic kits.
文摘Bio-inspired helicoidal composite laminates,inspired by the intricate helical structures found in nature,present a promising frontier for enhancing the mechanical properties of structural designs.Hence,this study provides a comprehensive investigation into the nonlinear free vibration and nonlinear bending behavior of bio-inspired composite plates.The inverse hyperbolic shear deformation theory(IHSDT)of plates is employed to characterize the displacement field,with the incorporation of Green-Lagrange nonlinearity.The problem is modeled using the C0finite element method(FEM),and an in-house code is developed in the MATLAB environment to solve it numerically.Various helicoidal layup configurations including helicoidal recursive(HR),helicoidal exponential(HE),helicoidal semi-circular(HS),linear helicoidal(LH),and Fibonacci helicoidal(FH)with different layup sequences and quasi-isotropic configurations are studied.The model is validated,and parametric studies are conducted.These studies investigate the effects of layup configurations,side-to-thickness ratio,modulus ratios,boundary conditions,and loading conditions at different load amplitudes on the nonlinear vibration and nonlinear bending behaviors of bio-inspired composite plates.The results show that the laminate sequence exerts a substantial impact on both nonlinear natural frequencies and nonlinear bending behaviors.Moreover,this influence varies across different side-to-thickness ratios and boundary conditions of the bio-inspired composite plate.
文摘Inspired by the structural adaptations of natural biological organisms,helicoidal composite architectures have shown significant potential for enhancing toughness,strength,and weight efficiency in engineering applications.However,temperature and moisture's adverse effects pose challenges during service,potentially compromising their overall performance.This study meticulously analyzes the buckling and vibration behavior of carbon nanotube(CNT)-reinforced bioinspired helicoidal composite plates under different hygrothermal conditions.A novel aspect of this study lies in the proposition of a multiscale analysis combining the analytical and numerical techniques to assess the effects of temperature,moisture,weight fraction of CNTs,layup configurations of bioinspired designs,aspect ratios,loading and boundary conditions,and geometric shapes of bioinspired helicoidal composite structures on their vibration and buckling characteristics.In this context,the stiffness properties are computed with the Halpin-Tsai model,incorporating the size-dependent features of CNTs along with their waviness and agglomeration.In addition,the Chamis micro-mechanical equations are used to determine the elastic properties of individual layers constituting bioinspired composites,considering the effects of temperature and moisture.The kinematics of the laminated bioinspired structures are captured with the third-order shear deformation theory(TSDT)within the isogeometric framework employing the non-uniform rational B-splines(NURBSs)as the basis functions.The isogeometric framework ensures higher-order inter-element continuity and provides an exact geometric representation,offering various advantages over the traditional finite element method.The developed framework is validated against the existing literature,and thereafter several numerical examples are presented,providing valuable insights for the design and optimization of bioinspired composite structures,with potential benefits for various engineering fields,including marine and aerospace sectors.
基金Supported by the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,No.MLP0204(CSIR-IHBT no.5712).
文摘In this article,we commented on the work done by Jiang et al,where they syn-thesized a kakkatin derivative,6-(hept-6-yn-1-yloxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-me-thoxy-4H-chromen-4-one(HK),and investigated its antitumor activities and me-chanism in gastric cancer MGC803 and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)SMMC-7721 cells.HK was evaluated for its antitumor activity as compared to kakkatin and cisplatin.This article focused on various risk factors of HCC,the mechanism of HCC progression and molecular targets of the kakkatin derivative,and limi-tations of available treatment options.HCC is a predominant form of primary liver cancer characterized by the accumulation of multiple gene modifications,overexpression of protooncogenes,altered immune microenvironment,and infilt-ration by immune cells.Puerariae flos(PF)has been used in traditional medicine in China,Korea,and Japan for lung clearing,spleen awakening,and relieving alcohol hangovers.PF exerts antitumor activity by inhibiting cancer cell prolif-eration,invasion,and migration.PF induces apoptosis in alcoholic HCC via the estrogen-receptor 1-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 signaling pathway.Kakkatin isolated from PF is known as a hepatoprotective bioflavonoid.The ka-kkatin derivative,HK,exhibited anticancer activity against HCC cell lines by in-hibiting cell proliferation and upregulating nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 and phosphodiesterase 3B.However,further preclinical and clinical studies are required to establish its therapeutic potential against HCC.
基金supported by grants received from CAAST-ACLH(NAHEP/CAAST/2018-19)of ICAR-World Bank-funded National Agricultural Higher Education Project(NAHEP).
文摘Background:Although many sugars are known antibacterial in higher concentrations(>50%W/V)and a few at low concentrations too(≤1 mg/mL),most of the studies are limited to only a few reference isolates,therefore no concrete conclusion can be drawn.Methods:This study evaluated the antimicrobial potential of 19 sugars against 8000 isolates of bacteria belonging to 46 genera and also against 30 reference strains of microbes of 14 different species.To determine susceptibility to sugars,a sugar-disc(1 mg)diffusion assay was performed on Mueller Hinton agar using the same method used for antimicrobial susceptibility of microbial strains.Results:In the study,of 3,336 isolates of Gram-positive bacteria 147(4.35%)were susceptible to one or more sugars but only 16(0.37%)of the 4644 isolates of Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to one or other sugar.Gram-positive bacteria were significantly more often susceptible to one or more sugars than isolates of Gram-negative bacteria(OR 13.33,CI99,6.74–26.37).A total of 163 test-isolates(2.04%)but none of the reference strains were sugar susceptible.Most of the isolates susceptible to sugars(135 of 2,295)were members of the Bacillaceae(36/679)and Micrococcaceae(99/1,616)family.However,out of 5,705 isolates belonging to other bacterial families,only 28 isolates(0.49%)were susceptible to one or more sugars.The most effective to least effective sugars as antibacterial were mannose,inositol,mannitol,sucrose,raffinose,ribose,xylose,trehalose,dulcitol,maltose,lactose,inulin,salicin,melibiose,sorbitol,adonitol,arabinose,glucose,and esculin,inhibiting 69,58,23,14,11,10,10,7,7,7,6,6,5,5,5,5,2,1,and 1 of the test-isolates,respectively.Conclusion:The results are still intriguing in determining the utility of sugar susceptibility of different bacteria and are still beyond making any conclusion for their therapeutic utility.However,the study can be concluded that Gram-positive bacteria are generally more susceptible to lower concentrations of different sugars than Gram-negative bacteria,and various sugars have variable selectivity in their antibacterial effect on multiple types of bacteria.
文摘BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is sixth leading cause of cancer deaths and the eighth most common cancer worldwide.In the recent times,the incidence and mortality rates have increased.To improve the survival in esophageal carcinoma,newer tactics have to be applied to improve outcomes.It is well established that in cases of carcinoma lung and stomach,presence of micrometastasis or spread of tumor cell following surgical manipulation has been shown to predict recurrence and poor prognosis.Similarly,spread of tumor cell during esophagectomy or presence of occult micrometastatic disease in esophageal carcinoma may lead to early tumor recurrence and poor prognosis.The actual incidence of pleural micrometastasis and tumor spillage following thoracoscopic esophagectomy is not clear.The presence of malignant cells in cytologic or immunocytochemical analysis may help in prognostication and further therapeutic decision making.AIM To assess the incidence of micrometastasis and tumor spillage among the patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery for esophageal carcinoma.METHODS An observational study was done at Department of Surgical Gastroenterology,Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research,Puducherry.Nineteen patients aged 18 to 70 years with slight male preponderance,undergoing elective thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma were included in this observational study from June 2021 to June 2023.Pre and post dissection pleural cavity lavage was done with 200 mL saline and the fluid was subjected to cytologic and immunocytological examination.The cytology and immunocytological examination report was interpreted as positive for malignant cells or negative for malignant cells.Immunocytological examination was done and evaluated for presence or absence of tumor markers cytokeratin 7 and p40 signifying presence or absence of tumor spillage.RESULTS Rate of pre dissection fluid was negative for the malignant cell by cytological and immunocytological analysis in all cases indicating no micrometastasis in our group of patients.Rate of post dissection fluid was negative for the malignant cell by cytological and immunocytological analysis in all cases indicating no incidence of tumor spillage post-surgery in our patients.No significant association was found between age,gender,body mass index,site of lesion,histological type,neoadjuvant therapy and tumor-nodes-metastasis staging with pre and post dissection pleural fluid cytological and immunohistochemical analysis in our study.CONCLUSION This study assessed the incidence of micrometastasis and tumor spillage following minimal invasive esophagectomy could not find any tumor cells in both pre and post dissection samples.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62172095).
文摘Ensuring a sustainable and eco-friendly environment is essential for promoting a healthy and balanced social life.However,decision-making in such contexts often involves handling vague,imprecise,and uncertain information.To address this challenge,this study presents a novel multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)approach based on picture fuzzy hypersoft sets(PFHSS),integrating the flexibility of Schweizer-Sklar triangular norm-based aggregation operators.The proposed aggregation mechanisms—weighted average and weighted geometric operators—are formulated using newly defined operational laws under the PFHSS framework and are proven to satisfy essential mathematical properties,such as idempotency,monotonicity,and boundedness.The decision-making model system-atically incorporates both benefit and cost-type criteria,enabling more nuanced evaluations in complex social or environmental decision problems.To enhance interpretability and practical relevance,the study conducts a sensitivity analysis on the Schweizer-Sklar parameter(Δ).The results show that varyingΔaffects the strictness of aggregation,thereby influencing the ranking stability of alternatives.A comparative analysis with existing fuzzy and hypersoft-based MCDM methods confirms the robustness,expressiveness,and adaptability of the proposed approach.Notably,the use of picture fuzzy sets allows for the inclusion of positive,neutral,and negative memberships,offering a richer representation of expert opinions compared to traditional models.A case study focused on green technology adoption for environmental sustainability illustrates the real-world applicability of the proposed method.The analysis confirms that the approach yields consistent and interpretable results,even under varying degrees of decision uncertainty.Overall,this work contributes an efficient and flexible MCDM tool that can support decision-makers in formulating policies aligned with sustainable and socially responsible outcomes.
文摘The National Gas Hydrate Program expeditions(NGHP-01 and-02)have conclusively proven the presence of hydrate deposits on the eastern coast of India.The novelty of the present study lies in its investigation of the richest gas hydrate deposit(hydrate saturation[Sh]>0.75),NGHP-01-10D,in the Krishna-Godavari(KG)Basin,India.The study presents a first look at the long-term gas production viability using a single vertical well,subjected to variations in production interval and bottom hole pressure.Specifically,we compared the gas production at bottom hole pressures of 3-6 MPa and production intervals of 20-40 m.The results indicate production rates that are technically feasible but lower than commercially acceptable standards.Increasing the bottom hole pressure drawdown from 6 MPa to 3 MPa increased the gas production from 1297 m^(3)/d to 4902 m^(3)/d(i.e.,more than tripling the average daily gas production).Meanwhile,while expanding the production interval from 20 m to 40 m led to an increase in gas production,it also resulted in higher water production.As a result,the average gas-to-water ratio(RGW)decreased from 9.5 to 5.3 with the expansion of the production interval,thereby highlighting the need to optimize the interval length.Furthermore,the spatial evolution of certain thermodynamic parameters,including pressure,temperature,and phase saturation(methane,water,and hydrate),underscores the critical role of heat transfer from the UB.Our study findings offer valuable insights for long-term production forecasting,the delineation of phase evolution patterns,and the identification of potential flow barriers that may impede deliverability.
文摘Rapidly growing population,escalating urbanization,and industrialization are causing the depletion of non-renewable resources and air pollution,a silent pandemic responsible for billions of global mortalities.Sensors are crucial vectors for monitoring the emission of various gases/volatile organic compoundsbased pollutants from various anthropogenic sources.Borophene-based nanomaterials(BNMs)are the latest two-dimensional flatlands to this emergent next-generation sensors family with exceptional and tunable physicochemical attributes characterized by high anisotropy,thermal/mechanical resilience,tunable bandgaps,light-weight,high charge carrier mobility,and excellent adsorption efficacies.However,the practical implementation and scalability of BNMs grapple with challenges,including instability,substrateto-device transfer complications,and optimization intricacies.This comprehensive review delves into state-of-the-art BNM sensor fabrication techniques,intertwining theoretical insights derived from density functional theory and molecular dynamics with practical evaluations and on-site applications.Besides,the fundamental challenges associated with engineering BNM sensors and their alternate solutions by employing various strategies,including surface termination,functionalization,hydrogenation,hybridization,architecting composites,and green chemistry,are detailed.This review offers a roadmap from lab to market,bridging theoretical insights with practical implementation and expediting the advanced BNM sensors with wearable,remotely accessible,point-of-care,scavenging,self-powered,biocompatible,and intelligent modules for pollution management.
文摘Gastrointestinal(GI)tract defects can be classified into three distinct entities:Leak,perforation,and fistula.Each arises from different mechanisms and is managed accordingly.Leaks occur most often after surgery,while perforations arise due to flexible endoscopic maneuvers.Fistulae arise from a variety of mechanisms,including specific disease states.Endoscopic management is vital in treating such defects if the region of interest can be accessed with the appropriate endoscopic accessories.The primary goal of endoscopic therapy is to interrupt the flow of luminal contents across a GI defect.Considering the proper endoscopic approach to luminal closure,several basic principles must be considered.Outcomes are dependent on the size and exact location of the leak/fistula,as well as the viability of the surrounding tissue.Almost all complex leaks and fistulae must be approached in a multidisciplinary manner,collaborating with colleagues in nutrition,radiology,and surgery.With advances in technology,a myriad of devices and accessories are available that allow a tailored approach.In this review,we discuss these modalities,provide technical tips,and review published outcomes data regarding each approach,as well as practical considerations for the successful closure of these defects.
基金supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2025R97)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia。
文摘Blockchain Technology(BT)has emerged as a transformative solution for improving the efficacy,security,and transparency of supply chain intelligence.Traditional Supply Chain Management(SCM)systems frequently have problems such as data silos,a lack of visibility in real time,fraudulent activities,and inefficiencies in tracking and traceability.Blockchain’s decentralized and irreversible ledger offers a solid foundation for dealing with these issues;it facilitates trust,security,and the sharing of data in real-time among all parties involved.Through an examination of critical technologies,methodology,and applications,this paper delves deeply into computer modeling based-blockchain framework within supply chain intelligence.The effect of BT on SCM is evaluated by reviewing current research and practical applications in the field.As part of the process,we delved through the research on blockchain-based supply chain models,smart contracts,Decentralized Applications(DApps),and how they connect to other cutting-edge innovations like Artificial Intelligence(AI)and the Internet of Things(IoT).To quantify blockchain’s performance,the study introduces analytical models for efficiency improvement,security enhancement,and scalability,enabling computational assessment and simulation of supply chain scenarios.These models provide a structured approach to predicting system performance under varying parameters.According to the results,BT increases efficiency by automating transactions using smart contracts,increases security by using cryptographic techniques,and improves transparency in the supply chain by providing immutable records.Regulatory concerns,challenges with interoperability,and scalability all work against broad adoption.To fully automate and intelligently integrate blockchain with AI and the IoT,additional research is needed to address blockchain’s current limitations and realize its potential for supply chain intelligence.
