Background:Acute Myeloid Leukemia(AML)is a highly aggressive clonal hematological malignancy with limited treatment options.This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of nigericin,a polyether ionophore der...Background:Acute Myeloid Leukemia(AML)is a highly aggressive clonal hematological malignancy with limited treatment options.This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of nigericin,a polyether ionophore derived from Streptomyces DASNCL-29,as a mitochondrial-targeted agent for AML treatment.Methods:Nigericin was isolated from Streptomyces DASNCL-29 and characterized via chromatography and NMR.Its cytotoxicity was tested in MOLM13(sensitive and venetoclax-resistant)and HL60(sensitive and cytarabine-resistant)cells using the MTT assay.Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species(ROS),mitochondrial membrane potential(Δψm),and mitochondrial mass.Apoptosis was evaluated with Annexin V/PI assays and immunoblotting,while proteomic analysis was conducted using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)to identify differentially regulated proteins.Results:Nigericin demonstrated potent cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 57.02 nM in MOLM13-sensitive,35.29 nM in MOLM13-resistant,20.49 nM in HL60-sensitive,and 1.197 nM in HL60-cytarabine-resistant cells.Apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin V/PI staining and caspase-3/PARP cleavage,along with MCL-1 downregulation.Mitochondrial dysfunction was evident from increased ROS,reducedΔψm,and decreased mitochondrial mass.Proteomic profiling identified 264 dysregulated proteins,including a 3.8-fold upregulation of Succinate Dehydrogenase[Ubiquinone]Flavoprotein Subunit A(SDHA).Conclusion:Nigericin induces apoptosis in AML cells by disrupting mitochondrial function and enhancing oxidative stress.Its nanomolar potency highlights the need for further mechanistic studies and in vivo evaluations to explore its potential in AML treatment.展开更多
Activation analyses play a vital role in nuclear reactor design.Activation analyses,along with nuclear analyses,provide important information for nuclear safety and maintenance strategies.Activation analyses also help...Activation analyses play a vital role in nuclear reactor design.Activation analyses,along with nuclear analyses,provide important information for nuclear safety and maintenance strategies.Activation analyses also help in the selection of materials for a nuclear reactor,by providing the radioactivity and dose rate levels after irradiation.This information is important to help define maintenance activity for different parts of the reactor,and to plan decommissioning and radioactive waste disposal strategies.The study of activation analyses of candidate structural materials for near-term fusion reactors or ITER is equally essential,due to the presence of a highenergy neutron environment which makes decisive demands on material selection.This study comprises two parts; in the first part the activation characteristics,in a fusion radiation environment,of several elements which are widely present in structural materials,are studied.It reveals that the presence of a few specific elements in a material can diminish its feasibility for use in the nuclear environment.The second part of the study concentrates on activation analyses of candidate structural materials for near-term fusion reactors and their comparison in fusion radiation conditions.The structural materials selected for this study,i.e.India-specific Reduced Activation Ferritic-Martensitic steel（IN-RAFMS）,P91-grade steel,stainless steel 316 LN ITER-grade（SS-316 LN-IG）,stainless steel 316 L and stainless steel 304,are candidates for use in ITER either in vessel components or test blanket systems.Tungsten is also included in this study because of its use for ITER plasma-facing components.The study is carried out using the reference parameters of the ITER fusion reactor.The activation characteristics of the materials are assessed considering the irradiation at an ITER equatorial port.The presence of elements like Nb,Mo,Co and Ta in a structural material enhance the activity level as well as the dose level,which has an impact on design considerations.IN-RAFMS was shown to be a more effective low-activation material than SS-316 LN-IG.展开更多
A shield module is associated with an Indian Test Blanket Module (TBM) in ITER to limit the radiation doses in port inter-space areas.The shield module is made of stainless steel plates and water channels.It is identi...A shield module is associated with an Indian Test Blanket Module (TBM) in ITER to limit the radiation doses in port inter-space areas.The shield module is made of stainless steel plates and water channels.It is identified as an important component for radiation protection because of its radiation exposure control functionality.The radiation protection classification leads to more assurance of the component design.In order to validate and verify the design of the shield module,a neutronic laboratory-scale experiment is designed and executed.The experiment is planned by considering the irradiation under a neutron source of 14 MeV and yields of 1010 n s-1.The reference neutron spectrum of the ITER TBM shield module has been achieved through optimization of the neutron source spectrum by a combination of steel and lead materials.The neutron spectrum and flux are measured using a multiple foil activation technique and neutron dose-rate meter LB 6411 (He-3 proton recoil counter with polyethylene),respectively.The neutronic design simulation is assessed using MCNP5 and FENDL 2.1 crosssection data.The paper covers neutronic design,irradiation and the outcome of the experiment in detail.展开更多
The Ohmically heated circular limiter tokamak ADITYA （R0 = 75 cm, a = 25 cm） has been upgraded to a tokamak named the ADITYA Upgrade （ADITYA-U） with an open divertor configuration with divertor plates. The main go...The Ohmically heated circular limiter tokamak ADITYA （R0 = 75 cm, a = 25 cm） has been upgraded to a tokamak named the ADITYA Upgrade （ADITYA-U） with an open divertor configuration with divertor plates. The main goal of ADITYA-U is to carry out dedicated experiments relevant for bigger fusion machines including ITER, such as the generation and control of runaway electrons, disruption prediction, and mitigation studies, along with an improvement in confinement with shaped plasma. The ADITYA tokamak was dismantled and the assembly of ADITYA-U was completed in March 2016. Integration of subsystems like data acquisition and remote operation along with plasma production and preliminary plasma characterization of ADITYA-U plasmas are presented in this paper.展开更多
Fundamental matrix operations and solving linear systems of equations are ubiquitous in scientific investigations.Using the‘sender-receiver’model,we propose quantum algorithms for matrix operations such as matrix-ve...Fundamental matrix operations and solving linear systems of equations are ubiquitous in scientific investigations.Using the‘sender-receiver’model,we propose quantum algorithms for matrix operations such as matrix-vector product,matrix-matrix product,the sum of two matrices,and the calculation of determinant and inverse matrix.We encode the matrix entries into the probability amplitudes of the pure initial states of senders.After applying proper unitary transformation to the complete quantum system,the desired result can be found in certain blocks of the receiver’s density matrix.These quantum protocols can be used as subroutines in other quantum schemes.Furthermore,we present an alternative quantum algorithm for solving linear systems of equations.展开更多
This paper presents a study on the process engineering aspects of relevance to the industrial implementation of ThO2 and (Th, U)O2 mixed oxide (MOX) pellet type fuel manufacturing. The paper in particular focuses on t...This paper presents a study on the process engineering aspects of relevance to the industrial implementation of ThO2 and (Th, U)O2 mixed oxide (MOX) pellet type fuel manufacturing. The paper in particular focuses on the recycling of thoria based fuel production scrap which is an economically important component in the fuel manufacturing process. The thoria based fuels are envisaged for Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) and other reactors important to the Indian Nuclear Power Programme. A process was developed for recycling the chemically clean, off-specification and defective sintered ThO2 and (Th, U)O2 MOX nuclear fuel pellets. ThO2 doesn’t undergo oxidation or reduction and thus, more traditional methods of recycling are impractical. The integrated process was developed by combining three basic approaches of recycling namely mechanical micronisation, air oxidation (for MOX) and microwave dissolution-denitration. A thorough investigation of the influence of several variables as heating method, UO2 content, fluoride and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) addition during microwave dissolution-denitration was recorded on the product characteristics. The suitability evaluation of the recycled powder for re-fabrication of the fuel was carried out by analyzing the particle size, BET specific surface area, phase using XRD, bulk density and impurities. The physical and chemical properties of recycled powder obtained from the sintered (Th1-y, Uy)O2 (y;0 - 30 wt%) pellets advocate 100% utilisation for fuel re-fabrication. Recycled ThO2 by integrated process showed distinctly high sinterability compared to standard powder evaluated in terms of surface area and particle size.展开更多
In contrast to the earlier experiments conducted in other machines, here, in SST-1 the error field measurement experiment is performed with a filled gas pressure ~8×10^-4 mbar which helped to create a luminescent...In contrast to the earlier experiments conducted in other machines, here, in SST-1 the error field measurement experiment is performed with a filled gas pressure ~8×10^-4 mbar which helped to create a luminescent toroidal beam of electron path originated due to impact excitation and guided by the toroidal magnetic field. Beam path deviations are observed and recorded from radial and top ports using visible range cameras. Such creation and detection of the electron beam path differs from the earlier works where the gun emitted electron beam deviation in ultrahigh vacuum was detected on a collector-grid/fluorescent screen. In the present experiment, large beam deviations were observed. Later investigation of the experimental set-up reveals existence of a possible source of radial electric field in between the source and the vacuum vessel which are separately grounded. Thus, to understand the observed phenomena, experiments are numerically modeled with deviated TF coil set, PF coil set and the electron source location. A particle tracing code is used to follow the electron path in the magnetic field generated by the coil set of interest. Simulation results suggest that the large deviation corresponds to the E×B drifts and not due to the large field errors. Toroidally averaged field errors of the SST-1 TF coils at toroidal field of B0?=?15 kG are negligibly small ~B0?×?10^-6 or less, which should not adversely affect the plasma performance.展开更多
We present the interior solutions of distributions of magnetized fluid inside a sphere in f（R, T） gravity. Tile magnetized sphere is embedded in an exterior Reissner NordstrOm metric. We assume that all physical qua...We present the interior solutions of distributions of magnetized fluid inside a sphere in f（R, T） gravity. Tile magnetized sphere is embedded in an exterior Reissner NordstrOm metric. We assume that all physical quantities are in static equilibrium. The perfect fluid matter is studied under a particular form of the Lagrangian density f（R, T）. The magnetic field profile in modified gravity is calculated. Observational data of neutron stars are used to plot suitable models of magnetized compact objects. We reveal the effect of f（R, T） gravity on the magnetic field profile, with application to neutron stars, especially highly magnetized neutron stars found in x-ray pulsar systems. Finally, the effective potential Veff and innermost stable circular orbits, arising out of the motion of a test particle of negligible mass influenced by attraction or repulsion from the massive center, are discussed.展开更多
We hereby report the room-temperature structural and optical characterization of RECr_(0.85)Mn_(0.15)O_(3)(RECMO,RE=Ho,Gd and Pr)compounds synthesized by the auto-combustion sol-gel route.Their low temperature dielect...We hereby report the room-temperature structural and optical characterization of RECr_(0.85)Mn_(0.15)O_(3)(RECMO,RE=Ho,Gd and Pr)compounds synthesized by the auto-combustion sol-gel route.Their low temperature dielectric properties are also presented.The RECMO compounds crystallize in an orthorhombic Pbnm symmetry with an average grain size range of 51-80 nm.Structural analysis reveals an increase in the structural distortion compared to that of the undoped bulk compounds.Optical measurements exhibit a significant reduction in bandgap values for RECMO nanoparticles when compared with their undoped bulk compounds.Further,from the absorbance measurements various optical parameters such as skin depth,extinction coefficient,refractive index and optical conductivity were also calculated.The dielectric analysis confirms the lower values of the dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss than those of their corresponding bulk compounds.AC conductivity versus frequency and temperature data are fitted according to the Jonscher's power law and Arrhenius law,respectively.The small polaron hopping is responsible for the electric conduction in these compounds.The tunability of the optical and dielectric properties as a result of substitution and particle size reduction makes these materials useful for various potential applications in photocatalysis,optoelectronics and low permittivity dielectrics.展开更多
India,under its breeding blanket R&D program for DEMO,is focusing on the development of two tritium breeding blanket concepts;namely the lead-lithium-cooled ceramic breeder and the helium-cooled ceramic breeder(HC...India,under its breeding blanket R&D program for DEMO,is focusing on the development of two tritium breeding blanket concepts;namely the lead-lithium-cooled ceramic breeder and the helium-cooled ceramic breeder(HCCB).The study presented in this paper focuses on the neutronic design analysis and optimization from the tritium breeding perspective of the HCCB blanket.The Indian concept has an edge-on configuration and is one of the variants of the helium-cooled solid breeder blanket concepts proposed by several partner countries in ITER.The Indian HCCB blanket having lithium titanate(Li2TiO3)as the tritium breeder and beryllium(Be)as the neutron multiplier with reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel structure aims at utilizing the low-energy neutrons at the rear part of the blanket.The aim of the optimization study is to minimize the radial blanket thickness while ensuring tritium self-sufficiency and provide data for further neutronic design and thermal-hydraulic layout of the HCCB blanket.It is found that inboard and outboard blanket thicknesses of 40 cm and 60 cm,respectively,can give a tritium breeding ratio(TBR)>1.3,with 60%6Li enrichment,which is assumed to be sufficient to cover potential tritium losses and associated uncertainties.The results also demonstrated that the Be packing fraction(PF)has a more profound impact on the TBR as compared to 6Li enrichment and the PF of Li2TiO3.展开更多
This paper describes the experimental analysis and preliminary investigation of the predictability of pitch angle scattering(PAS) events through the electron cyclotron emission(ECE)radiometer signals at the ADITYA-Upg...This paper describes the experimental analysis and preliminary investigation of the predictability of pitch angle scattering(PAS) events through the electron cyclotron emission(ECE)radiometer signals at the ADITYA-Upgrade(ADITYA-U) tokamak. For low-density discharges at ADITYA-U, a sudden abnormal rise is observed in the ECE signature while other plasma parameters are unchanged. Investigations are done to understand this abrupt rise that is expected to occur due to PAS. The rise time is as fast as 100 μs with a single step and/or multiple step rise in ECE radiometer measurements. This event is known to limit the on-axis energy of runaway electrons. Being a repetitive event, the conditions of its repetitive occurrence can be investigated, thereby exploring the possibility of it being triggered and surveyed as an alternate runaway electron mitigation plan. Functional parameterization of such events with other discharge parameters is obtained and the possibility to trigger these events is discussed.PREDICT code is used to investigate the possible interpretations for the PAS occurrence through modeling and supporting the ECE observations. The trigger values so obtained experimentally are set as input criteria for PAS occurrence. Preliminary modeling investigations provide reliable consistency with the findings.展开更多
In 2018,the STAR collaboration collected data from^(96)_(44)Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr at√^(S)NN=200 Ge V to search for the presence of the chiral magnetic effect in collisions of nuclei.The isobar ...In 2018,the STAR collaboration collected data from^(96)_(44)Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr at√^(S)NN=200 Ge V to search for the presence of the chiral magnetic effect in collisions of nuclei.The isobar collision species alternated frequently between 9644 Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr.In order to conduct blind analyses of studies related to the chiral magnetic effect in these isobar data,STAR developed a three-step blind analysis procedure.Analysts are initially provided a"reference sample"of data,comprised of a mix of events from the two species,the order of which respects time-dependent changes in run conditions.After tuning analysis codes and performing time-dependent quality assurance on the reference sample,analysts are provided a species-blind sample suitable for calculating efficiencies and corrections for individual≈30-min data-taking runs.For this sample,species-specific information is disguised,but individual output files contain data from a single isobar species.Only run-by-run corrections and code alteration subsequent to these corrections are allowed at this stage.Following these modifications,the"frozen"code is passed over the fully un-blind data,completing the blind analysis.As a check of the feasibility of the blind analysis procedure,analysts completed a"mock data challenge,"analyzing data from Au+Au collisions at√^(S)NN=27 Ge V,collected in 2018.The Au+Au data were prepared in the same manner intended for the isobar blind data.The details of the blind analysis procedure and results from the mock data challenge are presented.展开更多
Hybrid nanofluids are known for their attractive thermophysical properties and enhanced heat transfer potential.This study thoroughly investigates the impact of particle mixing ratios on the thermophysical and heat tr...Hybrid nanofluids are known for their attractive thermophysical properties and enhanced heat transfer potential.This study thoroughly investigates the impact of particle mixing ratios on the thermophysical and heat transfer characteristics of MgO-SiO_(2)/water hybrid nanofluid.The mixing mass ratio(MR)of MgO:SiO_(2)was systematically altered including ratios of 100:0,80:20,60:40,50:50,40:60,20:80,and 0:100 at a fixed particle concentration of 0.01%in volume.Experimental assessments of thermal conductivity and viscosity were conducted within the temperature range of 25℃-50℃at 5℃intervals.Thermal conductivity was measured by analysing sonic velocity of sound in nanofluid medium.Viscosity was determined by Ostwald viscosity apparatus.Sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the influence of mixing ratio and temperature on thermal conductivity and viscosity.Sustainability and economic analysis were conducted to guide future applications.The findings highlight the substantial influence of MR on thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancements within the hybrid nanofluid.The thermal conductivity exhibited a positive correlation with temperature elevation,with the hybrid nanofluid at MR=60:40 and 50℃displaying the highest thermal conductivity enhancement at 20.84%compared to water.In contrast,viscosity decreased with increasing temperature,with MR=50:50 at 50℃showing the maximum viscosity increase at 5.06%compared to water.New data-driven correlations for precise predictions of thermal conductivity and viscosity of hybrid nanofluid have been proposed.Sensitivity analysis revealed that mixing ratio had a more pronounced impact than temperature elevation.Sustainability and economic analysis concludes that MR=60:40 is an optimal,economical and sustainable choice for achieving peak heat transfer performance.展开更多
Consider n nodes{X_(i)}_(1≤i≤n) independently and identically distributed(i.i.d.)across N cities located within the unit square S.Each city is modelled as an r_(n)×r_(n)square,and MSTC_(n)denotes the weighted l...Consider n nodes{X_(i)}_(1≤i≤n) independently and identically distributed(i.i.d.)across N cities located within the unit square S.Each city is modelled as an r_(n)×r_(n)square,and MSTC_(n)denotes the weighted length of the minimum spanning tree containing all the n nodes,where the edge length between nodes X_(i)and X_(j)is weighted by a factor that depends on the individual locations of X_(i)and X_(j).We use approximation methods to obtain variance estimates for MSTC_(n)and prove that if the cities are well connected in a certain sense,then MSTC_(n)appropriately centred and scaled converges to zero in probability.Using the above proof techniques we also study MST_(n),the length of the minimum weighted spanning tree for nodes distributed throughout the unit square S with location-dependent edge weights.In this case,the variance of MST_(n)grows at most as a power of the logarithm of n and we use a subsequence argument to get almost sure convergence of MST_(n),appropriately centred and scaled.展开更多
According to the Scopus database,every year several hundreds of new research papers are published in the field of nanofluids.This area is attracting growing attention because of the significant improvement in the heat...According to the Scopus database,every year several hundreds of new research papers are published in the field of nanofluids.This area is attracting growing attention because of the significant improvement in the heat transfer and energy efficiency of the systems working with nanofluids.However,as results from numerous scientific studies conducted by independent laboratories,there are several fundamental problems related to the unambiguous determination of their physical properties,their production,and economic use.Although most studies often focus on one issue or cover one kind of research or math-ematical correlation,this review paper provides insights into many problems during nanofluids research by proposing solving possibilities,which is the strength of our work.The paper discusses the case of nanofluids quality,and morphology,thermal conductivity enhancement and the discrepancies in mathematical modelling,errors in dimensional and similarity analysis,nanofluid erosion,safety guide-lines,and toxicology tips.Moreover,the sustainability and economics of nanofluids usage are also being discussed.展开更多
We study here the response of photonic hydrogels(PHs),made of photonic crystals of homogeneous silica particles in polyacrylamide hydrogels(SPHs),to the uranyl ions 22 UO_(2)^(2+) in aqueous solutions.It is found that...We study here the response of photonic hydrogels(PHs),made of photonic crystals of homogeneous silica particles in polyacrylamide hydrogels(SPHs),to the uranyl ions 22 UO_(2)^(2+) in aqueous solutions.It is found that the reflection spectra of the SPH show a peak due to the Bragg diffraction,which exhibits a blue shift in the presence of 22 UO_(2)^(2+).Upon exposure to the SPH,22 UO_(2)^(2+)gets adsorbed on the SPH and forms complex coordinate bonds with multiple ligands on the SPH,which causes shrinking of hydrogel and leads to the blue shift in the diffraction peak.The amount of the blue shift in the diffraction peak increases monotonically up to 22 UO_(2)^(2+)concentrations as high as 2300μM.The equilibration time for the shift in the Bragg peak upon exposure to 22 UO_(2)^(2+)is found to be~30 min.These results are in contrast to the earlier reports on photonic hydrogels of inhomogeneous microgel particles hydrogel(MPH),which shows the threshold 22 UO_(2)^(2+)concentration of~600μM,below which the diffraction peak exhibits a blue shift and a change to a red shift above it.The equilibration time for MPH is~300 min.The observed monotonic blue shift and the faster time response of the SPH to 22 UO_(2)^(2+)as compared to the MPH are explained in terms of homogeneous nature of silica particles in the SPH,against the porous and polymeric nature of microgels in the MPH.We also study the extraction of 22 UO_(2)^(2+)from aqueous solutions using the SPH.The extraction capacity estimated by the arsenazo-III analysis is found to be 112 mM/kg.展开更多
High transverse momentum(pT)particle production is suppressed owing to the parton(jet)energy loss in the hot dense medium created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.Redistribution of energy at low-to-modest pT has b...High transverse momentum(pT)particle production is suppressed owing to the parton(jet)energy loss in the hot dense medium created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.Redistribution of energy at low-to-modest pT has been difficult to measure,owing to large anisotropic backgrounds.We report a data-driven method for background evaluation and subtraction,exploiting the away-side pseudorapidity gaps,to measure the jetlike correlation shape in Au+Au collisions at √sNN=200 GeV in the STAR experiment.The correlation shapes,for trigger particles pT>3GeV/c and various associated particle pT ranges within 0.5<pT<10GeV/c,are consistent with Gaussians,and their widths increase with centrality.The results indicate jet broadening in the medium created in central heavy-ion collisions.展开更多
文摘Background:Acute Myeloid Leukemia(AML)is a highly aggressive clonal hematological malignancy with limited treatment options.This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of nigericin,a polyether ionophore derived from Streptomyces DASNCL-29,as a mitochondrial-targeted agent for AML treatment.Methods:Nigericin was isolated from Streptomyces DASNCL-29 and characterized via chromatography and NMR.Its cytotoxicity was tested in MOLM13(sensitive and venetoclax-resistant)and HL60(sensitive and cytarabine-resistant)cells using the MTT assay.Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species(ROS),mitochondrial membrane potential(Δψm),and mitochondrial mass.Apoptosis was evaluated with Annexin V/PI assays and immunoblotting,while proteomic analysis was conducted using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)to identify differentially regulated proteins.Results:Nigericin demonstrated potent cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 57.02 nM in MOLM13-sensitive,35.29 nM in MOLM13-resistant,20.49 nM in HL60-sensitive,and 1.197 nM in HL60-cytarabine-resistant cells.Apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin V/PI staining and caspase-3/PARP cleavage,along with MCL-1 downregulation.Mitochondrial dysfunction was evident from increased ROS,reducedΔψm,and decreased mitochondrial mass.Proteomic profiling identified 264 dysregulated proteins,including a 3.8-fold upregulation of Succinate Dehydrogenase[Ubiquinone]Flavoprotein Subunit A(SDHA).Conclusion:Nigericin induces apoptosis in AML cells by disrupting mitochondrial function and enhancing oxidative stress.Its nanomolar potency highlights the need for further mechanistic studies and in vivo evaluations to explore its potential in AML treatment.
文摘Activation analyses play a vital role in nuclear reactor design.Activation analyses,along with nuclear analyses,provide important information for nuclear safety and maintenance strategies.Activation analyses also help in the selection of materials for a nuclear reactor,by providing the radioactivity and dose rate levels after irradiation.This information is important to help define maintenance activity for different parts of the reactor,and to plan decommissioning and radioactive waste disposal strategies.The study of activation analyses of candidate structural materials for near-term fusion reactors or ITER is equally essential,due to the presence of a highenergy neutron environment which makes decisive demands on material selection.This study comprises two parts; in the first part the activation characteristics,in a fusion radiation environment,of several elements which are widely present in structural materials,are studied.It reveals that the presence of a few specific elements in a material can diminish its feasibility for use in the nuclear environment.The second part of the study concentrates on activation analyses of candidate structural materials for near-term fusion reactors and their comparison in fusion radiation conditions.The structural materials selected for this study,i.e.India-specific Reduced Activation Ferritic-Martensitic steel（IN-RAFMS）,P91-grade steel,stainless steel 316 LN ITER-grade（SS-316 LN-IG）,stainless steel 316 L and stainless steel 304,are candidates for use in ITER either in vessel components or test blanket systems.Tungsten is also included in this study because of its use for ITER plasma-facing components.The study is carried out using the reference parameters of the ITER fusion reactor.The activation characteristics of the materials are assessed considering the irradiation at an ITER equatorial port.The presence of elements like Nb,Mo,Co and Ta in a structural material enhance the activity level as well as the dose level,which has an impact on design considerations.IN-RAFMS was shown to be a more effective low-activation material than SS-316 LN-IG.
文摘A shield module is associated with an Indian Test Blanket Module (TBM) in ITER to limit the radiation doses in port inter-space areas.The shield module is made of stainless steel plates and water channels.It is identified as an important component for radiation protection because of its radiation exposure control functionality.The radiation protection classification leads to more assurance of the component design.In order to validate and verify the design of the shield module,a neutronic laboratory-scale experiment is designed and executed.The experiment is planned by considering the irradiation under a neutron source of 14 MeV and yields of 1010 n s-1.The reference neutron spectrum of the ITER TBM shield module has been achieved through optimization of the neutron source spectrum by a combination of steel and lead materials.The neutron spectrum and flux are measured using a multiple foil activation technique and neutron dose-rate meter LB 6411 (He-3 proton recoil counter with polyethylene),respectively.The neutronic design simulation is assessed using MCNP5 and FENDL 2.1 crosssection data.The paper covers neutronic design,irradiation and the outcome of the experiment in detail.
文摘The Ohmically heated circular limiter tokamak ADITYA （R0 = 75 cm, a = 25 cm） has been upgraded to a tokamak named the ADITYA Upgrade （ADITYA-U） with an open divertor configuration with divertor plates. The main goal of ADITYA-U is to carry out dedicated experiments relevant for bigger fusion machines including ITER, such as the generation and control of runaway electrons, disruption prediction, and mitigation studies, along with an improvement in confinement with shaped plasma. The ADITYA tokamak was dismantled and the assembly of ADITYA-U was completed in March 2016. Integration of subsystems like data acquisition and remote operation along with plasma production and preliminary plasma characterization of ADITYA-U plasmas are presented in this paper.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12031004 and Grant No.12271474,61877054)the Fundamental Research Foundation for the Central Universities(Project No.K20210337)+1 种基金the Zhejiang University Global Partnership Fund,188170+194452119/003partially funded by a state task of Russian Fundamental Investigations(State Registration No.FFSG-2024-0002)。
文摘Fundamental matrix operations and solving linear systems of equations are ubiquitous in scientific investigations.Using the‘sender-receiver’model,we propose quantum algorithms for matrix operations such as matrix-vector product,matrix-matrix product,the sum of two matrices,and the calculation of determinant and inverse matrix.We encode the matrix entries into the probability amplitudes of the pure initial states of senders.After applying proper unitary transformation to the complete quantum system,the desired result can be found in certain blocks of the receiver’s density matrix.These quantum protocols can be used as subroutines in other quantum schemes.Furthermore,we present an alternative quantum algorithm for solving linear systems of equations.
文摘This paper presents a study on the process engineering aspects of relevance to the industrial implementation of ThO2 and (Th, U)O2 mixed oxide (MOX) pellet type fuel manufacturing. The paper in particular focuses on the recycling of thoria based fuel production scrap which is an economically important component in the fuel manufacturing process. The thoria based fuels are envisaged for Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) and other reactors important to the Indian Nuclear Power Programme. A process was developed for recycling the chemically clean, off-specification and defective sintered ThO2 and (Th, U)O2 MOX nuclear fuel pellets. ThO2 doesn’t undergo oxidation or reduction and thus, more traditional methods of recycling are impractical. The integrated process was developed by combining three basic approaches of recycling namely mechanical micronisation, air oxidation (for MOX) and microwave dissolution-denitration. A thorough investigation of the influence of several variables as heating method, UO2 content, fluoride and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) addition during microwave dissolution-denitration was recorded on the product characteristics. The suitability evaluation of the recycled powder for re-fabrication of the fuel was carried out by analyzing the particle size, BET specific surface area, phase using XRD, bulk density and impurities. The physical and chemical properties of recycled powder obtained from the sintered (Th1-y, Uy)O2 (y;0 - 30 wt%) pellets advocate 100% utilisation for fuel re-fabrication. Recycled ThO2 by integrated process showed distinctly high sinterability compared to standard powder evaluated in terms of surface area and particle size.
文摘In contrast to the earlier experiments conducted in other machines, here, in SST-1 the error field measurement experiment is performed with a filled gas pressure ~8×10^-4 mbar which helped to create a luminescent toroidal beam of electron path originated due to impact excitation and guided by the toroidal magnetic field. Beam path deviations are observed and recorded from radial and top ports using visible range cameras. Such creation and detection of the electron beam path differs from the earlier works where the gun emitted electron beam deviation in ultrahigh vacuum was detected on a collector-grid/fluorescent screen. In the present experiment, large beam deviations were observed. Later investigation of the experimental set-up reveals existence of a possible source of radial electric field in between the source and the vacuum vessel which are separately grounded. Thus, to understand the observed phenomena, experiments are numerically modeled with deviated TF coil set, PF coil set and the electron source location. A particle tracing code is used to follow the electron path in the magnetic field generated by the coil set of interest. Simulation results suggest that the large deviation corresponds to the E×B drifts and not due to the large field errors. Toroidally averaged field errors of the SST-1 TF coils at toroidal field of B0?=?15 kG are negligibly small ~B0?×?10^-6 or less, which should not adversely affect the plasma performance.
文摘We present the interior solutions of distributions of magnetized fluid inside a sphere in f（R, T） gravity. Tile magnetized sphere is embedded in an exterior Reissner NordstrOm metric. We assume that all physical quantities are in static equilibrium. The perfect fluid matter is studied under a particular form of the Lagrangian density f（R, T）. The magnetic field profile in modified gravity is calculated. Observational data of neutron stars are used to plot suitable models of magnetized compact objects. We reveal the effect of f（R, T） gravity on the magnetic field profile, with application to neutron stars, especially highly magnetized neutron stars found in x-ray pulsar systems. Finally, the effective potential Veff and innermost stable circular orbits, arising out of the motion of a test particle of negligible mass influenced by attraction or repulsion from the massive center, are discussed.
基金Project supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB)New Delhi,India(ECR/2017/002681)Inter University Accelerator Centre,New Delhi,India(UFR-62317)。
文摘We hereby report the room-temperature structural and optical characterization of RECr_(0.85)Mn_(0.15)O_(3)(RECMO,RE=Ho,Gd and Pr)compounds synthesized by the auto-combustion sol-gel route.Their low temperature dielectric properties are also presented.The RECMO compounds crystallize in an orthorhombic Pbnm symmetry with an average grain size range of 51-80 nm.Structural analysis reveals an increase in the structural distortion compared to that of the undoped bulk compounds.Optical measurements exhibit a significant reduction in bandgap values for RECMO nanoparticles when compared with their undoped bulk compounds.Further,from the absorbance measurements various optical parameters such as skin depth,extinction coefficient,refractive index and optical conductivity were also calculated.The dielectric analysis confirms the lower values of the dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss than those of their corresponding bulk compounds.AC conductivity versus frequency and temperature data are fitted according to the Jonscher's power law and Arrhenius law,respectively.The small polaron hopping is responsible for the electric conduction in these compounds.The tunability of the optical and dielectric properties as a result of substitution and particle size reduction makes these materials useful for various potential applications in photocatalysis,optoelectronics and low permittivity dielectrics.
文摘India,under its breeding blanket R&D program for DEMO,is focusing on the development of two tritium breeding blanket concepts;namely the lead-lithium-cooled ceramic breeder and the helium-cooled ceramic breeder(HCCB).The study presented in this paper focuses on the neutronic design analysis and optimization from the tritium breeding perspective of the HCCB blanket.The Indian concept has an edge-on configuration and is one of the variants of the helium-cooled solid breeder blanket concepts proposed by several partner countries in ITER.The Indian HCCB blanket having lithium titanate(Li2TiO3)as the tritium breeder and beryllium(Be)as the neutron multiplier with reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel structure aims at utilizing the low-energy neutrons at the rear part of the blanket.The aim of the optimization study is to minimize the radial blanket thickness while ensuring tritium self-sufficiency and provide data for further neutronic design and thermal-hydraulic layout of the HCCB blanket.It is found that inboard and outboard blanket thicknesses of 40 cm and 60 cm,respectively,can give a tritium breeding ratio(TBR)>1.3,with 60%6Li enrichment,which is assumed to be sufficient to cover potential tritium losses and associated uncertainties.The results also demonstrated that the Be packing fraction(PF)has a more profound impact on the TBR as compared to 6Li enrichment and the PF of Li2TiO3.
文摘This paper describes the experimental analysis and preliminary investigation of the predictability of pitch angle scattering(PAS) events through the electron cyclotron emission(ECE)radiometer signals at the ADITYA-Upgrade(ADITYA-U) tokamak. For low-density discharges at ADITYA-U, a sudden abnormal rise is observed in the ECE signature while other plasma parameters are unchanged. Investigations are done to understand this abrupt rise that is expected to occur due to PAS. The rise time is as fast as 100 μs with a single step and/or multiple step rise in ECE radiometer measurements. This event is known to limit the on-axis energy of runaway electrons. Being a repetitive event, the conditions of its repetitive occurrence can be investigated, thereby exploring the possibility of it being triggered and surveyed as an alternate runaway electron mitigation plan. Functional parameterization of such events with other discharge parameters is obtained and the possibility to trigger these events is discussed.PREDICT code is used to investigate the possible interpretations for the PAS occurrence through modeling and supporting the ECE observations. The trigger values so obtained experimentally are set as input criteria for PAS occurrence. Preliminary modeling investigations provide reliable consistency with the findings.
文摘In 2018,the STAR collaboration collected data from^(96)_(44)Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr at√^(S)NN=200 Ge V to search for the presence of the chiral magnetic effect in collisions of nuclei.The isobar collision species alternated frequently between 9644 Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr.In order to conduct blind analyses of studies related to the chiral magnetic effect in these isobar data,STAR developed a three-step blind analysis procedure.Analysts are initially provided a"reference sample"of data,comprised of a mix of events from the two species,the order of which respects time-dependent changes in run conditions.After tuning analysis codes and performing time-dependent quality assurance on the reference sample,analysts are provided a species-blind sample suitable for calculating efficiencies and corrections for individual≈30-min data-taking runs.For this sample,species-specific information is disguised,but individual output files contain data from a single isobar species.Only run-by-run corrections and code alteration subsequent to these corrections are allowed at this stage.Following these modifications,the"frozen"code is passed over the fully un-blind data,completing the blind analysis.As a check of the feasibility of the blind analysis procedure,analysts completed a"mock data challenge,"analyzing data from Au+Au collisions at√^(S)NN=27 Ge V,collected in 2018.The Au+Au data were prepared in the same manner intended for the isobar blind data.The details of the blind analysis procedure and results from the mock data challenge are presented.
基金IPR,Gandhinagar,Gujarat,IndiaKIIT Deemed to be University,India for supporting。
文摘Hybrid nanofluids are known for their attractive thermophysical properties and enhanced heat transfer potential.This study thoroughly investigates the impact of particle mixing ratios on the thermophysical and heat transfer characteristics of MgO-SiO_(2)/water hybrid nanofluid.The mixing mass ratio(MR)of MgO:SiO_(2)was systematically altered including ratios of 100:0,80:20,60:40,50:50,40:60,20:80,and 0:100 at a fixed particle concentration of 0.01%in volume.Experimental assessments of thermal conductivity and viscosity were conducted within the temperature range of 25℃-50℃at 5℃intervals.Thermal conductivity was measured by analysing sonic velocity of sound in nanofluid medium.Viscosity was determined by Ostwald viscosity apparatus.Sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the influence of mixing ratio and temperature on thermal conductivity and viscosity.Sustainability and economic analysis were conducted to guide future applications.The findings highlight the substantial influence of MR on thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancements within the hybrid nanofluid.The thermal conductivity exhibited a positive correlation with temperature elevation,with the hybrid nanofluid at MR=60:40 and 50℃displaying the highest thermal conductivity enhancement at 20.84%compared to water.In contrast,viscosity decreased with increasing temperature,with MR=50:50 at 50℃showing the maximum viscosity increase at 5.06%compared to water.New data-driven correlations for precise predictions of thermal conductivity and viscosity of hybrid nanofluid have been proposed.Sensitivity analysis revealed that mixing ratio had a more pronounced impact than temperature elevation.Sustainability and economic analysis concludes that MR=60:40 is an optimal,economical and sustainable choice for achieving peak heat transfer performance.
基金I thank Professors Rahul Roy,Jacob van den Berg,Anish Sarkar,Federico Camia and the referees for crucial comments that led to an improvement of the paper.I also thank Professors Rahul Roy,Federico Camia and IMSc for my fellowships。
文摘Consider n nodes{X_(i)}_(1≤i≤n) independently and identically distributed(i.i.d.)across N cities located within the unit square S.Each city is modelled as an r_(n)×r_(n)square,and MSTC_(n)denotes the weighted length of the minimum spanning tree containing all the n nodes,where the edge length between nodes X_(i)and X_(j)is weighted by a factor that depends on the individual locations of X_(i)and X_(j).We use approximation methods to obtain variance estimates for MSTC_(n)and prove that if the cities are well connected in a certain sense,then MSTC_(n)appropriately centred and scaled converges to zero in probability.Using the above proof techniques we also study MST_(n),the length of the minimum weighted spanning tree for nodes distributed throughout the unit square S with location-dependent edge weights.In this case,the variance of MST_(n)grows at most as a power of the logarithm of n and we use a subsequence argument to get almost sure convergence of MST_(n),appropriately centred and scaled.
基金support provided by the Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS),Department of Atomic Energy,Govt.of India (sanction no.39/14/04/2017-BRNS/34301).
文摘According to the Scopus database,every year several hundreds of new research papers are published in the field of nanofluids.This area is attracting growing attention because of the significant improvement in the heat transfer and energy efficiency of the systems working with nanofluids.However,as results from numerous scientific studies conducted by independent laboratories,there are several fundamental problems related to the unambiguous determination of their physical properties,their production,and economic use.Although most studies often focus on one issue or cover one kind of research or math-ematical correlation,this review paper provides insights into many problems during nanofluids research by proposing solving possibilities,which is the strength of our work.The paper discusses the case of nanofluids quality,and morphology,thermal conductivity enhancement and the discrepancies in mathematical modelling,errors in dimensional and similarity analysis,nanofluid erosion,safety guide-lines,and toxicology tips.Moreover,the sustainability and economics of nanofluids usage are also being discussed.
文摘We study here the response of photonic hydrogels(PHs),made of photonic crystals of homogeneous silica particles in polyacrylamide hydrogels(SPHs),to the uranyl ions 22 UO_(2)^(2+) in aqueous solutions.It is found that the reflection spectra of the SPH show a peak due to the Bragg diffraction,which exhibits a blue shift in the presence of 22 UO_(2)^(2+).Upon exposure to the SPH,22 UO_(2)^(2+)gets adsorbed on the SPH and forms complex coordinate bonds with multiple ligands on the SPH,which causes shrinking of hydrogel and leads to the blue shift in the diffraction peak.The amount of the blue shift in the diffraction peak increases monotonically up to 22 UO_(2)^(2+)concentrations as high as 2300μM.The equilibration time for the shift in the Bragg peak upon exposure to 22 UO_(2)^(2+)is found to be~30 min.These results are in contrast to the earlier reports on photonic hydrogels of inhomogeneous microgel particles hydrogel(MPH),which shows the threshold 22 UO_(2)^(2+)concentration of~600μM,below which the diffraction peak exhibits a blue shift and a change to a red shift above it.The equilibration time for MPH is~300 min.The observed monotonic blue shift and the faster time response of the SPH to 22 UO_(2)^(2+)as compared to the MPH are explained in terms of homogeneous nature of silica particles in the SPH,against the porous and polymeric nature of microgels in the MPH.We also study the extraction of 22 UO_(2)^(2+)from aqueous solutions using the SPH.The extraction capacity estimated by the arsenazo-III analysis is found to be 112 mM/kg.
文摘High transverse momentum(pT)particle production is suppressed owing to the parton(jet)energy loss in the hot dense medium created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.Redistribution of energy at low-to-modest pT has been difficult to measure,owing to large anisotropic backgrounds.We report a data-driven method for background evaluation and subtraction,exploiting the away-side pseudorapidity gaps,to measure the jetlike correlation shape in Au+Au collisions at √sNN=200 GeV in the STAR experiment.The correlation shapes,for trigger particles pT>3GeV/c and various associated particle pT ranges within 0.5<pT<10GeV/c,are consistent with Gaussians,and their widths increase with centrality.The results indicate jet broadening in the medium created in central heavy-ion collisions.
