Introduction:School-aged children are primary vectors for influenza transmission through their frequent close contact in educational settings and developing immune awareness.Since 2019,the Shenzhen municipal governmen...Introduction:School-aged children are primary vectors for influenza transmission through their frequent close contact in educational settings and developing immune awareness.Since 2019,the Shenzhen municipal government has implemented annual,free,influenza vaccination programs targeting eligible primary and secondary school students.However,evidence-based strategies specifically tailored to this demographic remain insufficient.Methods:This study analyzed weekly influenza-like illness(ILI)surveillance data and laboratory-confirmed positivity rates from Shenzhen during the 2023–2024 season.It developed an age-stratified Susceptible–Exposed–Symptomatic–Asymptomatic–Recovered–Hospitalized–Deceased–Vaccinated compartmental model integrated with the Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter(EAKF)algorithm to estimate historical transmission parameters and quantify vaccination impact.The Upper Confidence Bound applied to Trees(UCT)algorithm was used to optimize the vaccination schedule and evaluate multiple strategic scenarios comparatively.Results:Compared to a no-vaccination scenario,the current government strategy prevented approximately 1,285,925[95%confidence interval(CI):1,240,671–1,331,180]symptomatic infections and 56,956(95%CI:55,118–58,793)hospitalizations.Under identical vaccine supply conditions,the optimized strategy recommends vaccinating 30%,25%,and 5%of school-aged children in November,December,and January,respectively.This optimized approach would avert approximately 1,469,368(95%CI:1,392,734–1,546,002)symptomatic infections and 64,442(95%CI:61,269–67,615)hospitalizations—representing 14.3%and 13.1%improvements over the government strategy,respectively.Additionally,a generic strategy developed using 2017–2019 data performed well during 2023–2024,demonstrating cross-seasonal adaptability.Conclusions:Concentrating influenza vaccination efforts among school-enrolled children during November and December significantly reduces disease burden and represents a critical strategy for controlling influenza transmission.展开更多
Introduction:Although helminth infections threaten millions of people worldwide,the spatiotemporal characteristics remain unclear across China.This study systematically describes the spatiotemporal changes of major hu...Introduction:Although helminth infections threaten millions of people worldwide,the spatiotemporal characteristics remain unclear across China.This study systematically describes the spatiotemporal changes of major human helminth infections and their epidemiological characteristics from 1988 to 2021 in Guangdong Province,China.Methods:The survey data in Guangdong Province were primarily obtained from 3 national surveys implemented during 1988–1992,2001–2004,and 2014–2016,respectively,and from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention during 2019–2021.A modified Kato-Katz technique was used to detect parasite eggs in collected fecal samples.Results:The overall standardized infection rates(SIRs)of any soil-transmitted helminths(STH)and Clonorchis sinensis decreased from 65.27%during 1988–1992 to 4.23%during 2019–2021.In particular,the SIRs of STH had even more of a decrease,from 64.41%during 1988–1992 to 0.31%during 2019–2021.The SIRs of Clonorchis sinensis in the 4 surveys were 2.40%,12.17%,5.20%,and 3.93%,respectively.This study observed different permutations of gender,age,occupation,and education level on the SIRs of helminths.Conclusions:The infection rate of STH has substantially decreased.However,the infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis has had fewer changes,and it has become the dominant helminth.展开更多
Drug development for Alzheimer’s disease is extremely challenging,as demonstrated by the repeated failures of amyloid-β-targeted therapeutics and the controversies surrounding the amyloid-βcascade hypothesis.More r...Drug development for Alzheimer’s disease is extremely challenging,as demonstrated by the repeated failures of amyloid-β-targeted therapeutics and the controversies surrounding the amyloid-βcascade hypothesis.More recently,advances in the development of Lecanemab,an anti-amyloid-βmonoclonal antibody,have shown positive results in reducing brain A burden and slowing cognitive decline in patients with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease in the Phase Ⅲ clinical trial(Clarity Alzheimer’s disease).Despite these promising results,side effects such as amyloid-related imaging abnormalities(ARIA)may limit its usage.ARIA can manifest as ARIA-E(cerebral edema or effusions)and ARIA-H(microhemorrhages or superficial siderosis)and is thought to be caused by increased vascular permeability due to inflammatory responses,leading to leakages of blood products and protein-rich fluid into brain parenchyma.Endothelial dysfunction is an early pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease,and the blood-brain barrier becomes increasingly leaky as the disease progresses.In addition,APOE4,the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease,is associated with higher vascular amyloid burden,increased ARIA incidence,and accelerated blood-brain barrier disruptions.These interconnected vascular abnormalities highlight the importance of vascular contributions to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease.Here,we will closely examine recent research evaluating the heterogeneity of brain endothelial cells in the microvasculature of different brain regions and their relationships with Alzheimer’s disease progression.展开更多
To the editor:Using drugs off-label in paediatric patients(age:0-18 years)has drawn increasing attention worldwide.Off-label use of drugs implies using drugs beyond the scope of their approved market authorisation(eg,...To the editor:Using drugs off-label in paediatric patients(age:0-18 years)has drawn increasing attention worldwide.Off-label use of drugs implies using drugs beyond the scope of their approved market authorisation(eg,patient age,indication,dosage and route of administration).Previous literature reported that the prevalence of off-label drug use ranged from36.3%to 97.0%among paediatric patients worldwide.展开更多
Particulate levoglucosan is an important tracer for biomass burning emission in ambient air.However,recent studies question its reliability as a biomass burning tracer in Chinesemega cities due to important contributi...Particulate levoglucosan is an important tracer for biomass burning emission in ambient air.However,recent studies question its reliability as a biomass burning tracer in Chinesemega cities due to important contribution from potential non-biomass burning sources,such as cooking.To address this,we examined the dynamic variation and sources of levoglucosan using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer and other advanced instruments during Beijing’s summer of 2021.The average mass concentration of levoglucosan and its isomer(C_(6)H_(10)O_(5))was 0.025±0.014μg/m^(3),constituting 0.55%±0.32%of total organic carbon(OC)in this campaign.Despite cooking emissions contributing significantly to the organic aerosol(OA,20%),levoglucosan and its isomers correlated more strongly with biomass-burning related tracers(R>0.6),black carbon(R=0.72)and less so with cooking-related sources(R=0.3).This indicates that levoglucosan is primarily dominated by biomass-burning emissions rather than cooking in Beijing’s urban areas during summertime.The diurnal variation of levoglucosan concentrations highlighted the importance of daytime and nocturnal biomass burning emissions during polluted periods in Beijing.Using levoglucosan as a tracer to quantify the biomass burning OC(BBOC),we found good agreement on the time series of BBOC between the tracermethod and other independent source apportionmentmethod.This reaffirms the reliability of levoglucosan as a biomass burning tracer.Biomass burning contributed an average of 7%-8%to OC,highlighting its significant impact on Beijing’s summer air quality.Our study enhances understanding of biomass burning influences on ambient aerosol in typical urban areas.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0112300,2023YFC2308701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82304204)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2025A1515011908)the Technological Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(2025RS-CXTD-009)the International Cooperation Project of Shaanxi Province(2025GH-YBXM-017)the Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Macao Science and Technology Project(Category C)(SGDX20230821091559022)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(G2024WD0151,D5000240309)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-044).
文摘Introduction:School-aged children are primary vectors for influenza transmission through their frequent close contact in educational settings and developing immune awareness.Since 2019,the Shenzhen municipal government has implemented annual,free,influenza vaccination programs targeting eligible primary and secondary school students.However,evidence-based strategies specifically tailored to this demographic remain insufficient.Methods:This study analyzed weekly influenza-like illness(ILI)surveillance data and laboratory-confirmed positivity rates from Shenzhen during the 2023–2024 season.It developed an age-stratified Susceptible–Exposed–Symptomatic–Asymptomatic–Recovered–Hospitalized–Deceased–Vaccinated compartmental model integrated with the Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter(EAKF)algorithm to estimate historical transmission parameters and quantify vaccination impact.The Upper Confidence Bound applied to Trees(UCT)algorithm was used to optimize the vaccination schedule and evaluate multiple strategic scenarios comparatively.Results:Compared to a no-vaccination scenario,the current government strategy prevented approximately 1,285,925[95%confidence interval(CI):1,240,671–1,331,180]symptomatic infections and 56,956(95%CI:55,118–58,793)hospitalizations.Under identical vaccine supply conditions,the optimized strategy recommends vaccinating 30%,25%,and 5%of school-aged children in November,December,and January,respectively.This optimized approach would avert approximately 1,469,368(95%CI:1,392,734–1,546,002)symptomatic infections and 64,442(95%CI:61,269–67,615)hospitalizations—representing 14.3%and 13.1%improvements over the government strategy,respectively.Additionally,a generic strategy developed using 2017–2019 data performed well during 2023–2024,demonstrating cross-seasonal adaptability.Conclusions:Concentrating influenza vaccination efforts among school-enrolled children during November and December significantly reduces disease burden and represents a critical strategy for controlling influenza transmission.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42175181,81874276,and 81773497)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019A1515011264,2021A1515012578)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(202102080565 and 201707010037).
文摘Introduction:Although helminth infections threaten millions of people worldwide,the spatiotemporal characteristics remain unclear across China.This study systematically describes the spatiotemporal changes of major human helminth infections and their epidemiological characteristics from 1988 to 2021 in Guangdong Province,China.Methods:The survey data in Guangdong Province were primarily obtained from 3 national surveys implemented during 1988–1992,2001–2004,and 2014–2016,respectively,and from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention during 2019–2021.A modified Kato-Katz technique was used to detect parasite eggs in collected fecal samples.Results:The overall standardized infection rates(SIRs)of any soil-transmitted helminths(STH)and Clonorchis sinensis decreased from 65.27%during 1988–1992 to 4.23%during 2019–2021.In particular,the SIRs of STH had even more of a decrease,from 64.41%during 1988–1992 to 0.31%during 2019–2021.The SIRs of Clonorchis sinensis in the 4 surveys were 2.40%,12.17%,5.20%,and 3.93%,respectively.This study observed different permutations of gender,age,occupation,and education level on the SIRs of helminths.Conclusions:The infection rate of STH has substantially decreased.However,the infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis has had fewer changes,and it has become the dominant helminth.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82404892(to QY),82061160374(to ZZ)the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao Special Administrative Region,China,Nos.0023/2020/AFJ,0035/2020/AGJ+2 种基金the University of Macao Research Grant,Nos.MYRG2022-00248-ICMS,MYRG-CRG2022-00010-ICMS(to MPMH)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2024A1515012818(to ZZ)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No.21623114(to ZZ).
文摘Drug development for Alzheimer’s disease is extremely challenging,as demonstrated by the repeated failures of amyloid-β-targeted therapeutics and the controversies surrounding the amyloid-βcascade hypothesis.More recently,advances in the development of Lecanemab,an anti-amyloid-βmonoclonal antibody,have shown positive results in reducing brain A burden and slowing cognitive decline in patients with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease in the Phase Ⅲ clinical trial(Clarity Alzheimer’s disease).Despite these promising results,side effects such as amyloid-related imaging abnormalities(ARIA)may limit its usage.ARIA can manifest as ARIA-E(cerebral edema or effusions)and ARIA-H(microhemorrhages or superficial siderosis)and is thought to be caused by increased vascular permeability due to inflammatory responses,leading to leakages of blood products and protein-rich fluid into brain parenchyma.Endothelial dysfunction is an early pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease,and the blood-brain barrier becomes increasingly leaky as the disease progresses.In addition,APOE4,the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease,is associated with higher vascular amyloid burden,increased ARIA incidence,and accelerated blood-brain barrier disruptions.These interconnected vascular abnormalities highlight the importance of vascular contributions to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease.Here,we will closely examine recent research evaluating the heterogeneity of brain endothelial cells in the microvasculature of different brain regions and their relationships with Alzheimer’s disease progression.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.72374011).
文摘To the editor:Using drugs off-label in paediatric patients(age:0-18 years)has drawn increasing attention worldwide.Off-label use of drugs implies using drugs beyond the scope of their approved market authorisation(eg,patient age,indication,dosage and route of administration).Previous literature reported that the prevalence of off-label drug use ranged from36.3%to 97.0%among paediatric patients worldwide.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022YFC3701000 and 2021YFA1601800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42230701 and 42375105)+1 种基金the Foundation for Program of Science and Technology Research(No.2024A1515011937)Guangdong Foundation for Program of Science and Technology Research(No.2023B1212060049).
文摘Particulate levoglucosan is an important tracer for biomass burning emission in ambient air.However,recent studies question its reliability as a biomass burning tracer in Chinesemega cities due to important contribution from potential non-biomass burning sources,such as cooking.To address this,we examined the dynamic variation and sources of levoglucosan using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer and other advanced instruments during Beijing’s summer of 2021.The average mass concentration of levoglucosan and its isomer(C_(6)H_(10)O_(5))was 0.025±0.014μg/m^(3),constituting 0.55%±0.32%of total organic carbon(OC)in this campaign.Despite cooking emissions contributing significantly to the organic aerosol(OA,20%),levoglucosan and its isomers correlated more strongly with biomass-burning related tracers(R>0.6),black carbon(R=0.72)and less so with cooking-related sources(R=0.3).This indicates that levoglucosan is primarily dominated by biomass-burning emissions rather than cooking in Beijing’s urban areas during summertime.The diurnal variation of levoglucosan concentrations highlighted the importance of daytime and nocturnal biomass burning emissions during polluted periods in Beijing.Using levoglucosan as a tracer to quantify the biomass burning OC(BBOC),we found good agreement on the time series of BBOC between the tracermethod and other independent source apportionmentmethod.This reaffirms the reliability of levoglucosan as a biomass burning tracer.Biomass burning contributed an average of 7%-8%to OC,highlighting its significant impact on Beijing’s summer air quality.Our study enhances understanding of biomass burning influences on ambient aerosol in typical urban areas.
